Tesis sobre el tema "Plantes cultivées – Aspect environnemental"
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Gonzaga, Gomez Lais. "Échange de composés volatils biogéniques entre l'atmosphère et les cultures de blé, maïs et colza". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS319.
Texto completoVolatile Organic Compounds (VOC) play a key role in atmospheric chemistry influencing climate and air quality. Vegetation is the main source of VOC, accounting for 90% of biogenic emissions (BVOC). Agricultural crops in Europe are estimated to contribute 27% of total BVOC emissions but remain poorly studied. In this work, we study the exchange of BVOC by wheat, rapeseed and maize, the main agricultural species in France in terms of cultivated area. The fluxes were measured in the field at the plant level with dynamic automated chambers coupled to a PTR-Qi-Tof-MS spectrometer. Fluxes of up to 997 compounds could be measured with this highly sensitive instrument. Chapter 1 presents a review of BVOC emission mechanisms, flux measurement methods, experimental results on BVOC exchanges in agricultural systems, and mathematical models of emissions. Chapter 2 describes the measurement site and the experimental setup. Chapter 3 presents BVOC fluxes measured during one week for each species. Emissions were dominated by methanol (55-85% of total emissions) followed by acetone and acetaldehyde. The 10 most emitted compounds excluding methanol accounted for more than 50% of total emissions and the 100 most emitted compounds accounted for more than 90%. The measured fluxes showed little intra-species variation but large inter-species variations with total net fluxes of 0.11±0.02 µg_BVOC g_DW^(-1) h^(-1) for maize, 1.5±0.7 µg_COVB g_MS^(-1) h^(-1) for wheat, and 9.1±2.4 µg_COVB g_MS^(-1) h^(-1) for rapeseed. Finally, standard emission factors for isoprene and monoterpenes were evaluated for each species, constituting the first known estimates for rapeseed. Chapter 4 examines the influence of developmental stages, and particularly of senescence, on BVOC emissions from wheat. We report a doubling of total emissions during senescence compared to maturation, with, in particular, an increase in the contribution of acetaldehyde (1.6% of total emissions during maturation and 9.7% during senescence) and acetic acid (0.7% during maturation and 2.7% during senescence). In Chapter 5 the main parameters of the MEGAN 2.1 model are estimated for the three species and the fluxes of six main compounds measured for rapeseed at the plant level by the dynamic chambers are compared with measurements by Eddy Covariance at the ecosystem level in order to evaluate the representativeness of chamber measurement. This work shows the heterogeneity of BVOC exchanges by agricultural plants and the data generated should contribute to the improvement of emission models
Aljouda, Mayssaa. "Etude des potentialités de transfert des transgènes des plantes transgéniques aux bactéries du sol et de l'impact sur la communauté bactérienne". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0021.
Texto completoLaboratory and greenhouse conducted experiments have shown that gene transfer events from transgenic plants to bacteria can happen but field trials failed to detect any in situ evidence. This may be due to the low frequency of these events but also to the lack of sensitivity of detection techniques. In our study, a metagenomic approach was used to detect gene transfer events from GMPs to soil bacteria and evaluate the possible impact of the cultivation of these plants on microbial communities under field conditions by using high sensitivity innovative tools. No molecular evidence of DNA transfer from transgenic grapevine was detected by Illumina sequencing. To evaluate the impact of transgenic grapevine on the bacterial community in greenhouse and field trials soils, RISA and taxonomic microarrays technologies were performed. A slight effect of GMPs crops on field bacterial communities was detected, but no impact was detected in greenhouse bacterial communities
Moussavou, Moudouma Chris Fabien. "Etude des mécanismes d’accumulation du cadmium chez Arabidopsis thaliana (écotype Wassilewskija) et chez un mélèze hybride (Larix x eurolepis) par des approches moléculaire et développementale". Limoges, 2010. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/f5bd5ea2-630d-4f8b-9f9e-8f604b8f77c7/blobholder:0/2010LIMO4011.pdf.
