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1
Muhaev, Rashid, Andrey Medushevskiy, Elena Shomina y Alla Chernyh. Political theory. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1870568.
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If you want to know what role politics plays in society and how it affects you, read this textbook. In it you will find answers to questions that concern everyone. What is politics: science, art or technology of domination in the hands of the elect? Are there laws in politics, is it possible to know them and use them in the interests of society, and not just the ruling class? Why has power always been a bone of contention, what is its attractive power? Does the theory of politics have the right to claim the status of a science about the laws of the functioning of power, if all knowledge about politics is situational, relative and changeable? Why are the conclusions and recommendations of political science relevant to society often ignored by the elite? These and many other questions are answered based on the analysis of the political practices of foreign countries and Russia.
The author interprets politics as a mechanism of volitional distribution of public goods, revealing its laws, exposing the hidden logic of the struggle for power, However, politics is presented not only as a mechanism for coordinating heterogeneous interests, but also as a set of beliefs, ideas, meanings that determine technologies and structures of symbolic domination and behavior patterns in the information society.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students of philosophical, political science, law faculties and faculties of world politics and public and municipal administration, as well as for anyone interested in theoretical and applied problems of politics.
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Henricks, Thomas S. Play Compared to Other Behaviors. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039072.003.0003.
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This chapter compares play with other behaviors in order to develop a general understanding of play. Before proceeding with the discussion of play v. other behaviors, it considers the six perspectives about play: play as action, play as interaction, play as activity, play as disposition, play as experience, and play as context. It then examines play's defining qualities by contrasting it to three similar but rival patterns of willfully directed behavior: work, ritual, and the form of bonding and immersion called communitas. These behaviors together with play are said to be distinctive “pathways of experience” featuring different acts of meaning-construction and self-expression. Each pathway is presented as an ideal type—first play, and then the other forms in comparison to play. Differences between the four forms are summarized and displayed in a chart. The chapter concludes by explaining how real-life events usually feature combinations of these four forms, as well as alternations in which one pattern leads to another.
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Henricks, Thomas S. Play as Sense-Making. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039072.003.0004.
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This chapter describes play as a special pattern of meaning-construction, one way in which people make sense of their qualities and character as they interact with particular elements of situations. In particular, it examines the extent to which behavior and experience are contextualized by environmental, bodily, psychological, social, and cultural patterns. Ultimately, it provides a general theory of play which centers on that behavior as a distinctive strategy of self-realization. The discussion on sense-making and play begins with an overview of a model of the contexts of play as action and play as experience, with particular emphasis on five different kinds of occurrences or patterns, or “fields of relationships,” that are critical contexts for thought, feeling, and action. The chapter also analyzes framing behavior, play as a distinctive way of constructing reality, the functionalism of play, play as self-realization, the concept of situated selves, self concept, and playfulness.
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Turner, Jonathan H. Discovering Human Nature Through Cross-Species Analysis. Editado por Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.7.
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Cladistic analysis is employed on behavioral and organizational patterns among present-day great apes that, because of their genetic closeness to humans, can be used as a surrogate for making inferences about the behavior and organizational propensities of the last common ancestor to great apes, hominins, and humans. A series of preadaptations among great apes for language, emotionality, mother–infant bonding, life history characteristics, propensities for play, and nonharem/promiscuous mating represents one source of information on the nature of the last common ancestor. Moreover, a set of behavioral propensities among all great apes adds to the body of information that can be used to make inferences about the nature of the last common ancestors, hominins, and humans. Thus, it is now possible to make inferences about the biological nature of human behavior and organizational tendencies that are less speculative than earlier analyses of human nature.
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Burton, Derek y Margaret Burton. Fish behaviour. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0014.
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Behaviour involves reacting to stimuli and may be innate (colour change) or include input via cognition (learning, memory). Understanding the complex behaviour of some fish, as in interaction with conspecifics, potential prey or predators, may require consideration of neurobiology and endocrinology. Whereas fish may show behaviours associated with tetrapods (play, sleep), some of their behaviour follows a preset pattern, for example in feeding and reproduction. Communication between fish depends on cues such as colour, sound, electroception or pheromones. Long-term behaviour includes migration and territoriality, with schooling a group phenomenon. Within the brain a neuropil may indicate a region capable of memory, in fish it is abundant in the optic tectum with up to 15 laminae (layers), with some in the olfactory bulb; however, the laminated cerebral cortex of mammals is lacking. Current research includes the role of engrams in memory and the use of zebrafish as models.
