Artículos de revistas: "Pig lesions"

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Bentzel, David, Lucy Betterton y Erica Eggers Carroll. "Cutaneous lesions in a pig". Lab Animal 38, n.º 10 (octubre de 2009): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban1009-319.

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San Mateo, Lani R., Kristen L. Toffer, Paul E. Orndorff y Thomas H. Kawula. "Immune Cells Are Required for Cutaneous Ulceration in a Swine Model of Chancroid". Infection and Immunity 67, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 1999): 4963–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.9.4963-4967.1999.

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ABSTRACT Cutaneous lesions of the human sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease chancroid are characterized by the presence of intraepidermal pustules, keratinocyte cytopathology, and epidermal and dermal erosion. These lesions are replete with neutrophils, macrophages, and CD4+ T cells and contain very low numbers of cells ofHaemophilus ducreyi, the bacterial agent of chancroid. We examined lesion formation by H. ducreyi in a pig model by using cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced immune cell deficiency to distinguish between host and bacterial contributions to chancroid ulcer formation. Histologic presentation of H. ducreyi-induced lesions in CPA-treated pigs differed from ulcers that developed in immune-competent animals in that pustules did not form and surface epithelia remained intact. However, these lesions had significant suprabasal keratinocyte cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate that the host immune response was required for chancroid ulceration, while bacterial products were at least partially responsible for the keratinocyte cytopathology associated with chancroid lesions in the pig. The low numbers of H. ducreyi present in lesions in humans and immune-competent pigs have prevented localization of these organisms within skin. However, H. ducreyi organisms were readily visualized in lesion biopsies from infected CPA-treated pigs by immunoelectron microscopy. These bacteria were extracellular and associated with necrotic host cells in the epidermis and dermis. The relative abundance of H. ducreyi in inoculated CPA-treated pig skin suggests control of bacterial replication by host immune cells during natural human infection.

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Pesenti Rossi, Gaia, Emanuela Dalla Costa, Joel Fernando Soares Filipe, Silvia Michela Mazzola, Ambra Motta, Marzia Borciani, Alessandro Gastaldo et al. "Does Immunocastration Affect Behaviour and Body Lesions in Heavy Pigs?" Veterinary Sciences 9, n.º 8 (5 de agosto de 2022): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080410.

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Immunocastration has been pointed out as an alternative to surgical castration; though, most of the scientific studies were performed in light pig production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of immunocastration on animal welfare in heavy pig production through the evaluation of behaviour and body lesions. A total of 188 commercial-hybrid pigs were randomly allocated into two treatment groups: surgical castration (SC) and immunocastration with Improvac® (IC). Data on behaviour, body lesions, and salivary testosterone levels were collected the day before each vaccination at 15, 22, 32, and 36 weeks of age. IC and SC pigs were slaughtered at 40 and 41 weeks of age, respectively; productive and carcass traits data were also collected. Considering productive performance, our results confirmed that IC pigs grew faster and presented a higher weight at slaughter. A critical period for pig welfare was observed before 32 weeks: testosterone concentration and body lesion score were significantly higher in IC pigs compared to SC pigs; active behaviours were significantly more frequent in IC at 15 weeks. Immunocastration may represent a suitable alternative to surgical castration with profitable productive performances, whereas the impairment of welfare during the period before the effective vaccination should be further investigated as a potential critical aspect in heavy pig production.

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Oertel, Joachim, Joachim Kurt Krauss y Michael Robert Gaab. "Ultrasonic aspiration in neuroendoscopy: first results with a new tool". Journal of Neurosurgery 109, n.º 5 (noviembre de 2008): 908–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns/2008/109/11/0908.

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Neuroendoscopic techniques are often considered inapplicable to lesion resection because most lesions are too large for effective endoscopic resection in an appropriate time frame. To evaluate the potential of ultrasonic aspiration in neuroendoscopic procedures, the authors developed a new handpiece for endoscopic application. The instrument was subsequently tested in 10 cadaveric pig brains and applied in 5 clinical cases. In the pig brain, a precise and accurate aspiration of ventricular ependyma and brain parenchyma was obtained. Clinically, the device was applied in 3 patients with obstructive hydrocephalus, and via an endonasal transsphenoidal approach in 2 patients with pituitary macroadenomas. In all cases, the lesion was effectively aspirated without complications. Ultrasonic aspiration can be applied safely and successfully in selected endoscopic procedures. The use of this technique could expand the indications for endoscopic approaches to include intraventricular lesions and in minimally invasive transsphenoidal endonasal approaches.

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Peden, Rachel S. E., Irene Camerlink, Laura A. Boyle, Faical Akaichi y Simon P. Turner. "Farmer Perceptions of Pig Aggression Compared to Animal-Based Measures of Fight Outcome". Animals 9, n.º 1 (10 de enero de 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9010022.

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Several animal welfare issues persist in practice despite extensive research which has been linked to the unwillingness of stakeholders to make changes. For example, most farmers do not perceive pig aggression to be a problem that requires action despite the fact that stress and injuries are common, and that several solutions exist. Frequent exposure to animal suffering could affect farmer responses to distressed animals. This study investigated for the first time whether this occurs, using pig aggression as a focus. Using video clips, 90 pig farmers judged the severity of aggression, level of pig exhaustion and the strength of their own emotional response. Their judgments were compared to objective measures of severity (pigs’ skin lesions and blood lactate), and against control groups with similar pig experience (10 pig veterinarians) and without experience (26 agricultural students; 24 animal science students). Famers did not show desensitization to aggression. However, all groups underestimated the outcome of aggression when they did not see the fight occurring as compared to witnessing a fight in progress. We suggest that farmers be provided with evidence of the economic and welfare impact of aggression as indicated by lesions and that they be advised to score lesions on affected animals.

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Lenaerts, Anne J., Donald Hoff, Sahar Aly, Stefan Ehlers, Koen Andries, Luis Cantarero, Ian M. Orme y Randall J. Basaraba. "Location of Persisting Mycobacteria in a Guinea Pig Model of Tuberculosis Revealed by R207910". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, n.º 9 (21 de mayo de 2007): 3338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00276-07.

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ABSTRACT The lengthy chemotherapy of tuberculosis reflects the ability of a small subpopulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria to persist in infected individuals. To date, the exact location of these persisting bacteria is not known. Lung lesions in guinea pigs infected with M. tuberculosis have striking similarities, such as necrosis, mineralization, and hypoxia, to natural infections in humans. Guinea pigs develop necrotic primary lesions after aerosol infection that differ in their morphology compared to secondary lesions resulting from hematogenous dissemination. In infected guinea pigs conventional therapy for tuberculosis during 6 weeks reduced the bacterial load by 1.7 logs in the lungs and, although this completely reversed lung inflammation associated with secondary lesions, the primary granulomas remained largely unaffected. Treatment of animals with the experimental drug R207910 (TMC207) for 6 weeks was highly effective with almost complete eradication of the bacteria throughout both the primary and the secondary lesions. Most importantly, the few remnants of acid-fast bacilli remaining after R207910 treatment were to be found extracellular, in a microenvironment of residual primary lesion necrosis with incomplete dystrophic calcification. This zone of the primary granuloma is hypoxic and is morphologically similar to what has been described for human lung lesions. These results show that this acellular rim may, therefore, be a primary location of persisting bacilli withstanding drug treatment.

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Hansen, Paul D., Stan Rogers, Christopher L. Corless, Lee L. Swanstrom y Allan E. Siperstien. "Radiofrequency Ablation Lesions in a Pig Liver Model". Journal of Surgical Research 87, n.º 1 (noviembre de 1999): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsre.1999.5709.

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Suh, Jeongmin, Taehwan Oh, Keehwan Park, Siyeon Yang, Hyejean Cho y Chanhee Chae. "A Comparison of Virulence of Three Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genotypes (a, b, and d) in Pigs Singularly Inoculated with PCV2 and Dually Inoculated with PCV2 and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus". Pathogens 10, n.º 7 (14 de julio de 2021): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070891.

