Tesis sobre el tema "Pionieri"

Con questa tesi si intende ricostruire la recente storia del restauro nella città di Treviso, attraverso il recupero di alcuni episodi significativi, nel quadro legislativo e teorico in ambito di tutela e restauro dei Beni Culturali di riferimento. In primo luogo si analizza la figura dell’abate Luigi Bailo (Treviso 1835 – 1932), attivo protagonista della scena culturale di Treviso, il quale concorse all'istituzione di enti che ancora oggi permettono la conservazione e la tutela di alcuni edifici storici della città. Fondamentale fu il ruolo svolto nella salvaguardia di alcune opere rilevanti e nella diffusione di una sensibilità nell’ambito della tutela del patrimonio. Importante fu il coinvolgimento di nuove leve. Tra queste, ad esempio, spiccò Girolamo Botter (Treviso, 1855 – 1929) che diede il via a quattro generazioni di restauratori e di artisti: di grande interesse furono i lavori di restauro realizzati dal figlio, Mario (Treviso, 1896 – 1978) che assieme al nipote Girolamo (Treviso 1930 – 2010), compirono fortuiti ritrovamenti e interessanti restauri tra cui la scoperta degli affreschi nell’ex chiesa di Santa Caterina, danneggiati in seguito ai bombardamenti del 7 aprile 1944. La terza sezione della tesi è a sua volta suddivisa in due parti. Da un lato consiste nell’analisi di alcuni esempi significativi di restauro, realizzati a partire dal secondo dopoguerra ad oggi che sono: il restauro di Casa dei Carraresi e Ca' dei Brittoni del 1987 promosso da Fondazione Cassamarca; il restauro della chiesa di San Teonisto del 2017 ad opera di Fondazione Benetton Studi Ricerche. Dall’altro lato nella presentazione di un progetto di valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali che sfrutta le nuove tecnologie per la digitalizzazione, la catalogazione e la fruizione: Treviso Urbs Picta. Progetto di catalogazione e fruizione digitale delle occorrenze iconografiche di affreschi sulle facciate degli edifici della città.

Questo lavoro di ricerca ha come obbiettivo dimostrare in che modo l’approccio critico di Walter Benjamin possa essere considerato pioneristico rispetto ai Material Studies, ampia categoria di indagini contemporanee che hanno il comune obbiettivo di costruire il proprio oggetto epistemico a partire dalla datità, tenendo da conto tanto l’aspetto espressivo quanto quello culturale della materia. Senza distinguere tra i corpi della natura e i corpi della cultura, queste ricerche applicano la “delicata empiria” di memoria goetheana. Per questa ragione, la lettura antesignana di Benjamin può essere compresa alla luce della morfologia, intesa come paradigma epistemico che pone in analogia gli organismi viventi e gli artefatti alla luce della valenza euristica che il dato assume nelle ricerche materialistiche di oggi.
The aim of this research is to demonstrate how Benjamin’s critical approach to Material Studies could be considered pioneering. It is referred to all kind of contemporary researches in which epistemic object is constructed from data considering its material as well as its expressive value. Without differing between natural and cultural bodies, these researches use the Goethe’s “delicate empiricism”. Therefore the precursor Benjamin’s method could be understood in the light of morphology in which organisms and artefacts are in analogy because they have the same heuristic value as the data in materialistic current studies.

Questo lavoro di ricerca ha come obbiettivo dimostrare in che modo l’approccio critico di Walter Benjamin possa essere considerato pioneristico rispetto ai Material Studies, ampia categoria di indagini contemporanee che hanno il comune obbiettivo di costruire il proprio oggetto epistemico a partire dalla datità, tenendo da conto tanto l’aspetto espressivo quanto quello culturale della materia. Senza distinguere tra i corpi della natura e i corpi della cultura, queste ricerche applicano la “delicata empiria” di memoria goetheana. Per questa ragione, la lettura antesignana di Benjamin può essere compresa alla luce della morfologia, intesa come paradigma epistemico che pone in analogia gli organismi viventi e gli artefatti alla luce della valenza euristica che il dato assume nelle ricerche materialistiche di oggi.
The aim of this research is to demonstrate how Benjamin’s critical approach to Material Studies could be considered pioneering. It is referred to all kind of contemporary researches in which epistemic object is constructed from data considering its material as well as its expressive value. Without differing between natural and cultural bodies, these researches use the Goethe’s “delicate empiricism”. Therefore the precursor Benjamin’s method could be understood in the light of morphology in which organisms and artefacts are in analogy because they have the same heuristic value as the data in materialistic current studies.

