Artículos de revistas: "Pius VII"

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Monjo i Dalmau, Francesc Joan. "El restabliment de la Companyia de Jesús a València". SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 11, n.º 11 (11 de junio de 2018): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.11.12585.

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Resum: L’expulsió de la Companyia de Jesús, decretada per Carles III el 1767, obrí un llarg període de foscor per als jesuïtes hispànics. Tanmateix, el cop de gràcia a l’orde vindria de la mà del papa Climent XIV, que, pressionat per la monarquia espanyola –l’ambaixador del rei hispànic a Roma Moñino recorregué a la coacció i al suborn d’afins al pontífex–, declarà extingida la Companyia el 21 de juliol del 1773. Els jesuïtes suprimits van conrear la propaganda durant més de quaranta anys per tal de revertir la situació. Finalment, el 1814 el papa Pius VII restablí l’orde jesuïta a tot el món mitjançant la butlla Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum, i els regulars ignasians van obtenir, un any després, el desitjat permís de Ferran VII per tornar als territoris hispànics. El 18 de juliol del 1816 els jesuïtes prenien possessió de la Casa Professa, ara convertida en col·legi. Paraules clau: Jesuïtes, restauració, Pius VII, Ferran VII, València Abstract: The expulsion of the Society of Jesus, decreed by Charles III of Spain in 1767, initiated a long period of darkness for the Hispanic Jesuits. Although the coup de grace to the order would come by the hands of Pope Clement XIV, who was pressured by the Spanish monarchy (the ambassador of the Hispanic king in Rome Moñino resorted to the coercion and subornation of those who were related to the pontiff), declared the Society extinguished on July 21, 1773. The suppressed Jesuits produced propaganda for more than forty years to reverse the situation. Finally, in 1814 Pope Pius VII restored the Jesuit Order around the world through the Bull Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum, and one year later the regular Ignatians obtained the desired permission from Ferdinand VII to return to the Hispanic territories. On July 18, 1816, the Jesuits took possession of Casa Professa, now converted into a school. Keywords: Jesuits, restoration, Pius VII, Ferdinand VII, València.

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Olson, Roberta J. M. "Representations of Pope Pius VII: The First Risorgimento Hero". Art Bulletin 68, n.º 1 (marzo de 1986): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3050866.

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Olson, Roberta J. M. "Representations of Pope Pius VII: The First Risorgimento Hero". Art Bulletin 68, n.º 1 (marzo de 1986): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00043079.1986.10788314.

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4

Eremin, Vladimir. "From Compromise to Intransigence: Napoleon and Pius VII (A.A. Caiani. To Kidnap a Pope. Napoleon and Pius VII. New Haven; London, 2021)". Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, n.º 2 (2022): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640016564-8.

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5

Musa, Ivica. "The Church and the Secular State". Obnovljeni život 78, n.º 2 (19 de abril de 2023): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31337/oz.78.2.8.

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The history of the relationship between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon Bonaparte, from the political aspect, as well as their personal relationship, is an interesting topic for both historians and novelists, for psychologists, and sociologists; moreover, there is a hagiographic side to their relationship, namely the relationship between persecutor and persecuted. The ensuing text will focus mainly on the key event of the liaison between these two protagonists which was broken due to the signing (and implementation) of the Concordat of 1801. This event — a dry diplomatic act — is most certainly an introduction to a new page in the life of the Church in post–revolutionary Europe and the world. In this respect, tribute should be paid to Pope Pius VII.

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McGlone, James P. "To Kidnap a Pope: Napoleon and Pius VII, by Ambrogio Caiani". Chesterton Review 49, n.º 1 (2023): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/chesterton2023491/218.

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7

Padberg, John W. y Margaret M. O'Dwyer. "Papacy in the Age of Napoleon and the Restoration: Pius VII, 1800-1823". American Historical Review 92, n.º 5 (diciembre de 1987): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1868522.

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8

Magrini, Donata, Susanna Bracci, Roberta Iannaccone, Lucia Nucci y Barbara Salvadori. "Chemical Characterization of Pope Pius VII Ancient Ecclesiastical Vestment by a Multi-Analytical Approach". Heritage 4, n.º 3 (6 de agosto de 2021): 1616–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030090.

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This paper presents a multi-analytical investigation performed for the study of the ecclesiastical vestment, with insignia, of Pope Pius VII, painted from the end of the 18th up to the beginning of the 19th century, made of five clothing elements: chasuble, stole, maniple, chalice veil and purse. The aim of this research was to assess the conservation state of the silk and painted backgrounds; to define the manufacturing technique of the work; to localize, if present, the underdrawing and any retouching; to identify the pigments and, where possible, the binders used. A diagnostic protocol was developed based on preliminary investigations through multiband imaging techniques known as MBI (visible, ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence (UVL), near-infrared reflected (NIR) and infrared reflected false color (IRRFC) photography). The images acquired with MBI techniques ensured a more specific choice of spots to be analyzed directly in situ by non-invasive techniques. In particular, portable digital optical microscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were performed. Two fragments detached from the chasuble were also analyzed by microFT-IR, microRaman, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Application of the multi-analytical protocol enabled the materials used to be characterized and helped to define the peculiar execution technique used. The presence of an underdrawing made with a carbon pencil was highlighted by MBI. Red lakes, iron-based pigments and copper-based pigments have been identified on the painting palette, applied with arabic gum as a binder.

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9

Esdaile, Charles J. "Book Review: To Kidnap a Pope: Napoleon and Pius VII by A. A. Caiani". European History Quarterly 51, n.º 4 (octubre de 2021): 579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02656914211049090f.

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10

Stine, Vincent. "Ambrogio A.Caiani: To Kidnap a Pope: Napoleon and Pius VII. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2021; pp. ix + 281." Journal of Religious History 46, n.º 1 (7 de enero de 2022): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.12837.

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Gu, Jihoon. "Analysis of the Italian neoclassicism according to the political situation of the 19th century : focusing on the portraits of Napoleon and Pius VII". Korean Association for Visual Culture 36 (30 de junio de 2020): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21299/jovc.2020.36.1.

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Elshtain, Jean Bethke. "José M. Sánchez, Pius XII and the Holocaust: Understanding the Controversy. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2002. vii+197 pp. $34.95 (cloth); $19.95 (paper)." Journal of Religion 84, n.º 3 (julio de 2004): 474–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/424412.

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McIntire, C. T. "The Papacy in the Age of Napoleon and the Restoration: Pius VII, 1800–1823. By Margaret M. O'Dwyer. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1985. x + 285 pp. $21.50 cloth; 12.75 paper." Church History 56, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1987): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3166097.

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Swanson, J., S. Morrison, O. Barrera y S. Hill. "Piliation changes in transformation-defective gonococci." Journal of Experimental Medicine 171, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 1990): 2131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.171.6.2131.

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Recombination-dependent alterations of their expressed pilin gene (pilE) enable gonococci to synthesize a myriad of structurally/antigenically different pili and to reversibly switch their pilus production on and off. These changes have been ascribed both to DNA transformation and to intragenomic recombination between pilE and silent pilin genes (pilS). We examined the pilus changes in gonococci that are incompetent for transformation because of their DNA uptake deficiency (dud) mutation, pilus- (P-) phenotype, or both. Though incompetent for DNA transformation, dud cells displayed pilus antigenic variation and underwent reversible pilus variations much like their wild-type parent. Wild-type P- with a pilE nonsense mutation were also virtually nontransformable, but they reverted to P+ at high frequencies. The pilin mRNA sequence changes that accompanied pilus transitions in these nontransformable dud and P- gonococci represent insertion of pilS stretches into their respective pilE, apparently via intragenomic recombination.

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Tokareva, Evgenia. "Foreign Policy and Peacekeeping Initiatives of the Vatican in the Second Half of the 1930s — Early 1940s in the Reflection of the Soviet Press". ISTORIYA 12, n.º 11 (109) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017599-7.