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The aim of this study was to compare the virulence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes in dually inoculated pigs with both three genotypes (a, b, and d) of PCV2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 (PRRSV-2) versus pigs singularly inoculated with the same three PCV2 genotypes (a, b, and d). Differences in this comparison were found in PCV2 viremia levels, lung and lymphoid lesion severity, and the amount of PCV2 antigen within the lymphoid lesions. Regardless of PCV2 genotypes, pigs that were dually inoculated with PCV2/PRRSV had significantly higher clinical scores, less average daily weight gain, higher levels of PCV2 viremia, and more severe lug and lymphoid lesions compared to pigs singularly inoculated with PCV2. Among the dually infected pig groups, pigs infected with PCV2d/PRRSV-2 had significantly higher levels of PCV2 viremia, more severe lung and lymphoid lesions, and more PCV2-positive cells within lymphoid lesions compared to pigs dually inoculated with PCV2a/PRRSV-2 and PCV2b/PRRSV-2. The results of this study demonstrated significant differences in the virulence among dual inoculation of PCV2a/PRRSV-2, PCV2b/PRRSV-2, and PCV2d/PRRSV-2. A significant difference in the virulence among PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d single-inoculated pig groups was not found with respect to the levels of PCV2 viremia and production of PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions.

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9

Turner, G. V., M. G. Collett, C. M. Veary y Charlotte Kruger. "Arthritis in slaughter pigs". Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 62, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 1991): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v62i3.1767.

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Joints obtained from 192 pig carcases were examined by means of standard microbiological and macro- and histopathological procedures. Approximately 32% of the joints were considered normal; 35,5% showed lesions consistent with osteochondrosis and a non-specific synovitis was present 'in 24,4%. Only 6,1% of taints were arthritic and yielded either Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus spp. The remainder (2,30/0) had periarticular lesions such as abscesses. The study emphasises that an accurate diagnosis and correct evaluation of pig carcases showing joint lesions, is absolutely essential if a high standard of meat inspection is to be obtained and unnecessary economic losses are to be avoided.

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Horst, Ariane, Marvin Gertz, Mario Hasler y Joachim Krieter. "Pig Organ Lesions Recorded in Different Abattoirs: A Statistical Approach to Assess the Comparability of Prevalence". Agriculture 10, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2020): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10080319.

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Documented lesions of slaughtered pigs provide a high-density data-pool that could be valuable for the purpose of animal health monitoring and breeding. However, data quality and structure hamper the application of statistical methods. The present study provides an approach that enables statistical analysis and evaluates the comparability of lesion prevalence among abattoirs. The German Quality and Safety database provided data of recorded lung, pleura, liver, and heart lesions. Filter criteria were used to improve the data structure. Data of n = 8,004,769 animals, recorded in nine abattoirs over a period of 18 months, were analyzed. Lesion prevalences were successfully modeled by applying a generalized linear mixed model. To examine prevalence differences, the coefficient of variation (CV) on a six-monthly basis was calculated, and a grand mean test (GMT) of significance was applied. High variations in estimated prevalence occurred on abattoir, six-monthly and organ basis. The highest variation occurred in the lung (CV = 64.7%), whereas liver lesions showed the lowest variation (CV = 21.8%). The GMT enabled the visualization of these variations between abattoirs, organs and over time. Concerning the assessment of the comparability of prevalences, it provides a promising tool to monitor changes in lesion examination and to address divergent abattoirs.

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Matteucci, Francesco, Bart Maesen, Carlo De Asmundis, Gianmarco Parise, Linda Renata Micali, Gabrielle Tuijthof, Peter Gerits et al. "New Biparietal Bipolar Catheter Prototype for Hybrid Atrial Fibrillation Ablation". Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 16, n.º 2 (7 de enero de 2021): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1556984520981025.

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Objective To evaluate the size and depth of linear lesions by in vitro testing with a custom-made radio frequency biparietal bipolar ablation catheter in a single-stage setting. Methods A custom-made catheter was created to generate linear lesions around the left atrium and pulmonary veins of an ex vivo pig. Two frames were made, 1 epicardial and 1 endocardial. A continuous copper braid electrode and an alignment system consisting of 2 parallel rows of neodymium magnets were embedded in a flexible plastic support. After 24 hours of formalin conservation, samples of the left atrium of a freshly slaughtered pig were sliced in a cryotome, thus obtaining a sequence of 100-µm thick layers extending from the endocardial to the epicardial side. After being digitized through a scanner, these layers were evaluated using morphometric computer software. For each slice, we evaluated the maximum length of the lesions, the maximum epicardial length, the maximum endocardial length, the total area of the lesion, and the total volume. Results Forty transmural lesions from 40 specimens were obtained. The results were the following (the number in parenthesis is the interquartile range in mm): lesion maximum length ( L MAX) was 7.297 mm (0.006), epicardial maximum length ( L EPI) was 7.291 mm (0.014), and endocardial maximum length was 7.291 mm (0.018). The total area and total volume were 1018.50 ± 36.51 mm2 and 101.85 ± 3.65 mm3, respectively. Conclusions Our prototype showed very promising results. The next step will be to enhance the design for clinical application.

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Ferrari, Paolo, Alessandro Ulrici y Matteo Barbari. "Analysis of Housing Risk Factors for the Welfare of Lean and Heavy Pigs in a Sample of European Fattening Farms". Animals 11, n.º 11 (11 de noviembre de 2021): 3221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113221.

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Pig welfare is affected by housing conditions, the minimum requirements of which are set up by EU legislation. Animal and non-animal-based measures are useful indicators to investigate housing risk factors for pig welfare. An observational study on 51 pig farms in seven EU countries, aimed at investigating housing risk factors for the welfare of finishing pigs, showed body weight and presence of bedded solid floored resting area (BED) identifying three clusters of farms. Farms with BED were featured by no or limited tail docking, larger availability of manipulable materials and lower number of pigs per farm and per annual work unit. In these farms, less skin and ear lesions were found, compared with lean pigs of farms without BED, which were characterized by lower pig space allowance, mortality rate and medication cost. In farms without BED, heavy pigs were featured by more space per pig, more pigs per drinker and higher mortality rate and medication cost per pig, compared to lean pigs. No statistical difference in tail lesions was found between the three farm clusters, although tail docking was performed in all farms without BED and not performed on most farms with BED.

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Kokinos, Brittney P., Laura A. Amundson, Thomas D. Crenshaw y Pam J. Lang. "PSXV-8 Development of Imaging Techniques to Evaluate Dietary Interventions That Promote Regression of Osteochondrotic Lesions in a Growing Pig Model". Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (21 de septiembre de 2022): 290–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.527.

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Abstract The current objective was to develop imaging techniques to characterize osteochondrotic-like lesions (OC-lesions) and evaluate the efficacy of dietary interventions to promote lesion regression and prevent lameness. Pigs (n=76) were weaned (~6kg) and fed 1 of 2 nursery diets for 3-wk with no supplemental vitamin D, (-D, n=60) or 280 IU D3/kg (+D3, n=20). Following the nursery, +D pigs were fed standard diets (+Ctl) and -D pigs were allotted to 1 of 4 diets (15 pigs/TRT) until 24-wk: 280 IU D3/kg diet, D3; 280 IU 25-OH-D3/kg, 25OH; 140 IU D3/kg+140 IU 25-OH-D3/kg, D3 + 25OH; 280 IU D3/kg+40ppm Mn, D3+Mn. Pigs were euthanized at 8, 12, and 24-weeks and femurs dissected for CT and MRI scans. CT scans were reconstructed in Mimics (Materialize software, Version 23) to quantify whole-bone mineral volume (BMV; g/cm3) and OC-lesion characteristics across the growth plate and articular surface (number, volume, surface area, location), as reported in Table 1. MRI images were used to validate lesions detected with CT. Differences in gain and feed intake were not detected. At 8-wk, BMV was reduced in D3 pigs compared with +Ctl; however, at 12-wk BMV was increased in 25OH and D3+Mn compared with D3 and D3 + 25OH pigs. By 24-wk BMV across all treatments was not different from +Ctl. No lesions were observed at 8 wk. Number of lesions per bone at 24-wk increased in D3+Mn compared with +Ctl pigs, 3.6 vs. 1.7, respectively (P< 0.05). Summation of lesion volume per bone at 24-wk tended to increase in 25OH and D3+Mn, 81.2 and 97.0 mm3, respectively, compared with +Ctl pigs, 60.6 mm3. Limitations of this study include low number of observations and low incidence of detected lesions in all treatments, with no differences between D3 and +Ctl. Although inferences about nutrient interventions are premature, we have developed methodologies to better characterize OC-lesions.

