Tesis sobre el tema "Plages – Effets du vent"
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Vanhée, Stéphane. "Processus de transport éolien à l'interface plage macrotidale-dune bordière : le cas des plages à barres intertidales, Côte d'Opale, nord de la France". Littoral, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DUNK0093.
Texto completoSeveral experiments aimed at elucidating the effects of ridge and runnel morphology on aeolian transport were carried out on macrotidal beaches on the Opal Coast. The results show that in spite of a potentially large wind fetch with onshore winds given the width of these beaches, the effective fetch is generally limited to the upper beach terrace and to the first ridge on the upper beach, and is especially segmented by the runnels which may act as efficient sand traps. The results also highlight highly variable trapping rates. The rates were commonly weak and this could be a limiting factor in terms of beach-dune sand transfers, especially in view of the fact that the dominant winds on the North Sea sites are essentially obliquely offshore. The short term topographic surveys and digital elevation models have highlighted the efficiency of dune management and rehabilitation schemes. Differential contour maps generated by these surveys bring out the stages of foredune accretion
Lamy, Antoine. "Processus éolien et son transport sédimentaire associé en condition de vent de terre sur le système dune-plage". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Perpignan, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PERP0015.
Texto completoThis Research aims to characterize the aeolian processes on a beach-dune system under prevailing offshore winds. To achieve this, the site of Leucate-Plage has been chosen due to the Tramontane, an offshore wind blowing more than 70 % of thetime. This field site is composed of a small foredune on a microtidal area sometimes hit by intense marine storms. These characteristics make this site one of the representative coastal areas present on the Gulf of Lion. This research demonstrates, using observations and modelisations, that a small dune can nonetheless have significant effects on aeolian dynamics. This work highlights an area of wind separation and recirculation in the leeward region of the dune during perpendicular wind. However, this does not cause transport towards the dune foot because, regardless of the incident wind speeds, the threshold shear velocity for grain movement is never reached in this recirculation zone. the dune at Leucate-Plage is human-made, this cause longitudinal variations in its morphology due to different construction methods. These variations create variable disturbances in wind flow and aeolian transport. In some cases, with gentler dune slopes, the wind is not separated but only deflected and much less attenuated when passing over the dune, allowing sediment transport in the lee side. In all cases, the wind is accelerated approaching the dune crest, especially when the wind is perpendicular, reaching up to twice the speed of the incident wind. Aeolian sand transport depends on many control factors, this work focused on the beach grain size and histemporal variability, often neglected in studies. The results show that this parameter can have significant consequences on the observed and calculated transport rates. In an environment with wide variations in grain size over time, annual transport rates can differ by more than 75 times from those observed depending on the grain size applied to the transport formula. In the case of offshore winds, the distribution of wind speeds and aeolian sand transport fluxes is unequal across the beach profile, with an increase observed moving away from the dune. Thus, transport rates can easily exceed 100 kg/m/h at the berm. The consequence of this seaward aeolian transport can cause significant erosion of the beach, depending on wind speeds and beach's grain size state. This erosion can reach values greater than 50 cm on the berm and 20 cm on the beach in a few hours. This thesis highlights the impact of offshore winds on a microtidal beach and the influence of an artificial dune and its construction methods, on wind flow and aeolian sediment transport. It also warns about using an appropriate grain size for calculating aeolian transport rates in a heterogeneous and variable grain size environment
Charbonnier, Céline. "Biogéochimie et hydrologie d’une plage battue : la plage du Truc Vert : flux de matière dans les sédiments sableux intertidaux". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14916/document.
Texto completoBiogeochemical studies in permeable sandy sediments are recent: the role of these environments in biogeochemical cycles was neglected because of their poverty in organic matter and the complexity of transient processes affecting them. Sandy beaches are subject to various physical forcings like tide, waves and connexion with continental groundwaters. Advection is the leading mode of transport. Huge volumes of organic matter-bearing seawater are potentially filtered by permeable intertidal sediments. The main objective of this study was to characterize biogeochemical processes induced by seawater recirculation and groundwater discharge in the intertidal zone of an exposed beach: the Truc Vert beach.Seasonal monitoring of pore water properties showed that aerobic respiration processes occurred in the seawater recirculation plume. Extrapolated to the 240 km-long Aquitanian coast, these processes represent each year an annual release of 610 tons of nitrate and 4400 tons of dissolved inorganic carbon, i.e. the equivalent of the Leyre input, a small river draining a catchment area of 2000 km2 at the southeast part of the Arcachon lagoon.The benthic macrofauna is dominated by Crustaceans. These organisms have a low impact on biogeochemical cycles: the contribution of benthic macrofauna on oxygen deficits observed in the lower beach pore waters is insignificant (< 2%). Biogeochemical fluxes observed in the intertidal zone are mainly induced by the aerobic respiration of microorganisms living in the sediment. Supported by regular tidal inputs of dissolved oxygen on the pore space, these processes varied seasonnally with temperature and organic matter availability.The deployment of autonomous probes into the sediment of the intertidal zone allowed us to clarify the short-term variability of pore water properties. Extension of the intertidal saline plume evolved with the tidal amplitude. Oxygen levels measured at a given point of the beach varied slightly with the lunar cycle. This work showed that aerobic respiration processes varied mainly at the seasonal scale. The local impact of weather and swell was also evidenced.We showed the presence of a subterranean estuary in the Truc Vert beach and its dynamics was explored through the deployment of wells in the upper beach. The input of continental freshwater represents an additional source of nitrate and dissolved inorganic carbon in the coastal ocean. Chemical properties of the fresh groundwater located upstream the beach indicated a decoupling between the salinity gradient and the redox bareer within the subterranean estuary, as well as an intense CO2 degassing at the dune.This study allows to better understand the processes occuring in sandy sediments of exposed beaches and will allow to develop complex numerical models linking hydrological and biogeochemical processes. This work also provides many perspectives on the role of sandy beaches, both locally (in case of pollution, for example) and on global biogeochemical cycles, especially in relation to global warming and sea-level rise (CO2 emissions and seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers)
Dubois, Alexandre. "Comportement morphodynamique des plages de poche en milieu mésotidal semi-abrité : exemple des plages méridionales de la presqu’île de Rhuys, Bretagne sud". Lorient, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORIS278.
Texto completoPocket beaches display along rocky shores. In the Rhuys peninsula, they form dune systems baked between headlands sheltering swamps or low areas backshore, which are partially connected to the sea. In a mesotidal regim, the are semi-sheltered by islands and rocky shoals accounting for lower entering swell. The local wind create important wind waves promoting alonshore drift of sediment. This is observed thanks to hydrodynamic and topographic measurements. With an increasing energy input, cross-shore exchanges of sediment are dominant following increasing surf and swash processes. Such exchanges rotate aroud an equilibrium or pivot point less dynamic. Gravity waves and wind waves have an heterogeneous impact in space. Moreover, volumetric variations highlight each pocket beach system running as a single entity. No proof of alongshore by-passing between each beach is identified but a cross-shore connection with the direct nearshore is highly supposed and has to occur only between faults or subtidal rocky shoals. Finally, storm impact depends highly on the storm route and water level. In case of erosion, the beach recover the sediment loss quickly, so the sediment buget remains stable. Nevertheless, through time, sea level rise might create breach by breaking dune system and flood partially the bachshore. The would implie a sedimentary alonshore redistribution, changing significantly the coastline
Voisin, Dimitri. "Étude des effets du vent sur les grues à tour". Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2065.