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In the extremely difficult international situation of the second half of the 1930s, relations between the USSR and the Vatican occupied a very insignificant place. This is partly why the sources that would cover this problem more prominently are very scarce. Under these conditions, the Soviet press becomes an important and still insufficiently appreciated source. With the general strict censorship of the press of this period, it allows us to identify various, but sometimes quite significant nuances of perception of the Vatican policy in the Soviet Union. The first event that influenced some reassessment of the image of the Vatican was the VII Congress of the Comintern, held in 1935, which put forward the tactics of a united front, which assumed, among other things, cooperation with confessional organizations of workers, and even with the petty-bourgeois strata of the population. In the light of this new tactic, a certain line is beginning to be drawn, albeit almost imperceptibly and even, perhaps, unwittingly, between the Vatican as a political force and the national structures of the Catholic Church. A more noticeable reassessment of the image of the Vatican took place in 1938, when the differences between Italian fascism, German Nazism, on the one hand, and the Vatican, on the other, on racial problems and on the issue of the persecution of the Catholic Church became obvious and could not fail to attract the attention of Soviet diplomats and, following them, the Soviet press. The subsequent election of Pope Pius XII to the papal throne in 1939 allows us to strengthen this line and enrich it with attention to the Vatican's peacemaking policy. But the conclusion of the Molotov — Ribbentrop pact once again returns the image of the Vatican to its supposedly political conjuncture, but this time in the interests of the other side, which has now become the main opponent of the USSR, i. e. England and France. And only the German attack on the USSR allows for a brief moment to see the possibility of forming a different image of the Vatican, an opponent of racism and fascism in all its manifestations. A careful reading of the press allows us to draw a preliminary conclusion about the absence of a clearly developed and formulated position of the governing bodies of the Soviet Union in relation to the Vatican, which varied, albeit slightly, depending on changes in the foreign policy interests of the Soviet state.

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Poplavskaya, Irina A. "The Kingdom of Naples and Russia at the Beginning of the 19th Century: Based on the Correspondence of the Bulgakov Brothers". Imagologiya i komparativistika, n.º 17 (2022): 170–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/17/9.

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The article examines the activities of the Russian diplomatic mission in Naples in 1802-1808 based on the correspondence between brothers Alexander and Konstantin Bulgakov. In accordance with the tropological methodology of the historian Hayden White, tragic and novel metanarratives are distinguished in describing the relationship between the Kingdom of Naples, Russia, and the countries of Western Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. The narration of the events in accordance with the tragic plot reveals the confrontation between the hero and the world, Napoleon and the coalition of European states led by Austria, Britain, and Russia. At the same time, the transformation of the tragedy into the novel in historical terms presupposes a change in the established world order after the end of the era of the Napoleonic Wars, which the decisions of the Congress of Vienna consolidated in 18141815. The basis of the plot in the selected metanarratives is the life of Ferdinand IV, the king of Naples, and his family; Napoleon’s military actions in Italy; diplomatic and military assistance to Naples from Russia and the life of Russians in Naples and Palermo; the events of the Patriotic War of 1812; the messianic role of Emperor Alexander in the victory over Napoleon’s army. The influence of the actions of the allied forces in 1813-1815 and the decisions of the Congress of Vienna on the emergence of national liberation movements in Italy and the subsequent unification of the country is revealed. The spatial centers of the Bulgakovs’ epistolary works are Naples, Palermo, Rome, the capitals of four empires (Paris, Vienna, London, Petersburg), and related historical figures (King Ferdinand IV and his wife Maria Carolina of Austria (sister of Marie Antoinette, the French queen), Napoleon, Joseph Bonaparte, Joachim Murat, Austrian Emperor Francis II, Russian Emperor Alexander I, Pope Pius VII, Admiral and Secretary of State of the Kingdom of Naples John Acton, Russian envoys in Naples and Rome A.Ya. Italinsky and sine, and others. The article analyzes the conceptual sphere and poetics of the “Neapolitan” text of Russian literature. In the letters, the image of Naples is presented through the situation of a meeting of Southern and Northern Europe, Naples and Petersburg, monarchy and republic, Catholicism and Orthodoxy, history and modernity. Naples is perceived as a special communicative space associated with the diplomatic activities of both brothers, with their circle of communication, and aesthetically with a private letter as a kind of an ego-document. The perception of Naples as an island state, as an “earthly paradise at the foot of a volcano”, as a city of the Lazzaroni and carnival culture brings the correspondence between the Bulgakov brothers close with descriptions of this city in Russian travelogues of the late 18th - first third of the 19th centuries. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

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Takahashi, Masaharu, Tsutomu Nishizawa, Toshinori Tanaka, Bira Tsatsralt-Od, Jun Inoue y Hiroaki Okamoto. "Correlation between positivity for immunoglobulin A antibodies and viraemia of swine hepatitis E virus observed among farm pigs in Japan". Journal of General Virology 86, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2005): 1807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80909-0.

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To evaluate the usefulness of detection of antibodies to hepatitis E virus (HEV) to screen for viraemic pigs, serum samples obtained from 1425 1–6-month-old pigs in Japan were tested for swine HEV RNA and IgG, IgM and IgA classes of anti-HEV antibody. Fifty-five (5 %) of the 1071 2–5-month-old pigs were positive for swine HEV RNA, but none of 218 1-month-old pigs or 136 6-month-old pigs had detectable HEV RNA. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG among the viraemic pigs (67 %, 37/55) was similar to that among the non-viraemic pigs (55 %, 757/1370) and the prevalence of anti-HEV IgM among the viraemic pigs and non-viraemic pigs was 7 and 3 %, respectively. However, anti-HEV IgA was detected significantly more frequently among viraemic pigs than among non-viraemic pigs (55 vs 10 %, P<0·0001). These results suggest that anti-HEV IgA is more useful than anti-HEV IgM to screen for viraemic pigs.

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Arjin, Chaiwat, Chanmany Souphannavong, Apinya Sartsook, Mintra Seel-audom, Supamit Mekchay y Korawan Sringarm. "Efficiency of Fresh and Fermented Banana Stem in Low Protein Diet on Nutrient Digestibility, Productive Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Crossbred Pig ((Thai native x Meishan) x Duroc)". Veterinary Integrative Sciences 19, n.º 1 (28 de agosto de 2020): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2021.005.

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Banana stem is a common feed component for raising pigs in mountainous Southeast Asia. However, its nutritive value and digestibility are low. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of unfermented and fermented banana stems on crossbred pigs concerning nutrient digestibility, productive performance, and intestinal morphology. Initially, an in vitro ileal digestibility test was performed for the following feedstuffs: fresh banana stem (BS), fermented banana stem (FBS), concentrate (C), fresh banana stem + concentrate (BSC), and fermented banana stem + concentrate (FBSC). For the 120-day experiment, 16 crossbred pigs were divided into two groups and fed with BSC and FBSC. They were placed in individual cages and subsequently moved to metabolic cages for seven days to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). Finally, all pigs were slaughtered and their small intestines were analyzed for intestinal morphology. The results show that pure fresh and fermented banana stems had low digestibility. However, their digestibility increased by 50% when mixed with concentrate. Crossbred pigs fed BSC and FBSC did not exhibit significant differences in their performance, but the intestinal morphology of the FBSC group had improved intestinal morphology, especially the villi height. In conclusion, both fresh and fermented banana stems can be recommended in a low protein diet as feed for crossbred pigs in an improved production system. This is relevant for raising pigs in mountainous areas, as it has the potential to reduce feed cost and maintain production performance.

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Chaiyasaen, Natthakorn, Kochakorn Direksin, Nutravong Thitima y Suttisak Nopwinyoowong. "Prevalence, antibiograms, antibiotic resistance genes, and virulence genes of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from healthy pigs in mid-northeastern Thailand". Veterinary Integrative Sciences 21, n.º 2 (20 de febrero de 2023): 309–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2023.024.