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Dishion, Thomas J. y James Snyder. Coercion Dynamics. Editado por Thomas J. Dishion y James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.29.
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This chapter summarizes the history of research focused on coercive relationship dynamics among family members and peers. It is plausible that evolutionary mechanisms are at play that account for the cross-generational repetition of conflict and coercion and the alarming transformations in human behavior that lead to more serious forms of violence. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the genetic and neurobiological underpinnings of emotion-regulation patterns that define vulnerability to coercive relationships. Coercive relationship dynamics can be subtle and laden with many emotions, but ultimately, the core dynamic is that conflict is solved by emotional manipulation rather than by negotiation. More nuanced forms of coercion are also implicated in some patterns of depression, anxiety, and suicide ideation and attempts. There are several evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies for youth problem behavior and marital relationships. Successful prevention and intervention must skillfully motivate and manage changes in these overlearned patterns of behavior.
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Breaking the Fat Pattern: The Diet Detective's Plan to End the Cycle of Yo-Yo Dieting. Plume, 2005.
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Saturn, Sarina Rodrigues. Two Factors That Fuel Compassion. Editado por Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron y James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.10.
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This chapter explores how inborn biology and life experiences both play a role in profiles of compassion. The first portion focuses on oxytocin, a neuroendocrine system that is an essential part of the biological drive to feel and express compassion for others. Both innate genetic differences and environmentally-caused epigenetic variations of the oxytocin receptor influence how brains, bodies, and social behaviors are driven by this hormone that facilitates caretaking. The second portion concentrates on moral elevation, a distinct emotional state triggered by witnessing compassion. The experience of moral elevation involves a unique pattern of neurophysiological events in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Together, this section provides illustrations of the mind-body connections underlying of the observations, sensations, and behaviors of compassion.
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Walker, Matthew C. Convulsive and non-convulsive status epilepticus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0030.
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This chapter describes the definition, epidemiology, classification, diagnosis, and treatment of status epilepticus, concentrating on the roles that electroencephalography (EEG) plays. The term status epilepticus now encompasses a range of conditions from continuous convulsive seizures to clinically subtle non-convulsive seizures, which may manifest as changes in behaviour or personality. EEG is critical for the diagnosis of non-convulsive status epilepticus. Furthermore, the progression of convulsive status epilepticus is to an electromechanical dissociation in which continuous electrical seizure activity may have no or minimal clinical manifestations. In the later stages of status epilepticus, EEG is necessary to monitor treatment, but is confounded by the interpretation of periodic EEG patterns, which represent a continuum from interictal through to ictal activity. Post-status epilepticus EEG patterns have prognostic value: periodic epileptiform discharges, burst suppression patterns (off anaesthesia) and repetitive seizure activity are indicative of a poor long-term prognosis.
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Pirota, Kleber Roberto, Angela Knobel, Manuel Hernandez-Velez, Kornelius Nielsch y Manuel Vázquez. Magnetic nanowires: Fabrication and characterization. Editado por A. V. Narlikar y Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.22.
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This article describes the fabrication and characterization of magnetic nanowires, focusing on the magnetic properties of patterned arrays of metallic magnetic nanowires electrodeposited into the pores of anodized-alumina membranes. It also discusses the complex magnetization processes, both in isolated nanowires and in collectively patterned arrays. After providing an overview of the state-of-the-art on fabrication techniques of nanowires, the article considers the microstructure of magnetic nanowires and the magnetic properties of single nanowires. It then examines the collective behavior of arrays where the interactions among the magnetic entities play an important role, along with the transport properties of magnetic nanowires, the temperature-dependent effects (such as magnetoelastic-induced anisotropy), and the dynamic properties of magnetization such as ferromagnetic resonance characteristics and spin-wave excitations in ferromagnetic nanowires. Finally, it presents an overview of future research directions.
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Kim, Hugh Hoikwang, Raimond Maurer y Olivia S. Mitchell. Choosing a Financial Advisor. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808039.003.0005.
