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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Plantes cultivées – Aspect environnemental"
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Tesis sobre el tema "Plantes cultivées – Aspect environnemental"
Gonzaga, Gomez Lais. "Échange de composés volatils biogéniques entre l'atmosphère et les cultures de blé, maïs et colza". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS319.
Texto completoVolatile Organic Compounds (VOC) play a key role in atmospheric chemistry influencing climate and air quality. Vegetation is the main source of VOC, accounting for 90% of biogenic emissions (BVOC). Agricultural crops in Europe are estimated to contribute 27% of total BVOC emissions but remain poorly studied. In this work, we study the exchange of BVOC by wheat, rapeseed and maize, the main agricultural species in France in terms of cultivated area. The fluxes were measured in the field at the plant level with dynamic automated chambers coupled to a PTR-Qi-Tof-MS spectrometer. Fluxes of up to 997 compounds could be measured with this highly sensitive instrument. Chapter 1 presents a review of BVOC emission mechanisms, flux measurement methods, experimental results on BVOC exchanges in agricultural systems, and mathematical models of emissions. Chapter 2 describes the measurement site and the experimental setup. Chapter 3 presents BVOC fluxes measured during one week for each species. Emissions were dominated by methanol (55-85% of total emissions) followed by acetone and acetaldehyde. The 10 most emitted compounds excluding methanol accounted for more than 50% of total emissions and the 100 most emitted compounds accounted for more than 90%. The measured fluxes showed little intra-species variation but large inter-species variations with total net fluxes of 0.11±0.02 µg_BVOC g_DW^(-1) h^(-1) for maize, 1.5±0.7 µg_COVB g_MS^(-1) h^(-1) for wheat, and 9.1±2.4 µg_COVB g_MS^(-1) h^(-1) for rapeseed. Finally, standard emission factors for isoprene and monoterpenes were evaluated for each species, constituting the first known estimates for rapeseed. Chapter 4 examines the influence of developmental stages, and particularly of senescence, on BVOC emissions from wheat. We report a doubling of total emissions during senescence compared to maturation, with, in particular, an increase in the contribution of acetaldehyde (1.6% of total emissions during maturation and 9.7% during senescence) and acetic acid (0.7% during maturation and 2.7% during senescence). In Chapter 5 the main parameters of the MEGAN 2.1 model are estimated for the three species and the fluxes of six main compounds measured for rapeseed at the plant level by the dynamic chambers are compared with measurements by Eddy Covariance at the ecosystem level in order to evaluate the representativeness of chamber measurement. This work shows the heterogeneity of BVOC exchanges by agricultural plants and the data generated should contribute to the improvement of emission models
Aljouda, Mayssaa. "Etude des potentialités de transfert des transgènes des plantes transgéniques aux bactéries du sol et de l'impact sur la communauté bactérienne". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0021.
Texto completoLaboratory and greenhouse conducted experiments have shown that gene transfer events from transgenic plants to bacteria can happen but field trials failed to detect any in situ evidence. This may be due to the low frequency of these events but also to the lack of sensitivity of detection techniques. In our study, a metagenomic approach was used to detect gene transfer events from GMPs to soil bacteria and evaluate the possible impact of the cultivation of these plants on microbial communities under field conditions by using high sensitivity innovative tools. No molecular evidence of DNA transfer from transgenic grapevine was detected by Illumina sequencing. To evaluate the impact of transgenic grapevine on the bacterial community in greenhouse and field trials soils, RISA and taxonomic microarrays technologies were performed. A slight effect of GMPs crops on field bacterial communities was detected, but no impact was detected in greenhouse bacterial communities
Moussavou, Moudouma Chris Fabien. "Etude des mécanismes d’accumulation du cadmium chez Arabidopsis thaliana (écotype Wassilewskija) et chez un mélèze hybride (Larix x eurolepis) par des approches moléculaire et développementale". Limoges, 2010. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/f5bd5ea2-630d-4f8b-9f9e-8f604b8f77c7/blobholder:0/2010LIMO4011.pdf.
Texto completoThe presence of trace metal elements in the environment led plants to develop diverse defense mechanisms. However, no exhaustive study (molecular, biochemical and developmental) had been led to date in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to cadmium (Cd) stress. Our work thus consisted in the study of defense mechanisms in response to Cd in the ecotype Wassilewskija (Ws) of Arabidopsis thaliana using molecular and biochemical approaches and the study of phonotype. A “stress-induced morphogenic response” (SMIR) is observed in the roots of 14 day-old plants since 50 μM Cd. This SMIR is characterized by the shortening of the main root and multiple initiations of secondary roots. At the same time, the activity of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of phytochelatins (PC) (glutamylcystein synthetase, glutathione synthetase and phytochelatin synthase) is stimulated in the whole plant, PC and Cd however being more accumulated in roots than in shoots. At the transcriptional level, only PC synthase is spatially regulated in the presence of 100 μM Cd with an up-regulation of the genes PCS1 and PCS2 in the shoots and the roots respectively. The transcriptomic study on the whole genome of A. Thaliana showed an up-regulation the of genes coding particularly potential Cd transporters in roots and shoots, what is in agreement with the presence of the metal in various organs of the plant. Finally, we showed that the ecotype Ws is a better Cd tolerant than ecotypes Columbia and Landsberg erecta. Our work also focused on the response to Cd of young hybrid larch plants (Larix x eurolepis) obtained by somatic embryogenesis. A part from a shortening of the main root, the development of the larch is not altered with 1. 5 mM Cd. Although the PC synthesis pathway is also stimulated in response to Cd, another way of metal chelation, probably at the cell wall level, seems to be involved in tolerance mechanisms of the larch
Caille, Nathalie. "Mobilité et phytodisponibilité du mercure dans des dépôts de sédiments de curage". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL027N.
