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1
Vitali, Marika <1987>. "Studies on Ante- and Post- Mortem Lesions as Animal-Based Criteria to Improve Pig Welfare and Meat Quality in Swine". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8187/1/Vitali_Marika_Tesi.pdf.
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The study of lesions as animal-based criteria on pigs is of increasing interest at both research and industry level. Lesions are important outcome measures, able to detect when animal welfare is suboptimal. The presence of lesions is also correlated to a lower quality, and thus to a loss of profits, in the derived products.
This manuscript is composed by two studies investigating the use of lesions as suitable indicators of welfare level and meat quality at both farm and slaughter level.
The first study, performed in Italy, studied the effect of different environmental enrichment devices provided to Italian heavy pigs (intended for the production of Parma Ham PDO) on the occurrence of skin, tail and anatomopathological (e.g. oesophageal gastric lesion) lesions, on carcass traits, meat quality and long-dried products. The tested devices were: hanging chains, wood-log inside a metal racket, edible block inside a metal racket. Results showed an increased tail score in the wooden enrichment, united to a higher F-o-M and a lower backfat thickness in the carcass, and to a lower water holding capacity of the meat. The edible block has not presented changes in skin and tail score, while an increased number of oesophageal lesion score was observed, which did not affect carcass and derived products.
The second study was conducted in Canada. It aimed at assessing the age of the lesion on pig carcass at slaughter through the use of a spectrophotometer and biological indicators (i.e. gene expression, histochemistry, histology) on skin samples analyzed in the laboratory. Results demonstrated that spectrophotometric color assessment is a suitable method which allows to discriminate between fresh lesions (occurred pre-slaughter) and older lesions (on-farm). The results were also comparable with what was obtained from the expression of some tested genes and from inflammation scores assessed through histology.Lo studio delle lesioni nel suino è di crescente interesse nel panorama scientifico e industriale in quanto la presenza di lesioni è un importante indicatore per evidenziare uno scarso livello di benessere animale che si può tradurre in un deterioramento e in una perdita di valore dei prodotti derivati. L’elaborato si compone di studi che utilizzano le lesioni come indicatori di problematiche presenti all’interno della filiera suinicola. Il primo studio, svoltosi in Italia, considera come diversi tipi di arricchimenti ambientali impiegati nel suino pesante italiano (destinato alla produzione di Prosciutto di Parma DOP) influenzino l’insorgenza di lesioni cutanee, della coda e anatomopatologiche (con particolare riferimento alle lesioni della pars oesophagea), nonché gli effetti sulla qualità delle carcasse, della carne ottenuta e del prosciutto stagionato. Gli arricchimenti testati erano: catena, tondelli di legno inseriti in una rastrelliera, substrato edibile inserito in una rastrelliera. I risultati hanno dimostrato che l’arricchimento legnoso ha provocato un incremento di lesioni della coda e un tenore di carne magra superiore e di spessore del lardo dorsale inferiore nella carcassa, nonché una minore capacità di ritenzione idrica nella carne. Il substrato edibile non ha prodotto effetti indesiderati sulle lesioni cutanee e della coda mentre è stato riscontrato un incremento di lesioni dello stomaco, che non ha influenzato la qualità della carcassa e dei prodotti ottenuti. Il secondo studio, svoltosi in Canada, si è occupato di determinare l’età delle lesioni cutanee presenti sulla carcassa suina attraverso l’utilizzo di uno spettrofotometro in sede di macellazione e di indicatori biologici (espressione genica, istochimica, istologia) sui campioni prelevati e analizzati in laboratorio. I risultati hanno dimostrato che è possibile, attraverso l’utilizzo dello spettrofotometro, differenziare tra lesioni recenti (pre-macellazione) o lesioni più vecchie in allevamento. I risultati sono stati confermati da quanto ottenuto dall’espressione di alcuni geni testati e dalla risposta infiammatoria.
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Gentz, Maria [Verfasser]. "Pig tail biting in different farrowing and rearing systems with a focus on tail lesions, tail losses and activity monitoring / Maria Gentz". Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1214440193/34.
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Faure, Alice. "Les gaz nobles : une technique innovante de conservation des transplants rénaux". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5059.