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This chapter examines advice-seeking by defined contribution plan participants as they approach retirement, focusing upon the categories, correlates, and timing of advice-seeking. The empirical analysis utilizes a large Australian database, identifies the drivers of advice-seeking behavior, and, most importantly, pinpoints age-specific reference points that appear to prompt participants to seek advice about retirement planning from the plan administrator. The authors analyze the patterns of advice-seeking by older participants, focusing upon the topics raised and determinants of advice-seeking discriminating between the effects of age, gender, and account balances on retirement planning. An important aspect of the chapter concerns whether there is evidence of an increasing focus on retirement as participants go from 45–9 years to 65 years or older. Implications are drawn for the design of pension plans as regards their engagement with older participants.
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Dubow, Saul. South Africa: Paradoxes in the Place of Race. Editado por Alison Bashford y Philippa Levine. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0016.
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This article discusses the proposition that eugenics and related scientific ideas play a major role in validating the systems of apartheid and its predecessor. It elaborates a comprehensive scheme of racial segregation as a national program in the first decades of the twentieth century and calibrates the distinctions between different races and ethnic groups thoroughly assimilated in the habits of mind and the social behavior of South Africans. This article gives an account of changes in the patterns of racial awareness and discrimination: for example, the shift from social hierarchies based on status, to those founded on race typology in the course of the nineteenth century. It presents the association of sequences of population movements with underlying racial competence. It further discusses the recent tendency to see eugenics as a trans-national phenomenon which fits well with reevaluations of the spread of scientific knowledge that eschew mechanistic models of the transmission of ideas from core to periphery.
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Birch, Jonathan. The Philosophy of Social Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733058.001.0001.
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From microbes to humans, the natural world is full of spectacular examples of social behaviour. In the 1960s, W. D. Hamilton introduced three key innovations—now known as Hamilton’s rule, kin selection, and inclusive fitness—that changed the way we think about how social behaviour evolves, beginning a research program now known as social evolution theory. This is a book about the philosophical foundations and future prospects of that program. Part I, ‘Foundations’, provides a philosophical analysis of Hamilton’s core ideas, with some modifications along the way. We will see that Hamilton’s rule provides a compelling way of organizing our thinking about the ultimate causes of social behaviour; and we will see how, in inclusive fitness, Hamilton found a fitness concept with a special role to play in explaining cumulative adaptation. Part II, ‘Extensions’, shows how these ideas, when extended in certain ways, can help us understand cooperation in micro-organisms, cooperation among the cells of a multicellular organism, and culturally evolved cooperation in the earliest human societies. In all these cases and more, living things cooperate because they are related, where the concept of relatedness picks out relevant statistical patterns of similarity in the transmissible basis (genetic or otherwise) of social traits.
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Hohnsträter, Dirk, Stefan Krankenhagen y Jörn Lamla, eds. Verbrauchermacht in Bewegung. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748934295.
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Consumers can influence markets through their consumption behaviour—whether by consciously choosing or rejecting certain products and consumption patterns, or by loudly protesting, for example in demonstrations against climate change. But how far does the power of consumers extend? How capable of conflict are they in the face of often heterogeneous interests, differing objectives and, at best, weakly developed group identities? What forms of interest articulation are available and how are they used? What role do consumer policy, companies and the digital revolution play in this regard? This volume documents the fifth annual conference of the Consumer Research Network. With contributions by Dr. Holger Backhaus-Maul, Prof. Dr. Kai Uwe Hellmann, Prof. Dr. Christian Kastrop, Dr. Annekathrin Kohout, Prof. Dr. Jörn Lamla, Dr. Alexander Sedlmaier, Prof. Dr. Holger Straßheim, Prof. Dr. Christoph Strünck, Maria Ullrich, M.A. and Dr. Katharina Witterhold.
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Cermak, Michael. Spectacular Snakes of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101371.
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Spectacular Snakes of Australia showcases these beautiful creatures which play such an important part in our biodiversity. It portrays most of the species found in Australia, such as tiger snakes, copperheads, brown snakes, death adders and sea snakes, up close and personal. It also includes some unique photographs, such as the hatching of scrub pythons, that offer a rare glimpse into their more intimate lives.
The informative text, based on the latest research, describes the reproductive biology, behaviour, predators and prey of these reptiles, as well as their habitat and conservation values. Readers will explore the importance of colours and patterns in allowing snakes to blend into their environment, their defence and attack mechanisms, and the adaptations they have undergone to cope with their surroundings. In addition, the author provides some anecdotes on his encounters with snakes, and clears up a few myths regarding snake behaviour.