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AJITO, Tadaharu, Yoshihisa HAGA, Souta HONMA, Masanobu GORYO y Kosuke OKADA. "Pulmonary Lesions in Guinea Pig Inoculated withActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeType 1". Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 47, n.º 10 (1994): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.47.741.

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Langohr, Ingeborg M., Gregory W. Stevenson, Eric A. Nelson, Stephen D. Lenz, Huiling Wei y Roman M. Pogranichniy. "Experimental co-infection of pigs with Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and Porcine circovirus-2". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 24, n.º 1 (12 de octubre de 2011): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638711417142.

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The role of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in the development of Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2)-associated disease (PCVAD) was investigated in 2 experimental studies. In the first, separate groups of germ-free pigs were inoculated with filtered tissue homogenate (from diseased pigs) containing PCV-2b + BVDV-1–like virus (group 1), PCV-2a + BVDV-1–like virus (group 4), BVDV-1–like virus only (group 3), or PCV-2b + BVDV-1–like virus following a BVDV vaccination protocol (group 2). This last group was used to test if BVDV vaccination would prevent clinical PCVAD in this model. Many of the inoculated pigs had mild multisystemic inflammation consistent with classic PCVAD. One vaccinated, dually inoculated pig had acute respiratory distress followed by death at 21 days postinfection. Lesions in this pig resembled the severe form of PCVAD observed in the field since the fall of 2004, suggesting a role of ruminant pestiviruses and/or vaccination in the development of this disease. In the second study, cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs were inoculated with PCV-2b and a cytopathic strain of BVDV-1 (cpBVDV-NADL) either alone or in combination. Clinical signs of PCVAD were seen in a single animal inoculated only with PCV-2b. This pig had growth retardation followed by acute respiratory distress leading to death 30 days postinfection. Pulmonary lesions in this animal were similar to those seen in the pig that died in the first study. Infection with cpBVDV-NADL did not enhance PCV-2b replication or lesion formation.

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Rossi, Sandro, Fabio Fornati, Carlo Pathies y Luigi Buscarini. "Thermal Lesions Induced by 480 KHz Localized Current Field in Guinea Pig and Pig Liver". Tumori Journal 76, n.º 1 (febrero de 1990): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169007600114.

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Valheim, Mette, Hans Gamlem, Britt Gjerset, Anna Germundsson y Bjørn Lium. "Pathological Findings and Distribution of Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Virus in Lungs from Naturally Infected Fattening Pigs in Norway". Influenza Research and Treatment 2011 (20 de diciembre de 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/565787.

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The Norwegian pig population was considered free from influenza A virus infections until the first case of porcine pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in October 2009. Human to pig transmission of virus was suspected. Unusual lung lesions were observed in fattening pigs, with red, lobular, multifocal to coalescing consolidation, most frequently in the cranial, middle, and accessory lobes. The main histopathological findings were epithelial degeneration and necrosis, lymphocyte infiltration in the epithelial lining and lamina propria of small bronchi and bronchioles, and peribronchial and peribronchiolar lymphocyte infiltrations. Infection with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical detection of influenza A virus nucleoprotein in the lesions. This investigation shows that natural infection with the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus induces lung lesions similar to lesions described in experimental studies and natural infections with other swine-adapted subtypes of influenza A viruses.

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Matlova, L., L. Dvorska, M. Bartos, J. Docekal, M. Trckova y I. Pavlik. "Tuberculous lesions in pig lymph nodes caused by kaolin fed as a supplement". Veterinární Medicína 49, No. 10 (29 de marzo de 2012): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5727-vetmed.

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An increased incidence of tuberculous lesions in head and mesenteric lymph nodes from slaughtered pigs weighing about 115 kg was recorded in a herd of pigs kept in two farms A and B in the CzechRepublic. Tuberculous lesions were more frequently (P < 0.01) diagnosed in pigs from Farm A (10.4%) than from Farm B (1.1%). The follow-up investigation of potential sources of infection on Farm A revealed that the piglets were fed kaolin from a nearby mine as a supplement. Among 20 samples from the pigs’ environment, atypical conditionally pathogenic mycobacteria (ACPM) were detected in four samples as follows: dust (n = 2), pig faeces (n = 1) and kaolin fed as a supplement (n = 1). Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis of genotype IS901– and IS1245+ and serotype 8 was isolated from kaolin and pig lymph nodes, M. fortuitum from stable dust and pig faeces and other ACPM from stable dust. When kaolin feeding to piglets ceased, the incidence of tuberculous lesions in these pigs at slaughter 5–6 months later decreased from 16.1% to 3.4%. No ACPM was detected on Farm B in 27 samples from the environment. An investigation of surface kaolin mines did not detect mycobacteria in non-extracted kaolin. However, surface water (three isolates among 13 samples) from the pond used for kaolin levigation and 23 batches of the final product of kaolin (10 samples from each batch, i.e. a total of 230 samples were examined) were contaminated with ACPM. Among the latter, ACPM were isolated from three samples originating from three different batches. ACPM were likely to survive during transport of the kaolin, as a suspension through the pipeline, and during its further processing to the final product (sedimentation, addition of colloid substances, drying and other procedures).

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Sutherland, MA, PJ Bryer, N. Krebs y JJ McGlone. "The effect of method of tail docking on tail-biting behaviour and welfare of pigs". Animal Welfare 18, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2009): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600000993.

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AbstractThe objective of this study was to explore the effects of tail docking and tail biting on pig welfare through an assessment of physiology and behaviour. In experiment 1, piglets were either tail docked using hot cautery iron (CAUT), blunt trauma cutters (BT), or their tails were left intact (CON). Blood samples were taken from pigs at 3 and 7 weeks of age to measure C-reactive protein (CRP). Tail-biting lesions were scored at 3, 5, and 7 weeks of age. Behaviour was recorded for 72 h when tail biting was observed in 7-week old pigs. Tail-biting lesion scores were similar among treatments at 3 and 5 weeks of age, however at 7 weeks lesion scores were greater among CON compared with CAUT and BT pigs. Bodyweights were lower among CON compared with CAUT or BT pigs and CRP was elevated among CON compared with CAUT and BT pigs at 7 weeks of age. In experiment 2, piglets were tail docked at a length of 2 cm (Short) or 5 cm (Long). Tail-biting lesions were scored every 2 weeks until the end of finishing. Tail-biting lesion scores were greater among Long compared with Short pigs. Compromised welfare of tail-bitten pigs was indicated by severity of lesion, level of CRP, and reduced pig bodyweights. More research is needed into understanding the causative factors behind tail biting in pigs, so that preventative measures can be adopted on farms to prevent this behaviour.

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Kozak, A., V. Vecerek, P. Chloupek, B. Tremlova y M. Malena. "Veterinary meat inspection of pig carcasses in the Czech Republic during the period of 1995–2002". Veterinární Medicína 48, No. 8 (30 de marzo de 2012): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5771-vetmed.