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Pigs can have Arcobacter butzleri. However, information on A. butzleri in Thai pigs remains scarce. This work aimed to survey A. butzleri in healthy pigs and assess their antimicrobial susceptibility, potential transferrable antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, and virulence-associated genes (VAGs). Cross-sectional fecal samples of 203 pigs from 18 farms were cultured and molecularly identified. A. butzleri prevalence in all pigs was (31/203; 15.3%): nursery (0/8; 0%), finisher (27/144; 18.8%), and sow (4/51; 7.8%). The total farm A. butzleri prevalence was 50%: nursery (0/2: 0%), finisher (8/14: 57.1%), and sow (2/9: 22.2%) farms. From the 10 antibiotic disks evaluated, the isolates were mostly sensitive to imipenem (96.8%), tetracycline (83.9%), streptomycin (67.7%), and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (54.8%); however, they were mostly resistant to cefotaxime (98.6%), sulbactam/cefoperazone (71%), ampicillin (67.7%), enrofloxacin (48.4%), and fosfomycin (42.9%) and were neither sensitive nor resistant to erythromycin. Most multidrug resistance patterns in this study were in four to six classes. Three isolates resisted all 10 antibiotics. However, only the TetO gene was detected in one isolate, whereas ESBLs (SHV, CTX-M, and TEM), PMQRs (qnrA, qnrS, qnrB, oqxAB, and aac(6’)-Ib-cr), ermB, and mefA genes were not found in any isolates. The rankings of VAGs presented in the isolates were ciaB (100%), mviN (97%), pldA (93%), tlyA (90%), cj1349 (90%), cadF (83%), hecB (10%), hecA (7%), and irgA (0%), and most isolates carried six VAGs (77%). A. butzleri is present in healthy pigs, and this database is the first to show A. butzleri VAG and AMR genes in Thai pigs

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Srisuwatanasagul, Sayamon, Siriluck Jantautsa, Sukanya Manee-in, Kongkiat Srisuwatanasagul, Rungrueang Yodsheewan, Amornthep Archawakulathep, Panuwat Yamsakul y Atthaporn Roongsitthichai. "Estrogen receptor alpha expression in fattening pig’s testes by the timing of the first injection for immunocastration". Veterinary Integrative Sciences 20, n.º 3 (20 de junio de 2022): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2022.041.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in the testicular tissues of male fattening pigs injected with the first gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine (Improvac™, Zoetis, Thailand) for immunocastration 6 weeks earlier than the standard protocol. All pigs (n=24) were divided into three groups on the criterion of immunocastration protocol: A (n=8) was injected with GnRH vaccine at 15 and 19 weeks old, B (n=8) received GnRH vaccine at 9 and 19 weeks old, and C (n=8) remained untreated. Expression of ERα was investigated using an immunohistochemistry, appraised by an image analysis application (3DHISTECH, Budapest, Hungary), and reported as a H-score. The results revealed that testicular histoarchitecture of the immunocastrated pigs was less developed than that of the intact pigs. ERα was localized both in the seminiferous tubules and interstitial areas of all groups. ERα H-score of the C pigs was lowest (5.49±4.17) among groups and significantly lower than that of both A and B groups (P<0.05). However, the H-score of ERα between A and B groups was not different from each other (21.41±12.61 vs 23.91±11.47, P>0.05). In summary, the first injection of GnRH vaccine either at 9 or 15 weeks of age contributed to a similar result of testicular ERα expression.

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Darwich, Laila, Mònica Balasch, Joan Plana-Durán, Joaquim Segalés, Mariano Domingo y Enric Mateu. "Cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in response to mitogen, superantigen or recall viral antigens". Journal of General Virology 84, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2003): 3453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.19364-0.

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In vitro cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and healthy pigs were determined in response to recall viral antigens (porcine circovirus type 2; PCV2), mitogens (phytohaemagglutinin) or superantigens (staphylococcal enterotoxin B). PBMC from PMWS-affected pigs, in contrast to those from healthy pigs, responded to recall PCV2 antigen by releasing IL-10 and IFN-γ, but they were less able or even unable to produce IL-4, IL-2 or IFN-γ upon challenge with mitogen or superantigen. Moreover, only PCV2 had the ability to downregulate or suppress the release of IL-4 and IL-2 from PBMC from both healthy and diseased animals, and to stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8). In conclusion, the immune system cells of PMWS pigs have a diminished ability to perform their immunological functions upon viral or immunostimulatory molecules. In addition, PCV2 can alter the functionality of PBMC in both healthy and PMWS pigs.

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Norseeda, Worrarak, Guisheng Liu, Tawatchai Teltathum, Korawan Sringarm, Watcharapong Naraballobh, Trisadee Khamlor y Supamit Mekchay. "Association of a non-synonymous SNP of IL17RA gene with litter size traits in Large White and Landrace pigs". Veterinary Integrative Sciences 19, n.º 3 (6 de mayo de 2021): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2021.033.

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Interleukin-17 receptor A (IL17RA) is one of the cytokine receptors of the pro-inflammatory interleukin-17 (IL17) cytokine family. The IL17 and IL17RA genes are involved in inflammatory and immune responses as well as reproductive process of mammals. The purposes of this study were to examine polymorphisms in the porcine IL17RA gene and to assess its effects on litter size traits in Large White and Landrace pigs. Three non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the porcine IL17RA gene were verified. The porcine IL17RA c.785C>T (p.Ala262Val) was found to be segregating in the Large White and Landrace pigs. No polymorphisms in the coding region of the porcine IL17RA gene at the two non-synonymous SNPs loci of c.997G>A (p.Val333Ile) and c.1962T>G (p.Asp654Glu) were found. The porcine IL17RA c.785C>T polymorphism was significantly associated with the total number born (TNB) and the number born alive (NBA) in Large White pigs (P<0.05). Moreover, the porcine IL17RA c.785C>T was significantly associated with the TNB, NBA, total birth weight (TBW), and total weaning weight of piglets at 21 days (TWW) in Landrace pigs (P<0.05). These results supported the importance of the porcine IL17RA gene in the litter size traits of pigs. Thus, the porcine IL17RA could be used as a potential candidate gene for improving litter size traits in pig breeding.

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Cossaboom, Caitlin M., Laura Córdoba, Brenton J. Sanford, Pablo Piñeyro, Scott P. Kenney, Barbara A. Dryman, Youchun Wang y Xiang-Jin Meng. "Cross-species infection of pigs with a novel rabbit, but not rat, strain of hepatitis E virus isolated in the United States". Journal of General Virology 93, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2012): 1687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.041509-0.

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important human pathogen. In addition to humans, HEV has also been identified in pig, chicken, mongoose, deer, rat, rabbit and fish. There are four recognized and two putative genotypes of mammalian HEV. Genotypes 1 and 2 are restricted to humans, while genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic. The recently identified rabbit HEV is a distant member of genotype 3. Here, we first expressed and purified the recombinant capsid protein of rabbit HEV and showed that the capsid protein of rabbit HEV cross-reacted with antibodies raised against avian, rat, swine and human HEV. Conversely, we showed that antibodies against rabbit HEV cross-reacted with capsid proteins derived from chicken, rat, swine and human HEV. Since pigs are the natural host of genotype 3 HEV, we then determined if rabbit HEV infects pigs. Twenty pigs were divided into five groups of four each and intravenously inoculated with PBS, US rabbit HEV, Chinese rabbit HEV, US rat HEV and swine HEV, respectively. Results showed that only half of the pigs inoculated with rabbit HEV had low levels of viraemia and faecal virus shedding, indicative of active but not robust HEV infection. Infection of pigs by rabbit HEV was further verified by transmission of the virus recovered from pig faeces to naïve rabbits. Pigs inoculated with rat HEV showed no evidence of infection. Preliminary results suggest that rabbit HEV is antigenically related to other HEV strains and infects pigs and that rat HEV failed to infect pigs.

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Opriessnig, T., N. E. McKeown, E. M. Zhou, X. J. Meng y P. G. Halbur. "Genetic and experimental comparison of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) isolates from cases with and without PCV2-associated lesions provides evidence for differences in virulence". Journal of General Virology 87, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2006): 2923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82099-0.

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There are marked differences in the clinical expression of diseases associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in the field. The objective of this study was to compare the sequences and pathogenicity of PCV2 isolates from field cases with and without PCV2-associated lesions. Forty-two specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were assigned randomly to three groups of 14 pigs each. At 7 weeks of age, group 1 pigs were mock-inoculated with saline, group 2 pigs were inoculated with PCV2-4838 (isolated from a pig with no evidence of PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions) and group 3 pigs were inoculated with PCV2-40895 (isolated from a pig with PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions and disease). The PCV2-4838 and PCV2-40895 isolates shared approximately 98.9 % nucleotide sequence identity across the entire genome. A total of nine amino acid changes in ORF2 and two amino acid changes in ORF1 were identified between the two isolates. PCV2-4838-inoculated pigs had significantly more genomic copy numbers of PCV2 in their sera at 7 days post-inoculation (p.i.) (P<0.0001) and significantly fewer genomic copy numbers at 14, 21 and 28 days p.i. (P<0.05) compared with pigs inoculated with the PCV2-40895 isolate. Microscopic lesions in lymphoid tissues were significantly less severe (P<0.05) and the amount of PCV2 antigen associated with these lesions was significantly lower (P<0.05) in pigs inoculated with PCV2-4838. The results of this study suggest that PCV2 isolates from the USA differ in virulence in an SPF pig model.