Richly illustrated with exceptional photographs, Spectacular Snakes of Australia features the deadly serious as well as the quirky – from snakes that love water to those with potent venom, and even snakes that are blind! This book is a real treat for snake lovers.
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Bramoullé, Yann, Andrea Galeotti y Brian W. Rogers, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Networks. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948277.001.0001.
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This handbook represents the frontier of research into the economics of networks: how and why they form, how they influence behavior, how they help govern outcomes in an interactive world, and how they shape collective decision making, opinion formation, and diffusion dynamics. From a methodological perspective, the authors devote attention to theory, field experiments, laboratory experiments, and econometrics. Theoretical work in network formation, games played on networks, repeated games, and the interaction between linking and behavior are synthesized. A number of chapters are devoted to studying social processes mediated by networks. Topics here include opinion formation, diffusion of information and disease, and learning. There are also chapters devoted to financial contagion and systemic risk. Next, the handbook includes a section that discusses communities more generally, with applications including social trust, favor exchange, and social collateral; the importance of communities for migration patterns, and the role that networks and communities play in the labor market. A prominent role of networks, from an economic perspective, is that they mediate trade. Several chapters cover bilateral trade in networks, strategic intermediation, and the role of networks in international trade. The handbook also discusses the role of networks for organizations. One chapter discusses the role of networks for the performance of organizations, while two other chapters discuss managing networks of consumers and pricing in the presence of network-based spillovers. Finally, the handbook covers the Internet as a network, with attention to the issue of net neutrality.
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Anderson, Daniel. Introducing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Essential Step by Step Guide to Developing a Six Week Plan to Overcome Anxiety, Depression and Negative Thought Patterns. Independently Published, 2019.
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Owen, Jennifer C., Dana M. Hawley y Kathryn P. Huyvaert, eds. Infectious Disease Ecology of Wild Birds. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746249.001.0001.
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Disease ecology is an interdisciplinary field that recognizes that the host–parasite interaction is shaped by the environment and can affect and be affected by the processes that occur across all levels of ecological organization. This book focuses on the dynamics of infectious diseases for wild avian hosts across different scales of biological organization—from within-host processes to landscape-level patterns. Parasite–bird interactions are both influenced by and have consequences for every level of ecological hierarchy, from the physiology, behavior, and evolution of individual hosts up to the complex biotic and abiotic interactions occurring within biological communities and ecosystems. As the most diverse group of extant vertebrates, birds have evolved to utilize every ecological niche on earth, giving them the capacity to serve as a host of pathogens in every part of the world. The diversity of birds is outmatched only by the diversity of the parasite fauna infecting them. Given the overwhelming diversity of both avian hosts and their parasites, we have only scratched the surface regarding the role that pathogens play in avian biology and the role that birds play in the maintenance and spread of zoonotic pathogens. In addition to this understudied diversity, parasite–bird interactions are increasingly occurring in rapidly changing global environments—thus, their ecology is changing—and this shapes the complex ways by which parasites influence the interconnected health of birds, humans, and shared ecosystems. The chapters in this book illustrate that the understanding of these complex and multiscale interactions requires an inherently integrative approach.
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Chapman, Blake. Shark Attacks. CSIRO Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486307364.
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Humans spend more time in or on the water than ever before. We love the beach. But for many people, getting in the water provokes a moment’s hesitation. Shark attacks are big news events and although the risk of shark attack on humans is incredibly low, the fact remains that human lives are lost to sharks every year.
Shark Attacks explores the tension between risk to humans and the need to conserve sharks and protect the important ecological roles they play in our marine environments. Marine biologist Blake Chapman presents scientific information about shark biology, movement patterns and feeding behaviour. She discusses the role of fear in the way we think about sharks and the influence of the media on public perceptions. Moving first-hand accounts describe the deep and polarising psychological impacts of shark attacks from a range of perspectives.
This book is an education in thinking through these emotive events and will help readers to navigate the controversial issues around mitigating shark attacks while conserving the sharks themselves.
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Meyer, Monica. Understanding Sexual Addiction and Hypersexuality (DRAFT). Editado por Madeleine M. Castellanos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225889.003.0015.