Texto completoThe presence of trace metal elements in the environment led plants to develop diverse defense mechanisms. However, no exhaustive study (molecular, biochemical and developmental) had been led to date in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to cadmium (Cd) stress. Our work thus consisted in the study of defense mechanisms in response to Cd in the ecotype Wassilewskija (Ws) of Arabidopsis thaliana using molecular and biochemical approaches and the study of phonotype. A “stress-induced morphogenic response” (SMIR) is observed in the roots of 14 day-old plants since 50 μM Cd. This SMIR is characterized by the shortening of the main root and multiple initiations of secondary roots. At the same time, the activity of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of phytochelatins (PC) (glutamylcystein synthetase, glutathione synthetase and phytochelatin synthase) is stimulated in the whole plant, PC and Cd however being more accumulated in roots than in shoots. At the transcriptional level, only PC synthase is spatially regulated in the presence of 100 μM Cd with an up-regulation of the genes PCS1 and PCS2 in the shoots and the roots respectively. The transcriptomic study on the whole genome of A. Thaliana showed an up-regulation the of genes coding particularly potential Cd transporters in roots and shoots, what is in agreement with the presence of the metal in various organs of the plant. Finally, we showed that the ecotype Ws is a better Cd tolerant than ecotypes Columbia and Landsberg erecta. Our work also focused on the response to Cd of young hybrid larch plants (Larix x eurolepis) obtained by somatic embryogenesis. A part from a shortening of the main root, the development of the larch is not altered with 1. 5 mM Cd. Although the PC synthesis pathway is also stimulated in response to Cd, another way of metal chelation, probably at the cell wall level, seems to be involved in tolerance mechanisms of the larch
Caille, Nathalie. "Mobilité et phytodisponibilité du mercure dans des dépôts de sédiments de curage". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL027N.
Texto completoCalenge, Fanny. "Organisation génomique globale des facteurs de résistance à la tavelure (Venturia inaequalis), à l'oi͏̈dium (Podosphaera leucotricha) et au feu bactérien (Erwinia amylovora) chez le pommier (Malus x domestica)". Angers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ANGE0002.
Texto completoThe purpose of this thesis was to determine the genomic organization of resistance factors in apple. We first constructed a genetic linkage map of an apple progeny. Then we studied the genetic determinism underlying partial resistance to scab, powdery mildew and fire blight in three progenies through a QTL analysis. At last, candidate genes presumably involved in resistance or defense against pathogens were mapped. The disease resistance factors identified during this study, and additional resistance factors (QTL and major genes) identified during previous studies were located on the same synthetic genetic linkage map. Most resistance factors were organized in clusters. Several co-localizations between QTL, candidate genes, and major genes occured, which led us to formulate some hypotheses about the putative functions of the genes and QTL mapped. From these results, strategies to create apple varieties carrying multiple resistances may be defined
Berthol, Dominique. "Étude de l'absorption et du métabolisme du 99Tc lors d'un apport chronique et à faible dose chez le ruminant et le monogastrique". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPL569N.
Texto completoPaulino, Sonia Régina. "Réglementation environnementale et processus d'innovation dans le secteur des phytosanitaires". Toulouse 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU10045.
Texto completoIn France as well as in other major world markets, environmental regulations of pesticide products have become progressively tighter, opening up new perspectives for innovative processes and competition. This thesis shows to what extent the adaptation of the product mix (range) to the regulatory framework is part of these changes. The analysis of the regulatory framework and of its changes shows how public intervention takes into account the various dimensions of the environment. The pesticide sector reacts first by restructuring itself and organizing the innovation process so as to fit the new quality standards, along two axes: reaction on the basis of aging technologies or development of new avenues for research. Later, manufacturers attempt to participate in the setting up of new regulations and norms. They differentiate their product mix according to market regulations. If large agro-chemical manufacturers pool their efforts to influence the evolution of the regulatory framework, this evolution may in turn influence their respective competitiveness. This in turn may affect the innovation strategies
Mineau, Hervé. "Démographie et dynamique de recolonisation de talus routiers nouvellement créés, chez quelques espèces herbacées hémicryptophytes de la région méditerranéenne". Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20052.
Texto completoMadre, Frédéric. "Biodiversité et bâtiments végétalisés : une approche multi-taxons en paysage urbain". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0004.