Texto completoRosen, Michel. "Contribution à l'étude des effets du vent et d'un gradient de température sur l'efficacité des écrans acoustiques". Le Mans, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LEMA1007.
Texto completoBonnesoeur, Vivien. "Acclimatation des arbres forestiers au vent : de la perception du vent à ses conséquences sur la croissance et le dimensionnement des tiges". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AGPT0023.
Texto completoStorms are by far the major hazard damaging the trees. However, trees do not just behave passively in the wind. They sense their own strains under the influence of an external force such as wind andrespond by modifying their growth and the mechanical properties of their tissues. But this process, called thigmomorphogenesis, has mainly been studied in very young trees in controlled conditions. This thesis aims to expand for the first time such studies at the scale of a forest stand in order to understand how adult trees acclimate to the wind in natural conditions by adapting their growth. It relies on an experimental set up in a regular stand of beech (Fagus sylvatica) which have never be thinned. The wind speed, the longitudinal strains and the radial growth of fifteen pairs of trees with contrasted sizes and wind exposures (split into two social status, dominant and suppressed trees) were monitored for one year. By controlling the strain intensity experienced by the trees, either by guying or by additional bendings, we show that the trees respond only to mechanical stimulation caused by rather strong winds with a return period higher than a week. This response leads however to a very strong increase in radial growth. And it follows a law of mecano-sensing uniform among the trees, regardless of their sizes. We then studied the effects of the strain regulation on the mechanical design of the trees and the potential risk of stem breakage. Despite the contrasted sizes and wind exposures, the strain regime remained uniform within the beech stand, in agreement with the hypothesis of an optimal mechanical design often inferred but never validated in its mechanism. Finally, the constitutive equations of a possible growth model dependent on wind are proposed and discussed
AYME, CARRIE NATHALIE. "Analyse des effets du vent sur les structures baties : constructions basses et structures elancees". Nantes, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NANT2051.
Texto completoCarrié-Aymé, Nathalie. "Analyse des effets du vent sur les structures bâties constructions basses et structures élancées /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376024886.
Texto completoLa, Foye Alexandre de. "Calcul de la réponse dynamique des structures élancées à la turbulence du vent". Nantes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NANT2074.
Texto completoEProgresses in civil engineering allow to design more and more light and slender structures. The results of this is a higher sensitivity of these structures to fluctuating wind sollicitations. A vibratory behaviour can then lead civil engineering works to failure. The aim of our work is to develop numerical tools which enable to assess the response of slender structures to wind turbulence. The natural wind is a three-dimensional stochastic process which can be described by probalistic modèls. Fluctuating aerodynamic forces are divided into two parts : the buffeting forces, directly linked to the wind turbulence, which are associated to the concept of aerodynamic admittance ; aeroelastic forces, generated by structure vibrations which can induce a unstable dynamical behaviour
Le, Guellec-Pichon Catherine. "Réponse des copépodes harpacticoi͏̈des et de la macrofaune aux traitements expérimentaux de sables pollués par hydrocarbures sur deux plages de la côte nord du Finistère". Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2024.
Texto completoPaquier, Anne-Éléonore. "Interactions de la dynamique hydro-sédimentaire avec les herbiers de phanérogames, Étang de Berre". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3064/document.
Texto completoBerre lagoon was occupied by extensive meadows at the turn of the 20th century which regressed down under the impact of urban and industrial pollution and inflow of the EDF canal. Even though freshwater inputs and pollutions were drastically reduced respectively in the 1980s and 1990s, meadows have not significantly gained ground. This thesis aims at analysing the interactions between seagrass meadows of Berre lagoon, hydrodynamics and sedimentary processes, based on the postulate that these mechanisms are important in the maintenance of the meadows in their present dispersed form. In the lagoon, winds constitute the dominant influence on hydrodynamics in the lagoon by generating wind waves and currents. Wave attenuation is linked to wave height, which is, in turn, dependent on wind intensity and fetch length and modified by the bay morphology. Wave attenuation is also modulated by meadow biometry, and by water levels and currents.Whereas currents are strong and strongly influenced by wind and wind waves above the meadow, a transition canopy-water layer dissipates waves and currents. In the canopy, currents are thus attenuated.The meadow is not just a passive element in the overall sediment dynamics since it reduces energy and thus modifies substrate changes within and in the back of the meadow, thus protecting the shoreline. However, it is the recurrence of strong wind that seems to drive sedimentary changes. The strong interactions between the meadow and the hydrodynamic and sedimentary processes could limit the extension of the meadow in areas more exposed to waves
Rosen, Michel. "Contribution à l'étude des effets du vent et d'un gradient de température sur l'efficacité des écrans acoustiques". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37600764j.
Texto completoDeliancourt, Frédéric. "Etude de l'aérodynamique des trains en situation de vents traversiers : impact de la présence d'appendices". Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESMA0013/document.
Texto completoWhen expoecd to strong crosswinds, railway trains experience aerodynamic loads which tend to overturn them. The evaluation of the risk of overturning can be done with a dynamic calculation based on the aerodynamic loads and more precisely on the rolling moment. The aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicles can be evaluated in windtunnels. The Reynolds number of a full scale train is not applicable in these tests. Experimental tests showed that a reproduction of the train surface details at the same scale as the model would not necessarily lead to a correct estimation of the real aerodynamic loads.The topic of this work is to investigate the effect of roof mounted cables on the aerodynamic characteristics of railway vehicles. The aim is to determine the influence of the reproduction scale of these appendices on the aerodynamic coefficients. Two train models are employed. The first one is an extensively-studied simplified train model. The second one is more similar to a real train, modelled after a regional train. Visualisation tools are employed to investigate the flow topology. Global aerodynamic loads (lift, lateral force and rolling moment) are evaluated with a dynamometric force balance and surface pressure distribution is evaluated with pressure sensors. Additional RANS numerical simulations are performed to improve understanding of the flow topology.We demonstrated an increase of the risk of overtum for the two train models when cables are added on the roof. We also showed that this increase strongly depends on the cable's size.To understand this increase, we identified pressure modifications which are involved in the global load modifications. Then, we linked these pressure changes to flow topology. We finally showed that the incrcase of the risk of overtun is both due to local and global pressure modifications
Pivato, David. "Les interactions vent – forêt en condition de tempête : un modèle couplé prenant en compte la rupture des arbres". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2423/.