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Introduction : Partant du constat qu'il est possible de conserver plus longtemps les denrées alimentaires grâce à un conditionnement sous atmosphère modifiée enrichie en gaz nobles, nous avons développé une stratégie innovante de conservation de transplants rénaux. Nous avons évalué l'effet protecteur d'une solution de conservation saturée en gaz nobles pour la préservation des transplants rénaux.Matériels et méthodes : Dans un modèle d'autotransplantation rénale hétérotopique chez le porc, les transplants prélevés ont été rincés et mis en conservation 30h à 4°C dans du Celsior présaturée en gaz (air, azote, argon 100% ou xénon 100%, n=6 dans chaque groupe) avant transplantation. Les porcs ont été surveillés quotidiennement pendant 21 j.Résultats : L'argon a amélioré la survie (83,3% vs 33,3% avec l'Air, p=0,04) et la reprise de fonction du transplant. Une sortie de tubulopathie significativement plus précoce des transplants a été observé avec l'Argon. Tous les porcs xénon et azote sont décédés. A J21 les transplants argon avaient une meilleure préservation de leur intégrité structurelle cellulaire avec moins d'inflammation, de fibrose interstitielle et d'atrophie tubulaire. Les rapports RAA/TBARS, et d'Hsp 27, étaient significativement plus élevés avec l'argon. Les taux de TNF alpha, Il 6 et 8 ont montré une diminution de la réponse inflammatoire avec l'argon.Conclusion : Nous avons démontré l'effet bénéfique de l'argon sur la reprise précoce de fonction de transplant et en limitant les lésions d'ischémie-reperfusion. Bien que le mécanisme d'action de l'Argon ne soit pas élucidé, il semble que Hsp 27 soit un élément central de la renoprotectionIntroduction: Based on prolonged preservation of perishable food products under modified atmosphere, we developed an innovative method to preserve kidneys during transplantation using nobles gases. We evaluated the protective effect of argon and xenon on preserving kidney graft functionality and integrity in a clinically relevant pig model of transplantation. Methods: The left kidneys of pigs (n=6 per group) were removed, flushed and stored for 30 h in Celsior solution saturated with air, nitrogen, 100% argon, or 100% xenon. Next, autotransplantation and controlateral nephrectomy were performed. The survival rate, renal function, Hsp27, thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), reduced ascorbic acid (RAA), and TNF alpha were analyzed. A histological examination was completed.Results: Argon improved survival (83.3% for argon vs 33.3% for air, p=0.04) and transplant function recovery. All pigs in the nitrogen and the xenon group died. Diuresis recovery occurred earlier in the argon group (n= 5) when compared with the air group (n=2), p=0.05. On day 7 argon transplants had lower serum creatinine levels and a large reduction in primary non function than the air group. Argon-treated tissues showed better cell structural integrity with minor signs of inflammation, fibrosis, and tubular atrophy. The argon group showed significantly higher RAA/TBARS ratios and Hsp27 levels.Conclusion: We demonstrated that modified atmosphere preservation packaging with argon in cold-storage solution improved early transplant function recovery and long-term quality by minimizing IRI in a pig model of prolonged cold-ischemia. The renoprotective effect of argon may involve the Hsp27 pathway
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Desire, Suzanne. "Genetic and environmental dissection of short and long-term social aggression in pigs". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20383.
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It is common for pigs to engage in physical aggression when mixed into new social groups, in order to establish dominance relationships. Phenotyping aggression is time consuming, however skin lesions resulting from physical aggression are quick to record, are genetically correlated with aggressive behavioural traits, and have low to moderate heritability (0.19 to 0.43). Reducing aggression via selection on skin lesion traits would provide a socially acceptable, long-term solution to the problem. Barriers to implementing selection against skin lesions lie in the lack of understanding regarding the underlying genetic basis of aggression, and its relationship with other behaviour and production traits. This thesis has focused on dissecting the phenotypic and genetic relationship between skin lesions recorded 24 hours after mixing (SL24h), and either 3 or 5 weeks later (SL3wk/SL5wk, respectively), with aggression performed at mixing, and several production traits. Chapter 2 provided evidence of a potential trade-off between involvement in aggression upon first mixing, and receipt of aggressive attacks several weeks after mixing. In particular, animals that avoid aggression at mixing had the highest fresh skin lesion numbers at 3 weeks. This suggests that reciprocal fighting at mixing may be beneficial for long-term group social stability. It also suggests that it may be possible to phenotype the least aggressive individuals in a group using SL3wk. In Chapter 3, I quantified the magnitude of reduction in complex aggressive behavioural traits when using SL24h or SL3wk as selection criteria, to identify the optimum skin lesion trait for selection purposes. The results of Chapter 3 provided evidence that selection against anterior SL24h would result in the greatest genetic and phenotypic reduction in aggressive behaviour recorded at mixing. Although there is evidence that selection for increased SL3wk would reduce aggression at mixing, current understanding of aggressive behaviour under stable group conditions is insufficient to recommend using this trait for selection purposes. Chapter 4, presented genetic associations between skin lesion traits as a measure of short- and long-term aggression, and commonly used commercial performance measures: growth, feed intake, feed efficiency, and carcass traits. The results suggested that, genetically, animals that receive many lesions show improved performance compared to those with few lesions, except for anterior SL24h, which have been shown to be genetically positively correlated with the initiation of nonreciprocal attacks. The aim of Chapter 5, was to determine whether skin lesion traits are phenotypically or genetically associated with behavioural measures of fearfulness. As found in Chapter 4, there was some evidence of an association between SL5wk and the traits, however this was not the case for anterior SL24h. For the 6th and final Chapter, we used skin lesion data from 1,840 pigs to perform genome wide association studies (GWAS), which detected a single SNP significantly associated with SL5wk on a genome wide level, as well as several SNPs associated with both SL24h and SL5wk on a chromosome wide level.
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Mouttotou, Niki. "An epidemiological study of foot and limb lesions in growing pigs". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262837.
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Quinn, Amy Jean. "Limb health in pigs : the prevalence and risk factors for lameness, limb lesions and claw lesions in pigs, and the influence of gilt nutrition on indicators of limb health". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/66728/.
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This thesis examined the prevalence and risk factors for lameness, limb lesions and claw lesions in pigs, and the influence of gilt nutrition on indicators of limb health through a cross-sectional survey and two cohort studies. A cross-sectional survey of 68 integrated pig farms in Ireland on lameness, limb and claw lesions of 2948 piglets, 3368 weaners, 544 lactating sows, 1289 finishers, 525 replacement gilts, 518 pregnant gilts and 604 pregnant sows was conducted. The prevalence of foot lesions, limb lesions and lameness was determined for each appropriate group and data relating to environmental and management parameters were also collected to identify risk factors. There was a high prevalence of lameness in finishers, gilts and sows. Lameness prevalence is higher in group gestation housing systems than in gestation stalls. Slat void width and the frequency of pen washing increased the risk of lameness in finisher pigs. Floor type, particularly the floor material used influenced both limb and foot lesions. Two cohort studies were conducted to investigate the effect of three dietary regimes for replacement gilts on lameness, areal bone mineral density (aBMD), behaviour, limb, claw and joint lesions and carcass traits. In the first, a diet specifically formulated for developing gilts and fed restrictively from 70kg until 2 weeks before the gilts approximate weight at first service, reduced lameness, joint lesion prevalence and claw unevenness when compared to the two most commonly practiced feeding regimes for developing gilts. In the second, a diet specifically formulated for developing gilts fed ad-libitum from 65 kg reduced lameness and increased aBMD when compared to the two most commonly practiced feeding regimes for developing gilts. In conclusion, this study provides valuable information on lameness, foot and limb lesion prevalence and risk factors as well as providing information on nutritional strategies that could help to address the current high levels of lameness in replacement gilts.