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Various terms such as sexual addiction and hypersexuality have been used to describe a problematic and destructive pattern of excessive sexual behavior that persists despite negative consequences. Proposed diagnostic criteria are presented and several typologies are described in terms of their clinical presentation and associated consequences. Pornography addiction is discussed in terms of its typical course and observed impact on sexual arousal, sexual functioning, and the romantic partnership. Interpersonal neurobiology is used to conceptualize sex addiction from the three interacting theoretical perspectives of dysfunctional neural reward circuitry, maladaptive affect regulation, and disordered intimacy (or insecure attachment). A set of standard multimodal, multidisciplinary treatment recommendations are presented in the context of the three dimensions of interpersonal neurobiology that draw upon interventions that can be integrated into a unique, client-specific treatment plan. Complimentary, alternative, and integrative methodologies are explored to form a more comprehensive approach to treatment.
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Slosar, J. R. The Culture of Excess. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400636127.
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In the wake of the 2008-2009 economic recession, this revealing work offers a psychological explanation of how we as a nation grapple with self-control and how we can develop a new and healthier generation. As J.R. Slosar shows in this urgent, sometimes startling volume, the nation’s fast-and-loose approach to money was in fact a symptom of a more widespread pattern of excessive behavior. In The Culture of Excess: How America Lost Self-Control and Why We Need to Redefine Success, Slosar portrays an America where the drive to succeed and the fear of missing out manifested itself not only in self-entitled corporate fraud, but in everything from sharp rises in obesity and cosmetic medical procedures to equally troubling increases in eating disorders, panic attacks, and outbreaks of uncontrollable rage. The Culture of Excess is the first book to assess the impact of economic and social factors on the nation’s psychological well-being. Narcissism, productive narcissism, psychopathy, rigidity and self destruction, perfectionism, the illusion of success, and identity achievement all come into play as Slosar diagnoses the psychological drivers behind this indulgent age, offering his prescription for helping “Generation Me” become “Generation We.”
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Anderson, Daniel. Introducing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Introduction Essential Step by Step Guide to Principles of CBT - Develop a 6 Weeks Plan and Overcome Anxiety, Depression and Negative Thought Patterns. Independently Published, 2019.
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Bradstock, Ross A., A. Malcolm Gill y Richard J. Williams, eds. Flammable Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104839.
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In Flammable Australia: Fire Regimes, Biodiversity and Ecosystems in a Changing World, leading researchers in fire ecology and management discuss how fire regimes have shaped and will continue to shape the distribution and abundance of Australia’s highly diverse plants and animals. Central to this is the exploration of the concept of the fire regime – the cumulative pattern of fires and their individual characteristics (fire type, frequency, intensity, season) and how variation in regime components affects landscapes and their constituent biota.
Contributions by 44 authors explore a wide range of topics including classical themes such as pre-history and evolution, fire behaviour, fire regimes in key biomes, plant and animal life cycles, remote sensing and modelling of fire regimes, and emerging issues such as climate change and fire regimes, carbon dynamics and opportunities for managing fire regimes for multiple benefits.
In the face of significant global change, the conservation of our native species and ecosystems requires an understanding of the processes at play when fires and landscapes interact. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of this complex science, in the context of one of the world’s most flammable continents.
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Ekas, Naomi V., Abdallah M. Badahdah y Azza O. Abdelmoneium. The Well-Being of Families living with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Qatar. 2a ed. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/difi_9789927137969.
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Autism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 1% of children worldwide. Children with autism have difficulties in social interactions and communication and often engage in repetitive behaviors or have restricted interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). As a result of their child’s autism diagnosis, parents of children with autism often experience increased stress and poorer psychological well-being. Moreover, relationships within the family (e.g., marital relationship) may be negatively impacted. Addressing the needs of family members, particularly parents, is critical, as decades of research have shown that parents’ psychological well-being can affect the way that parents interact with their children. These interactional patterns can, in turn, impact children’s development in many of the areas that are affected by autism, including the social and emotional, language, and cognitive domains. The government of Qatar has recently taken steps to address the needs of children with autism and their families. The overarching aim of the Qatar National Autism Plan is to improve the lives of individuals with autism and their families. The six pillars of the National Autism Plan are designed to address the needs of individuals with autism and their families in areas such as raising awareness about autism, receiving early diagnosis, and accessing treatment and education. Once these needs are met, it is likely that the families of children with autism in Qatar can flourish. However, there are likely to be other challenges and unmet needs that the National Autism Plan does not address, and it was with this in mind that this first comprehensive study of families of children with autism in Qatar was undertaken.