Texto completoTo know how trees behave under windload is important to understand the impact of a windstorm on a forest and identify strategies for limiting wind damage. In order to improve our understanding of wind-tree interaction at the landscape scale, mathematical and mechanical modelling of this interaction is essential, as performing numerous specific measurements in a heterogeneous environment is not feasible. Thus, this thesis first presents the development of an original and innovative tree motion model able to simulate large deflections occurring during storms. This model allows trees to break and has sufficient simplicity to allow simulations of forest motion containing a large number of trees. This model was then coupled to an atmospheric flow model in order to represent wind storm conditions. It has been used to simulate wind-forest interaction at landscape scale. For the first time, the dynamic creation and propagation of gaps in a forest have been simulated realistically, along with the resulting wind flow modifications. Finally, further studies have demonstrated the efficiency of our model for studying the impact of forest management practices on forest vulnerability to storms. In conclusion, this new model has allowed significant advances in forest motion modelling and in the understanding of the phenomena involved during a windstorm. This knowledge should be a good basis for defining best practices in forestry management
Teysseyre, Raphaël. "Détection homodyne appliquée à la mesure de la vitesse du vent". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0053/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we study the homodyne detection (or self-mixing) applied to wind speed measurements. At the moment, there is no commercially available optical anemometer with a low price point. The objective of this thesis is to develop such a prototype, which will be using the self-mixing phenomenon. Existing anemometers are studied, with a short comparison of advantages and drawbacks of each solution (cup, ultra-sonic and hot-wire anemometers, Pitot probes, PIV/PTV, sodars and lidars). The equations describing the behavior of a self-mixing laser are demonstrated in this thesis. The resulting expressions are nonlinear delayed differential equations. These equations can be reduced to a static model that is commonly used in the relevant literature. This model predicts a periodic variation of the laser power for a linear displacement of the target responsible for self-mixing. If the reflection coefficient of the target is big enough, this model predicts discontinuities in the laser power. We develop a new model from the complete equations. This new model allows for the study of the dynamical behavior of the laser. It notably predicts damped oscillations where the static model presents discontinuities. The characteristics of these oscillations are related to the distance of the target and its reflectivity. The predictions of this new model were confirmed experimentally, and the corresponding results were published in the Optics Letters journal. The main part of this thesis is focused on the acquisition and processing of the self-mixing signal, which is produced by particles carried by the wind in the laser beam. The frequency of the resulting signal is proportional to the speed of the particle projected onto the optical axis. Therefore, we use a discrete Fourier transform to study the signal in the frequency domain. The length of the Fourier transform is a compromise between the necessity of an optimal signal-to-noise ratio that can trigger the detection, the interaction time between the particle and the beam, and the resources available for computing. After choosing the right compromise, we compute the resulting false detection frequency. We study the bias arising from these false detections, and we create an algorithm that can be used to compensate this bias. Finally, we study the optical configurations that allows for the measurement of wind speed in the horizontal plane (it is this data that is interesting for the potential clients). We demonstrate that at least four optical heads are necessary to obtain a reliable acquisition. The tests conducted in a wind tunnel show that the sensor actually measures the wind speed. An autonomous demonstrator with one measuring channel has been put on a measuring mast. The resulting measurements show that the sensor is temperature sensitive. When the measurements are corrected against the temperature, they are well correlated to a reference measurement made by a cup anemometer and a wind vane. This thesis has led to the development of an autonomous demonstrator that measures the wind speed by self-mixing in a laser diode, in outdoor conditions
Muñoz, Hernández Laura Elena. "Stabilisation d'un véhicule aérien autonome en présence de vent". Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2055.
Texto completoThis thesis is focused in the design of original and robust control strategies to stabilize an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in presence of wind disturbances. The proposed control strategies have been tested in simulations and in real-time experiments in two different platforms. It introduces the mathematical model of a UAV in presence of wind. We obtained the dynamical model which takes into account the complementary forces induced by the wind for a Planar Vertical Take-Off and Landing (PVTOL) aircraft and for the quadrotor rotorcraft. On the other hand, three different nonlinear control laws based on the Lyapunov analysis have been developed to stabilize the UAV in presence of wind. The first approach uses the Robust Control Lyapunov Functions (RCLFs). Given the complexity of the problem, we begun with a mini car which moves on its longitudinal axis. This result has been extended to the case of the PVTOL aircraft and to the quadrotor rotorcraft. Several simulations have been carried out to validate the proposed algorithms. To test its viability in a real application, we have realized experiments using a PVTOL prototype. The simulations and experimental results in real time showed the good performance of the control law in closed loop. The second approach is based on the saturation functions. We have proposed a robust analysis with respect to unknown external disturbances and nonlinear uncertainties in the model. The proof takes the hypothesis that the wind is bounded. The algorithms have been tested in a quadrotor prototype and the results showed a good performance even in presence of wind disturbances. The last approach considers the intrinsic properties of the quadrotor flying vehicle, specially the passivity. Thus, a sub-optimal control law has been developed. The analysis is based on the full energy of the system, the passivity, the Lyapunov theory and the use of dynamic programming. The simulation results have showed that this control law can be useful when the flying vehicle has to do more complex maneuvers than hover. Finally, a control scheme using a state observer has been developed. This scheme uses the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to estimate the position in the (x,y) plain and the vertical velocity z of a quadrotor rotorcraft. Using the measurements of an inertial measurement unit, an altitude sensor, a vision system and the control inputs the system state is estimated. The vision system is used to compute the translational velocities of the vehicle and it is composed by a camera and an optical flow algorithm. The estimator has been validated by experiments in real time and the results have been very conclusive
Turbelin, Grégory. "Modelisation de la turbulence atmospherique en vue de l'etude du chargement aerodynamique des structures soumises aux effets du vent". Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EVRYA001.
Texto completoPaugam, Caroline. "Niveau d'eau à la côte en bassin semi-ouvert ˸ : effets combinés du vent, des vagues et de la bathymétrie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOUL0003.
Texto completoThis doctoral research focuses on water level variations in semi-open coastal basins and the impact of wind, waves and bathymetry. The two phenomena causing water level variations studied are wind-tides and seiching. Three coastal basins were selected on the French coast of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region˸ the Vaccarès lagoon, the Berre lagoon and the Toulon Bay. The choice of these sites is due to the fact that they are exposed to equivalent wind regimes, their depths, morphologies and openings to the seaare different, allowing a comparative analysis. This work is based on the use of in-situ water level data from the HTM-NET network and two experimental campaigns. It was shown that the higher the wind speed, the steeper the slope of the free surface. Wind-tide is all the more important as the depth of the basin is low. In addition, the greater the opening to the sea, the lower the wind-tide. The determination of a constant drag coefficient allowed a satisfactory prediction of moderate wind-tides. It was also observed that in basins of finite depth and limited fetch conditions, the wave conditions are responsible for a higher wind friction on the water surface. The analysis of the currents showed that the presence of wind-tides has an impact on the currentology in the three sites. The periods of the seiches in the three sites were determined and the axes of resonance could be partly identified. The seiche amplitudes are of the order of mm in the Vaccarès lagoon and cm in the Berre lagoon and the Toulon Bay. The high friction in theshallow water site is responsible for an attenuation of the seiche amplitudes. The presence of seiche was correlated with wind-tides in the Berre and Vaccarès lagoons, which have a moderate opening to the sea. On the other hand, in the Toulon Bay, which has a large opening to the sea, other forcings are likely to excite the natural modes
Duperat, Marine. "Effet de l'hétérogénéité du peuplement sur les charges imposées par le vent". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69589.
Texto completoOver the past twenty years, forest management has tended to increase the use of partial cutting in naturally regenerated stands, leaving residual trees at increased risk of wind damage during their first years of acclimation. Widespread in Quebec, balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) is a species known to be particularly vulnerable to wind damage. To mitigate losses in naturally regenerated balsam fir stands, it is important to understand how balsam fir trees bend under wind loads, and to find specific silvicultural parameters to be integrated into wind risk management models. This should help managers mitigate risks when choosing silvicultural prescriptions. The main objective of this thesis was to study the wind loads experienced by balsam fir trees under summer and winter conditions and following the removal of nearby competitors. For this purpose, a network of sensors and data loggers was set up in a white birch-balsam fir stand in the Montmorency Forest (Laval University's experimental forest) for continuous data collection over three seasons: summer 2018, winter 2019, and summer 2019 following partial cutting. An aluminium tower equipped with two anemometers placed at the height and mid-height of the canopy and temperature sensors (air and soil) was installed at the edge of the stand to continuously monitor weather events. At the same time, strain gauges attached to balsam fir trunks made it possible to measure wind induced bending moments on a sample of trees. During the winter, continuous monitoring of the amount of snow on tree crowns was carried out using a hunting camera to assess the additional effect of snow on wind load. At the beginning of summer 2019, a localised thinning was carried out to remove all competitors within a radius of 3.5m around 2/3 of the trees studied. The main results of this thesis demonstrate (1) the importance of using competition indices, in particular CBAL, in modelling the risk of wind damages in heterogeneous stands; (2) the global impact of winter on the increase in the turning moments experienced by the trunks, regardless of the thickness of snow on the canopies; and (3) the local, but also global, effect of partial cutting on the increase in the turning moments experienced by all the trees in a stand, with the most suppressed trees being the most at risk.