Texto completoUrbanization destroys and fragments natural ecosystems, contributing to global change and biodiversity loss. This hostile urban matrix mainly consists of roads and buildings. Recently, the buildings are covered with greening systems (introduction of plants on suitable media). These systems provide benefits to humans and reduce the hostility of the matrix making the city more permeable to wildlife. There are various types of greening systems that do not act equal for biodiversity. In this thesis, we analyzed the communities using these potential habitats: (1) wild plants on green roofs, (2) arthropods and birds on green roofs (3) arthropods on vegetated facades and (4) arthropods on vegetated buildings within the urban landscape. We highlighted the importance of the structural complexity of vegetation on the studied communities
Fénart, Stéphane. "Dynamique spatiale et temporelle des populations de betteraves mauvaises herbes (Beta vulgaris ssp. ) : implications possibles dans la dissémination de transgènes". Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1fcc623a-aa10-44c3-ada9-dee1a5934f30.
Texto completoLe déficit en hétérozygotes semble être le fait à la fois d'un effet Wahlund temporel dû au mélange de cohortes dans la banque de graines mais également d'un effet Wahlund spatial, dû à la formation au cours du temps de taches d'infestation d'individus apparentés. L'autofécondation, héritée des cultivées, ne se retrouve principalement que dans les stades d'infestation les moins avancés et semble contre sélectionnée au cours du temps en raison d'une importante dépression de consanguinité. Au contraire, la montaison sans vernalisation, héritée des rudérales, contribue au syndrome de mauvaise herbe et est de ce fait très vite sélectionné. Nos études de paternités menées sur cinq parcelles au sein d'un paysage agricole ont montré que la dispersion du pollen peut se faire sur des distances très élevées allant jusqu'à une dizaine de kilomètres. La commercialisation de variétés transgéniques résistantes à un herbicide total est envisagée pour contrôler les betteraves mauvaises herbes. Si une hybridation cultivée x sauvage concerne ces variétés, elle pourrait aboutir à la formation de betteraves mauvaises herbes résistantes aux herbicides. Au vu de nos résultats, celles-ci pourraient à leur tour transmettre cette résistance à d'autres betteraves mauvaises herbes poussant sur des parcelles voisines ou aux populations de betteraves sauvages littorales, pouvant entraîner des conséquences importantes, tant sur le plan économique qu'écologique
Lichiheb, Nebila. "Volatilisation des pesticides depuis les plantes : approche expérimentale et modélisation". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0047/document.
Texto completoThe agricultural activity presents the main source of the atmospheric contamination by pesticides. The occurrence of pesticides in the atmosphere concerns the research community due to their potential impacts on population and ecosystems. The volatilization from plants is higher and faster than the volatilization from soil. However, this transfer pathway is difficult to assess with few available models. The lack of knowledge on pesticide volatilization from plants is essentially linked to the complex interactions between processes occurring at the leaf surface and competing with volatilization, such as leaf penetration and photodegradation. A laboratory volatilization chamber was developed in order to study simultaneously the processes of volatilization and leaf penetration of 3 fungicides (epoxyconazole, chlorothalonil and fenpropidine) applied on wheat leaves. These experimentations allowed a refined description of leaf penetration process using a well-defined sequential extraction procedure of leaves. Leaf penetration coefficients, which are necessary to modelling the pesticide fate in plants, were calculated. Moreover relationships between physicochemical properties of pesticides and processes regulating their distribution on and in plant leaves were identified. The experimental study on the photodegradation process consisted in irradiating wax films using simulated solarlight. The results showed that for experimental conditions and pesticides chosen in our study, photodegradation seems to have played a minor role as dissipation process.The soil-vegetation-atmosphere exchange model SURFATM was adapted for pesticides using an approach inspired from the parameterization developed in the PEARL model. The originality of this model resides in its mechanistic description of the micro-meteorological conditions inside the canopy. As a first step the SURFATM-Pesticides model describes leaf penetration and photodegradation processes using empirical coefficients. Then a distribution of pesticide residues in the different compartments of the leaf surface was identified based on the experimental results. This approach allowed the quantification of pesticide fraction on the leaf surface available for volatilization. The combination of this compartmental approach and the identified relationships between physicochemical properties of pesticides and the leaf penetration process improves the genericity of the model. Moreover, the effect of the pesticide formulation in the commercial preparations was integrated in the model via empirical coefficients allowing a better simulation of the volatilization fluxes in the case of systemic pesticides. Comparison of model results and experimental measurements collected from two datasets showed satisfactory results. Once the contribution of soil volatilization has been activated, the SURFATM-Pesticides model will allow us to predict the overall pesticide volatilization at the field scale
Sechet, Julien. "Analyse fonctionnelle de gènes impliqués dans la signalisation de l'ABA et la réponse au stress dans les graines d'Arabidopsis thaliana". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0004.