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The results of meat inspection classification of pig carcasses reflect long-term aspects of health status in pig production farms and the quality of transport and handling of animals at slaughterhouses. Veterinary inspectors recorded the data obtained from meat inspection classification of 36 028 821 pig carcasses at slaughterhouses in theCzechRepublicduring the period of 1995–2002 together with the reasons for classification. The trends were evaluated by a comparison of two periods (Period I: 1995–1998; Period II: 1999–2002) by means of calculating the indexes of values from Period II compared to those of Period I. Pig carcasses classified as capable for human consumption (edible) were found in 97.28% of cases (97.26% during Period I and 97.31% during Period II, index 1.00), while those classified as capable for processing (conditionally edible) were found in 2.15% of cases (2.28% during Period I and 2.02% during Period II, index 0.89), and those condemned in 0.57% of cases (0.47% during Period I and 0.67% during Period II, index 1.43). The reasons for classifying the carcasses as condemned were as follows: sensorial changes in meat – 0.33% (0.26% during Period I and 0.41% during Period II, index 1.56), lesions due to non-infectious diseases – 0.12% (0.12% during Period I and 0.12% during Period II, index 0.97), added deleterious substances – 0.05% (0.03% during Period I and 0.07% during Period II, index 2.50), lesions due to respiratory infections – 0.03% (0.03% during Period I and 0.04% during Period II, index 1.70), boar taint – 0.02% (0.02% during Period I and 0.03% during Period II, index 1.36). Other reasons to condemn the carcasses included tuberculous lesions, lesions due to miscellaneous infections, digestive infections, parasitic diseases, and Salmonella infections. The occurrence of these conditions was on the level of mere hundredths of per cent. No case of Aujeszky’s disease was found. According to the results of meat inspection classification, the risk of food-borne diseases originating from pig carcasses tends to be greater in the lesions due to non-infectious conditions with a long-term increasing trend. A considerable increase in the numbers of pig carcasses condemned due to added deleterious substances (index 2.50) is an alarming finding with regard to potential food safety hazards.

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Döbelin, Quirin, Bernd Stadlinger, Daniel B. Wiedemeier, Dominique Bichsel, Martin Rücker y Silvio Valdec. "Detectability of Osseous Lesions with a Pre-Programmed Low-Dose Protocol for Cone-Beam Computed Tomography". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 14 (19 de julio de 2020): 4961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144961.

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The present study aimed to compare the diagnostic reliability of a pre-set, manufacturer-specific, low-dose mode against a standard-dose mode in the detection of four different osseous lesions in the mandible with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Four types of lesions (periapical lesion, extended periodontal gap, recession of the buccal lamella, sequestrum/fracture) were prepared on 40 pig mandibles. CBCT images were obtained from each mandible, with both the low-dose and standard-dose modes using the Orthophos SL CBCT device (Dentsply-Sirona, Bensheim, Germany). Twelve assessors quantitatively (detection of lesions) and qualitatively (assessment of detectability) evaluated the CBCT images in SIDEXIS 4 (Dentsply-Sirona) using a study-specific digital examination tool. A correct diagnosis was achieved in almost 71% (LD: 70.8%; SD: 70.9%) of 1920 lesions, without a statistically significant difference between the low-dose and standard-dose mode. This finding was consistent across all four lesion types. In conclusion, while low-dose mode and standard-dose mode CBCT scans performed similarly in the detection of four prepared lesions of the mandible, the former may be a promising, user-friendly alternative method of obtaining radiation-optimized, three-dimensional images in accordance with the As Low As Diagnostically Acceptable (ALADA) principle.

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Opriessnig, T., N. E. McKeown, E. M. Zhou, X. J. Meng y P. G. Halbur. "Genetic and experimental comparison of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) isolates from cases with and without PCV2-associated lesions provides evidence for differences in virulence". Journal of General Virology 87, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2006): 2923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82099-0.

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There are marked differences in the clinical expression of diseases associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in the field. The objective of this study was to compare the sequences and pathogenicity of PCV2 isolates from field cases with and without PCV2-associated lesions. Forty-two specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were assigned randomly to three groups of 14 pigs each. At 7 weeks of age, group 1 pigs were mock-inoculated with saline, group 2 pigs were inoculated with PCV2-4838 (isolated from a pig with no evidence of PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions) and group 3 pigs were inoculated with PCV2-40895 (isolated from a pig with PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions and disease). The PCV2-4838 and PCV2-40895 isolates shared approximately 98.9 % nucleotide sequence identity across the entire genome. A total of nine amino acid changes in ORF2 and two amino acid changes in ORF1 were identified between the two isolates. PCV2-4838-inoculated pigs had significantly more genomic copy numbers of PCV2 in their sera at 7 days post-inoculation (p.i.) (P<0.0001) and significantly fewer genomic copy numbers at 14, 21 and 28 days p.i. (P<0.05) compared with pigs inoculated with the PCV2-40895 isolate. Microscopic lesions in lymphoid tissues were significantly less severe (P<0.05) and the amount of PCV2 antigen associated with these lesions was significantly lower (P<0.05) in pigs inoculated with PCV2-4838. The results of this study suggest that PCV2 isolates from the USA differ in virulence in an SPF pig model.

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Kaczmarkowska, Aleksandra, Anna Didkowska, Sylwia Brzezińska, Daniel Klich, Ewelina Kwiecień, Izabella Dolka, Piotr Kociuba, Magdalena Rzewuska, Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć y Krzysztof Anusz. "Could the type and severity of gross lesions in pig lymph nodes play a role in the detection of Mycobacterium avium?" PLOS ONE 17, n.º 7 (15 de julio de 2022): e0269912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269912.

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The Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) comprises a widespread group of slowly-growing bacteria from the Mycobacteriaceae. These bacteria are responsible for opportunistic infections in humans and animals, including farm animals. The aim of the study was to determine whether it is possible to predict the presence of M. avium in pig lymph nodes based on the size and type of lesions found during post-mortem examination at a slaughterhouse. Lymph nodes were collected from 10,600 pigs subjected to such post-mortem examination. The nodes were classified with regard to their quality, and the number of tuberculosis-like lesions; following this, 86 mandibular lymph nodes with lesions and 113 without visible macroscopic lesions were selected for further study. Cultures were established on Löwenstein-Jensen and Stonebrink media, and a commercial GenoType Mycobacterium CM test was used to identify and differentiate M. avium species. The prevalence of M. avium was 56.98% in the lymph nodes with lesions and 19.47% in the unchanged ones. Statistical analysis indicated that visual assessment of lesions in the mandibular lymph nodes, in particular the number of tuberculous lesions, is a highly-efficient diagnostic tool. Similar results were obtained for estimated percentage area affected by the lesion, i.e. the ratio of the changed area of the lymph node in cross-section to the total cross-sectional area of the lymph node; however, this method is more laborious and its usefulness in slaughterhouse conditions is limited. By incising the lymph nodes and assessing the number of tuberculosis-like lesions, it is possible to limit the inclusion of meat from pigs infected with M. avium into the human food chain.

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24

Bal dit Sollier, C., M. Bonneau, C. Kang, N. Berge, J. Brouland, B. Baudin y L. Drouet. "DIET MANIPULATION OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS IN THE FHD PIG MODEL". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 5 (julio de 2007): P—W—448—P—W—448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.tb03006.x.

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Wu, Rong, Tomoyuki Hoshino y Mitsuyoshi Nagura. "Endocochlear potential in focal lesions of the guinea pig cochlea". Hearing Research 128, n.º 1-2 (febrero de 1999): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(98)00204-4.

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26

Rosa, L. Dalla, A. G. Soares, A. Marcili, J. D. S. Diaz, P. Wolkmer, D. M. Bassuino, P. G. J. Schaefer, K. Henrich y C. K. Rossato. "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Cavia porcellus (guinea pig): case report". Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, n.º 3 (mayo de 2020): 744–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11459.