Marchand, David. "Effets du vent et de la pression atmosphérique sur le comportement de recherche d'un partenaire sexuel chez Aphidius nigripes, Hymenoptera, aphidiidae". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq33710.pdf.
Texto completoSellier, Damien. "Analyse numérique du comportement mécanique d'arbres sous sollicitation aérodynamique turbulente". Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12911.
Texto completoKassir, Wafaa. "Approche probabiliste non gaussienne des charges statiques équivalentes des effets du vent en dynamique des structures à partir de mesures en soufflerie". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1116/document.
Texto completoIn order to estimate the equivalent static wind loads, which produce the extreme quasi-static and dynamical responses of structures submitted to random unsteady pressure field induced by the wind effects, a new probabilistic method is proposed. This method allows for computing the equivalent static wind loads for structures with complex aerodynamic flows such as stadium roofs, for which the pressure field is non-Gaussian, and for which the dynamical response of the structure cannot simply be described by using only the first elastic modes (but require a good representation of the quasi-static responses). Usually, the wind tunnel measurements of the unsteady pressure field applied to a structure with complex geometry are not sufficient for constructing a statistically converged estimation of the extreme values of the dynamical responses. Such a convergence is necessary for the estimation of the equivalent static loads in order to reproduce the extreme dynamical responses induced by the wind effects taking into account the non-Gaussianity of the random unsteady pressure field. In this work, (1) a generator of realizations of the non-Gaussian unsteady pressure field is constructed by using the realizations that are measured in the boundary layer wind tunnel; this generator based on a polynomial chaos representation allows for generating a large number of independent realizations in order to obtain the convergence of the extreme value statistics of the dynamical responses, (2) a reduced-order model with quasi-static acceleration terms is constructed, which allows for accelerating the convergence of the structural dynamical responses by using only a small number of elastic modes of the structure, (3) a novel probabilistic method is proposed for estimating the equivalent static wind loads induced by the wind effects on complex structures that are described by finite element models, preserving the non-Gaussian property and without introducing the concept of responses envelopes. The proposed approach is experimentally validated with a relatively simple application and is then applied to a stadium roof structure for which experimental measurements of unsteady pressures have been performed in boundary layer wind tunnel
Berthier, Stéphane. "Effets des sollicitations aérodynamiques sur la croissance et le développement du pin maritime (pinus pinaster Ait. ) : influence sur la morphogenèse aérienne et racinaire, et sur la formation du bois de cœur". Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12443.
Texto completoLe, Dez Thomas. "Approche par similitude du couplage des effets thermiques et du vent sur les transferts de masse dans les réseaux aérauliques des bâtiments complexes". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS006/document.
Texto completoResidential and industrial buildings equipped with a ventilation system are complex facilities, where heat and mass transfers could occur according to the operating conditions. In order to study these mass transfers, a methodology has been developed to reduced-scale experimentations for non isothermal flows study. This methodology has been numerically validated, and then applied to a standard configuration, representing of the ventilation systems operating principle which are encounter in the nuclear field. The wind and the thermal phenomena influences on the mass transfers inside this configuration have been studied in the Jules Verne climatic wind tunnel of the CSTB for various operating ventilation system situations (normal operating ventilation system, stopping ventilation or protection rate of productivity) and scenarios of heat supply. These thermal sources can be generated by an industrial process or a fire. They have been reproduced experimentally with an helium injection. The effects of the heat sources coupled or not with wind on loss of building containment were highlighted and analyzed. The reliability of the zonal code SYLVIA, used notably to support safety assessment in nuclear buildings, has been analyzed from these experimental results. The modelling of the physical phenomena experimentally observed has been validated. The leakage flowrates reversals have been retrieved with the SYLVIA code. A comparison between the calculations where the heat source has been simulated with an helium injection and with a thermal power permitted to observe the mass injection effect has been caused by the helium on the pressures, the flowrates and the temperatures
Beladjine, Djaoued. "Étude expérimentale du processus de collision d'une bille sur un empilement granulaire : application au mécanisme de saltation dans le transport éolien". Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S036.
Texto completoSand grains transported by the desert wind move in successive jumps on a granular bed. During the impact, they can eject other grains. To study this process, we collided a single bead on a packing of identical grains. We reported the experiment for a broad range of incident speeds and impact angles. The results show that, although the incident bead dissipates less energy for grazing impacts, the number of ejected grains is smaller in this case. The mean values of the ejection speed and ejection angle are, to first order, insensitive to the kinematics characteristics of the incident bead. In addition, the total kinetic energy of ejected beads is directly proportional to the fraction of incident energy given
Pannard, Alexandrine. "Dynamique du phytoplancton et flux sédimentaires en réponse aux perturbations par le vent et la pluie dans les systèmes lentiques". Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S018.
Texto completoNesterova, Mariia. "Reliability of structures exposed to traffic and environmental loads". Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2056.
Texto completoThe Thesis is dedicated to reliability analysis of the deck of Millau viaduct, a cable-stayed bridge located in Southern France. The main interest is the extrapolation in time of loads and load effects affecting the bridge in order to observe the reliability of chosen elements during the operational life of the structure. Millau viaduct is a complex unique bridge of French road infrastructure in the early stage of its life. It is important to be able to predict possible extreme loads on the deck of the bridge due to traffic growing in volume or weight. Such predictions require data from monitored actions or load effects in elements of the bridge. Large-scale structures need an enormous amount of data, that is not easy to obtain, to store and to analyze. It leads to another challenge - predictions based on limited time and accessible monitoring data.In the current work, predictions for traffic loads are done using provided data from bridge Weigh-in-Motion (BWIM) traffic monitoring for the case of the the ultimate limit state (ULS). For load extrapolation in time, several methods of Extreme Value Theory (EVT) are compared, with the most attention to the Peaks Over Threshold (POT) approach. Moreover, a contribution to existing methods for threshold choice, as the main challenge of POT approach, is made.In large cable-stayed bridges, not necessarily traffic is the leading action, but environment loads can have similar or superior effect. The focus of this work is on the deck of Millau viaduct, therefore, static wind loads obtained from structural health monitoring (SHM) of the viaduct are considered in combination with queues of traffic lorries. A probabilistic model is made to observe probabilities of extreme cases for both actions and their combination. As well, the influence of monitoring duration on confidence intervals for return levels of loads is studied.For the steel orthotropic deck of the bridge, both, local effects caused by passing vehicles and global effects, contribute to values of stresses. Global effects are coming from traffic queues on both lanes and static wind in a perpendicular direction. In this Thesis, finite element model (FEM) of the deck is performed in order to assess stresses in the deck. That brings a possibility to make predictions for the fatigue limit state too. Usually, fatigue damage accumulated in a chosen part of the deck during a monitoring period is extrapolated in time linearly. The current work proposes a methodology to extrapolate numbers of fatigue cycles in time with the POT approach, which accounts for a change in traffic in volume and weight with time. Comparison of the proposed approach with the classical method is made and used in the fatigue reliability analysis. Reliability analysis is made as well for the ULS in order to compare the results obtained from several EVT approaches, to observe the importance of wind actions on the reliability of the deck, and to compare EVT-based predictions with design load models of European Norms (EN) for traffic and wind
Tabary, Pierre. "Observations radar de systèmes précipitants orographiques pendant l'expérience MAP". Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30031.