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Kilbride, Amy L. "An epidemiological study of foot, limb and body lesions and lameness in pigs". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3022/.
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A cross sectional study of 103 indoor and outdoor British pig farms was carried out in 2003-2004. Over 12,000 pigs aged from 3 days up to multiparious breeding sows were examined. Prevalence of foot, limb and body lesions and lameness was recorded using clear case definitions. Detailed data were also collected on the pen or paddock that the pigs were housed in with particular reference to the floor design, material and condition. Associations between prevalence of disease and the environment the pig was housed in were analysed using multilevel regression models. Post-mortem examination of a small sample of foot and limb lesions was carried out to better understand the pathology. There was a lower prevalence of body and limb lesions in pigs of all ages, and foot lesions in preweaning piglets, housed outdoors compared with indoors. However, there was little difference in the prevalence of foot lesions and lameness in gilts and pregnant sows kept indoors compared with outdoors. In most pigs housed indoors, there was a trend for an increased risk of limb and body lesions and lameness in pigs housed on hard and slatted floors compared with solid concrete floors with bedding. Although, in contrast to this the prevalence of wounds on the limbs in piglets was lower on slatted floors compared with solid concrete floors. The associations between foot lesions and indoor floor type varied with the age of the pig and the type of lesion. In piglets, sole bruising was associated with housing on slatted floors while sole erosion was associated with housing on solid concrete floors without bedding. In gilts and sows, heel flaps were associated with housing on slatted floors while toe erosion was associated with solid floors with deep bedding. In conclusion, this study has provided the most accurate estimates of the prevalence of foot, limb, body lesions and lameness in the English pig herd to date and generated useful hypotheses regarding the aetiology of these lesions. To further understand this topic cohort and intervention studies are now needed.
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Chianini, Francesca. "Immunohistochemical characterisation of microscopic lesions in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome naturally affected conventional pigs". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5593.
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Gauger, Phillip C. "Characterization of porcine circovirus type 2a and 2b infection and lesions in gnotobiotic pigs". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Borgonovo, S. "STUDIO DENSITOMETRICO NELLA VALUTAZIONE DEI PROCESSI RIPARATIVI SU LESIONI OSSEE 'CRITICAL SIZE' IN MODELLI ANIMALI". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/150117.
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Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) may represent a novel and efficient tool to promote bone regeneration. Our purpose was to evaluate new-bone tissue formation using BMD (bone mineral densitometry), radiology and histology; in literature there aren’t normal values of bone mineral content in rabbit, goat and pig. Then, The first step of this study (preliminary phase) was to evaluate normal BMD value in rabbit skull and tibia and in pig and goat tibia. The second step (experimental phase), rabbit ASCs were expanded in culture and used for the regeneration of full-thickness bone defects in the proximal epiphysis of tibia of 12 New Zealand rabbits. Defects were implanted with graft material as follows: untreated (control), empty hydroxyapatite (HA) disk,
ASCs alone, and HA disk seeded with ASCs. Each isolated ASCs population was tested in vitro: they all showed a high proliferation rate, a marked clonogenic ability, and osteogenic differentiation potential. Eight weeks after implantation, macroscopic analyses of all the samples showed satisfactory filling of the lesions without any significant differences in term of stiffness between groups treated with or without cells (p>0.05). In both the scaffold-treated groups, a good osteointegration was radiographically observed. Even if HA was not completely reabsorbed, ASCs-loaded HA displayed a higher scaffold resorption than the unloaded ones. Histological BMD analyses showed that the osteogenic abilities of the scaffold-treated defects was greater than those of scaffold-free samples, and in particular new formed bone was more mature and more similar to native bone in presence of ASCs. These results demonstrated that autologous ASCs–HA constructs is a potential treatment for the regeneration of bone defects.
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Ortega, Guillén Eduardo. "Colgajo neurofasciocutáneo sural en pacientes con lesiones traumáticas de la pierna distal, tobillo y pie : Hospital "San Juan Bautista" Huaral 2008-2009". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/15025.
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Muesta la experiencia obtenida por el Servicio de Ortopedia y Traumatología de un Hospital de Apoyo en la realización del colgajo neurofasciocutáneo sural de pedículo distal para la cobertura de partes blandas en lesiones traumáticas, así como presentar las complicaciones de éste procedimiento y los factores de riesgo para su aparición. Estudio observacional descriptivo (serie de casos). Pacientes sometidos a colgajo sural de pedículo distal por lesiones traumáticas en el Hospital “San Juan Bautista” Huaral, entre enero del 2008 y octubre del 2009. Se operó nueve pacientes, presentándose tres complicaciones mayores: un caso de
necrosis total, uno de necrosis parcial y uno de epidermólisis total del colgajo, además de cinco casos con complicaciones menores. Siete casos requirieron curaciones por más de tres semanas y siete casos presentaron como secuela una hipoestesia en el borde externo del pie, aunque bien tolerada. Frecuentemente se presentan complicaciones menores, pero no impiden la implantación del colgajo neurofasciocutáneo sural y atribuibles a factores de riesgo comórbidos (insuficiencia venosa, tabaquismo) o de procedimiento (túnel subcutáneo para el pedículo, longitud del pedículo o el injerto de piel de espesor total). La gran mayoría de pacientes evoluciona favorablemente y obtiene una cobertura de buena calidad en las zonas afectadas, con molestias tolerables. Se recomienda incluir los procedimientos de cobertura de partes blandas como parte del manejo integral de las lesiones traumáticas de las extremidades e incluirlos en el programa de estudios de la especialidad de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología.Trabajo académico
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Ferrari, Karen Linares. "Diversidade molecular do gene Cap (ORF-2) do circovírus suíno 2 (PCV2) detectado em amostras de pulmão com e sem lesões pneumônicas macroscópicas em suínos abatidos no Estado de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-12082013-121700/.