Thesis (M.A.)--Columbia Biblical Seminary and Graduate School of Missions, Externes Studienzentrum Korntal, 1998.
Abstrakt. Includes photocopy of The remarkable work achieved by Rev. Dr. Mark C. Hayford... / by Alfred Tildsley, 1926. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-211).

L'elaborato cercherà di esplorare, dopo una breve un'analisi del fenomeno migratorio globale e il quadro normativo, ciò che avviene quando persone apparentemente "diverse" (migranti e non) riducono le loro distanze fisiche ma non solo e si conoscono. Si farà ciò unendo gli stimoli intellettuali, concreti e propositivi, di Alexander Langer e del suo "Tentativo di decalogo per la convivenza inter-etnica" riportandoli alla realtà esperienziale della città di Treviso e di un progetto (SPRAR,Sistema di protezione di richiedenti asilo e riugiati) avviato nel settembre 2016 volto alla micro accoglienza. Attraverso l'osservazione partecipante, interviste dialogiche e raccolta di materiale prodotto dai media locali e non si cercherà di creare un quadro di questa interazione e di cosa succede quando questa avviene.

Georg Naumann (1901 Radeberg-1978 Upper Wells/ Kanada). Bekannt und berühmt wurde Georg Naumann, der gemeinsam als Partner von Max Hinsche mit ihm nach Kanada ging, als Trapper und Pionier bei der frühen lokalen Auffindung und Nutzung der kanadischen Öl- und Erdgasvorkommen im nördlichen Einzugsgebiet des Athabasca River in der Prärieprovinz Alberta. Zunehmend wurde er zum Naturwissenschaftler, der in den bisher unerschlossenen Gebieten am Athabasca River die Öl- und Erdgasvorkommen des Sandes nutzte und bewusst einsetzte.

In der Diskussion um die internationale Rolle Europas ist die Gemeinsame Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik (GASP) Gegenstand häufiger Kontroversen. Ist die EU-Außenpolitik „das blutärmste Produkt der europäischen Integration“ (Kagan 2002) oder gar Beleg für eine wachsende Kluft zwischen Erwartungen und Fähigkeiten (Hill 1998)? Deutlich im Gedächtnis ist noch die Zerrissenheit und Einflusslosigkeit der europäischen Außenpolitik während des Irakkrieges 2003. Sind entsprechende Bemühungen der EU also nicht der Rede wert? Sind die Vorschläge zu Reformen der Verfahren und Institutionen, wie sie der Europäische Konvent zur Zukunft Europas und die anschließende Regierungskonferenz zuletzt vorlegten1, nur Sandkastenspielzeug für Politikwissenschaftler? Oder verspricht der geplante Verfassungsvertrag den strategischen Durchbruch, der die EU zu einem wirklichen außen- und sicherheitspolitischen Akteur im internationalen System werden lässt?
The institutional set up of the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) has been a highly controversial issue on the agenda since its creation. In light of the forthcoming enlargement, the European Convention proposed an institutional reform of the CFSP in July 2003. The reform envisages, among other things, the establishment of an Union minister for foreign affairs instead of the rotating presidency. The hybrid institutional nature of the CFSP makes prognoses very difficult, especially with regard to the division of labour within the EU. New flexible modes of cooperation may become a common feature in the EU-25. „Structured cooperation“ is likely to strengthen EU crisis management.

This dissertation examines detective novels for children and young adults written and published in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The aim of the thesis is to study how the genre developed under the conditions of a socialist society. The analysis of the 66 texts included in the corpus is based on a socio-historical approach assuming that dialogical interdependencies between texts and society exist and can be verified. Central to the analytical work with the texts is the thesis that detective novels written for young readers reflect the socio-political development in East-German society. It shows, however, that—because of their strong didactic impetus—the texts did generally not, like detective novels for adults, develop into a forum for socio-critical discussions. In the diachronic development, which extends from the beginning in the Soviet occupation zone to the post-reunification period, it is shown that changing socio-political conditions interact with the texts, which becomes particularly obvious in the changing presentation of the detectives and criminals. Studying the texts, the dissertation presents basic research and an overview of the genre. Ten texts from the corpus are subject to a detailed analysis in order to deepen the general insights with examples. This way, different aspects of detective novels for children and young adults in the GDR are emphasized, e.g. the interaction between text and illustration. The embedding of figures in a socialist community produces further motives frequently occurring in the texts such as: the Heimat motive or the anti-fascist society. Although the majority of the texts do not go beyond stereotypical representations of characters, criminal cases, and locations—and hence demonstrate the close link between (normative) ideas of society and their literary implementation—the body of texts contains some innovative exceptions in which the social development is questioned and even cautiously criticized.