Texto completoBergeron, Carl. "Modélisation du chablis en pessières régulières et irrégulières : effet de la diversité structurale des pessières noires boréales sur la résistance et la susceptibilité au chablis". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24356/24356.pdf.
Texto completoWorks aimed to evaluate windthrow resistance and susceptibility for black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stands of regular and irregular structure are presented here. Performed tree pulling works permitted to evaluate the critical bending moment in order to quantify the resistance of trees to overturning and stem breakage. Different models where fitted to the data. The critical bending moment is function of stem weight in all cases and influenced by the structure type or the height:diameter ratio in some cases. These results on mechanical resistance, along with crown modelling results and other adjustments, were used in an adaptation of the ForestGALES model in order to quantify windthrow susceptibility. Susceptibility appears to be quite variable between compared stands, both between and within structure types, but average tree spacing and height:diameter ratio explain most of the observed variability.
Biausque, Mélanie. "Approche multi-proxys de la réponse des plages sableuses ouvertes aux événements de tempêtes, en incluant les phases de récupération". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0286/document.
Texto completoThis thesis presents a study of an open sandy beach wave-dominated, based on an original dataset, covering 29 months and composed by 150 DGPS surveys recorded along 750m of sandy shore, giving an access to the morphodynamic of Biscarrosse beach at different timescales. In a first time, event scale analysis showed that sandy beach response to clusters is not the result of the sum of the impact generated by each storm of a cluster on the system. Thus, the cumulated effect of clusters, described in the literature is not verified here. The storm sequencing has also been studied: during a cluster, changes in hydrodynamics conditions (rising of the water level and/or wave height) are necessary to provoke a significant erosion of the system by the second storm. In a second time, we studied the seasonal scale dynamic of the beach/dune system (winter and summer seasons) with the purpose to highlight dominant processes involved at this timescale. Beach response to winter seasons not only depends on hydrodynamic conditions and previous beach profile, but also on erosion/recovery event sequencing, post-storm recovery, cross-shore and longshore sediment transport, the barline characteristics and RIP current positions. Summer seasons are here defined by the berm reconstruction. Recovery periods are both linked to hydrodynamic conditions and barline characteristics (e.g. position and shape).The study of successive winters and summers allowed us to identify interactions between seasons, and the influence of short-scale dynamics on the seasonal one. It also emphasizes the impact of urbanism and coastal management strategies on the system’s response, at different timescales
Sedrati, Mouncef. "Morphodynamique transversale et longitudinale de plages à barres intertidales en domaine macrotidal et en conditions de forte agitation : Baie de Wissant, nord de la France". Littoral, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DUNK0169.
Texto completoSeveral field experiments combining hydrodynamis, topographic, and sediment transport measurements were carried out between 2004 and 2006 on various bar-trough beaches in Wissant Bay, Northern France, with the aim of better understanding the morphodynamics of these systems in a macrotidal setting subject to high-energy longshore flows, and exhibiting erosion and accretion sectors within an overall bay sediment circulation cell. A one-year survey of beach profiles was also carried out on a monthly basis in 2004 and the results analysed in the light of offshore wave data covering the same period. The hydrodynamic data from the short-term field experiments ( < 3 weeks) concerned wave parameters as well as mean longshore and cross-shore currents, and were analysed together with wind data. Under storm conditions, unidirectional flows are either to the NE or to the SW, depending on wind direction. The topographic data highlight various elements of bar distribution, size and movement across the profile, as well as contrasts between the eroding and accreting sectors of the bay. The monthly surveys highlight bar formation and destruction, and cross-shore bar mobility, but these processes were not detected by the short-term field experiments, except for swash bar development on the upper beach during calm conditions. Several experiments werre characterised by high-energy conditions that highlighted the dominant role of longshore currents, which attained peak velocities commonly exceeding 2 m s-1. Longshore bar mobility, as well as longshore migration of intertidal drainage channels and mesoscale bedforms, were the key features highlighted by these short-term surveys. These longshore sediment and bedform movements imparted significant morphological fluctuations captured by the beach profiles, and which may sometimes be mistaken for changes induced by cross-shore processes. These strong longshore flows tend to mitigate cross-shore processes, even when significant wave heights on the beach attain 1. 5 m, but also generate marked longshore sediment budget disequilibrium involved in the chronic erosion of the southwestern sector of the bay, which releases sand for accretion in the northeast
Cucchi, Véronique. "Sensibilité au vent des peuplements de pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait. ) : analyse comparative de dégâts de tempête : étude expérimentale et modélisation de la résistance au déracinement". Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12822.
Texto completoIn managed forests, trees damaged by wind can represent significant economic losses. The response of forest stands to wind loading during storm is still partly unknown, as it is the result of a set of complex processes overlapping at different scales. This thesis aims to highlight the main silvicultural and environmental factors influencing sensitivity to wind of even-aged Maritime pine stands, which are intensively cultivated for wood production in southwest France. Three complementary approaches were used: i) comparative analysis of wind damage on two experimental stands, ii) static winching tests in order to determine mechanical resistance of root anchorage according to podzolic soil conditions found in the "Landes de Gascogne" region, and iii) modelling the critical wind speed for simulated stands of Maritime pine according to age and silvicultural scenario. At the stand scale, observation of damage and modelling simulations showed that sensitivity to wind depended both on stand age and stand density. A comparative analysis of damage after the 1999 storm indicated that stand density, which controls tree size characteristics, have complex effects on global stand and individual tree resistance. At the tree scale, winching tests showed a significant effect of spatial position of the tree on its individual resistance, as edge trees exposed to prevailing wind were better anchored than trees growing inside the stand. Some improvements are proposed for the model obtained, with two objectives, a scientific tool and an expert system intended to assist foresters. Finally, perspectives for taking into account wind risk in forest management are presented
Brezoescu, Cornel-Alexandru. "Navigation d'un avion miniature de surveillance aérienne en présence de vent". Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01060415.
Texto completoPoette, Christopher. "La fragmentation du paysage : impact sur l'écoulement atmosphérique et la stabilité au vent des peuplements forestiers". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0387/document.