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Phongsarmsuan, Phaphatsanant, Sunpetch Angkititrakul, Suphattra Jittimanee y Patchara Phuektes. "OXA-48-positive carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in a farrow-to-finish pig farm: First report in Thailand". Veterinary Integrative Sciences 19, n.º 3 (6 de mayo de 2021): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2021.028.

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Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have emerged as an urgent threat to public health. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of CRE and the carbapenemase genes in a farrow-to-finish pig farm, and to investigate carriage proportion and maintenance of CRE during the pig production cycle. We conducted a cross-sectional study by collecting 200 rectal swabs from healthy pigs of 5 groups: gilts, sows, piglets, weaners, and fatteners. In the longitudinal study, 20 healthy pigs were followed from 2 to 26 weeks old, and rectal swabs were collected from each pig for 5 times. Samples were screened for CRE using MacConkey agar supplemented with meropenem at 0.5 µg/mL. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the recovered isolates were determined using an automated system. PCR was used to detect carbapenemase genes. The occurrence of Enterobacteriaceae isolates with the carbapenem resistant phenotype and/or harboring the blaOXA-48 gene was 3% (6/200) in the cross-sectional study. Groups of sows and piglets had the same occurrence rate at 5% (2/40), while weaner and fattener groups had 2.5% (1/40). In the longitudinal study, CRE were not detected in pigs at an early age; however, two isolates were detected at the age of finishing. This study is the first report of Enterobacteriaceae with a carbapenem resistant phenotype and/or carrying blaOXA-48 gene in pigs in Thailand. Finding CRE in pigs at all age categories including finisher in the study farm underscores the need for active monitoring and surveillance studies to determine the occurrence of CRE in pig farms in Thailand.

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Pothakam, Nanthana Pothakam, Worrarak Norseeda, Guisheng Liu, Tawatchai Teltathum, Pantaporn Supakankul, Watcharapong Naraballobh, Trisadee Khamlor, Korawan Sringarm y Supamit Mekchay. "Association of osteopontin gene with intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition traits in pigs". Veterinary Integrative Sciences 19, n.º 2 (28 de diciembre de 2020): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2021.018.

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Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted phosphoprotein that is involved in the development of skeletal muscle and fat deposition. The objectives of this study were to identify the polymorphism of the OPN gene and to analyze the association of the OPN gene with intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid (FA) composition in pigs. Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle samples taken from the 10-11th rib were collected from a total of 328 Duroc pigs. Genomic DNA samples were extracted from LT muscle tissues using the phenol-chloroform method. IMF content was measured using the ether extraction method and FA composition was measured by gas chromatography. The porcine OPN polymorphisms were identified by DNA sequencing and were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The association analysis of the OPN gene with IMF and FA composition traits was performed using a general linear model (GLM). Two polymorphic sites (OPN g.2442-2471indel and g.3836A>G) were found in the 5´-flanking region and intron 1 of the porcine OPN gene. The OPN g.2442-2471indel polymorphism was found to be significantly associated with IMF content and ω3 FA levels (P<0.05). Moreover, OPN g.3836A>G polymorphism was significantly associated with the linolenic acid levels in the muscles of pigs (P<0.05). The results of this study indicate that the OPN gene is important to IMF content, as well as linolenic and ω3 FA levels in pigs, and could be used as a candidate gene to improve fat deposition and fatty acid composition in the muscles of pigs.

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Van Dung, Nguyen, Pham Hong Anh, Nguyen Van Cuong, Ngo Thi Hoa, Juan Carrique-Mas, Vo Be Hien, James Campbell et al. "Prevalence, genetic diversity and recombination of species G enteroviruses infecting pigs in Vietnam". Journal of General Virology 95, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2014): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.061978-0.

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Picornaviruses infecting pigs, described for many years as ‘porcine enteroviruses’, have recently been recognized as distinct viruses within three distinct genera (Teschovirus, Sapelovirus and Enterovirus). To better characterize the epidemiology and genetic diversity of members of the Enterovirus genus, faecal samples from pigs from four provinces in Vietnam were screened by PCR using conserved enterovirus (EV)-specific primers from the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR). High rates of infection were recorded in pigs on all farms, with detection frequencies of approximately 90 % in recently weaned pigs but declining to 40 % in those aged over 1 year. No differences in EV detection rates were observed between pigs with and without diarrhoea [74 % (n = 70) compared with 72 % (n = 128)]. Genetic analysis of consensus VP4/VP2 and VP1 sequences amplified from a subset of EV-infected pigs identified species G EVs in all samples. Among these, VP1 sequence comparisons identified six type 1 and seven type 6 variants, while four further VP1 sequences failed to group with any previously identified EV-G types. These have now been formally assigned as EV-G types 8–11 by the Picornavirus Study Group. Comparison of VP1, VP4/VP2, 3Dpol and 5′ UTRs of study samples and those available on public databases showed frequent, bootstrap-supported differences in their phylogenies indicative of extensive within-species recombination between genome regions. In summary, we identified extremely high frequencies of infection with EV-G in pigs in Vietnam, substantial genetic diversity and recombination within the species, and evidence for a much larger number of circulating EV-G types than currently described.

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Opriessnig, Tanja, Chao-Ting Xiao, Priscilla F. Gerber, Patrick G. Halbur, Shannon R. Matzinger y Xiang-Jin Meng. "Mutant USA strain of porcine circovirus type 2 (mPCV2) exhibits similar virulence to the classical PCV2a and PCV2b strains in caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs". Journal of General Virology 95, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2014): 2495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.066423-0.

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In 2012, a mutant porcine circovirus type 2 (mPCV2) strain was identified in cases of PCV-associated disease (PCVAD) in the USA. The mPCV2 had an additional amino acid, lysine (K), in the capsid at position 234. The objectives of this study were to compare the pathogenicity of mPCV2, PCV2a and PCV2b in pigs using biologically pure infectious virus stocks derived from respective infectious DNA clones, and to investigate the importance of genotype-specific ORF2 and the presence of lysine at position 234 of the capsid. A total of 47, 2-week-old, caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs were assigned to one of seven groups. At 3 weeks of age, the pigs were experimentally inoculated with saline, PCV2a, PCV2b, mPCV2, PCV2b-234-K (lysine addition in ORF2), chimeric PCV2b-ORF1/mPCV2-ORF2 or reciprocal chimeric mPCV2-ORF1/PCV2b-ORF2. All pigs were necropsied 21 days post-infection (p.i.). Gross lesions were limited to visible icterus and loss of body condition in a portion of the mPCV2 pigs. The amount of PCV2 DNA was significantly higher in pigs inoculated with mPCV2 compared with PCV2b in sera at 7 days p.i. and faecal swabs at 14 days p.i. Based on lymphoid lesions, a higher prevalence of PCVAD was seen in pigs infected with PCV2s containing the additional 234-K (64.3 %) compared with those infected with a PCV2 with the regular 233 bp ORF2 (40 %). Results indicated that all PCV2 isolates were capable of inducing severe lesions and disease in the CDCD pig model, and there was no significant difference in virulence.

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Hoang, Le Trung, To My Quyen, Lam Thanh Nguyen, Nguyen Ngoc Bich, Nguyen Phuc Khanh y Nguyen Duc Hien. "Clinical and pathologic characterization of African swine fever virus infection in pigs in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam". Veterinary Integrative Sciences 22, n.º 1 (8 de agosto de 2024): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2024.003.