To determine the situation concerning the scientific paradigms in archaeology, a study of literature was undertaken. This was appropriate to establish the most suitable paradigm for historical-archaeological research, as the paradigms were mainly applied to prehistorical archaeology in the past and could not be simply applied to historical archaeology. Other aspects that were studied were the dimensions of science, heritage resources management, the definition and state of historical archaeology, historiography and methodology. These were studied to define historical archaeology and to place it within the framework of the dimensions of science and historical research. In this way research and heritage resources management requirements were established. From the investigation it appeared that five paradigms could be applied to historical archaeology, namely the Cultural historical, Cultural process, Structuralist, Contextual and Neo-Marxist. The last three is sometimes jointly called the Post-process paradigm. The Contextual paradigm proved to be the most suitable and was applied to five case studies of historical-archaeological research to test its suitability. The other paradigms were judged with regard to the result of this application. The case studies, from northern Gauteng, reflect aspects of the lifestyle of whites between approximately 1840 and 1940. These are the Lucas Bronkhorst ruin, Church Street water furrow, Melrose House's footpaths, Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum's 1913 house and Pioneer Museum's Edwardian house. It became clear from the application that the majority of the paradigms could be utilized to an extent. One of the paradigms had a larger applicability, namely the Contextual paradigm. It was however clear that this paradigm had to be extended to address the requirements of heritage resources management. This extended paradigm, known as the Heritage Resources Management paradigm, is explained. Consequently the conclusion of the study is that the Contextual paradigm is the most suitable paradigm for use in historical-archaeological research. The application thereof in historical archaeology should provide a fundamental theoretical substructure to give historical archaeology its rightful place in the science of archaeology. By extending it (the Heritage Resources Management paradigm) it is possible to address the requirements and aims of heritage resources management, historical archaeology and research requirements. AFRIKAANS : 'n Literatuurstudie met betrekking tot wetenskapsdimensies, erfenishulpbronbestuur, die definiering van historiese argeologiese, die stand van historiese argeologie, wetenskaplike paradigmas in die argeologie, historiografie en metodeleer is onderneem, ten einde die stand daarvan te bepaal en om vas te stel watter paradigma toepaslik vir histories-argeologiese navorsing is. Sodanige ondersoek is van belang geag, daar die paradigmas hoofsaaklik op prehistoriese argeologie gefokus is en nie sonder meer op histories-argeologiese navorsing toegepas kon word nie. Die bykomende aspekte wat nagevors is, is bestudeer sodat historiese argeologie gedefinieer en binne die raamwerk van wetenskapsdimensies en historiese navorsing geplaas kon word. Navorsings- en erfenishulpbronbestuursbehoeftes is ook op hierdie wyse vasgestel. Uit die ondersoek het dit geblyk dat daar vyf paradigmas is wat moontlik in die historiese argeologie aangewend kan word, naamlik die Kultuurhistoriese, Kultuurproses-, Strukturalistiese, Kontekstuele en Neo-Marxistiese. Laasgenoemde drie word soms ook gesamentlik die Post-proses-paradigma genoem. Hiervan het die Kontekstuele paradigma die mees toepaslike geblyk te wees. Hierdie paradigma is op vyf gevallestudies van histories-argeologiese navorsing aangewend ten einde die toepaslikheid daarvan te toets. Die ander paradigmas is aan die hand hiervan gemeet. Die vyf gevallestudies kom almal uit noordelike Gauteng en weerspieel verskillende aspekte van die lewenswyse van blankes tussen ongeveer 1840 en 1940 in die gebied. Die gevallestudies is die Lucas Bronkhorstruine, Kerkstraat-watervoor, Melrosehuis se voetpaadjies, Willem Prinsloo Landboumuseum se 1913-huis en die Pionier Museum se Edwardiaanse huis en eendedam. Uit die toepassing was dit duidelik dat die meerderheid van die paradigmas slegs in 'n geringe mate benut kon word. Slegs een paradigma het 'n groter toepassingswaarde gehad, naamlik die Kontekstuele paradigma. Dit was egter duidelik dat hierdie paradigma uitgebrei moes word ten einde ook die behoeftes van erfenishulpbronbestuur aan te spreek. Hierdie uitbreiding, bekend as die Erfenishulpbronbestuursparadigma, is ten slotte verduidelik. Gevolglik is die slotsom waartoe geraak word: die Kontekstuele paradigma, word beskou as die mees geskikste paradigma waarbinne navorsing in die historiese argeologie aangepak behoort te word. Die toepassing hiervan in die historiese argeologie sal daaraan 'n fundamentele teoretiese onderbou voorsien en sodoende die historiese argeologie sy regmatige plek in die vakwetenskap argeologie laat inneem. Deur dit uit te bou (die Erfenishulpbronbestuurparadigma), is dit moontlik om die behoeftes van erfenishulpbronbestuur, bo en behalwe die doelwitte van historiese argeologie en die navorsingsbehoeftes aan te spreek.
Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2000.
Anthropology and Archaeology
unrestricted