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ABSTRACT Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of worldwide spread. It is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and is transmitted to animals and humans through the bite of sand flies. In Brazil, leishmaniasis is one of the zoonoses of major importance and expansion. The objective of this work is to describe the clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular findings of cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania enriettii in guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Three animals had nodular and alopecia lesions on the muzzle, ears and ulcerated lesions on the distal extremities of the pelvic limbs. The males (2) also had diffuse thickening of the scrotal skin. Samples of the ulcerated cutaneous lesions were evaluated by cytology which were observed as amastigote forms of Leishmania. One of the animals was euthanized and necropsied. Histopathology showed abundant dermal infiltrate of macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells. Numerous macrophages contained parasitoid vacuoles with amastigote forms, evidenced by immunohistochemical examination. The molecular characterization based on the SSUrDNA gene identified the species as L. enrietti. The diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in these cases was based on pathological findings and confirmed by immunohistochemistry, PCR and sequencing.

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27

Donkó, T., Melinda Kovács y T. Magyar. "Association of growth performance with atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia detected at slaughter in a conventional pig herd in Hungary". Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 53, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2005): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.53.2005.3.2.

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The influence of atrophic rhinitis (AR) and pneumonia on growth performance was assessed in a conventional farrow-to-finish pig farm affected by both diseases. All tested pigs (n = 138) were individually weighed at birth, at weaning, at moving to the growing/finishing unit, and at slaughtering. The extent (grade) of turbinate atrophy and lung consolidation attributable to pneumonia was determined in each pig at slaughter. A negative correlation was found between birth weight and the prevalence of nasal lesions at slaughter, suggesting that pigs born with smaller weight may be more susceptible to AR. The growth performance of the pigs also showed a negative correlation with the degree of turbinate atrophy. In the nursery period, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs with moderate/severe turbinate atrophy was 13.3% lower than that of animals with healthy snouts. In the finishing period, pigs with mild AR lesions had an ADG reduction of 6.2%, while pigs with severe AR lesions had a significant, 9.4% reduction in ADG as compared to the AR-free pigs. The extent of weight gain reduction over the whole life cycle was very similar (approximately 6%) in the pigs having either AR or pneumonia alone. In those pigs where both respiratory diseases were present, their effects seemed to be added up (11.5%); however, nasal lesion scores and percentage of lung consolidation did not show statistically apparent interactive effects on growth performance.

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28

Przyborowska-Zhalniarovich, P., Y. Zhalniarovich y K. Wasowicz. "Estimation of the prevalence of respiratory diseases in pigs in north-eastern Poland: Survey of pulmonary lesions in pigs at a slaughterhouse". Veterinární Medicína 66, No. 6 (31 de mayo de 2021): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/188/2020-vetmed.

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A total of 29 520 animals, from 164 batches of pigs belonging to an identical number of herds, were involved in the study. The considered population of pigs were limited to the region of north-eastern Poland involving six voivodeships. From each herd, samples of blood were collected to evaluate the antibody titres to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Aujeszky’s disease virus and swine influenza virus. At an abattoir, the lung lesions of each batch were scored and the enzootic pneumonia-like lesion average value was calculated. Lesions, indicative of enzootic pneumonia, were found in 57.8% of the lungs. For all lungs, the enzootic pneumonia-like lesion average value was 1.74, ranging from 0.42 to 3.56 among the 164 batches. In the examined pig population, 57.8% were considered suffering from swine respiratory disease, the majority of the affected pigs came from the Podlaskie (21.7%) and Greater Poland (17.25%) voivodeships. In the most affected voivodeships, 88.37% and 85.16% of the farms were considered as disease-susceptible for Greater Poland and Podlaskie, respectively. The findings indicate that, in pigs in north-eastern Poland, the major pathogens causing pneumonia-like lesions are Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (68.9%) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (44%).

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Al-Haj Husain, Adib, Quirin Döbelin, Barbara Giacomelli-Hiestand, Daniel B. Wiedemeier, Bernd Stadlinger y Silvio Valdec. "Diagnostic Accuracy of Cystic Lesions Using a Pre-Programmed Low-Dose and Standard-Dose Dental Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Protocol: An Ex Vivo Comparison Study". Sensors 21, n.º 21 (7 de noviembre de 2021): 7402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217402.

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Background: This study aimed to analyze the diagnostic reliability of radiographic assessment of cystic lesions using a pre-set, manufacturer-specific, low-dose mode compared to a standard-dose dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging protocol. Methods: Forty pig mandible models were prepared with cystic lesions and underwent both CBCT protocols on an Orthophos SL Unit (Dentsply-Sirona, Bensheim, Germany). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of CBCT data was performed by twelve investigators independently in SIDEXIS 4 (Dentsply-Sirona) using a trial-specific digital examination software tool. Thereby, the effect of the two dose types on overall detectability rate, the visibility on a scale of 1 (very low) to 10 (very high) and the difference between measured radiographic and actual lesion size was assessed. Results: Low-dose CBCT imaging showed no significant differences considering detectability (78.8% vs. 81.6%) and visibility (9.16 vs. 9.19) of cystic lesions compared to the standard protocol. Both imaging protocols performed very similarly in lesion size assessment, with an apparent underestimation of the actual size. Conclusion: Low-dose protocols providing confidential diagnostic evaluation with an improved benefit–risk ratio according to the ALADA principle could become a promising alternative as a primary diagnostic tool as well as for radiological follow-up in the treatment of cystic lesions.

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30

Olstad, Kristin, Bjørn Wormstrand, Jørgen Kongsro y Eli Grindflek. "Osteochondrosis in the Distal Femoral Physis of Pigs Starts With Vascular Failure". Veterinary Pathology 56, n.º 5 (6 de mayo de 2019): 732–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985819843685.

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Articular osteochondrosis (OC) arises due to vascular failure and ischemic chondronecrosis. The aim of the study was to describe the histological and computed tomographic (CT) characteristics of changes in the distal femoral physis of pigs, to determine if they represented OC lesions and if the pathogenesis was the same as for articular OC. The material included 19 male Landrace pigs bred for predisposition to OC. One or 2 pigs were euthanized and CT-scanned at 2-week intervals from 82 to 180 days of age. Material from 10 pigs was available for histological validation. The CT scans revealed 31 lesions confirmed in 3 planes and 1 additional macroscopically visible lesion confirmed in 2 CT planes. Twelve of the lesions were histologically validated. All lesions were compatible with OC. Cartilage canal and eosinophilic streak morphological changes corresponded to failure of end arteries coursing from the epiphysis, toward the metaphysis. The location of lesions was compatible with failure at the point of vessel incorporation into bone. Vascular failure was associated with retention of viable hypertrophic chondrocytes and delayed ossification but not cartilage necrosis. Lesion width ranged from 1.1% to 45.6% of the physis. Several lesions were expected to resolve due to small size and evidence of CT-identifiable, reparative ossification. Angular limb deformity was not detected in any pig. The pathogenesis of physeal OC started with vascular failure that was morphologically identical to articular OC. The heritable predisposition may therefore be the same. The association between lesions and limb deformity should be studied further in older pigs in future.

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Pang, V. F., J. H. Adams, V. R. Beasley, W. B. Buck y W. M. Haschek. "Myocardial and Pancreatic Lesions Induced by T-2 Toxin, a Trichothecene Mycotoxin, in Swine". Veterinary Pathology 23, n.º 3 (mayo de 1986): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588602300312.

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Myocardial and pancreatic lesions induced by sublethal doses of T-2 toxin in swine were characterized by light and electron microscopy. Toxin was given intravenously to six 17- to 18-week-old pigs. Pigs were killed 24 or 48 hours after treatment. Grossly, subendocardial hemorrhages, multifocal pinpoint white foci in myocardium, and pancreatic edema occurred in one treated pig. Histologic changes in myocardium of treated pigs consisted of multifocal edema, mononuclear cell infiltration, myofiber hyalinization, vacuolation, and contraction bands with nuclear pyknosis. Ultrastructurally, there were areas of edema, myofibrillar disorganization, dilation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, and formation of hypercontraction bands. Myocardial mineralization was seen in the pig with gross lesions. Pancreatic changes in treated pigs consisted of multifocal acinar degeneration and necrosis. Ultrastructural changes included irregular dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and abnormal zymogen granules. Thus, in addition to radiomimetic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and lymphoid organs, heart and pancreas are target organs of T-2 toxin in swine.