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African swine fever (ASF) is a highly infectious disease in pigs caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which might result in 100% mortality. Pigs infected with ASFV might display different clinical and pathological features depending on virulence and host factors. This study aimed to determine features of clinical symptoms, macroscopic, and microscopic lesions of ASF in the Mekong Delta (MD), Vietnam during 2021–2022. The investigation was conducted following three fatal outbreaks of ASF in Hau Giang, Vinh Long, and Can Tho provinces, which are three central provinces out of thirteen in the MD. The spleen, lymph nodes, liver, kidney, and heart were collected from three infected pigs that displayed clinical symptoms of ASFV infection and confirmed the presence of ASFV by conventional PCR. The results indicated that infected pigs showed common clinical symptoms including high fever, anorexia, and moderate petechiae on the skin. Severe hemorrhage was observed in lymph nodes, spleen, kidneys, intestines, and gallbladders which were the main lesions during post-mortem examination. Microscopic lesions were characterized by lymphocytopenia, atrophy of lymphoid follicles in the immune system. However, distinct variations in clinical symptoms, macroscopic, and microscopic features among ASFV infection cases were not documented. This study provides a further understanding of the clinical presentation and pathological lesions caused by the ASFV strain circulating in the MD.

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Park, Changhoon, Hwi Won Seo, Su-Jin Park, Kiwon Han y Chanhee Chae. "Comparison of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated lesions produced by co-infection between two genotypes of PCV2 and two genotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus". Journal of General Virology 95, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2014): 2486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.066290-0.

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The objective of this study was to compare the virulence and pathogenicity of a combination of concurrent infections of two genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and two genotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in terms of PCV2 viraemia, and PCV2-associated lesions and antigens in co-infected pigs. Pigs with PCV2a (or 2b)/type 1 (or type 2) PRRSV had significantly (P<0.05) higher mean clinical respiratory scores and lower average daily weight gain compared with pigs with PCV2a (or 2b). Co-infection induced significantly lower levels of anti-PCV2 and anti-PRRSV IgG antibodies than infection with one genotype alone, regardless of the genotype of the two viruses. Pigs with PCV2a (or 2b)/type 2 PRRSV had significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of PCV2 viraemia, more severe PCV2-associated lesions, and more PCV2 DNA within the lesions compared with pigs with PCV2a (or 2b)/type 1 PRRSV. However, there was no significant difference in these parameters in pigs with PCV2a/type 2 PRRSV or PCV2b/type 2 PRRSV. The results of this study demonstrate significant differences in the virulence and pathogenicity of type 1 and type 2 PRRSV but no significant differences in the virulence and pathogenicity of PCV2a and PCV2b with respect to the production of PCV2-associated lesions.

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Roca, M., M. Balasch, J. Segalés, M. Calsamiglia, E. Viaplana, A. Urniza, K. Hattermann, A. Mankertz, J. Plana-Durán y M. Domingo. "In vitro and in vivo characterization of an infectious clone of a European strain of porcine circovirus type 2". Journal of General Virology 85, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2004): 1259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.79836-0.

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The aim of this study was to describe the generation of a PCV2 (porcine circovirus type 2) infectious clone (pIC-PCV2) and its infectivity under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The constructed pIC-PCV2 contained the whole PCV2 genome from a German isolate together with a partial duplication of 467 bp. PK-15 cells were transfected with pIC-PCV2 and an indirect immune fluorescence assay (IFA) was performed 7 days post-transfection. The PCV2 Cap gene was expressed in approximately 20 % of the cultured cells, and only the recombination product, and not pIC-PCV2, was subsequently detected by PCR and Southern blot. This result indicated that infection by pIC-PCV2 delivered genomic PCV2 DNA specifically into susceptible cells and led to the expression of a functional virus genome. Eighteen 30- to 40-day-old conventional pigs were distributed into three groups. Group 1 pigs (n=6) were inoculated intranasally (i.n.) with a Spanish isolate of PCV2 propagated in cell culture; pigs from group 2 (n=6) were inoculated with pIC-PCV2 intramuscularly (i.m.), and the last group of pigs (n=6) was inoculated with pIC-PCV2 intraperitoneally (i.p.). All pigs remained clinically healthy during the whole experimental period (35 days). Pigs that received pIC-PCV2 i.p. and i.m., as well as those PCV2 i.n. inoculated, became infected based on an in situ hybridization (ISH), PCR, TaqMan PCR and serological results. The results of this study confirm that cloned PCV2 genomic DNA is infectious both in vitro and in vivo, and is able to cause PMWS-like lesions in i.p. and i.m. experimentally inoculated pigs.

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DALA, Vanhnaly, Urai Pongchairerk, Alongkot Boonsoongnern, Nattavut Ratanavanichrojn, Pichai Jirawattanapong y Prapassorn Boonsoongnern. "Effect of feeding pregnant gilts fermented potato extract protein on the prenatal development and semitendinosus muscle characteristics of newborn piglets". Veterinary Integrative Sciences 20, n.º 3 (20 de junio de 2022): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2022.048.

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The skeletal muscle, which largely forms meat, constitutes most of the body mass in pigs. Growth and meat quality mainly depend on the relationship between prenatal and postnatal development. Feed additives are used in the diet of pigs to improve production efficiency. In this study, we determined the effect of feeding pregnant pigs fermented potato extract protein on the characteristics of the skeletal muscles of newborn piglets. Ten Danish gilts (Large white x Landrace) were supplemented with or without fermented potato extract protein (5 gilts each) during the gestation period. After parturition, two neonate piglets from each sow were randomly selected, and the birth weight, organ weight, morphometrics, and the characteristics of the semitendinosus muscle, including weight, length, circumference, muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA), number of total muscle fibers, number of primary fibers, number of secondary fibers, and the ratio of secondary to primary (S:P) fibers were recorded. The piglets from sows that were fed fermented potato extract protein showed a significantly higher S:P ratio (p = 0.02) than those from control sows. The weights of the body and visceral organs at birth tended to be higher in the newborn offspring of the treated sows. The supplementation with fermented potato extract protein during gestation in pigs can increase the S:P ratio, which can be used to follow changes in the hyperplasia of secondary fibers in the fetus and might also affect postnatal growth.

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Keller, Martina, Björn Petersen, Heiner Niemann y Joachim Denner. "Lack of antibody response in pigs immunized with the transmembrane envelope protein of porcine endogenous retroviruses". Journal of General Virology 95, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2014): 1827–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.064857-0.

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Recently, we immunized different mammalian species (goats, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs and hamsters) with the recombinant ectodomain of the transmembrane envelope (TM) protein p15E of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV). In all cases, neutralizing immune sera were induced, which recognized epitopes in the fusion peptide proximal region and the membrane proximal external region of p15E. In order to analyse whether pigs are also able to produce such antibodies, and whether such antibodies can be used to study the involvement of the TM protein in placental development (as was shown for endogenous retroviruses of other species), German landrace pigs were immunized with PERV p15E. No binding and neutralizing antibodies were produced as shown in three Western blot analyses and in a neutralization assay, indicating that pigs are tolerant to their endogenous retroviruses, at least for the ectodomain of the TM protein.

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Tang, Xuehui y Kong T. Chong. "Histopathology and growth kinetics of influenza viruses (H1N1 and H3N2) in the upper and lower airways of guinea pigs". Journal of General Virology 90, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2009): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.007054-0.

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Recent investigations have shown that guinea pigs are important for the study of influenza A virus (IAV) transmission. However, very little is known about IAV replication and histopathology in the guinea pig respiratory tract. Here, we describe viral growth kinetics, target cells and histopathology in the nasosinus, trachea and lungs of IAV-infected guinea pigs. We found that guinea pigs infected with either A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) or A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) developed a predominantly upper airway infection with high nasal viral titres. IAV grew to moderate titres in the lungs but induced marked inflammatory responses, resulting in severe bronchopneumonia and alveolitis. Although non-lethal at the high dose of 2×106 p.f.u., infections with these IAV strains were associated with reduced weight gain. IAV infection in guinea pigs is characterized by extensive viral replication in the ciliated nasal epithelial cells followed by heavy nasal mucus secretion.

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Souphannavong, Chanmany, Chaiwat Arjin, Apinya Sartsook, Thanchanok Yosen, Marninphan Thongkham, Mintra Seel-audom, Supamit Mekchay y Korawan Sringarm. "Nutritional values and nutrient digestibility of ground perilla cake (Perilla frutescens) in growing pig diets". Veterinary Integrative Sciences 19, n.º 3 (6 de mayo de 2021): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2021.035.