A detailed study of ovipositor morphology in Ctenopelmatinae (Ichneumonidae) is provided and used to assess the evolutionary patterns of the Ophioniformes, Ctenopelmatinae, and more specifically the tribe Pionini (Ctenoplmatinae). Ovipositor morphology also provided a foundation for a generic revision of Hodostates Foerster, 1869. Monophyly of Ophioniformes, as defined by Gauld and Wahl, is not supported by research provided in this thesis. Morphological characters previously used to unite Ophioniformes are also found in non-ophioniform subfamilies, leaving the ophioniformes without a morphological synapomorphy. Research on the tribe Pionini, as currently defined by Townes, led to the hypothesis that pionines are polyphyletic with likely evolutionary affinities including, but not limited to, Mesoleiini and Perilissini. The genus Hodostates Foerster, 1869 has been revised. Work presented in this thesis is the first comprehensive comparison of both Nearctic and European species. This study resulted in the transfer of Hodostates schaffneri Hinz, 1996b to Lethades Davis.

This study deals with modern mission history in north eastern Africa. When the rigid Islamistic Mahdi regime in the Sudan was defeated by an Anglo-Egyptian army in 1898, H G Guinness and K Kumm came to Aswan and initiated the Sudan Pionier Mission (SPM) in 1900. The SPM had its spiritual roots in the Holiness Movement and became an interdenominational German-based faith mission. Although the SPM was started in Aswan to advance from there to the south to evangelize animistic people groups in the Eastern Sudan, the SPM actually consolidated its work in and around Aswan for internal and external reasons. Thus, the focus of the SPM shifted from an animistic to an Islamic audience with a special emphasis on the Nile-Nubians occupying the Nile valley between Aswan and Dongola. This study contributes generally to the historiography of the SPM between 1990 until 1966 and analyzes especially the development of the SPM into a mission among the Nile-Nubians during this period. The ethnic groups of the Nile-Nubians will be introduced and their historical, political, social, economic, linguistic and religious situation will be presented. This thesis further describes the topographical development of the SPM and its missiological approach. A special emphasis is given to the life story of the Kunuuzi Nubian convert Samu’iil Ali Hiseen (SAH-1863-1900) and his multifaceted contribution to the work of the SPM. SAH was the first Nubian evangelist in modern times and the major stakeholder of the Nubian vision. Neither the history of the SPM as “Nubian Mission” nor the life and work of SAH have been researched and presented before.
Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
D. Th. (Missiology)

This study deals with Francisco G. Penzotti, a Bible colporteur and church planter, opening in 1888 in Peru a branch of the American Bible Society. But the Peruvian con-stitution prohibited any public, non-Catholic religious activities. The country's situation for decades had been confrontation between clerical conserva-tism and progressive liberal forces, thus dividing Peruvian society. Penzotti became a catalyst in this confrontation at a time of critical importance, thus revealing the frailty of the Roman Catholicism as an integrating force in this society. He becomes a "human interface" in the struggle for tolerance and freedom of worship, involving the participa-tion of important sectors of Peruvian society. This paper describes the historical background and Protestant activities prior to Pen-zotti, then his work and person. A missiological summary interprets Penzottis success, acting as a human link between two distinct eras and clearing the way for a future of tolerance and religious freedom in Peru.
Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
M. Th. (Missiology)