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Circovirus suíno 2 (PCV2) associado a doenças (PCVAD do inglês Porcine circovirus associated disease) pode se manifestar como infecção sistêmica, enterite, problemas reprodutivos, síndrome de dermatite e nefropatia suína e complexo de doenças respiratórias (PRDC). A ocorrência de PRDC, que afeta, principalmente, animais de crescimento e terminação, caracteriza-se por crescimento lento, tosse prolongada e dispnéia, assim como lesões macroscópicas características em pulmão. PCV2 possui três principais regiões abertas de leitura (ORFs): ORF-1 codifica proteínas envolvidas na replicação (gene Rep); ORF-2 codifica proteína estrutural do capsídeo (gene Cap) e ORF-3 codifica proteína envolvida na indução de apoptose celular. O gene Cap é a região mais variável do PCV2, havendo indícios da associação entre a proteína Cap e patogenicidade. De acordo com a nomenclatura unificada proposta por Segalés et al., três diferentes genótipos são atualmente reconhecidos (PCV2a, - 2b, -2c). O aumento na incidência e gravidade da PCVAD foi atribuído ao surgimento do PCV2b tornando-se o mais prevalente subtipo em países da América do Norte, Europa, e no Brasil. Diante dos prejuízos que a PRDC acarreta, 200 amostras de pulmão com e sem lesões pneumônicas macroscópicas foram analisadas para PCV2 pela PCR; 88,5 % (177/200) foram positivas para PCV2 por PCR corroborando com estudos em que o PCV2 foi encontrado em um grande numero de amostras e poderia desenvolver um papel da PRDC. Entretanto, não houve associação significativa entre amostras positivas e presença ou ausência de lesões pneumônicas macroscópicas (p=0,26). A análise filogenética de 27 amostras PCV2 positivas sequênciadas (22 genoma completo e cinco ORF-2 completa) foram agrupadas no genótipo PCV2b. Devido à alta identidade de nucleotídeos e aminoácidos entre as sequencias obtidas e as recuperadas de estudos anteriores com presença e ausência de PCVAD, não há indícios de associação entre patogenicidade e o subtipo de PCV2 identificado neste trabalhoPorcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) associated disease (PCVAD) may manifest as systemic infection, enteritis, reproductive problems, dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome and porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). The occurrence of PRDC, which affects mainly the growing and finishing animals, characterized by slow growth, prolonged cough and dyspnea, as well as characteristic gross lesions in the lungs. PCV2 has three main regions denominated open reading frames (ORFs): ORF-1 encodes a protein involved in replication (Rep gene), ORF-2 encodes the capsid structural protein (Cap gene) and ORF-3 encodes a protein involved in the induction of cellular apoptosis. The Cap gene is the most variable region of PCV2, with evidence of association between the Cap protein and pathogenicity. According to an unified nomenclature proposed by Ségales et al., three different subtypes are currently recognized (PCV2a,-2b-2c). The increased incidence and severity of PCVAD was attributed to the rise of PCV2b becoming the most prevalent subtype in countries of North America, Europe, and Brazil. Given the damage that leads to PRDC, 200 samples of lungs with and without macroscopic pneumonic lesions were analyzed for PCV2 by PCR; 88.5% (177/200) were positive for PCV2 by PCR corroborating with studies in which PCV2 was found in a large number of samples and could develop a role in PRDC. However, there was no significant association between positive samples and the presence or absence of macroscopic pneumonic lesions (p=0.26). Phylogenetic analysis of the 27 samples PCV2 positive sequenced (22 complete genome and five complete ORF-2) were grouped in genotype PCV2b. Due to the high identity between the nucleotide and amino acid sequences obtained and retrieved from previous studies with presence and absence of PCVAD, there is no evidence of association between subtype and pathogenicity of PCV2 identified in this work
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Boqvist, Sofia. "Leptospira infection among pigs in southern Vietnam : aspects on epidemiology, clinical affection and bacteriology /". Uppsala : Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences ([Institutionen för obstetrik och gynekologi], Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2002. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2002/91-576-6374-2.pdf.
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Kern, Paula Luciana. "Diagnóstico diferencial de cistos e linfadenite granulomatosa em linfonodos suínos". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/61001.