Texto completoCalenge, Fanny. "Organisation génomique globale des facteurs de résistance à la tavelure (Venturia inaequalis), à l'oi͏̈dium (Podosphaera leucotricha) et au feu bactérien (Erwinia amylovora) chez le pommier (Malus x domestica)". Angers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ANGE0002.
Texto completoThe purpose of this thesis was to determine the genomic organization of resistance factors in apple. We first constructed a genetic linkage map of an apple progeny. Then we studied the genetic determinism underlying partial resistance to scab, powdery mildew and fire blight in three progenies through a QTL analysis. At last, candidate genes presumably involved in resistance or defense against pathogens were mapped. The disease resistance factors identified during this study, and additional resistance factors (QTL and major genes) identified during previous studies were located on the same synthetic genetic linkage map. Most resistance factors were organized in clusters. Several co-localizations between QTL, candidate genes, and major genes occured, which led us to formulate some hypotheses about the putative functions of the genes and QTL mapped. From these results, strategies to create apple varieties carrying multiple resistances may be defined
Berthol, Dominique. "Étude de l'absorption et du métabolisme du 99Tc lors d'un apport chronique et à faible dose chez le ruminant et le monogastrique". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPL569N.
Texto completoPaulino, Sonia Régina. "Réglementation environnementale et processus d'innovation dans le secteur des phytosanitaires". Toulouse 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU10045.
Texto completoIn France as well as in other major world markets, environmental regulations of pesticide products have become progressively tighter, opening up new perspectives for innovative processes and competition. This thesis shows to what extent the adaptation of the product mix (range) to the regulatory framework is part of these changes. The analysis of the regulatory framework and of its changes shows how public intervention takes into account the various dimensions of the environment. The pesticide sector reacts first by restructuring itself and organizing the innovation process so as to fit the new quality standards, along two axes: reaction on the basis of aging technologies or development of new avenues for research. Later, manufacturers attempt to participate in the setting up of new regulations and norms. They differentiate their product mix according to market regulations. If large agro-chemical manufacturers pool their efforts to influence the evolution of the regulatory framework, this evolution may in turn influence their respective competitiveness. This in turn may affect the innovation strategies
Mineau, Hervé. "Démographie et dynamique de recolonisation de talus routiers nouvellement créés, chez quelques espèces herbacées hémicryptophytes de la région méditerranéenne". Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20052.
Texto completoMadre, Frédéric. "Biodiversité et bâtiments végétalisés : une approche multi-taxons en paysage urbain". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0004.
Texto completoUrbanization destroys and fragments natural ecosystems, contributing to global change and biodiversity loss. This hostile urban matrix mainly consists of roads and buildings. Recently, the buildings are covered with greening systems (introduction of plants on suitable media). These systems provide benefits to humans and reduce the hostility of the matrix making the city more permeable to wildlife. There are various types of greening systems that do not act equal for biodiversity. In this thesis, we analyzed the communities using these potential habitats: (1) wild plants on green roofs, (2) arthropods and birds on green roofs (3) arthropods on vegetated facades and (4) arthropods on vegetated buildings within the urban landscape. We highlighted the importance of the structural complexity of vegetation on the studied communities
Fénart, Stéphane. "Dynamique spatiale et temporelle des populations de betteraves mauvaises herbes (Beta vulgaris ssp. ) : implications possibles dans la dissémination de transgènes". Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1fcc623a-aa10-44c3-ada9-dee1a5934f30.
Texto completoLe déficit en hétérozygotes semble être le fait à la fois d'un effet Wahlund temporel dû au mélange de cohortes dans la banque de graines mais également d'un effet Wahlund spatial, dû à la formation au cours du temps de taches d'infestation d'individus apparentés. L'autofécondation, héritée des cultivées, ne se retrouve principalement que dans les stades d'infestation les moins avancés et semble contre sélectionnée au cours du temps en raison d'une importante dépression de consanguinité. Au contraire, la montaison sans vernalisation, héritée des rudérales, contribue au syndrome de mauvaise herbe et est de ce fait très vite sélectionné. Nos études de paternités menées sur cinq parcelles au sein d'un paysage agricole ont montré que la dispersion du pollen peut se faire sur des distances très élevées allant jusqu'à une dizaine de kilomètres. La commercialisation de variétés transgéniques résistantes à un herbicide total est envisagée pour contrôler les betteraves mauvaises herbes. Si une hybridation cultivée x sauvage concerne ces variétés, elle pourrait aboutir à la formation de betteraves mauvaises herbes résistantes aux herbicides. Au vu de nos résultats, celles-ci pourraient à leur tour transmettre cette résistance à d'autres betteraves mauvaises herbes poussant sur des parcelles voisines ou aux populations de betteraves sauvages littorales, pouvant entraîner des conséquences importantes, tant sur le plan économique qu'écologique