Celem pracy jest określenie związków pionowych gradientów prędkości wiatru na Pomorzu Zachodnim i Pogórzu Ciężkowickim z cyrkulacją atmosferyczną oraz warunków cyrkulacyjnych sprzyjającym ich skrajnie małym i skrajnie dużym wartościom. Do obliczenia pionowych gradientów prędkości wiatru wykorzystano średnie 10-minutowe prędkości wiatru z 50-metrowego masztu w Żeńsku (2008-2009) i 40-metrowego masztu w Ciężkowicach (VI 2008-V 2010). Wyznaczono skrajne wartości pionowych gradientów prędkości wiatru (≤ 0,1i ≥ 0,9 percentyla). Cyrkulację atmosferyczną opisano za pomocą wskaźnika wirowości na powierzchni izobarycznej 700 i 1000 hPa, składowych poziomego gradientu ciśnienia, prędkości wiatru geostroficznego i jego składowych, a także typów cyrkulacji według klasyfikacji Niedźwiedzia i Lityńskiego. Do określenia związków pionowych gradientów prędkości wiatru z wskaźnikami cyrkulacji atmosferycznej wykorzystano współczynnik korelacji Spearmana i regresję wielokrotną. Obliczono pionowe gradienty prędkości wiatruw typach cyrkulacji, a także prawdopodobieństwo warunkowe wystąpienia skrajnych wartości pionowych gradientów prędkości wiatru. Obliczono także moc wiatru i produkcję energii elektrycznej w Ciężkowicach i Żeńsku. Do określenia wpływu cyrkulacji atmosferycznej na moc wiatru wykorzystano takie same metody i wskaźniki cyrkulacji atmosferycznej jak przy pionowych gradientach prędkości wiatru. Średni roczny gradient prędkości wiatru w Żeńsku wyniósł 0,33 m∙s-1,a w Ciężkowicach 0,57 m∙s-1. Skrajnie dużym pionowym gradientom prędkości wiatru sprzyjało cykloniczne ukształtowanie powierzchni izobarycznej. Stwierdzono istotne związki pionowych gradientów prędkości wiatru z prędkością wiatru geostroficznego i składowymi poziomego gradientu ciśnienia. Średnia roczna moc wiatru w Żeńsku wyniosła 201,8 W∙m-2,a produkcja energii elektrycznej 1764 kWh∙rok-1. W Ciężkowicach była mniejsza odpowiednio 79 W∙m-2 i 692 kWh∙rok-1.
The aim of this study is to determine the relationships between changes in vertical wind profile in Western Pomerania and Ciężkowice Piedmont and circulation conditions and air masses conducive to extremely high / low wind speed gradient. To calculate vertical wind speed gradient, average 10 minute wind speeds from a 50 m high mast in Żeńsko (2008-2009) and 40 m high mast in Ciężkowice (VI 2008-V 2010) were used. Extreme vertical wind speed gradient values were marked (≤ 0,1 and ≥ 0,9 percentile). The circulation was described using the local rates: vorticity rate at the 700 and 1000 hPa isobaric surfaces, the components of the horizontal pressure gradient and the speed of geostrophic wind and its components. The Spearman correlation coefficient and linear and multiple regression were used to determine the relationships between vertical wind speed gradient and the circulation indicators. The vertical wind speed gradient was calculated for the different types of air masses, as well as the conditional probability of the occurrence of extreme vertical wind speed values. Also wind power and electricity production in Ciężkowice and Żeńsko were calculated. To determine the effect of local atmospheric circulation on the amount of electricity generated from wind energy was use the same methods and atmospheric circulation indicators as with vertical wind speed gradient.The average annual vertical wind speed gradient in Żeńsko was 0,33 m∙s-1 and0,57 m∙s-1 in Ciężkowice. High vertical wind speed gradient throughout the year were promoted by the cyclonic shaping of isobaric surfaces. There was also a significant relationship between changes in vertical wind profile, the components of the horizontal pressure gradient as well as the components and speed of the geostrophic wind speed. The average annual wind power in Żeńsko was 201,8 W∙m-2, while the average electricity production was 1764 kWh∙year-1 and in Ciężkowice 79 W∙m-2 and 692 kWh∙year-1.