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This study determined the nutritional values of ground perilla cake (GPC) and the potential for dietary supplementation in growing pigs based on in vitro ileal digestibility (IVID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). The IVID evaluated at four dietary supplementation levels: 0, 5, 10, and 20%. The ATTD was measured by using twenty-four grower crossbred pigs. Pigs were randomly assigned to three dietary supplementation levels (0, 5, and 10%). From these analytical results, GPC raw material contained crude protein (CP) content (31.54%). That total essential amino acid (EAA) was 138.34 mg/g, mainly leucine (28.87 mg/g), and contained notably limiting amino acids for pigs, such as lysine (19.52 mg/g) and methionine (10.94 mg/g). The ether extract content (EE) was 10.52%, and the major free fatty acid (FFA) was linolenic acid (C18:3n3; 55.97%) and the fat-soluble vitamins included γ-tocopherol (367.25 μg/100g). In addition, GPC contained minerals such as phosphorus (1.02%), potassium (0.83%), calcium (0.46%), and iron. However, crude fiber (CF) had a notably high content (24.43%). Increasing GPC levels in pig diets reduced the IVID of dry matter (DM), EE, and CF (P<0.05), especially the 20% GPC supplement. The IVID of the CP did not differ among the groups. Furthermore, the results for the ATTD of the CP and EE in the 5% GPC supplement group were significantly better than that of the other groups (P˂0.05). We found the potential of GPC as an alternative protein source. Moreover, it contained high energy and polyunsaturated fatty acid.

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Cappuccio, Javier A., Lindomar Pena, Marina Dibárbora, Agustina Rimondi, Pablo Piñeyro, Lucas Insarralde, María A. Quiroga et al. "Outbreak of swine influenza in Argentina reveals a non-contemporary human H3N2 virus highly transmissible among pigs". Journal of General Virology 92, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2011): 2871–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.036590-0.

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Sporadic outbreaks of human H3N2 influenza A virus (IAV) infections in swine populations have been reported in Asia, Europe and North America since 1970. In South America, serological surveys in pigs indicate that IAVs of the H3 and H1 subtypes are currently in circulation; however, neither virus isolation nor characterization has been reported. In November 2008, an outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs consistent with swine influenza virus (SIV) infection was detected in Argentina. The current study describes the clinical epidemiology, pathology, and molecular and biological characteristics of the virus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the virus isolate shared nucleotide identities of 96–98 % with H3N2 IAVs that circulated in humans from 2000 to 2003. Antigenically, sera from experimentally inoculated animals cross-reacted mainly with non-contemporary human-origin H3N2 influenza viruses. In an experimental infection in a commercial swine breed, the virus was of low virulence but was transmitted efficiently to contact pigs and caused severe disease when an infected animal acquired a secondary bacterial infection. This is the first report of a wholly human H3N2 IAV associated with clinical disease in pigs in South America. These studies highlight the importance of two-way transmission of IAVs and SIVs between pigs and humans, and call for enhanced influenza surveillance in the pig population worldwide.

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Opriessnig, T., S. Ramamoorthy, D. M. Madson, A. R. Patterson, N. Pal, S. Carman, X. J. Meng y P. G. Halbur. "Differences in virulence among porcine circovirus type 2 isolates are unrelated to cluster type 2a or 2b and prior infection provides heterologous protection". Journal of General Virology 89, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2008): 2482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/001081-0.

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is divided into two genetic clusters designated PCV2a and PCV2b. The objectives of this study were to determine whether isolates from different clusters vary in virulence and to determine whether infection with PCV2a isolates induces protective immunity against subsequent infection with a recent PCV2b isolate. One-hundred and thirteen conventional specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were assigned randomly to treatment groups and rooms: pigs inoculated with PCV2a cluster isolates (ISU-40895 or ISU-4838), pigs inoculated with PCV2b cluster isolates (NC-16845 or Can-17639) and uninoculated pigs. Necropsies were performed at 16 or 51 days post-inoculation (p.i.). There were no significant differences in PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions between PCV2a and PCV2b clusters; however, within the same cluster, significant differences were found between isolates: ISU-4838- and Can-17639-inoculated pigs had significantly (P<0.05) less severe lesions compared with ISU-40895- and NC-16845-inoculated pigs. To evaluate cross-protection, six pigs within each group were challenged at 35 days p.i. with an isolate from the heterologous cluster and were necropsied 51 days p.i. The severity of PCV2-associated lesions was reduced in pigs with prior exposure to an isolate from the heterologous cluster in comparison with singly inoculated pigs. Results indicate that the virulence of PCV2a and PCV2b isolates is not different in the conventional SPF pig model; however, the virulence of isolates within the same cluster differs. Increased virulence as reported to be associated with PCV2b isolates in the field was not observed under the conditions of this study. Moreover, cross-protection between PCV2a and PCV2b exists.

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Song, Jingjiao, Ranran Wang, Fei Deng, Hualin Wang y Zhihong Hu. "Functional studies of per os infectivity factors of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus". Journal of General Virology 89, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2008): 2331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/002352-0.

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A combined functional investigation on the four per os infectivity factors (PIFs) of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) was conducted in this study. HearNPV bacmids with deletions of p74 (Ha20), pif1 (Ha111), pif2 (Ha132) and pif3 (Ha98) were constructed individually by homologous recombination in Escherichia coli cells. Repaired bacmids with respective pifs were also constructed. Western blot analyses revealed that all four PIFs were structural components of the envelope of HearNPV occlusion-derived virus (ODV). Electron microscopy showed that deletion of the pifs did not have any obvious effects on the morphology of the occlusion bodies (OBs). Bioassay analyses indicated that deletion of any of the above pifs resulted in loss of oral infectivity of OBs. The mixtures of the four pif-deletion mutants also resulted in deficiency of oral infectivity, implying that the four PIFs must be structural components of the same ODV to accomplish their function. Repairing of the respective genes into the pif-deletion bacmids could rescue the oral infectivity of the pif-deletion viruses. Calcofluor, which can damage the peritrophic membrane (PM), could not rescue the defects of the oral infectivity of the pif-deletion viruses, indicating that the PM is not likely to be the functional target of the PIFs.

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Oura, C. A. L., M. S. Denyer, H. Takamatsu y R. M. E. Parkhouse. "In vivo depletion of CD8+ T lymphocytes abrogates protective immunity to African swine fever virus". Journal of General Virology 86, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2005): 2445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81038-0.

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To understand the mechanisms involved in protective immunity to African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection, the observation that infection with the avirulent Portuguese ASFV isolate OUR/T88/3 protects outbred pigs from challenge with the virulent Portuguese ASFV isolate OUR/T88/1 was exploited. It was demonstrated that pigs exposed to OUR/T88/3 and then depleted of CD8+ lymphocytes were no longer fully protected from OUR/T88/1 challenge. This indicated that CD8+ lymphocytes play an important role in the protective immune response to ASFV infection and that anti-ASFV antibody alone, from OUR/T88/3 infection, was not sufficient to protect pigs from OUR/T88/1 challenge. Inbred pigs of the cc haplotype infected with OUR/T88/3 were not always protected from OUR/T88/1 challenge and developed both viraemia and fever. Such viraemia was always correlated with increased numbers of circulating CD8β + lymphocytes, indicating a specific role for CD8β + lymphocytes in combating viraemia. These experiments indicate an important role for CD8+ lymphocytes, particularly CD8β + lymphocytes, in ASF protective immunity.

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40

Bowden, Timothy R., John Bingham, Jennifer A. Harper y David B. Boyle. "Menangle virus, a pteropid bat paramyxovirus infectious for pigs and humans, exhibits tropism for secondary lymphoid organs and intestinal epithelium in weaned pigs". Journal of General Virology 93, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2012): 1007–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.038448-0.

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This study is the first report of experimental infection and transmission of Menangle virus (MenPV) in pigs. Isolated in 1997 from piglets that were stillborn at a large commercial piggery in New South Wales, Australia, MenPV is a recently identified paramyxovirus of bat origin that causes severe reproductive disease in pigs and an influenza-like illness, with a rash, in humans. Although successfully eradicated from the infected piggery, the virus was only isolated from affected fetuses and stillborn piglets during the period of reproductive disease, and thus the mode of transmission between pigs was not established. To investigate the pathogenesis of MenPV, we undertook time-course studies in 6-week-old pigs following intranasal administration of a low-passage, non-plaque-purified isolate from the lung of an infected stillborn piglet. Viraemia was of short duration and low titre, as determined by real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation. Following an incubation period of 2–3 days, virus was shed in nasal and oral secretions, faeces and urine, typically for less than 1 week. Cessation of shedding correlated with the development of neutralizing antibodies in sera. Secondary lymphoid organs and intestine were identified, using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, as major sites of viral replication and dissemination, and this was confirmed by positive immunolabelling of viral antigen within various lymphoid tissues and intestinal epithelium. These data provide new insights into the pathogenesis of MenPV in weaned pigs, and will facilitate future control and eradication programmes should it ever re-emerge in the pig population.