Texto completoAt present only the characteristics of a forest stand and its immediate environment are taken into account in calculating forest wind risk. However, it is known that the wind is strongly affected by the surfaces over which it has previously flowed. Forest edges in particular play an important role in determining the characteristics of the atmospheric flow by generating increased turbulence, triggering the formation of coherent tree scale structures. In a fragmented landscape, consisting of surfaces of different heights and roughness, the multiplicity of edges may have cumulative effects at the regional scale leading to increased forest damage during storms. Flow changes in the atmospheric boundary-layer across surface roughness changes have received extensive study in the past because of their importance in determining velocities, turbulence levels and exchange between the atmosphere and biosphere or ground. There have also been a number of studies across single forest edges both in the field, wind-tunnels and computer models. However, there have been no studies of flow across multiple forest edges or the impact of forest fragmentation on the characteristics of the boundary-layer. The only studies on multiple surface changes have been wind-tunnel examination of the flow though and across multiple wind-breaks. In this thesis we show results from a series of wind tunnel experiments on a range of levels of forest fragmentation. Five gap spacings (L = ~ 5, ~ 10, ~15, ~20, ~30h, where L is the length of the gap and h is the canopy height) were investigated using 3D laser doppler velocimetry in order to assess the effects of fragmented landscapes on mean and turbulent wind characteristics. The fragmentation was two-dimensional with the transition between forest and gaps only being along the wind direction and the forest and gaps were continuous perpendicular to the wind direction. The wind speeds and turbulence characteristics are compared against measurements from a single forest edge in the wind tunnel, which acts as a reference. No enhancement of turbulence formation at a particular level of fragmentation was observed but there was a consistent pattern of wind speed and turbulence back from the first edge of each simulation with the horizontal velocity at tree top increasing and the turbulent kinetic energy decreasing as gap size increased. We also compare mean wind speeds (U and W) and turbulence characteristics (variance in u, v, and w; skewness in U, V, and W; Reynold’s stress, and TKE) at all points in the experimental measurement domain of the wind tunnel with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) results, which allows us to confirm the validity of the LES calculations and to conduct a wider range of experiments than was possible in the wind-tunnel. The results demonstrate the importance of the frontal area index or roughness density of elements (in this case trees) in determining the nature of the flow and the effective roughness of the overall surface. They also show that as the gaps between forest blocks increases the flow transitions (at a gap size between 10 to 15 tree heights) from flow comparable to that over a continuous forest to flow across a set of isolated forest blocks
Dongmo, Keumo Jiazet Joël Hans. "Acclimatation des arbres au changement des sollicitations mécaniques induites par le vent suite à une éclaircie dans un peuplement de Hêtre". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AGPT0014.
Texto completoWhile the tree growth potential is mainly determined by access to resources such as light or water, the distribution of produced biomass is under strong biomechanical control. The tree response to mechanical stimuli such as those induced by wind is called thigmomorphogenesis. This response has been mainly studied on very young trees under controlled condition, and only rarely in natural condition. This is the first study dealing with the tree growth in a broadleaf stand aiming to quantify the importance of thigmomorphogenetic effect as a growth factor in the silvicultural context. The experimental set-up includes forty trees divided into four groups of ten trees selected in a dense 35yrs old F. sylvatica L .stand. Each group was submitted to one of following treatments: thinning without guying, thinning with guying, guying only and controls.Considering the thigmomorphogenetic effect on the biomass allocation inside the tree, our results show that 45% of the stem volume growth and 61% of the root radial growth of thinned trees are due to wind-induced mechanical stimuli. Further, the distribution of tree ring area along the tree stem is under strong mechanosensitive control. In contrast, no effect of mechanical stimuli or thinning was observed on axial growth. Considering the explanation of the circumferential growth anisotropy, our results do not highlight a thigmomorphogenetic effect despite the identification of dominant sectors for strong winds and strains. The hypothesis put forward is that the directional variability of perceived strains is too high to induce a strongly directional growth response as it is usually the case under controlled conditions
García, gago Ángel. "Développement de chaînes de modélisation numérique pour prendre en compte les effets de la variabilité à petites échelles du vent dans la simulation de la production électrique avec des éoliennes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ENPC0041.
Texto completoAtmospheric fields, and notably wind fields are known to exhibit extreme variability across wide ranges of space-time scales. This makes them complex to analyse, model and even to observe. Standard Gaussian tools are not able to deal with such variability and underestimate extreme fluctuations. However, the ongoing increase of wind power production in energy transition scenarios highlights the need to better characterize and simulate these fields.Multifractals are an appropriate candidate for this required framework. Indeed, they rely on the physically based concept of scale invariance retrieved from the governing Navier-Stokes equations. In this framework, fields are generated through a multiplicative cascade process, where activity is iteratively transferred from large scales down to dissipation scales, which is of few millimeters in the case of wind. In the specific framework of Universal Multifractals (UM) only three parameters with clear physical interpretations are needed to fully characterize the fields' variability. UM have been extensively used to characterize and simulate a wide range of geophysical fields such as wind, rainfall or river flow.In a first step of this PhD, realistic wind fields are simulated. First, UM analysis were implemented on high-resolution 3D anemometer data collected during the RW-Turb measurement campaign that took place over 2.5 years on the operational wind farm of Pays d'Othe. A good scaling behaviour between 4 s and 17 min was observed and trends of retrieved UM parameters were identified depending on average wind. Rapid changes are found up to roughly 4 m/s before reaching a plateau. Then wind fields are simulated relying on existing methods for continuous cascades. These tools are designed to facilitate the simulation of both scalar and vector geophysical fields, expanding beyond the constraints of one-dimensional scenarios. They offer the flexibility to extend their application to spatial, temporal, or spatio-temporal fields, providing a versatile approach to modeling complex vector fields. Four distinct wind simulation methods are implemented on the range of scales identified in the analysis. The first one entails the reconstruction of wind fields from point measurements using scaling laws, although it does involve certain oversimplifications. The next two methods, are both based on Fractionally Integrated Flux. One directly simulates wind fields, while the second is tailored to model wind fluctuations and reconstruct wind from there. Tools to simulate scalars (horizontal wind) or vectors for time series, maps or in a 3D space plus time framework were developed. Finally, fields were also generated using the commercial software Turbsim, developed by the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). It relies on Gaussian statistics which are know to exhibit limitations in capturing the true nature of wind fields. Simulation were analysed in 1D and 2D to confirm validity. It appears that observed wind properties are best reproduced by direct FIF simulations.Finally, the wind fields simulated are used to investigate the effects of small-scale wind variability on the wind turbine torque computation by imputing the simulated vector fields into three modelling chains with increasing complexity. The first one only considers the temporal variability, averaging the wind field and considering it at hub height. The second one is based on the angular moment definition and allows to consider both spatial and temporal variability by computing the torque at each blade point and integrating it along the radius for each time step. Finally, the third one uses the commonly used in research and industry software OpenFAST developed by the NREL. Overall similar features are observed for three types of simulated time series. UM analysis implemented on ensemble of simulations enabled to highlight a better ability of the integral method to account for the small scale wind fluctuations
Saint, Cast Clément. "Modélisation du développement architectural, de l'acclimatation au vent dominant et de l'ancrage du système racinaire du pin maritime". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0018/document.