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Geers, R., B. Petersen, K. Huysmans, S. Knura-Deszczka, M. De Becker, S. Gymnich, D. Henot, S. Hiss y H. Sauerwein‡. "On-Farm Monitoring of Pig Welfare by Assessment of Housing, Management, Health Records and Plasma Haptoglobin". Animal Welfare 12, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2003): 643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600026312.

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AbstractCurrent research is focusing on integrated longitudinal assessment of animal welfare at farm-level. Housing and management systems may influence pain, discomfort, fear, hunger and abnormal behaviour of farm animals. Poor health records and increased levels of haptoglobin have been shown to correlate with an unfavourable environment but, as yet, few data are available regarding variation between individual animals. Hence, a project was carried out using 78 pig farms (farrow-to-finish), 19-20 in each season, with data on housing and management being collected during visits. At slaughter, pathological findings and blood samples were taken from 60 pigs from each farm. Blood samples were analysed for Lawsonia intracellularis (PIA), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, salmonella, and haptoglobin values (HAP) (10 samples). Data were analysed with descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. Housing and management characteristics were considered separately and integrated according to Berns (1996). Pigs from higher-ranking farms (ie those scoring higher for housing [space score] and management [sanitary barriers, cleaning, disinfection, climatic control, breeding protocol]) showed lower HAP levels (P < 0.04), with lower within-farm variability (P < 0.06). HAP levels were higher in pigs infected with PIA (P < 0.04) or having lung lesions (P < 0.02). A negative correlation was found between fasting before transport and lung lesions, HAP levels being lower when pigs with lung lesions were fasted. Haptoglobin sampling in the slaughterline is, therefore, relevant for integrative welfare assessment of slaughter pigs at individual level and for longitudinal monitoring at farm level.

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Driessen, Bert, Sanne Van Beirendonck y Johan Buyse. "The Impact of Grouping on Skin Lesions and Meat Quality of Pig Carcasses". Animals 10, n.º 4 (25 de marzo de 2020): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040544.

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In practice, unfamiliar pigs are frequently mixed prior to loading in order to obtain groups of uniform weight and to adjust the group size to the dimensions of the trailer compartments. Mixing pigs induces aggressive interactions to establish a new social rank. Fighting results in skin lesions and pre-slaughter stress and, in turn, reduced meat quality. A study was performed to compare the effect of non-regrouping and regrouping at fattening (at 80 kg and kept till slaughter), loading and lairage. A total of 1332 pigs were included over 30 transports from one pig farm to one slaughterhouse (110 km). Skin lesions were determined on 1314 carcasses. Meat quality was measured on 620 pigs. The non-regrouped pigs had fewer skin lesions and better meat quality than the pigs regrouped at loading or in lairage. Pigs mixed at 80 kg at the farm had, in general, a comparable amount of skin lesions and comparable meat quality as the non-mixed group. If mixing is unavoidable, due to large within-group weight variations, mixing at 80 kg can be an alternative to reduce skin lesions at slaughter and to optimise meat quality.

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KUBERKA, ZBIGNIEW y ARKADIUSZ DORS. "Scoring methods for respiratory tract lesions in pigs at slaughter". Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, n.º 1 (2018): 6020–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6020.

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The complexity of respiratory diseases in pigs, which results from simultaneous infections with many microorganisms and environmental conditions in the pig facilities, leads to diagnostic difficulties. In order to assess the health status of the herd, monitoring is commonly used. It provides useful information, for example, about the seasonality of diseases, as well as the variety and dynamics of macroscopic lesions in the lungs depending on the preventive program used. One way to monitor respiratory diseases in pigs is to score lesions in the respiratory system. The scoring of lesions should be an integral part of diagnostic investigations. The aim of the paper is to describe and evaluate selected systems for the scoring of macroscopic lesions in the lungs during post-mortem examination. Some of these systems assess the severity of atrophic changes in the nasal cavity caused by infectious atrophic rhinitis in pigs. Another type of respiratory tract assessment is the evaluation (scoring) of lesions resulting from infection by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in the course of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine. A number of scoring systems and their modifications have been described in the literature for this type of lesions. Various methods have also been devised for the scoring of macroscopic lesions in the pig lungs described as pleurisy. Regardless of the method used, these examinations are useful diagnostically and complement other types of diagnostic examinations. They are important primarily in the course of subacute and chronic forms of disease or infections associated with atypical clinical signs. .

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Čobanović, Nikola, Nedjeljko Karabasil, Silvana Stajković, Nevena Ilić, Branko Suvajdžić, Miloš Petrović y Vlado Teodorović. "The Influence of Pre-Mortem Conditions on Pale, Soft and Exudative (PSE) and Dark, Firm and Dry (DFD) Pork Meat". Acta Veterinaria 66, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2016): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acve-2016-0015.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effect of gender, stocking density in the transport vehicle, lairage time and season on the incidence of skin lesions on pig carcasses and PSE and DFD meat. Skin lesions on carcasses (480, in total) were assessed according to the Welfare Quality® protocol (2009). The pH and temperature measurements were performed 45 minutes after slaughter. The group of carcasses with skin lesions score 2 had significantly higher incidence of PSE and DFD meat compared to the groups of carcasses with skin lesions score 0 and 1. With regard to gender, there were no differences in meat quality parameters, as well as for the incidence of skin lesions and PSE and DFD meat. The results showed that a space allowance lower than 0.3 m2/100 kg and higher than 0.5 m2/100 kg pig had a detrimental effect to animal welfare and meat quality. Lairage time affected meat quality parameters, incidence of skin lesions score and PSE and DFD meat, where after long lairaging (> 17 h) mean pH45 and t45 values became significantly higher, as well as the incidence of skin lesions and DFD meat. After short lairaging (< 1 h) mean pH45 value became significantly lower, while mean t45 value and the incidence of PSE meat became significantly higher. A significantly higher number of skin lesions on the carcass were observed in winter compared to all other seasons. High temperatures during summer and low temperatures during winter had a negative influence on meat quality parameters and incidence of PSE and DFD meat.

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Cross, Claire E., John V. Stokes, Navatha Alugubelly, Anne-Marie L. Ross, Bridget V. Willeford, Jamie D. Walker y Andrea S. Varela-Stokes. "Skin in the Game: An Assay to Monitor Leukocyte Infiltration in Dermal Lesions of a Guinea Pig Model for Tick-Borne Rickettsiosis". Pathogens 11, n.º 2 (20 de enero de 2022): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11020119.

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Intact, the skin typically serves as an effective barrier to the external world; however, once pathogens have breached this barrier via a wound, such as a tick bite, the surrounding tissues must recruit immune cells from the blood to neutralize the pathogen. With innate and adaptive immune systems being similar between the guinea pig and human systems, the ability of guinea pigs to show clinical signs of many infectious diseases, and the large size of guinea pigs relative to a murine model, the guinea pig is a valuable model for studying tick-borne and other pathogens that invade the skin. Here, we report a novel assay for assessing guinea pig leukocyte infiltration in the skin. Briefly, we developed an optimized six-color/eight-parameter polychromatic flow cytometric panel that combines enzymatic and mechanical dissociation of skin tissue with fluorescent antibody staining to allow for the immunophenotyping of guinea pig leukocytes that have migrated into the skin, resulting in inflammation. We designed this assay using a guinea pig model for tick-borne rickettsiosis to further investigate host–pathogen interactions in the skin, with preliminary data demonstrating immunophenotyping at skin lesions from infected ticks. We anticipate that future applications will include hypothesis testing to define the primary immune cell infiltrates responding to exposure to virulent, avirulent tick-borne rickettsiae, and tick-borne rickettsiae of unknown virulence. Other relevant applications include skin lesions resulting from other vector-borne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and Buruli ulcer caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans.