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Bui, Tammy, Jacob Kocher, Yanru Li, Ke Wen, Guohua Li, Fangning Liu, Xingdong Yang et al. "Median infectious dose of human norovirus GII.4 in gnotobiotic pigs is decreased by simvastatin treatment and increased by age". Journal of General Virology 94, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2013): 2005–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.054080-0.

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Human noroviruses (NoVs), a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, are difficult to study due to the lack of a cell-culture and a small-animal model. Pigs share with humans the types A and H histo-blood group antigens on the intestinal epithelium and have been suggested as a potential model for studies of NoV pathogenesis, immunity and vaccines. In this study, the effects of age and a cholesterol-lowering drug, simvastatin, on the susceptibility of pigs to NoV infection were evaluated. The median infectious dose (ID50) of a genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4) 2006b variant was determined. The ID50 in neonatal (4–5 days of age) pigs was ≤2.74×103 viral RNA copies. In older pigs (33–34 days of age), the ID50 was 6.43×104 but decreased to <2.74×103 in simvastatin-fed older pigs. Evidence of NoV infection was obtained by increased virus load in the intestinal contents, cytopathological changes in the small intestine, including irregular microvilli, necrosis and apoptosis, and detection of viral antigen in the tip of villi in duodenum. This GII.4 variant was isolated in 2008 from a patient from whom a large volume of stool was collected. GII.4 NoVs are continuously subjected to selective pressure by human immunity, and antigenically different GII.4 NoV variants emerge every 1–2 years. The determination of the ID50 of this challenge virus is valuable for evaluation of protection against different GII.4 variants conferred by NoV vaccines in concurrence with other GII.4 variants in the gnotobiotic pig model.

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Resendes, Ana R., Natàlia Majó, Joaquim Segalés, Enric Mateu, Maria Calsamiglia y Mariano Domingo. "Apoptosis in lymphoid organs of pigs naturally infected by porcine circovirus type 2". Journal of General Virology 85, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2004): 2837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80221-0.

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the involvement of apoptosis in the development of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) lymphoid-depletion lesions. Twenty-one pigs that were categorized into three different lesional severity stages (S1, n=5; S2, n=7; S3, n=9) and five healthy control pigs (stage S0) were used. From all pigs, samples of thymus, spleen, tonsil, ileum and superficial inguinal lymph node were processed for histological examination, in situ hybridization for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) detection and cleaved caspase-3 (CCasp3) immunohistochemistry for detection of apoptotic cells. PCV2 was quantified in serum samples by using TaqMan real-time PCR. CCasp3 labelling was measured in the different morphological compartments of all lymphoid tissues, using an automated system for quantification. Differences between each tissue compartment and lesional stage were assessed, as well as the correlation between apoptosis, lesional stage and viral load. Overall, the results indicated that the more intense the lymphoid depletion, the lower the rate of apoptosis. In the thymus, the cortex was the area where differences between PMWS-affected and control animals were more evident; it was found that all PMWS-affected pigs had significantly lower rates of apoptosis than the controls. In the secondary lymphoid organs, B-cell areas presented higher rates of apoptosis; similar apoptotic rates were found in this compartment in control and S1 pigs. In S2 and S3, B-cell areas were lost and the apoptotic pattern observed was a diffusely distributed low rate of positive cells. Significantly lower rates of apoptosis between PMWS-affected pigs and the control group were already evident in S1 for the thymus, spleen, superficial inguinal lymph node and Peyer's patches, but not for the tonsils. Apoptotic rates in lymphoid tissues were correlated inversely with viral load in serum and with severity of lesions. In conclusion, the results indicate that apoptosis is not a remarkable feature in PMWS lymphoid lesion development.

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Basu Thakur, Gautam. "Holes, Pits, and Caves: Empire, Ecology, and Ontology". Victoriographies 13, n.º 3 (noviembre de 2023): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2023.0506.

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This essay examines Rudyard Kipling’s ‘Strange Ride of Morrowbie Jukes’ (1885) and Arthur Conan Doyle’s ‘The Terror of Blue John Gap’ (1912) in order to discuss how representations of sudden entrapments of colonisers in uncanny chasms such as pits, holes, and caves evoke historical/generational memories of imperial trauma alongside unraveling fundamental truths about human ontology as irretrievably splintered and death driven.

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Tolpeko, I. V. y K. N. Tikhomirov. "Early Complexes of the Aylinka VIII Settlement". Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0266-0273.

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The article discusses the results of a reconnaissance study of the Aylinka VIII site, located on the right-bank terrace of the Shish River, the right tributary of the Irtysh River, in the territory of the village of Aylinka. During the work, materials from several cultural and chronological periods were revealed. The earliest complex is represented by fragments from thick-walled, flat-bottomed profiled dishes, ornamented mainly with shallow rounded indentations forming multidirectional straight lines. The section of the corolla is beveled inwards and slightly bent. The profile of the bottom part is concave, with a protrusion along the edge of the bottom, ornamented with indentations. Such ceramics have parallels in the materials of the sites from the Baraba forest-steppe, which were attributed by V.V. Bobrov to the Boborykino culture, and later by V.I. Molodin to the Baraba Early Neolithic culture (the 7th millennium BC). Another ceramic complex from the site is represented by fragments of vessels of the Ekaterininskaya culture, ornamented mainly by horizontal rows of oblique combed and smooth stamps and pits. The last of the early ceramics complexes contains flat-bottomed dishes of the Early Bronze Age, ornamented with a comb stamp. During the excavations, a collection of stone products was also obtained, which was represented mainly by the products made of quartzite (plates, scrapers), and a microplate made of jasper. The multilayered nature of the site and the priority choice of the studied habitat by the population during the Neolithic-Early Bronze Age were established. Probable pits of dwellings associated with early horizons of habitation have been identified. The Early Neolithic ceramic complex presented in the publication not only closes the gap between the Mesolithic and the Late Neolithic in the Middle Irtysh region, but also expands the area of distribution of the sites with flat-bottomed Neolithic ceramics in the southwestern Siberia. Its correlation with any archaeological culture is currently within the framework of the discussion that has unfolded in the recent years about the cultural affiliation of the complexes with flat-bottomed profiled Neolithic ceramics in the territory.

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Reyno, Sentina Rhea T., Loveille Jun A. Gonzaga y Elsa A. Gonzaga. "Anthelmintic efficacy of mango seed extract on porcine gastrointestinal nematodes". Veterinary Integrative Sciences 20, n.º 3 (20 de junio de 2022): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2022.038.

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The usual control for gastrointestinal parasites is the use of commercial anthelmintics. However, parasites are becoming more resistant due to the frequent and inappropriate use of these anthelmintics. As a result, alternatives for these anthelmintics are becoming increasingly widespread for deworming livestock, particularly those that come from natural sources. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of mango (var. Carabao) seed extract in reducing the egg per gram counts of common gastrointestinal nematodes in pigs and compare the efficacy with that of levamisole. Experimental animals were naturally infected pigs with Trichuris spp. and Strongyloides spp. being the most predominant. The animals were administered orally with a single dose of the mango seed extract at concentrations of 600, 700, and 800 mg per kg bodyweight. The extract, regardless of concentration, was able to decrease the epg counts. Within 14 days post-treatment, there was no significant difference in the efficacies in the administration of 800 mg extract per kg bodyweight and levamisole. This comparable efficacy was sustained until 28 days post-treatment. This significant in vivo anthelmintic activity may be attributed to the tannins and flavonoids present in the extract. These results indicate that the mango seed extract is effective in controlling and reducing the gastrointestinal nematodes in pigs and may have the potential to be further developed as an anthelmintic.