Texto completoStorms cause more than 50% of the timber loss in European forests. However, forest tree anchorage mechanisms throughout their lifespan are not fully understood, especially the strong acclimation of root systems to common winds. This lack of knowledge is mainly due to technical difficulties: neither the root structure nor the mechanical contribution of the roots could be characterized continually. Thus we set up a numerical approach to model the development of the root system and to describe the strains resulting from common winds. This generic approach has been developed using Pinus pinaster grown in sandy soils as model species.Seven datasets of excavated root systems from 0 to 50 years were employed. The assessment of root structure and functions is more powerful if the differentiation of root system in several root types is considered. We first proposed an automatic classification of roots with the k-means clustering algorithm. Four root traits were chosen as classifiers, including three geometric architectural traits, which can be precisely assessed whatever the tree/root age. Clustering yielded similar five groups of laterals roots at all ages, explaining 70% of the variability. The three largest lateral roots per tree were all horizontal roots branching from stump and the other lateral roots show a large differentiation for tropism: nearly all the roots were horizontal or vertical roots. The framework of the central part of the root system can be almost completed in 4-year-old trees (3.5 cm collar diameter). We then calibrated the existing RootTyp (Pagès et al. 2004) architectural model for P. pinaster for each of the root types defined by the cluster analysis. We used the database combined with a literature review and an optimization method to get accurate values for 13 parameters by root types. We devoted effort to validate our model calibration. In order to model architecture of the root system, damping properties had to be implemented to yield realistic outputs up to the mature stage. Branching varied as a function of distance from the root base, and growth capacity decreased with branching order. Nevertheless, the root diameters of simulated root systems were generally underestimated. This was certainly due to root growth plasticity to the prevailing wind, an acclimation facet not taken into account at this calibration step. Growth alterations due to a cemented horizon were reproduced using the new calibrated soil module. Then, the wind acclimation of roots was numerically investigated by examining the root mechanical stimuli due to wind. A chain of biomechanical models was used to predict the spatial distribution of stress and strain in simplified root systems at 4, 6 and 13-year-old as a result of three levels of usual winds. According to simulations, the strain amplitude decreased with tree growth due to the increasing root system stiffness. This suggests larger thigmomorphogenetic responses at young stages. The modifications of the structural and wood root properties related to wind acclimation were largely explained by the stress and strain distribution in the root system
Robin, Pauline. "Hydrodynamique extrême en mer près des côtes". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4733/document.
Texto completoDuring extreme weather events like cyclones and storms, the extreme states sea withimportant breaking cause a level setup and coastal flooding magnified by strong wind and can cause human and material damage (Xynthia, february 2010).Initially, the aim of this work is to understand the hydrodynamics mechanisms when storms. To understand this, a measurement campaign was carried out in large air/sea facility at Marseille Luminy. The objective was to quantify maximum runup due to the wind and waves during onshore wind (up to 15m/s) for different conditions of waves (regular, irregular or only wind) and also to know the effect of wind on the waves characteristics and currents near the shore.A Boussinesq-type model in time domain has been developed taking into account the combined effects of wave/wind/breaking. The model that we use is based on the model developed by Bingham et al. (2009). It incorporates a variable bathymetry to simulate the propagation of the waves from offshore to the coastal environment. Amplification of waves by wind is added in two different ways. Jeffreys (1925, 1926), Miles (1957) and to take into account the dissipation of wave, we included a dissipation term, Madsen et al. (1997a), Muscari and Di Mascio (2002). Finally, we introduced the simple runup model of Hibberd et Peregrine (1979), Lynett et al. (2002). In order to validate the model, we have compared our results with differents experiments
AUGIER, PASCAL. "Contribution a l'etude et a la modelisation mecaniste-statistique de la distribution spatiale des apports d'eau sous un canon d'irrigation : application a la caracterisation des effets du vent sur l'uniformite d'arrosage". Paris, ENGREF, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENGR0016.
Texto completoTresca, Antoine. "Contrôle souple de la dynamique éolienne le long d'un littoral artificialisé et propositions de gestion : le cas de la façade maritime du Grand Port Maritime de Dunkerque". Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825877.
Texto completoMalaboeuf, Frédéric. "Flux polliniques et pollinisation chez une espèce fonctionnellement dioi͏̈que, le kiwi, "Actinidia deliciosa" (A. Chev. ) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson". Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20119.
Texto completoOrrière, Thomas. "Confinement micrométrique des décharges pulsées nanosecondes dans l'air à pression atmosphérique et effets électro-aérodynamiques". Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2272/document.
Texto completoNon-thermal plasmas generated in air at atmospheric pressure have numerous potential applications due to their non-equilibrium chemistry and ease of use. Their main advantages lie in the cost-efficient production of reactive and charged species compared to that of equilibrium chemistry. The aim of this thesis is to combine nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharges (NRP) with a microscale geometry. Using this combination, we seek to reduce the excessive heat release of NRP sparks, while nonetheless reaching high densities of reactive species and electrons. This work is comprised of three main parts. Our first goal is to study the breakdown phase, in which energy is deposited and charged species are produced. We employ both electrical characterization and optical emission spectroscopy in order to show that the NRP microplasma fully ionizes and dissociates the gas. The second part consists of the study of the recombination phase, in which the produced species recombine or survive. Results show that three-body recombination can explain the electron lifetime in this phase. Finally, we study the transport of plasma chemical species from the microplasma to a DC-biased conductive plate representing a substrate. By applying a voltage to this third electrode, we drive an electro-thermal plume via an ionic wind from the microplasma to the plate. This flow is investigated mainly by particle image velocimetry as well as Schlieren imaging. This work shows the capability of NRP microplasmas to produce high densities of reactive and charged species and transport them to a surface using an electrohydrodynamic plume
Volpe, Raffaele. "Analyse expérimentale et numérique du comportement de véhicules terrestres en présence d'un vent latéral instationnaire". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00907635.
Texto completoChallet, Mélanie. "Influence de la température et des courants d'air sur la morphogénèse des cimetières chez la fourmi Messor sancta". Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30077.
Texto completoIn this work, we studied environmental effects on corpses aggregation in the ants Messor sancta. We characterized this phenomenon at both scales : individual and collective one. Results sew that ants have a lower dispersion on corpses piles. Ants sew a thigmotactic behavior around the piles. Our study also sew that pick up and drop behaviors are modulated by temperature. At the collective scale, we have shown that temperature and air flow modified collective aggregation dynamics. This modulation is the results of a complex coupling between individual sensitivity to local corpses density and individual sensitivity to climatic environment
Alastal, Khalil. "Ecoulements oscillatoires et effets capillaires en milieux poreux partiellement saturés et non saturés : applications en hydrodynamique côtière". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0039/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we study hydrodynamic oscillations in porous bodies (unsaturated or partially saturated), due to tidal oscillations of water levels in adjacent open water bodies. The focus is on beach hydrodynamics, but potential applications concern, more generally, time varying and oscillating water levels in coupled systems involving subsurface / open water interactions (natural and artificial beaches, harbor dykes, earth dams, river banks, estuaries). The tidal forcing of groundwater is represented and modeled (both experimentally and numerically) by quasi-static oscillations of water levels in an open water reservoir connected to the porous medium. Specifically, we focus on vertical water movements forced by an oscillating pressure imposed at the bottom of a soil column. Experimentally, a rotating tide machine is used to achieve this forcing. Overall, we use three types of methods (experimental, numerical, analytical) to study the vertical motion of the groundwater table and the unsaturated flow above it, taking into account the vertical head drop in the saturated zone as well as capillary pressure gradients in the unsaturated zone. Laboratory experiments are conducted on vertical sand columns, with a tide machine to force water table oscillations, and with porous cup tensiometers to measure both positive pressures and suctions along the column (among other measurement methods). Numerical simulations of oscillatory water flow are implemented with the BIGFLOW 3D code (implicit finite volumes, with conjugate gradients for the matrix solver and modified Picard iterations for the nonlinear problem). In addition, an automatic calibration based on a genetic optimization algorithm is implemented for a given tidal frequency, to obtain the hydrodynamic parameters of the experimental soil. Calibrated simulations are then compared to experimental results for other non calibrated frequencies. Finally, a family of quasi-analytical multi-front solutions is developed for the tidal oscillation problem, as an extension of the Green-Ampt piston flow approximation, leading to nonlinear, non-autonomous systems of Ordinary Differential Equations with initial conditions (dynamical systems). The multi-front solutions are tested by comparing them with a refined finite volume solution of the Richards equation. Multi-front solutions are at least 100 times faster, and the match is quite good even for a loamy soil with strong capillary effects (the number of fronts required is small, no more than N≈ to 20 at most). A large set of multi-front simulations is then produced in order to analyze water table and flux fluctuations for a broad range of forcing frequencies. The results, analyzed in terms of means and amplitudes of hydrodynamic variables, indicate the existence, for each soil, of a characteristic frequency separating low frequency / high frequency flow regimes in the porous system
Treguier, Anne-Marie. "Effets des vents fluctuants et de la topographie sur la turbulence océanique à moyenne échelle". Brest, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BRES2003.