Texto completoAbscisic acid plays an essential role in limiting water loss from plants through the control of stomata aperture and the induction of a range of responses to water-‐‐deficit. During seed development ABA induces dormancy and desiccation tolerance as well as controlling germination, in particular in response to environmental constraints. Two approaches have been used to identify new factors involved in the hormonal control of germination and responses to environmental stimuli. The first consists of the identification of two genes defective in mutants affected in the hormonal control of germination, as well as water-deficit resistance in one mutant. Whole‐genome resequencing was used to identify the mutated genes. The first mutant, named xyl1-4, was isolated by its resistance to an inhibitor of gibberellin synthesis, and demonstrated the implication of xyloglucans (XyG) in germination control. In effect, the XYL1 locus encodes an α-xylosidase required for the maturation of XyG in the cell wall, through the trimming of xylose ramifications. Our results indicate that XYL1 plays a major role in the cell wall remodelling processes that control both embryo growth potential and the resistance of the endosperm during germination. The second mutant, has2, was selected in a screen for suppressor mutants of the excessive evapotranspiration on water deficit observed in the ABA biosynthesis mutant aba3-‐‐1 (Plessis et al., 2011). This mutant exhibits a range of germination phenotypes related to its sensitivity to environmental constraints, indicative of defects in hormone signalling. The HAS2 locus encodes a mitochondrial protein with PPR (pentatrico-peptide repeat) motifs that has previously been termed LOI1/MEF11. has2 mutant analysis showed the importance of mitochondrial respiration in plant tolerance to diverse stress and in germination processes. Finally we used a reverse genetic approach for the analysis of three mitochondrial sHSPs (small heat shock protein) in the response to abiotic stress; the germination phenotypes of single and multiple mutants for the HSP23.5, HSP23.6 and HSP26.5 genes were examined. This study has demonstrated the key role of HSP23.6 in the response to salt stress and the role of all three sHSPs in the control of evapotranspiration during water deficit
Dos, Santos Cagarelho Nicolas. "Les droits français et européen à l'épreuve de l'innovation scientifique en matière agricole végétale". Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020062.
Texto completoFrench agriculture, which perpetuated an after-war objective of established efficiency criteria, was guided by the search for a greater productivity. This direction, promoted by both the Common Agricultural Policy and the globalisation of the markets, was mostly driven by States with strong agricultural potentials, especially France playing a leading role. This evolution was guided by scientific and technology innovations, carried by three initial promoters: the public authorities, the agricultural sector and industrial groups. Scientific innovations, in an effort to protect the plants and improve the quality of vegetables, triggered a growing involvement of public authorities which faced alerts from environmental activists and increasing public opinion on the matter. The expansion of a national legislation has been followed up over the last twenty years by a growing European regulation. The latter aims at establishing a compromise between health and food safety as well as protecting the environment and industrial progress. It also questions the coherence of the existing legal framework for agricultural crops applied to the French territory, the current legislation on scientific innovations for plant agriculture and it's possible limits. This thesis deals with 'The French and European Law Facing Scientific Innovation for Plant Agriculture'
Lema, Catherine. "L'exploitation illégale du palmier protégé Euterpe edulis Mart. : dynamique d'un conflit environnemental dans le Parque Estadual Três Picos [sic] (État de Rio de Janeiro, Brésil)". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0032.