Dzieciństwo uważane jest za bardzo istotny okres rozwojowy w życiu człowieka, determinujący jego następne lata i wybory życiowe. Poprzez obserwację zachowań dorosłych dziecko nabywa umiejętności oraz adaptuje podstawowe wartości, obowiązujące normy i przekonania, przyswaja systemy symboli kulturowych regulujących życie społeczne. Proces ten prowadzi do ukształtowania osobowości, charakteru i światopoglądu dziecka oraz wpływa na jego przystosowanie do życia w kulturze. Kolejne systemy polityczne w dwudziestowiecznej Rosji odwoływały się do odmiennych porządków aksjologicznych. Zróżnicowane były również koncepcje estetyczne koncentrujące się na kategorii dzieciństwa. W okresie przedrewolucyjnym dzieciństwo było przedmiotem mitologizacji, co wynikało ze zwrotu kultury początku XX wieku w kierunku tego, co pierwotne, niezdeformowane przez mieszczańską moralność. Przełom wieków przyniósł powszechne zainteresowanie mitem. Zwrot ku mitologii ludów pierwotnych łączył się z zainteresowaniem kręgiem wartości kultury dziecięcej. Efektem owych inspiracji były prace poświęcone językowi i psychologii dziecka (teoria rozwoju poznawczego, animistycznego myślenia dziecka autorstwa Jeana Piageta). Sztukę dziecięcą zaczęto postrzegać jako wartość kulturową. W rzeczywistości radzieckiej dzieci traktowane były jako plastyczny „materiał”, służący do uformowania „nowego człowieka radzieckiego”. Ideolodzy partyjni przywiązywali szczególną uwagę do kształtowania charakteru dziecka poprzez zideologizowaną twórczość, przeznaczoną dla najmłodszych odbiorców. Kreacja mitów na użytek propagandy była powszechnym zjawiskiem w przestrzeni radzieckiej subkultury dziecięcej. Upadek Związku Radzieckiego przyniósł westernizację kultury rosyjskiej. Kultura masowa zawładnęła podatnymi na jej wpływ młodymi odbiorcami. Rezultatem przemian polityczno-społecznych był problem marginalizacji części najmłodszego pokolenia. Powyższe zjawiska wskazują na istotny związek między obowiązującymi w danym systemie polityczno-społecznym wartościami i normami kulturowymi a stosunkiem do subkultury dziecięcej. Przedmiotem badań w rozprawie była kategoria dzieciństwa w rosyjskiej kulturze XX wieku (w analizie uwzględniano również informacje dotyczące postrzegania kluczowego zagadnienia w kulturze emigracji rosyjskiej). Problematyka badawcza pracy obejmowała kulturowe, społeczne i polityczne aspekty problemu dzieciństwa traktowanego jako temat kulturowy w rozumieniu Morrisa E. Oplera. W pracy Tematy jako dynamiczne siły w kulturze (Themes as Dynamic Forces in Culture) uczony twierdził, iż w każdej kulturze występuje określona liczba tzw. tematów, dynamicznych stwierdzeń, które zdefiniował jako postulaty względnie stanowiska, głoszone otwarcie lub milcząco sugerowane, zwykle kontrolujące zachowanie lub pobudzające do działania. Celem badań było udowodnienie hipotezy, iż uzasadnione jest mówienie o dzieciństwie jako o rosyjskim temacie kulturowym w XX wieku oraz potraktowanie owego tematu jako jednego z możliwych kluczy do zrozumienia swoistości kultury rosyjskiej. W pracy przyjęto założenie, że istnieją różne rodzaje dzieciństwa, które stanowi produkt kultury. Pierwszym krokiem postępowania badawczego było zarysowanie wizji dzieciństwa w rosyjskich teoriach pedagogicznych. Rozpatrywane były różne konfiguracje norm wychowania i socjalizacji dziecka, a także kreowane wzory zachowań, wpływające na osobowość dziecka. We wspomnieniach dzieci wyodrębniono elementy dziecięcej percepcji świata oraz wyeksplikowano dziecięce postrzeganie sytuacji krańcowych, których dzieci stały się uczestnikami. We wspomnieniach dorosłych poszukiwana była odpowiedź na pytanie, w jaki sposób przeżycia związane z dzieciństwem oraz proces integrowania doświadczeń wpłynęły na światopogląd i osobowość autorów. Kolejnym analizowanym zagadnieniem było radzieckie dzieciństwo zideologizowane rozumiane jako poddawany mitologizacji fenomen socjokulturowy. Ukazane zostały mechanizmy formowania „nowego człowieka radzieckiego”. Zebrany materiał przekonuje, że reorganizacja zewnętrznego i wewnętrznego życia dzieci, psychiczne okaleczanie najmłodszych, ambiwalencja moralna i kulturowa były wpisane w paradygmat straconego dzieciństwa, obejmujący takie ograniczenia tematu kulturowego, jak dzieciństwo na wojnie, dzieciństwo w łagrze i osierocone dzieciństwo. Badane były również problemy i zagrożenia dzieci w dwudziestowiecznej Rosji, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zjawiska bezprizornosti oraz marginalizacji, traktowanych jako skutki przemian społeczno-politycznych. Analizie poddany został także wpływ kultury masowej na świadomość dziecięcą. Twórczość dla dzieci potraktowana została jako podstawowy, sformalizowany, materialny przejaw tematu kulturowego. Analizie poddano promowane wartości, ideały wychowawcze, funkcje ideologiczne i propagandowe w literaturze dziecięcej oraz bajkach animowanych dla dzieci. Poruszone zagadnienia stanowiły podstawę do ukazania wpływu tematu dzieciństwa na rosyjską konfigurację kultury. Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają lepiej zrozumieć zarówno specyfikę dzieciństwa w rosyjskiej przestrzeni kulturowej w XX wieku w perspektywie kulturoznawczej oraz analizowaną w zobiektywizowanych kategoriach specyfikę rosyjskiej kultury XX wieku. Rozprawa eksponuje wpływ tematu dzieciństwa na rosyjską konfigurację kultury oraz jego relacje z innymi rosyjskimi tematami kulturowymi, m.in. tematem pracy, tematem kolektywizmu, tematem obrony ojczyzny, tematem wolności, tematem relacji między jednostką a zbiorowością. Przeprowadzone badania dowiodły, że temat dzieciństwa przejawiał się w licznych aspektach kultury rosyjskiej, m.in. w literaturze faktu, literaturze pięknej, filmie, plastyce, pedagogice, filozofii, publicystyce, polityce, wojskowości, systemie penitencjarnym. Podjęte rozważania prowadzą do wniosku, że temat dzieciństwa może być potraktowany jako swoisty klucz interpretacyjny, stanowiący jedną z możliwych prób poznania i zrozumienia kultury rosyjskiej.