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Kittiwan, Nattinee, Pakpoom Tadee, Phacharaporn Tadee, Tunyamai Buawiratlert, Thanaporn Eiamsam-ang, Orawan Boonma, Suvichai Rojanasthien, Ben Pascoe y Prapas Patchanee Patchanee. "Identification of Streptococcus suis carriage in healthy pigs in Chiang Mai, Thailand". Veterinary Integrative Sciences 20, n.º 2 (9 de febrero de 2022): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2022.027.

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Streptococcus suis (S. suis) belongs to the critical streptococcal swine pathogens affecting financial losses in pig production globally and being concerned as a zoonotic bacterial that causes a severe invasive disease emerging in pigs and humans. Serotype 2 is considered the major serotype and is the most pathogenic S. suis obtained from human cases, and the healthy pigs are known as the major reservoir of S. suis. In this cross-sectional study, S. suis prevalence was conducted in live pigs from 111 farms across Chiang Mai, Thailand. S. suis carriage rate and serotypes were determined from the bacteriological and multiplex PCR method from tonsil swab samples. We found that 18.2% (138/760) of tonsil swab samples and 54.1% (60/111) of pig farms were positive to S. suis, and only one (0.72%) from 138 isolates was identified as serotype 9. Meanwhile, all the remains were identified as non-serotype ½/1/2/7/9/14 strains. In addition, there was an independent relation between age-ranged, farm types, and production systems with S. suis-positive rates at the farm level. The results indicate that both intensive and smallholder production systems can generally be the source of S. suis carriage. Therefore, implementing good husbandry practices and S. suis-infection predisposing factors limiting that appropriate for each farm type is essential to minimize the opportunities of S. suis outbreak in humans.

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Mekchay, Supamit, Worrarak Norseeda, Nanthana Pothakam, Guisheng Liu, Tawatchai Teltathum, Korawan Sringarm, Watcharapong Naraballobh, Trisadee Khamlor y Patcharin Krutmuang. "Association of FTH and EPOR gene polymorphisms with litter size traits in pigs". Veterinary Integrative Sciences 20, n.º 2 (9 de febrero de 2020): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2022.023.

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Ferritin heavy chain (FTH) and erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) are responsible for the iron homeostasis and the erythropoiesis that correlate to the reproductive systems. This study aimed to examine an association of the porcine FTH and EPOR genes with litter size traits in Large White and Landrace pigs. The porcine FTH g.9537834G > A was significantly associated with the total number born (TNB) trait in these pig populations (p < 0.05). The porcine FTH g.9537855T > C was significantly associated with the TNB trait in Large White sows (p < 0.05) as well as the TNB and the number of birth alive (NBA) traits in Landrace sows (p < 0.05). The porcine EPOR g.70066473C > T was significantly associated with the TNB trait in Large White sows (p < 0.05) as well as the TNB, NBA, and the number of piglets weaned alive (NWA) traits in Landrace sows (p < 0.05). Moreover, the accumulated favorable alleles of these three SNPs were increasingly associated with TNB trait in Large White sows (p < 0.05) and TNB, NBA, and NWA traits in Landrace sows (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that porcine FTH and EPOR genes may contribute to the reproductive processes of pigs with regards to litter size and confirm the importance of these genes as candidate genes for improving litter size in pigs.

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48

Shen, Hui-Gang, Patrick G. Halbur y Tanja Opriessnig. "Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of the current porcine circovirus 2 genotypes after implementation of widespread vaccination programmes in the USA". Journal of General Virology 93, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2012): 1345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.039552-0.

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To determine the prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) genotypes in the USA during 2010–2011, 5 years after widespread PCV2 vaccination, serum samples from clinically normal pigs that were PCV2 vaccinated (n = 1177), non-vaccinated (n = 378) or of unknown vaccination status (n = 120), and 100 lung samples from pigs diagnosed with PCV-associated disease (PCVAD) were tested. The presence of PCV2, PCV1, PCV1-2a and porcine parvovirus (PPV) DNA was determined by PCR. Determination of the PCV2 genotype was done by differential PCR and sequencing. The prevalence of PCV2a and PCV2b in serum samples was 7.7 % (129/1675) and 8.4 % (141/1675), respectively. PCV2a DNA was only detected in non-vaccinated pigs. For the 100 PCVAD pigs, the prevalence of PCV2a and PCV2b in lung tissues was 13.0 and 65.0 %, respectively. Partial PCV2 ORF2 sequences (9–563 nt) were obtained from 85 PCV2 DNA-positive samples (24 normal pigs and 61 PCVAD cases). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 12.9 % (11/85) of the sequences belonged to the 2E clade and the PCV2a genotype and 87.1 % (74/85) belonged to the 1B clade and the PCV2b genotype. The alignment of putative PCV2 capsid amino acid sequences revealed possible recombination or mutation between PCV2a and PCV2b genotypes. Chimeric PCV1-2a was not detected in any of the samples and the prevalence rates of PCV1 and PPV were low. Our results suggest PCV2b is more prevalent than PCV2a in PCVAD cases and in vaccinated herds PCV2b circulation is common. The data generated in this study provide novel information on the distribution of PCV2 genotypes in vaccinated pig populations.

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Kekarainen, Tuija, Angel Gonzalez, Anna Llorens y Joaquim Segalés. "Genetic variability of porcine circovirus 2 in vaccinating and non-vaccinating commercial farms". Journal of General Virology 95, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2014): 1734–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.065318-0.

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Vaccines against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) are now widely used to control the diseases caused by the virus. Although the vaccines protect pigs against the disease, they do not lead to sterilizing immunity and therefore infections with PCV2 continue in farms. It is expected that, due to its high evolutionary rate, PCV2 can adapt quickly to environmental pressures such as vaccination. The goal of this study was to elucidate the molecular variation of PCV2 in relation to vaccination. PCV2 variability was investigated from samples of infected pigs from five farms where vaccination had never been applied and two farms where pigs had been vaccinated for at least 2 years. For the genetic analysis, full PCV2 genomes were amplified and subsequently pooled by vaccination status from serum of eight vaccinated, infected pigs and 16 non-vaccinated, infected pigs. Variability of viral populations was quantified using next-generation sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics analysis. The number of segregating sites was similar in the non-vaccinated (n = 109) and vaccinated pools (n = 96), but the distribution of these sites in the genome differed. Most notably, in the capsid gene, the number of segregating sites was observed only in the non-vaccinated population. Based on the structural analysis, it is expected that some low-frequency amino acids result in biologically low-fit viruses. On the contrary, D294 in replicase represents a novel amino acid which was dominant and unique in the vaccinated pool. This work showed that variable PCV2 populations were circulating in commercial farms, and that this variability was different in samples obtained from vaccinating and non-vaccinating farms.

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Díaz, I., L. Darwich, G. Pappaterra, J. Pujols y E. Mateu. "Immune responses of pigs after experimental infection with a European strain of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus". Journal of General Virology 86, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 2005): 1943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80959-0.

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The purpose of this experiment was to study the immune response of pigs during an experimental infection with a European strain of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Five pigs were challenged intranasally with PRRSV strain VP21 and another five were kept as controls. Clinical course and humoral and cell-mediated responses were monitored for 70 days post-infection (p.i.). Infected pigs developed mild signs at 24 h p.i. Viraemia was detectable by nested RT-PCR until day 14 p.i. Earliest seroconversions (ELISA) were seen by day 7 p.i. (three of five animals) and, by day 14, all inoculated pigs had seroconverted (ELISA and immunoperoxidase monolayer assay). Virus-neutralizing antibodies were undetectable until day 56 p.i. and, by day 70 p.i., two inoculated pigs still were negative. Flow-cytometry assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showed an upshift in CD8+ cells (day 7 p.i.) and a downshift of CD21+ cells (days 7 and 28 p.i.). Regarding cell-mediated responses, development of PRRSV-specific gamma interferon-secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) and interleukin 4-secreting cells (IL4-SC) in PBMC was examined by ELISPOT assay. IFN-γ-SC were not detected significantly until day 14 p.i., whereas, for IL4-SC, no differences between groups were seen. Concurrently with the onset of viraemia and the development of clinical signs, serum haptoglobin levels and interleukin 10 (IL10) in PRRSV-stimulated PBMC-culture supernatants increased significantly. These differences disappeared later on. For IL2, IL4, IL8 or transforming growth factor beta, no differences were seen among groups. These results are compatible with a model in which the immune response does not fully control the outcome of the infection.

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