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Steane, Andrew. Science and Humanity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824589.001.0001.
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This volume offers an in-depth presentation of the structure of science and the nature of the physical world, with a view to showing how it complements and does not replace other types of human activity, such as the arts and humanities, spirituality and religion. The aim is to better inform scientists, science educators, and the general public. Many think that science can and does establish that the natural world is a vast machine, and this is the whole truth of ourselves and our environment. This is wrong. In fact, scientific models employ a rich network of interconnecting concepts, and the overall picture suggests the full validity of further forms of truth-seeking and truth-speaking, such as art, jurisprudence, and the like. In fundamental physics, the equations that describe physical behaviour interact in a subtle symbiotic way with symmetry principles which describe overarching guidelines. The relationship between physics and biology is similar, and so is the relationship between biology and the humanities. Darwinian evolution is an exploratory mechanism which allows richer patterns and truths to come to be expressed; it does not negate or replace those truths. The area of values, of what can or should command our allegiance, requires a different kind of response, a response that is not completely captured by logical argument, but which is central to human life. Religion, when it is understood correctly and done well, is the engagement with the idea that we have a meaningful role to play, and much to learn.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0022.
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The term functional has almost replaced psychogenic in the neuromuscular literature for two reasons. It implies a disturbance of function, not structural damage; therefore, it defies laboratory testing such as MRIS, electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction study (NCS). It is convenient to draw a parallel to the patients between migraine and brain tumors, as both cause headache, but brain MRI is negative in the former without minimizing the suffering of the patient. It is a “software” and not a “hardware” problem. It avoids irritating the patient by misunderstanding the word psychogenic which to many means “madness.”The cause of this functional impairment may fall into one of the following categories:• Conversion reaction: conversion of psychological stress to physical symptoms. This may include paralysis, hemisensory or distal sensory loss, or conversion spasms. It affects younger age groups.• Somatization: chronic multiple physical and cognitive symptoms due to chronic stress. It affects older age groups.• Factions disorder: induced real physical symptoms due to the need to be cared for, such as injecting oneself with insulin to produce hypoglycemia.• Hypochondriasis: overconcern about body functions such as suspicion of ALS due to the presence of rare fasciclutations that are normal during stress and after ingestion of a large amount of coffee. Medical students in particular are targets for this disorder.The following points are to be made on this topic. FNMD should be diagnosed by neuromuscular specialists who are trained to recognize actual syndrome whether typical or atypical. Presentations that fall out of the recognition pattern of a neuromuscular specialist, after the investigations are negative, they should be considered as FNMDs. Sometimes serial examinations are useful to confirm this suspicion. Psychatrists or psychologists are to be consulted to formulate a plan to discover the underlying stress and to treat any associated psychiatric disorder or psychological aberration. Most patients think that they are stressed due to the illness and they fail to connect the neuromuscular manifestations and the underlying stress. They offer shop around due to lack of satisfaction, especially those with somatization disorders. Some patients learn how to imitate certain conditions well, and they can deceive health care professionals. EMG and NCS are invaluable in revealing FNMD. A normal needle EMG of a weak muscles mostly indicates a central etiology (organic or functional). Normal sensory responses of a severely numb limb mean that a lesion is preganglionic (like roots avulsion, CISP, etc.) or the cause is central (a doral column lesion or functional). Management of FNMD is difficult, and many patients end up being chronic cases that wander into clinics and hospitals seeking solutions and exhausting the health care system with unnecessary expenses.It is time for these disorders to be studied in detail and be classified and have criteria set for their diagnosis so that they will not remain diagnosed only by exclusion. This chapter will describe some examples of these disorders. A video clip can tell the story better than many pages of writing. Improvement of digital cameras and electronic media has improved the diagnosis of these conditions, and it is advisable that patients record some of their symptoms when they happen. It is not uncommon for some Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), such as myasthenia gravis (MG), small fiber neuropathy, and CISP, to be diagnosed as functional due to the lack of solid physical findings during the time of the examination. Therefore, a neuromuscular evaluation is important before these disorders are labeled as such. Some patients have genuine NMDs, but the majority of their symptoms are related to what Joseph Marsden called “sickness behavior.” A patient with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may unconsciously develop numbness of the entire side of the body because he thinks that he may have a stroke.