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As infecções por Mycobacterium sp. têm grande importância na suinocultura devido às perdas econômicas decorrentes da alteração do destino de carcaças, tais como condenação total, aproveitamento condicional, ou mercado interno. As principais causadoras de linfadenite granulomatosa (LG), encontradas em matadouros frigoríficos, são as micobactérias pertencentes ao complexo Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. Na inspeção post mortem não há como determinar a espécie de micobactéria envolvida na linfadenite granulomatosa. Por esse motivo, as carcaças e vísceras dos suínos com lesões granulomatosas em linfonodos seguem a destinação prevista para casos de tuberculose. Em 2009, verificou-se aumento nas condenações por LG em um frigorífico de suínos, sob inspeção federal, na região do Vale do Taquari, RS. Na tentativa de identificar as causas e, possivelmente, adequar os critérios para tais condenações, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de LG no período de 2008 a 2011, através da inspeção visual e através de exames histopatológicos e microbiológicos em 47 linfonodos das regiões mesentérica, traqueobrônquica e submandibular, amostrados na linha de abate que foram processados pelos métodos de rotina histológica e corados pela técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen. Em vinte e uma amostras, realizou-se, também, a técnica de PCR quantitativo para circovirus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) e em 26 amostras exame bacteriológico de rotina. Em vinte (42,6%), dos 47 linfonodos analisados, a lesão foi classificada, visualmente, como cisto sendo 90% destes confirmados pela histologia. Entre os 27 linfonodos classificados como LG na inspeção visual, 19 (70,4%) foram confirmados na histologia. As principais diferenciações da lesão cística para LG, ao exame visual, incluíram a fácil remoção do conteúdo sob leve pressão e a ausência de granuloma ao corte. Na análise histopatológica, observaram-se áreas císticas com conteúdo proteináceo, algumas amostras com infiltrado linfocítico. PCV2 não foi detectado nas amostras testadas e identificou-se Corynebacterium (1/26), Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (4/26) e Staphylococcus hyicus (2/26). A adoção de novos critérios na diferenciação entre lesões tuberculoides e císticas, à inspeção post mortem de linfonodos mesentéricos, determinou a redução da prevalência das condenações por LG de 5,81% em 2009 para 1,47%, em 2011. Não foram detectados agentes infecciosos associados à lesão cística de linfonodos mesentéricos. No entanto, a etiologia dessas lesões císticas não foi determinada.Infection by Mycobacterium sp. has a great economic impact on the swine industry due to the economic looses associated with condemnation or altered destination of the carcass in slaughterhouse. The main causes of granulomatous lymphadenitis (GL) in pigs are bacterium belonging to the Mycobacterium avium-intracellularis group. Since visual differentiation among Mycobacterium species involved in GL is not possible, carcass and viscera from GL-affected pigs follow the same destination from that of tuberculosis. An increased number of condemnations due to GL in a swine slaughterhouse under federal inspection in the region of Taquari Valley were recorded. In an attempting to identify the causes and to adapt the inspection criteria for such condemnations, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of GL from 2008 to 2011 through visual inspection, histopathological and microbiological examinations in lymph nodes. Forty seven lymph nodes were collected and processed by the routine histological methods and stained by Ziehl-Neelsen. In 21 samples, quantitative PCR for PCV2 was performed. The other 26 samples were analyzed by standard bacteriology. From 47 lymph nodes analyzed, 20 (42.6 %) were classified as cysts by visual inspection, 90% of which were confirmed by histology. A total of 19 (70.4%) of the 27 lymph nodes visually classified as GL were confirmed by histology. The main visual differences between cysts and GL were the easy content removal under light pressure and absence of granuloma at the cut surface. At histopathological examination, cysts showed areas with proteinaceous contents, some of them with histiocytic infiltrate. PCV2 was not detected in the tested samples. Bacteriological analysis identified Corynebacterium (1/26), Staphylococcus coagulase negative (4/26) and Staphylococcus hyicus (2/26). Adoption of a new criteria for differentiating cystic from tuberculous lesions, at the post mortem inspection of mesenteric lymph nodes, decreased the prevalence of 5.81% recorded in 2009 to 1.47% in 2011, in the condemnation due to GL. It is suggested that most lesions previously classified as GL were truly cysts. No infectious agents were associated with such lesions. However, the etiology of these lymph nodal cystic lesions could not be determined.
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Del, Pozo Copaja Edwin Vladimir y Santiago Patricia Lévano. "Correlación clínico–baropodométrica en pacientes adultos mayores con pie diabético neuropático que acuden al Programa de Pie Diabético del Departamento de Medicina de Rehabilitación del HNGAI". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2007. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/14771.
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Evalúa, analiza y determina la correlación existente entre los
hallazgos clínicos y los datos obtenidos por baropodometría computarizada de
las presiones (cargas) plantares en los pacientes adultos mayores portadores de
pie diabético neuropático. Participan 71 pacientes portadores de pie diabético neuropático,
que cumplían los criterios de inclusión fueron admitidos en esta investigación.
Para determinar la sensación protectiva, se utilizó el monofilamento de Semmes Weinstein de 10gr (5.07); la sensibilidad vibratoria fue evaluada mediante el
diapasón de 128 Hz., la gradación muscular fue valorada mediante la escala
British Medical Research Council (0-5) y los reflejos miotáticos fueron
examinados mediante el martillo de reflejos.
Para el análisis de las presiones plantares se utilizó el sistema electrónico de
plataforma Pel-38 (Midi Capteurs) que cuenta con 1024 sensores de alta
sensibilidad que emplea el software Twin 99; expresando los valores de las
presiones en gr/cm² y para el análisis de la información estadística se utilizó el
software SPSS v. 12.00 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences).
Constituye un estudio observacional, descriptivo de una serie de casos, de tipo
transversal correlacional que se basó en la evaluación clínica - baropodométrica
de los pacientes pertenecientes al Programa de Pie Diabético del Servicio
Aparato Locomotor del Departamento de Medicina de Rehabilitación del
HNGAI (febrero-abril 2007). Encuentra que del total de pacientes estudiados (n=71) el 59.2% fueron mujeres.