Childhood is regarded as a very important period of development in human life: it determines the following years and life choices. Through observation of adult’s behaviour the child gains skills and adapts basic values, norms and believes, learns the systems of cultural symbols regulating social life. This process shapes personality, character and world outlook and influences the child’s adaptation to life in culture. Consecutive political systems in the 20th century Russia referred to different axiological systems. Likewise esthetic concepts concentrated on childhood had undergone differentiation. During the prerevolutionary period childhood was a matter of mythologization, based at the beginning of the 20th century on a desire to establish a culture free from deformations caused by bourgeois morality. The turn of the century brought a wide interest in myths. The rise of interest in mythology of primordial people draw attention to the values of children’s culture. These inspirations resulted in the works devoted to the language and child’s psychology (theory of cognitive development, animistic thinking by Jean Piaget). Child’s art started being perceived as a culture value. In Soviet everyday life a child was regarded as a flexible material able to become a “new Soviet man”. The official party ideologists paid special attention to shaping children’s characters through ideologized arts targeting the youngest consumers. Creating myths intended for propaganda was a general occurrence in the space of Soviet children’s subculture. The fall of the USSR caused westernization of Russian culture. Mass culture possessed complaisant consumers. As a result of political and social changes some part of the youngest generation was marginalized. The above stated remarks denote the crucial dependence between the common values and cultural norms in the given socio-political system and the attitudes to children’s subculture. The subject of the research presented in the dissertation, is the category of childhood in Russian culture of the 20th century. (The analyzes takes into account key phenomena emerging in Russia, as well as these characteristic for the culture of Russian emigration). The research comprised cultural, social and political aspects of childhood as a cultural theme as seen by Morris E. Opler. According to Opler, in every culture we can come across a limited number of dynamic affirmations (themes). As stated by the author of Themes as Dynamic Forces in Culture “the term "theme" is used here in a technical sense to denote a postulate or position, declared or implied, and usually controlling behavior or stimulating activity, which is tacitly approved or openly promoted in a society”. The main goal of the research was to check the hypothesis that we can regard childhood as Russian cultural theme of the 20th century and use that theme as one of possible key concepts to understand specific character of that culture. An assumption has been made that there are different kinds of childhood regarded as a product of culture. The first step in the research was an outline of the vision of childhood in Russian pedagogical theories. Several configurations of upbringing and socialization were presented. In the analyzes of children’s memories the understanding of revolution changes and critical situations in which children participated were explicated. The memories of adults revealed the way of adoption of childhood experiences in the world view and personalities of the authors. The next problem taken into account was the Soviet ideologized childhood perceived as a socio-cultural phenomena. The mechanisms of shaping the “new Soviet man” from early childhood were pointed out. Gathered material proves that reorganization of internal and external life of children, mental injuries of the youngest, moral and cultural ambivalence were integrated in the paradigm of “the lost childhood” including such limiting factors of the cultural theme as childhood at the war, childhood in the concentration camp and orphans’ childhood. Problems and threats for children in the 20th century Russia with a specific emphasis on the homelessness (besprizornost’) and marginalization were regarded as the consequences of social changes. The impact of the mass culture on children’s consciousness was the subject of consideration. The art works for children were treated as a primary, formalized, material expression of the cultural theme. Popularized values, educational ideals, ideological and propagandistic functions of the art targeting the youngest in children’s literature and animated fairy tales for children were taken into consideration. Presented issues revealed the impact of childhood theme on Russian configuration of culture. The undertaken research reveals specific character of childhood in Russian cultural space of the 20th century as seen from the perspective of cultural studies and points out to specific features of Russian culture of the 20th century in general either. The influence of childhood theme on Russian configuration of culture and its relations with other Russian cultural themes was indicated (such as, for instance: the work theme, the theme of collectivism, the theme of homeland defense, the freedom theme, the theme of relations between the individual and the community). The research proved that the childhood theme manifested itself in many aspects of Russian culture, including literature of fact, belles-lettres, film, visual arts, pedagogy, philosophy, journalism, politics, military science, the prison system. The above mentioned arguments lead to the conclusion that the theme of childhood can serve as one of possible key concepts helping in attempts to learn and understand Russian culture.