Texto completoThis work focuses on the exploitation of Euterpe edulis Mart. Palm (known in Portuguese as palmito Juçara), whose heart is very popular in Brazil gastronomy. In the Parque Estadual Três Picos (located in the State of Rio de Janeiro) the exploitation of the palm occurs under a double protection: on the one hand the palm is protected by law, and on the other hand exploitation is done in an area where any use of natural resources is prohibited. In the Park, overharvesting of the palm is favored by the socio-economic status and vulnerability of local people (who find the principal source of income on palm exploitation) and by a prosperous market, both elements threatening the wild stocks of the species. Moreover, the mechanisms for control and supervision of the Park also intensify the creation of clandestine forms of organization resulting in violence. The link between environmental issues and social issues around the palm exploitation opposes two main actors: administrators of the Park and illegal loggers of palmito (palmiteiros). This opposition takes the form of an environmental conflict as these actors perform different actions depending on their interests and their perceptions regarding the exploitation of the palm. Indeed, while for palmiteiros extracting palm hearts represents a cultural and historical activity as well as a livelihood, for park administrators this exploitation constitutes a threat to biodiversity conservation. This creates an explicit confrontation that is not only related to environment but that encompasses a far more complex reality of competing interests and social and political structures that promote inequality and exclusion
Rigollet, Virginie. "Evolution saisonnière des concentrations en métaux lourds dans les herbiers à "Zostera marina L. " de l'étang de Thau (France) et de la lagune de Venise (Italie) : relation plante-sédiment". Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20046.
Texto completoPesce, Stéphane. "Effets de pesticides sur l'activité et la diversité des communautés microbiennes d'un milieu lotique récepteur". Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CLF21705.
Texto completoChapitre C : Evolution des communautés microbiennes dans un cours d'eau soumis à l'apport régulier de pesticides (Jauron, Puy-de-Dôme). Comparaison au cours de 2 années successives (2003 et 2004)
Kleftodimos, Georgios. "Economic valuation of bees’ pollination services in arable crop farms : the role of Public Policy regulations towards the provision of pollination services". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20101.
Texto completoThe principal objective of the realized study is to evaluate the economic importance of the behavioral interactions which emerge from managed and wild bees, called bees’ complementarity in arable crop farms. A particular emphasis was placed on examining how the economic importance of bees’ complementarity should affect the public policy regulation in order to safeguard the provision of pollination services. The first Chapter of this Ph.D. thesis provides the theoretical framework on which this economic valuation is based. Chapter 2, provides an ecological-economic model displaying farmer’s decisions between two agricultural inputs, pollination services and pesticides, and two sources of pollination with different characteristics; managed bees, which can be replaced at a cost, and wild bees, which rely on a population being sustained within the farmland. Moreover, we take as a given that the services of wild and managed bees are in a complementary relationship. The third Chapter of this thesis, integrates the findings of Chapter 2 in a Mathematical-Programming territorial ecological-economic modeling in order to explore the potential impacts of policy changes on the provision of pollination services and on farmers’ incomes for different rates of farmers’ cooperation. Finally, Chapter 4, evaluates the effectiveness of French policy measures towards the provision of pollination services and it discusses how the results of our analyses may contribute towards the amelioration of the effectiveness of these measures. The major result of our research is twofold. Firstly, the knowledge of bees’ complementarity may offer to farmers an alternative optimum management strategy. Secondly, the inclusion of this knowledge in the implemented policy measures may facilitate farmers’ adoption process towards low-input practices and, consequently, increase their effectiveness towards the sustainability of pollination services for the agricultural and food systems
Caiserman, Arnaud. "Adapter les stratégies agricoles aux évolutions socio-économiques et climatiques en milieu méditerranéen : comparaison de l'usage de l'eau et des choix de plantes des agriculteurs dans la plaine de la Békaa (Liban) et de Marvdasht (Iran)". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3009.