La edad promedio fue 68 ± 7(60-86) años y el tiempo de enfermedad fue de 16 ±
10 años. El IMC fue de 26.5 ± 4.5(19.2-35.9) kg/m². Mediante el uso del MSW
se encontró que la pérdida de sensación protectiva ≤ 4/10 en ambos pies fue de
39.4%. Con respecto a la palestesia evaluada mediante el diapasón se encontró ausente
y/o disminuida en 34.8% a nivel maleolar y 45.1% a nivel de la 1ra AMTF. Con
respecto a los reflejos miotáticos se encontró arreflexia y/o hiporreflexia
rotuliana en el 53.5% y aquiliana en el 64.8%. Las zonas de hiperqueratosis se
localizaron con mayor frecuencia a nivel del caput del II MTT y III MTT en
ambos pies. En los pacientes que presentaron hiperqueratosis, se registraron
presiones más elevadas en dichas áreas, siendo la presión media (gr/cm²)
encontrada de 528.5± 164,9 (235-998). La presión máxima o pico se localizó
con mayor frecuencia en el retropie y fue de 944,8 ± 272 gr/cm² (476-1702)
Se encontraron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el tiempo de
enfermedad y los cambios neuropáticos, tiempo de enfermedad y gradación del
“pie en riesgo”, peso e IMC con respecto a la presión media bipedia e
igualmente entre edad y presiones plantares (máxima y media) esta última en
relación inversa. Concluye que la edad, el tiempo de enfermedad, el peso, la talla, el IMC, las
deformidades pedias, la neuropatía periférica y la presencia de hiperqueratosis
tienen correlación con las variaciones de las presiones plantares que pueden
derivar en complicaciones del “pie en riesgo”; todo ello fundamenta la etiología
multifactorial de la presencia de dichas lesiones.Trabajo académico
16
Rao, Benites Fernando Renato. "Grado de efectividad de la laserterapia de baja potencia para el manejo de lesiones ulcerativas en el síndrome del pie diabético en el Departamento de Medicina de Rehabilitación : Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1949.
Texto completoResumen
Descripción del problema:
La presencia de lesiones ulcerativas pedias en el paciente con síndrome del pie diabético, implica un costo en los servicios utilizados para la identificación, tratamiento y cuidado de los pacientes con problemas relacionados con el pie diabético, estos son muy elevados y representan una parte muy importante del costo sanitario directo de la Diabetes Mellitus. A estos costos directos deberían sumarse los indirectos derivados de la muerte o pérdida de la función y, por tanto, la falta de productividad laboral y deterioro de la calidad de vida.
Requiriendo un manejo multidisciplinario que incluye la rehabilitación integral y particularmente diversos métodos de tratamiento, como la laserterapia (As-Ga) de baja intensidad que acelera la cicatrización de las úlceras en pie diabético.
Antecedentes del problema:
La laserterapia se basa en los estudios de Bohr y Plank sobre física quántica, enriquecidos posteriormente por Einsten (1917) sobre los principios de emisión estimulada.
En 1960 Maiman crea el primer láser de rubí. De todos los efectos del láser, a nuestro juicio, el regenerador es uno del más valioso; porque lo hemos comprobado en la práctica diaria y a través de revisiones bibliográficas.
Hipótesis:
La laserterapia (As-Ga) tiene efectividad en el tratamiento de las ulceras pedias en pacientes portadores del síndrome del pie diabético.
Objetivos:
1. Objetivo general:
- Evaluar la efectividad de la laserterapia (As – Ga) en el tratamiento de las lesiones ulcerativas en pacientes portadores del pie diabético.
2. Objetivos específicos:
- Determinar la efectividad de la aplicación de la laserterapia (As-Ga) en el tratamiento de lesiones ulcerativas pedías en pacientes portadores del síndrome del pie diabético.
- Determinar el tipo de pie diabético predominante.
- Determinar la distribución de los pacientes según grupo de edad y sexo.Tesis de segunda especialidad
17
Botermans, Jos A. M. "Feeding environment for growing-finishing pigs : effects of competition for feed and feeding frequency on performance, behaviour, injuries, plasma cortisol and exocrine pancreatic secretion /". Alnarp : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5744-0.pdf.
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Calvo, Gonell Alfonso Valeriano. "Relación entre estructura del pie y características del ligamento rotuliano en jugadores de voleibol". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/418813.
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El aumento de la exigencia deportiva hacen del estudio de las lesiones un tema de
interés para la investigación en el ámbito del deporte. El objetivo de la tesis ha sido
identificar características de los individuos y su actividad deportiva asociadas con el
dolor anterior de rodilla, relacionando la estructura del pie mediante el test IPP (Índice
Postura del Pie) y el ligamento rotuliano. Se trata de un estudio observacional
descriptivo de corte transversal realizado sobre jugadores/as de voleibol de las ligas
españolas estudiando el IPP, la dorsiflexión del tobillo, EAV, VISA-P y análisis
ecográfico del tendón rotuliano. Los sujetos con el pie izquierdo supinado
experimentaron un menor riesgo de afectación del tendón. Los sujetos con
puntuaciones bajas en escala VISA-P o altas en EAV, tenían más riesgo de imagen
ecográfica alterada. El diámetro A-P del tendón, su afectación ecográfica y la
neovascularización intratendinosa se asociaron con el dolor anterior de rodilla.Increase of sport’s requirement makes injury’s study an interesting issue for investigation in sport discipline. The aim of the thesis was to identify characteristics of the individuals and their sport activity associated to the anterior knee pain, relating the foot structure by FPI (Foot Posture Index) test ante patellar ligament. It is an observational cross-sectional descriptive study conducted on volleyball players competing in Spanish categories studying FPI, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, EVA, VISA-P and ultrasound analysis of patellar ligament. Subjects with left foot supinated had a lower risk of tendon involvement. Subjects with low VISA-P scores or high EVA scores had more risk of altered ultrasound image. The anteroposterior patellar ligament diameter, its ultrasound impairment and intratendinous neovascularization were associated with anterior knee pain.
19
Sabrera, Albornoz Sthefanny Mirella. "Efecto del programa para la independencia en la movilidad funcional de personas amputadas por pie diabético, Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión, 2018". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/10764.