Texto completoDeroche, Madeleine-Sophie. "Détection à court-terme et long-terme des tempêtes hivernales à fort potentiel d'impact". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066578/document.
Texto completoThe research carried out during the PhD deals with winter windstorms with high economic damage potential in Europe and can be divided in two parts. The first part aims at quantifying the impact of climate change on European winter windstorms and relies on datasets covering long periods of time (>30 years) either in the past or in the future. The objective of the second part is to forecast potential losses and claims associated with an upcoming extreme windstorm by using forecast data updated every six hours. The overall objective of the first part is to provide a medium-term view of what could be the winter windstorms in Europe during the 21st century. It thus completes the short-term vision of the risk given by the Catastrophe Models used by the (re)insurers to assess the cost of the risk on their portfolio. A new methodology has been developed to define the damage potential associated with European winter windstorms. The novelty of the methodology relies in the use of several variables capturing different spatiotemporal scales and the coupling that exists between variables during the cyclogenesis. Seeking for events sharing a similar intense signature simultaneously in the relative vorticity at 850 hPa, the mean sea level pressure and the surface wind speed lead to the detection of a small group of events. Comparing the number of events that belong to this group and their intensity in reanalysis datasets and different simulations of the future climate can provide enough information to insurance companies on the potential evolution of this hazard in a future climate. A first paper on the methodology has been accepted in the journal of Natural Hazard and Earth Science System.The methodology has been applied to the datasets provided by Global Climate Models (GCM) participating to the CMIP5 project. The goal is to assess the ability of GCMs to reproduce winter windstorms in Europe and the potential impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of such events. A second paper presenting the results obtained from this second study will be submitted.The second part of the PhD focuses on the project Severe WIndstorms Forecasting Tool (SWIFT). The objective is to develop an early warning tool that detects an upcoming winter windstorms in meteorological forecasts updated every six hours and provides interested AXA entities with an alert on the upcoming windstorm as well as an estimate of the potential losses and claims.The tool has been developed in parallel of the research project and consists in two modules. In the first module, particularly intense systems are detected in meteorological forecasts and the associated gust footprint is extracted. In the second module, wind speeds are translated into a loss and a number of claims thanks to vulnerability curves. When a system is detected, an alert is sent with the appropriate information on the event propagation and the associated loss. The tool has been running automatically for the 2013 – 2014 winter season and detected most of the events that passed over Europe
Deroche, Madeleine-Sophie. "Détection à court-terme et long-terme des tempêtes hivernales à fort potentiel d'impact". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066578.pdf.
Texto completoThe research carried out during the PhD deals with winter windstorms with high economic damage potential in Europe and can be divided in two parts. The first part aims at quantifying the impact of climate change on European winter windstorms and relies on datasets covering long periods of time (>30 years) either in the past or in the future. The objective of the second part is to forecast potential losses and claims associated with an upcoming extreme windstorm by using forecast data updated every six hours. The overall objective of the first part is to provide a medium-term view of what could be the winter windstorms in Europe during the 21st century. It thus completes the short-term vision of the risk given by the Catastrophe Models used by the (re)insurers to assess the cost of the risk on their portfolio. A new methodology has been developed to define the damage potential associated with European winter windstorms. The novelty of the methodology relies in the use of several variables capturing different spatiotemporal scales and the coupling that exists between variables during the cyclogenesis. Seeking for events sharing a similar intense signature simultaneously in the relative vorticity at 850 hPa, the mean sea level pressure and the surface wind speed lead to the detection of a small group of events. Comparing the number of events that belong to this group and their intensity in reanalysis datasets and different simulations of the future climate can provide enough information to insurance companies on the potential evolution of this hazard in a future climate. A first paper on the methodology has been accepted in the journal of Natural Hazard and Earth Science System.The methodology has been applied to the datasets provided by Global Climate Models (GCM) participating to the CMIP5 project. The goal is to assess the ability of GCMs to reproduce winter windstorms in Europe and the potential impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of such events. A second paper presenting the results obtained from this second study will be submitted.The second part of the PhD focuses on the project Severe WIndstorms Forecasting Tool (SWIFT). The objective is to develop an early warning tool that detects an upcoming winter windstorms in meteorological forecasts updated every six hours and provides interested AXA entities with an alert on the upcoming windstorm as well as an estimate of the potential losses and claims.The tool has been developed in parallel of the research project and consists in two modules. In the first module, particularly intense systems are detected in meteorological forecasts and the associated gust footprint is extracted. In the second module, wind speeds are translated into a loss and a number of claims thanks to vulnerability curves. When a system is detected, an alert is sent with the appropriate information on the event propagation and the associated loss. The tool has been running automatically for the 2013 – 2014 winter season and detected most of the events that passed over Europe
Chabert, Pierre. "Impact of Synoptic Wind Variability on the Dynamics and Planktonic Ecosystem of the South Senegalese Upwelling Sector". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS096.
Texto completoIn addition to the wind seasonal cycle, Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems undergo fluctuations at shorter synoptic to intraseasonal time scales. This thesis focuses on the impact of synoptic wind intensifications and relaxations with a period of 5-10 days on the dynamics and planktonic ecosystem of the South Senegalese Upwelling Sector (SSUS). This system is located south of the sharp Cape Verde peninsula which acts as an abrupt coastline break and has a particularly shallow continental shelf. We aim to bring additional knowledge on this important coastal upwelling system that has received little attention, especially at synoptic time scales. To investigate this, we develop a modeling framework that involves applying idealized synoptic wind intensification and relaxation to an ensemble of climatological SSUS states. Synoptic fluctuations impact all dynamical variables out of their intrinsic variability range and shape robust anomalies of SSUS-scale and mesoscale spatial patterns. Using a mixed layer heat bud- get over the shelf, we identify the importance of horizontal processes in the SSUS heat variability and the very localized importance of vertical processes. Plankton biomass are found to oscillate in space and time in response to synoptic wind fluctuations. The atmospheric perturbation is damped during its propagation towards the upper trophic levels of the ecosystem. The response of the planktonic ecosystem is complex and heterogeneous over the shelf, with a distinctive inner shelf behavior. A diatoms budget reveals that their biomass is primarily controlled by primary production, zooplankton grazing and mortality-aggregation. The balance between these processes is responsible for the oscillatory responses of the diatoms biomass to synoptic wind events. All dynamical and biogeochemical variables exhibit modest asymmetries between wind intensification and relaxation responses. This brings support to the hypothesis that synoptic variability has a modest net impact on the climatological mean state. The implications of our results for future research questions are discussed, including the importance of biogeochemical observations and advances in plankton ecosystem modeling