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Goossens, X., L. Sobry, F. Ödberg, F. Tuyttens, D. Maes, S. De Smet, F. Nevens, G. Opsomer, F. Lommelen y R. Geers. "A population-based on-farm evaluation protocol for comparing the welfare of pigs between farms". Animal Welfare 17, n.º 1 (febrero de 2008): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600031961.

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AbstractThe variability of animal-based parameters was studied within a population of 41 farrow-to-finish farms. Data were collected during three visits, each corresponding to a different season within a two-year period. The largest between-farm variability was observed for stereotypic behaviour by pregnant sows, and for skin, ear and tail lesions, dirtiness and respiratory problems in growing pigs. Relationships with housing and management parameters were established to formulate advice on how to improve pigs' welfare. Group-housed sows performed less oral stereotypic behaviour than individual housed sows (18.7 versus 44.1%), but a higher proportion of skin lesions was observed in group-housed sows (15.4 versus 2.0%). Prevalence of tail-biting behaviour varied between 0 and 21%. The risk for tail biting was higher in cases of reduced levels of floor space per pig, and ear-biting behaviour occurred more often when tails were docked short. Coughing was not correlated directly with the occurrence of lung lesions, but the risk was higher in instances of reduced space availability per pig. Farms could be ranked according to these welfare parameters, ie either according to the score of each individual parameter or based on the summation of all scores. Hence, welfare status was defined in relation to farm-specific information, allowing formulation of advice on housing and management to ultimately improve pig welfare through the matching of a predefined benchmark.

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Whay, HR, C. Leeb, DCJ Main, LE Green y AJF Webster. "Preliminary assessment of finishing pig welfare using animal-based measurements". Animal Welfare 16, n.º 2 (mayo de 2007): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600031353.

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AbstractA preliminary investigation was undertaken to evaluate a series of animal-based welfare measures for the assessment of finishing pigs in units that were members of the RSPCA Freedom Food farm assurance scheme. A total of 20 finishing pig units were visited in the summer of 2002 and 14 of these were revisited in late winter 2003. Behavioural observations of the pigs, both undisturbed and disturbed by the observer, were made in 128 pens containing 9,444 pigs and the physical condition of 650 individuals was examined. A range of event behaviours were observed including social interactions. Play behaviour was observed in 66% of pens during ten-minute observation periods. The prevalence of physical conditions varied greatly between units. The most prevalent skin lesion was on the flank (40.8%) however, only 4.5% of pigs had both fresh and healed flank lesions suggestive of persistent fighting.

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Sentamu, Derrick Noah, Joshua Orungo Onono, Patrick Muinde, Nicholas Bor, Dorcas Chepyatich y Lian Francesca Thomas. "Prevalence of gross lesions and handling practices in pigs and their association with pork quality, Kiambu, Kenya". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 8 (26 de agosto de 2022): e0272951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272951.

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Pre-slaughter handling of pigs has been documented to affect the quality of meat though no studies have investigated this relationship in the Kenyan context. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gross lesions and practices related to sub-optimal welfare in pigs presented for slaughter while analyzing the relationship between occurrence of these lesions and meat quality. A cross-sectional study was conducted at a medium scale, non-integrated pig abattoir supplying to the Nairobi market, with a capacity to slaughter approximately 40 pigs a day. Data on welfare-associated lesions and handling practices were obtained from 529 pig carcasses and traders respectively. 387 pork samples were collected, and their quality evaluated by measuring their pH, meat color and drip loss. These three parameters were used to classify pork into four recognized categories namely: Red, Firm, Non-exudative (RFN), Pale Soft Exudative (PSE), Dark Firm Dry (DFD) and Red Soft Exudative (RSE). Almost all pigs were inefficiently stunned as evidenced by the presence of consciousness post-stunning. The majority of pigs (82.97%) having one or more welfare-associated gross lesions. Other animal welfare malpractices observed were high loading density and inadequate rest periods between transport and slaughter. A quarter of the pork samples were of sub-optimal quality including: RSE (11.36%), PSE (2.58%) and DFD (2.58%). Multinomial logistic regression revealed that pork originating from pigs transported at a high loading density had increased odds of being classified as DFD (OR 13.41, 95% CI 2.59–69.46). The findings indicate the need to educate stakeholders in the pork value chains on improved pig handling before and during slaughter to enhance pig welfare pre-slaughter and pork quality post-slaughter. Animal welfare legislation enforcement and implementation was observed to be insufficient. There is a need to educate key stakeholders on its importance of being put into practice both from economic and welfare perspectives.

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MARUYAMA, SHOICHI, EDWARD CANTU, CESARE DEMARTINO, ADRIAN VLADUTIU, PETER R. B. CALDWELL, CATHERINE Y. WANG, VIVETTE D'AGATI, GABRIEL GODMAN, DAVID M. STERN y GIUSEPPE ANDRES. "Membranous Glomerulonephritis Induced in the Pig by Antibody to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 10, n.º 10 (octubre de 1999): 2102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v10102102.

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Abstract. In the course of studies on the humoral consequences of swine to primate xenotransplantation, the investigators induced formation of glomerular subepithelial immune deposits and tubular lesions in pigs injected with heterologous antibody to angiotensin-converting enzyme. This study describes the morphology of the lesions, discusses their mechanism, explains their relevance for understanding the pathogenesis of human idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis, and proposes future directions for investigations.

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Suzuki, Kasumi, Hiroki Shinkai, Gou Yoshioka, Toshimi Matsumoto, Takato Takenouchi, Junji Tanaka, Masanori Shimizu, Haruki Kitazawa y Hirohide Uenishi. "Polymorphisms in Pattern Recognition Receptor Genes Are Associated with Respiratory Disease Severity in Pig Farms". Animals 12, n.º 22 (16 de noviembre de 2022): 3163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12223163.

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Reduced productivity caused by infections, particularly respiratory diseases, is a serious problem in pig farming. We have previously reported polymorphisms in porcine pattern recognition receptor genes affecting molecular functions and demonstrated that the 2197A/C polymorphism in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) gene influences porcine circovirus 2-induced mortality. Here, we investigated how these polymorphisms affect respiratory disease-induced lesions, using samples from a slaughterhouse dealing with pigs from two farms. Lung lesions were evaluated using two scoring systems, Goodwin (GW) and slaughterhouse pleuritis evaluation system (SPES), to determine the influence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), respectively. SPES scores were significantly higher when the 1205T allele of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5-1205T), rather than TLR5-1205C, was present. On the farm with more severe Mhp invasion, lower GW lesion scores were significantly associated with the presence of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-2906G allele; where App invasion was worse, lower SPES scores were significantly associated with the presence of the NOD2-2197C allele. Combinations of polymorphisms in pattern recognition receptor genes can therefore be utilized for breeding for resistance against respiratory diseases in pigs. DNA markers of these polymorphisms can thus be used to improve productivity by reducing respiratory diseases due to bacterial pathogens in pig livestock.

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Pluym, L., A. Van Nuffel, J. Dewulf, A. Cools, F. Vangroenweghe, S. Van Hoorebeke y D. Maes. "Prevalence and risk factors of claw lesions and lameness in pregnant sows in two types of group housing". Veterinární Medicína 56, No. 3 (24 de marzo de 2011): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3159-vetmed.

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Claw lesions and lameness in sows are an important welfare concern as well as a cause of considerable economic loss. These problems are more common in group housing than in individual housing systems. Given that group housing for gestating sows will become mandatory in the EU from 2013 onwards, the aim of the present study was: (1) to determine the prevalence of lameness and claw lesions in sows housed in groups during gestation, and (2) to analyze whether the type of group housing system and sow-related factors were associated with lameness and claw lesions. Eight Belgian pig herds with group housing of gestating sows were selected. Four herds used pens with electronic sow feeders (dynamic groups), the other four herds kept their sows in free access stalls (static groups). All sows were visually examined for lameness at the end of gestation. Claw lesions were scored after parturition. Information about feed, housing conditions and culling (strategy) was collected, as well as information about parity and breed. Of all 421 assessed sows, on average 9.7% (min. 2.4%, max. 23.1%) were lame. Almost 99% of the sows had one or more claw lesion with overgrowth of heel horn (93%) and cracks in the wall (52%) as the most prevalent lesions. Neither for lameness nor claw lesions was significant differences found between the two types of group housing. Lameness decreased while the mean claw lesion score increased with ageing. These results suggest that lameness can be caused by reasons other than claw lesions, especially in older sows. Although no difference was found between the two types of group housing, a huge variation between herds was observed. Moreover, as the prevalence of lameness and claw lesions in group housing is quite high and group housing will become mandatory in 2013, further investigation on risk factors of locomotor disorders in sows is necessary.