Texto completoAccording to Köppen’s climate map, the semi-arid Mediterranean climate covers several countries in this region, including Lebanon and Iran. In order to regionalize the understanding of the water challenge of this region, two agricultural plains with similar characteristics were selected as study areas: the Bekaa plain in Lebanon and the Marvdahst plain in Iran. The Marvdasht plain is slightly drier and through climate change, the Bekaa plain will look like the present climate conditions of Marvdasht before 2100. It is therefore necessary to grasp the agricultural practices in the Marvdasht plain in order to imagine how Bekaa agriculture will look like in the future. Farmers must adapt their strategies to the local climate that is characterized by strong uncertainties (interannual variability of rainfall or frequent droughts) but also to economic uncertainties (prices’ variability). Despite (geo)political differences, some farmers in the Bekaa and Marvdasht have chosen strong water demanding crops, compared to the local renewable water resources. However, these crops are profitable on the market. In total, the water balances for the years under consideration are negative: in Marvdasht, farmers pumped 0,25 km3 of groundwater to meet the total irrigation needs, but the groundwater recharge was only 0,09 km3 in that year. In the Bekaa, this balance is also negative, but to a lesser extent: 0,15 km3 were pumped for a recharge of 0,1 km3. In both cases, irrigation needs are therefore higher than renewable water. They have therefore promoted market adaptation rather than sustainable resource management. Thus, the reasons for crop choices were closely analysed through field surveys and certain remote sensing methods to generate crop maps. The net irrigation requirements of crops are also estimated through remote sensing. Indeed, water needs determine whether or not farmers promote climate change adaptation strategies with relevant crop choices. This regional imbalance at the expense of resources stems from the productivism in the early 1950s. This paradigm is rooted on farm’s profitability and a more ambitious political objective, food self-sufficiency, especially in Iran. This causes an overexploitation of groundwater for irrigation and thus a lowering of groundwater by several tens of meters since the 1980s. Some alternatives consist of growing plants with high added value and modest water requirements: saffron, canola, quinoa and cannabis (in Lebanon). We have highlighted these alternative crops since their cultivation on large areas could save millions of water cubic meters each year. Still not widely cultivated, these plants need incentive markets to attract the interest of agricultural stakeholders. This operational part thus analyses the reasons for this lukewarm success in order to find incentive markets. Such local markets would strengthen a more sustainable agricultural policy than restrictive measures on water management that farmers always manage to circumvent
Rousset, Olivier. "Dynamiques de régénération et interactions positives dans les successions végétales. Installation de "Buxus sempervirens L. " et "Quercus humilis Miller" sur les pelouses des Grands Causses gérées par le pâturage". Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20128.
Texto completoIqbal, Muhammad. "Impact de l'occupation des sols agricoles contaminés sur la disponibilité des éléments trace : Mise en évidence du role des matières organiques dans le cas de cultures annuelles et cultures pérennes à vocation énergétique". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00811413.
Texto completoPierre, Caroline. "Variabilité interannuelle des émissions d'aérosols minéraux en zone semi-aride sahélienne". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921688.
Texto completoDiop, Amadou. "Diagnostic des pratiques d'utilisation et quantification des pesticides dans la zone des Niayes de Dakar (Sénégal)". Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959895.
Texto completoBordenave, Simon. "Essai sur les conséquences environnementales de la recherche et développement sur les variétés agricoles". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA038/document.
Texto completoThe sharp increase in agricultural yields in the past 150 years owes a lot to the improvement of plant varieties, which, to large extent, is the result of the research and development process. Whether the research and development effort undertaken by firms operating in this sector and institutions regulating research are socially optimal is an important question for public policies. This thesis aims to contribute to tackling this issue, and its main contribution is to endeavor to account for the impact of crop innovation on the environment. We address the question through three different perspectives: innovation per se, the research and development process, and the institutional framework available to research firms. We show that environmental externalities of research significantly modify social optima
Nuel, Maximilien. "Devenir des résidus médicamenteux et de leur métabolites au sein des Zones de Rejet Végétalisées (ZRV)". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAD022/document.
Texto completoWastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) are considered as one of the most important pharmaceutical compound discharges into the environment. Since 2009, French Water Agencies, promote Surface Flow Treatment Wetlands (SFTWs) at the outlet of WWTPs, between the WWTP and the receiving aquatic environment but their removal efficiencies are not well investigated. To overcome these lacks of knowledge, pollutant removal efficiencies of 2 WWTP and their SFTW were monitoring during 2 years. ln regard to pharmaceutical compounds (86), SFTW removal efficiency rates ranged from 30 to 70% with maximum values in summer and minimum values in winter. The SFTW removal efficiency contributions to WWTP were inferior to 30%. ln addition, SFTW inflow reductions were correlated with an increase of drug compound concentrations in the outflow. Furthermore, there was a specific absorption of these micro pollutants by plants whereas there were dynamic interactions between sampled mud and drugs residues with an adsorption during summer and a release during winter
Mayrand, Flavie. "Modélisation du fonctionnement hydrologique du sol et de la biodiversité des communautés végétales. Application à l'analyse de la performance écologique d'un aménagement paysager autoroutier". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00948342.
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