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Determina el efecto del programa para la independencia en la movilidad funcional de personas amputadas por pie diabético en el Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión, 2018. El estudio es de tipo intervención cuasi experimental, sin grupo control. Prospectivo, no aleatorio. La población total fue de 8 usuarios con amputación por pie diabético del Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrion. Se utilizó el instrumento “Evaluación de la independencia para personas con amputación unilateral de miembro inferior”. El instrumento se sometió a una prueba de validez de contenido mediante un juicio de expertos constituido por 7 licenciados en terapia ocupacional. Además se realizó una prueba piloto, constituida por 10 personas con amputación de miembro inferior, el cual determinó que la prueba posee una alta confiabilidad a través del índice alfa de Cronbach (0.94). Los resultados obtenidos con la prueba de t de Student revelaron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre en los valores iniciales y finales de la evaluación aplicada antes y después del programa, dicha diferencia es favorable ya que todos los niveles de independencia mejoraron, obteniendo un valor positivo el cual confirma la hipótesis planteada debido al valor de P (0.001). Se determinó un efecto favorable del programa para la independencia en la movilidad funcional de personas amputadas por pie diabético en el Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión, 2018.Tesis
20
Torres, Aparcana Harold Lizardo. "Factores de riesgo para una nueva amputación en pacientes atendidos quirúrgicamente por pie diabético en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo entre 2006 - 2008. Lima – Perú". Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/15629.
Texto completoResumen
Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autorLas lesiones por pie diabético representan un problema mayor de salud pública, son causa frecuente de morbimortalidad y uno de los principales motivos de hospitalización en todo el mundo. Los pacientes diabéticos tienen entre 12 y 22 veces mayor riesgo de sufrir la amputación de alguna extremidad inferior comparado con los no diabéticos. Evalúa los factores de riesgo que estén asociados a una amputación de miembro inferior por una nueva lesión en pacientes que hayan sido tratados quirúrgicamente por pie diabético en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo entre enero del 2006 y diciembre del 2008. Realiza un estudio observacional, longitudinal, no concurrente y analítico. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico al alta de pie diabético que durante su hospitalización haya sido sometido a algún tipo de tratamiento quirúrgico por éste (limpieza quirúrgica, amputación menor o amputación mayor) y se haya podido hacer seguimiento. Se empleó el análisis de regresión logística de Cox para calcular los HR (hazard ratio) de los diferentes factores de riesgo. Se consideró significativo un p<0.05. Se evaluaron 82 pacientes, 66 de sexo masculino (80,5%). La edad promedio fue 57,4±10,9 años. El tiempo de diagnóstico de diabetes fue 12,2±7,8 años. El 32,9% tenía antecedente de hipertensión arterial, 7,3% dislipidemia, 3,7% de infarto de miocardio (IMA), 1,2% de enfermedad cerebro vascular (ECV) y el 57,3% de consumo de tabaco, 18 pacientes tenían antecedente de úlcera en pie previa a hospitalización y el 50% de ellos habían recibido algún tratamiento quirúrgico por la lesión. El 92,7% presentaba neuropatía diabética y 56,1% insuficiencia arterial periférica. El tipo de cirugía que recibieron fue: 18 (22,0%) limpieza quirúrgica, 22 (26,8%) amputación menor y 42 (51,2%) amputación mayor. El tiempo de seguimiento fue 1,88 ± 1,61 años, durante el cual 27 pacientes fueron sometidos a algún tipo de amputación: 8 con amputación menor y 19 con amputación mayor. La tasa de incidencia de amputación por una nueva lesión en pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente por pie diabético fue de 17,49 amputaciones/100 pacientes-año. Los factores de riesgo identificados fueron: edad (HR 1,06 IC95%:1,01-1,11; p=0.010), antecedente de consumo de tabaco (HR 3,71 IC95%:1,24-11,16; p=0,019), antecedente IMA o ECV (HR 4,99 IC95%: 1,44-17,27; p=0,011) y antecedente de tratamiento quirúrgico por lesión previa en el pie (HR 7,03 IC95%:2,11-23,42; p=0,001). Concluye que la tasa de incidencia de amputación por una nueva lesión en pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente por pie diabético fue de 17,49 amputaciones/100 pacientes-año. Los factores de riesgo identificados fueron la edad, el antecedente de tratamiento quirúrgico por úlcera previa, aquellos relacionados con riesgo cardiovascular como el antecedente de consumo de tabaco, de IMA y ECV.
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Larios, Villasis Carlos Enrique. "Eficacia de la utilización del colgajo sural a pierna cruzada para la reconstrucción en lesiones graves contra laterales del tercio distal de pierna y pie. Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión. Enero 2003 - diciembre 2007". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/14782.
Texto completoResumen
Determina la eficacia de la utilización del colgajo sural a pierna cruzada para la reconstrucción en lesiones graves contralaterales del tercio distal de pierna y pie. Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión. enero 2003 - diciembre 2007.El estudio es descriptivo, longitudinal, retrospectivo y observacional. La población estuvo constituida por los pacientes con lesiones graves contralateral de tercio distal de pierna y pie sometidos a cirugía con utilización de colgajo sural a pierna cruzada en el Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión durante enero 2003 y diciembre 2007. No se realizará muestreo, se trabajará con toda la población por ser esta relativamente pequeña y accesible. Se revisó las historias clínicas y reporte operatorio de los pacientes con lesiones graves del tercio distal de pierna y pie. Se obtuvo información relacionada a la eficacia de la técnica quirúrgica y complicaciones derivadas de su uso, así como datos generales, antecedentes, características clínicas y quirúrgicas de los pacientes. La eficacia se determinó usando como parámetro la cobertura obtenida (parcial o total) y la necesidad de utilizar injertos de piel parcial o colgajo local para completar dicha cobertura. Del año 2003 al 2007 se realizaron 05 colgajos surales a pierna cruzada para defectos graves contralaterales en el servicio de Cirugía Plástica del Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión. 4 pacientes fueron del sexo masculino y 1 de sexo femenino. El60% de los pacientes están comprendidos en la población económicamente activa. La etiología fue por accidente de tránsito en un 100%. El defecto se localiza en tercio inferior de pierna en 4 pacientes y 1 en talón. Las complicaciones fueron fistulas osteocutaneas en2 pacientes y epidermólisis en 1 paciente. La cobertura del defecto fue total en el 100%. Se concluye que el colgajo sural a pierna cruzada demostró ser técnicamente sencillo, rápido, seguro y eficaz para dar cobertura en lesiones graves contralaterales donde no se factible de realizar colgajos locales o colgajos libres.Trabajo académico
22
De, Donno Giulia. "Three dimensional strain analysis of vertebrae with artificial metastases through digital volume correlation". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19911/.