This missiological project seeks to study the role of the Guinnesses and Kumms in reaching the Sudan Belt, particularly through the Sudan-Pionier-Mission (SPM) founded in 1900. The term Sudan Belt referred to Africa between Senegal and Ethiopia, at that period one of the largest areas unreached by Christian missionaries. Grattan Guinness (1835-1910) at that time was the most influential promoter of faith missions for the Sudan. The only initiative based in Germany was the SPM, founded by Guinness, his daughter Lucy (1865-1906), and her German husband Karl Kumm (1874-1930). Kumm has undeservedly been forgotten, and his early biography as a missionary and explorer in the deserts of Egypt is here brought to light again. The early SPM had to struggle against opposition in Germany. Faith missions were considered unnecessary, and missions to Muslims untimely by influential representatives of classical missions. The SPM was seeking to reach the Sudan Belt via the Nile from Aswan. The most promising figure for this venture was the Nubian Samuel Ali Hiseen (1863-1927), who accomplished a scripture colportage tour through Nubia. Unfortunately, he was disregarded by the first German missionary, Johannes Kupfemagel (1866-1937). When the SPM failed to reach the Sudan Belt due to political restrictions, Kumm and the SPM board were divided in their strategies. Kumm planned to pursue a new route via the Niger River, seeking support in Great Britain rather independently. The SPM, holding on to Aswan, dismissed Kumm, and began to decline until it made a new start in 1905, but for a long time remained a local mission work in Upper Egypt. The Sudan United Mission however, founded by the Kumms in 1904, did indeed reach the Sudan Belt. An analysis of the SPM reveals its strengths and weaknesses. The SPM grew out of the Holiness movement and shared the urgency, which made faith missions successful, but also was the SPM's weakness, as it suffered from ill-preparedness. The SPM innovatively gathered together single women from the nobility in a community of service for missions under its chairman, Pastor Theodor Ziemendorff (1837-:1912).
Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
D.Th. (Missiology)

Questo lavoro nasce con l’intento di riscoprire un autore che è un grande classico dell’antropologia ma che è pressochè sconosciuto in ambito filosofico-giuridico. Bronisław Malinowski, infatti, è stato considerato prima un pioniere nel suo campo e poi un gigante scomodo da confutare, soprattutto dopo la pubblicazione postuma del diario personale, scritto nel corso di quella che probabilmente è stata l’esperienza etnografica più famosa nella storia dell’antropologia. Al contributo della sua riflessione su alcune delle tematiche proprie della scienza giuridica non è stata però dedicata pari attenzione; molti dei suoi saggi sul tema del diritto primitivo non sono ancora stati tradotti in italiano e alcune delle sue considerazioni non sono mai state pubblicate. Il presente lavoro si prefigge dunque l’obiettivo di offrire un contributo filosofico su un tema antropologico-giuridico come quello della reciprocità, prendendo in considerazione i principali studi dell’autore e alcune opere inedite.