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Poulsen, Steen Seier. "FOCAL AVILLOUS LESIONS IN THE GUINEA-PIG DUODENUM INDUCED BY FASTING". Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Section A Pathology 82A, n.º 2 (15 de agosto de 2009): 264–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1974.tb03851.x.

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Takeshita, Tamotsu, Satoshi Iwasaki, Mitsuyoshi Nagura, Takahiro Watanabe, Kazuo Umemura y Tomoyuki Hoshino. "Photochemically Induced Double Lateral Wall Lesions in the Guinea Pig Cochlea". Acta Oto-Laryngologica 123, n.º 3 (marzo de 2003): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0001648021000028131.

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45

Hausman, G. J., D. R. Campion y G. B. Thomas. "Development of Semitendinosus Muscle in Pig Fetuses with Spinal Cord Lesions". Cells Tissues Organs 126, n.º 4 (1986): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000146226.

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46

Silva-Gomes, Rita, Elly Marcq, Gabriela Trigo, Carine M. Gonçalves, Adhemar Longatto-Filho, António G. Castro, Jorge Pedrosa y Alexandra G. Fraga. "Spontaneous Healing of Mycobacterium ulcerans Lesions in the Guinea Pig Model". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2015): e0004265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004265.

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47

De Luca, Silvio, Emanuela Zanardi, Giovanni Loris Alborali, Adriana Ianieri y Sergio Ghidini. "Abattoir-Based Measures to Assess Swine Welfare: Analysis of the Methods Adopted in European Slaughterhouses". Animals 11, n.º 1 (18 de enero de 2021): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010226.

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The assessment of swine welfare requires feasible, reliable, and reasonable indicators. On-farm evaluation of pig welfare can provide valuable information to veterinarians and farmers. However, such protocols can result expensive and time-consuming. With this regard, an interest in the appraisal of swine welfare at abattoir has grown over the recent years. In particular, the use of certain lesions collected directly from slaughtered animals to determine the welfare status of pigs has been evaluated by several authors. In the present review, the different methods developed to score lesions collected directly from the body and the viscera of animals slaughtered in European abattoirs (“abattoir-based measures”) are presented. The text specifically focuses on the methods currently available in the literature for the scoring of body, pluck and gastric lesions during post-mortem activities. Moreover, the strengths and weaknesses of abattoir-based measures schemes are discussed. To conclude, the future perspectives of the assessment of pig welfare at the slaughterhouse are described, appealing for a benchmarking system that can be systematically used by veterinarians and other professional figures involved in the process.

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48

Halbur, Patrick G., Prem S. Paul, Eric M. Vaughn y John J. Andrews. "Experimental Reproduction of Pneumonia in Gnotobiotic Pigs with Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus Isolate AR310". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 5, n.º 2 (abril de 1993): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879300500207.

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The pathogenicity of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) isolate AR310 was determined for gnotobiotic pigs. PRCV-AR310 was isolated from the intestines of a nursery pig from a herd with endemic transmissible gastroenteritis. The AR310 isolate was plaque purified and cell culture propagated, passed once in a gnotobiotic pig, then used as inoculum for a gnotobiotic pig pathogenicity study. Eight pigs were inoculated oronasally with 2 × 106 plaque-forming units of PRCV-AR310. Eight pigs served as controls and received cell culture medium. Two pigs from each group were necropsied at 3, 5, 10, and 15 days postinoculation (DPI). There was moderate multifocal to coalescing reddish tan consolidation of 60% of the lung by 10 DPI. Microscopic examination revealed a necrotizing and proliferative bronchointerstitial pneumonia characterized by necrosis, squamous metaplasia, dysplasia, proliferation of airway epithelium, mononuclear cell infiltration of alveolar septa, mild type II pneumocyte proliferation, and lymphohistiocytic alveolar exudation. The microscopic lesions were mild by 3 DPI, moderate by 5 DPI, severe by 10 DPI, and mostly resolved by 15 DPI. No lesions were observed in the intestines of these pigs. There was no clinical respiratory disease. Control pigs remained normal and had no lesions. PRCV was isolated from the lungs but not from the intestines of inoculated pigs. PRCV was not isolated from the lungs or intestines of control pigs. PRCV was also isolated from the nasal and rectal swabs of inoculated but not of control pigs.

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49

Halbur, Patrick G., Prem S. Paul, Xiang-Jin Meng, Melissa A. Lum, John J. Andrews y John A. Rathje. "Comparative Pathogenicity of Nine US Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) Isolates in a Five-Week-Old Cesarean-Derived, Colostrum-Deprived Pig Model". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 8, n.º 1 (enero de 1996): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879600800103.

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One hundred forty-six 5-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs were inoculated intranasally with 1 of 9 US porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates. Differences were found in severity of clinical respiratory disease, rectal temperatures ( P ≤0.001), gross lung lesions ( P ≤ 0.001), and microscopic lung lesions ( P ≤ 0.05). Gross lung lesions were generally most severe 10 days postinoculation and were distributed primarily in the cranial, middle, and accessory lobes and ventromedial portion of the caudal lung lobes. Mean gross lung lesion scores estimating the percentage of lung affected by pneumonia at 10 days postinoculation ranged from 16.7% ± 2.8% (x X ± SEM, n = 10) for isolate ISU-51 to 62.4% ± 5.7% ( n = 10) for isolate ISU-28. Microscopic lung lesions were characterized by hyperplastic and hypertrophied type 2 pneumocytes, septal infiltration by mononuclear cells, and accumulation of necrotic alveolar exudate. Lymph node follicular hyperplasia and focal necrosis was seen with all 9 isolates. This CDCD pig model was useful for demonstration of significant differences in pathogenicity among US PRRSV isolates. This difference in pathogenicity may help explain the variation in severity of clinical disease observed in field outbreaks of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and should provide for meaningful comparison of PRRSV genotypes.

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50

O’Neill, Lorcan, Julia Adriana Calderón Díaz, Maria Rodrigues da Costa, Sinnead Oakes, Finola C. Leonard y Edgar García Manzanilla. "Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Use on Irish Pig Farms". Animals 11, n.º 10 (28 de septiembre de 2021): 2828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102828.

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The threat to public health posed by antimicrobial resistance in livestock production means that the pig sector is a particular focus for efforts to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU). This study sought to investigate the risk factors for AMU in Irish pig production. Antimicrobial use data were collected from 52 farrow-to-finish farms. The risk factors investigated were farm characteristics and performance, biosecurity practices, prevalence of pluck lesions at slaughter and serological status for four common respiratory pathogens and vaccination and prophylactic AMU practices. Linear regression models were used for quantitative AMU analysis and risk factors for specific AMU practices were investigated using logistic regression. Farms that milled their own feed had lower total AMU (p < 0.001), whereas higher finisher mortality (p = 0.043) and vaccinating for swine influenza (p < 0.001) increased AMU. Farms with higher prevalence of pericarditis (p = 0.037) and lung abscesses (p = 0.046) used more group treatments. Farms with higher prevalence of liver milk spot lesions (p = 0.018) and farms practising prophylactic AMU in piglets (p = 0.03) had higher numbers of individual treatments. Farms practising prophylactic AMU in piglets (p = 0.002) or sows (p = 0.062) had higher use of cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. This study identified prophylactic use and respiratory disease as the main drivers for AMU in Irish pig production. These findings highlight areas of farm management where interventions may aid in reducing AMU on Irish pig farms.

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