Texto completoResumen
Bone is a common site for metastases and spine represent the most frequent site. Lytic lesions are associated with the loss of bone tissue, which can compromise the mechanical competence of the vertebra, leading to spine instability. Rigid stabilization is a solution, but it is a complex surgery, that can be very critical for oncologic patients; on the other hand, an untreated metastasis can lead to mechanical failure of the bone, leading to pain, immobilization and in the worst case, paralysis.
In this study, a protocol to analyse the strain with simulated lytic metastasis under compressive loading has been developed and optimized using a porcine vertebra. The strain distribution has been measured experimentally using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and Digital Volume Correlation (DVC), which provided three-dimensional displacements and strains maps inside the specimen. The ideal parameters for the DVC have been found by analysing two repeated scans in constant strain condition and setting a target of 200 microstrain for the errors (one order of magnitude lower than typical strains in bone subjected to physiological loading conditions). An ideal nodal spacing of 50 voxels (approximately 2 mm) has been chosen and a voxel detection algorithm has been applied to all data to remove regions outside the bone. In order to understand how the presence of the defect could alter the strain distribution, the porcine vertebra has also been subjected to non-destructive compressive load before and after the preparation of a mechanically induced lytic metastasis in the vertebral body. An increase of the 40% of the compressive principal strain after the defect has been found in proximity of the lesion.
This protocol will be used in future studies to analyse the effect of size and position of artificially metastatic lesions in the vertebral body of human spines.
23
Ferrari, Paolo. "ANALYSIS OF HOUSING RISK FACTORS FOR ANIMAL WELFARE IN A SAMPLE OF EUROPEAN FATTENING FARMS FOR HEAVY AND LEAN PIG PRODUCTION". Doctoral thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1273924.
Texto completoResumen
Uno studio osservazionale su 51 allevamenti di suini in sette Paesi dell'UE, volto a indagare i fattori di rischio della stabulazione per il benessere dei suini da finissaggio, ha mostrato che il peso corporeo e la presenza di una superficie di deposizione solida e pavimentata (BED) hanno identificato tre gruppi di aziende. Gli allevamenti con BED erano caratterizzati dalla presenza di tutti o quasi tutti i suini con coda intergra non mozzata, da una maggiore disponibilità di foraggio e materiali manipolabili e da un numero inferiore di suini per azienda e per unità di lavoro annuale. I suini di questi allevamenti sono risultati meno affetti da lesioni cutanee e alle orecchie rispetto ai suini leggeri degli allevamenti senza BED, caratterizzati da una minore disponibilità di spazio e da minori tasso di mortalità e costi veterinari. Gli allevamenti di suini pesanti senza BED erano caratterizzati da un maggior spazio per suino, un maggior numero di suini per abbeveratoio e un più alto tasso di mortalità e costi veterinari per suino, rispetto ai suini leggeri. Non è stata riscontrata alcuna differenza statistica nelle lesioni alla coda tra i tre gruppi di allevamenti, sebbene il taglio della coda sia stato eseguito in tutti gli allevamenti senza BED e non sia stato eseguito nella maggior parte degli allevamenti con BED. I risultati di questo studio hanno confermato che la presenza di lettiera e una maggiore disponibilità di spazio, al di sopra del requisito minimo previsto dalla legislazione europea, possono migliorare le condizioni di benessere dei suini da ingrasso, aumentando il loro accesso ai materiali di arricchimento ottimali e il tempo dedicato alla loro esplorazione e manipolazione e limitando l'insorgenza di lesioni nei suini con coda integra.
An observational study on 51 pig farms in seven EU countries, aimed at investigating housing risk factors for the welfare of finishing pigs, showed body weight and presence of bedded solid floored laying area (BED) identifying three clusters of farms. Farms with BED were featured by no or limited tail docking, larger availability of roughage and manipulable materials and lower number of pigs per farm and per annual work unit. Pigs in these farms were found as less affected by skin and ear lesions, compared with lean pigs in farms without BED, which were characterized by lower pig space allowance, mortality rate and medication cost. Heavy pig farms without BED were featured by more space per pig, more pigs per drinker and higher mortality rate and medication cost per pig, compared to lean pigs. No statistical difference in tail lesions was found between the three farm clusters, although tail docking was performed in all farms without BED and not performed on most farms with BED. The outcomes of this study confirmed that the presence of BED and larger availability of space, above the minimum requirement of EU legislation, can improve welfare conditions of fattening pigs by increasing their access to optimal enrichment materials and time spent in exploring and manipulating them and by limiting the occurrence of lesions in undocked tail pigs.
24
Gentz, Maria. "Pig tail biting in different farrowing and rearing systems with a focus on tail lesions, tail losses and activity monitoring". Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-142A-6.
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Lee, Yueh-Yi y 李悅怡. "Pathogenic study of lymphoid lesions in PMWS pigs". Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93223391283335394740.
Texto completoResumen
碩士國立臺灣大學
獸醫學研究所
91
By using in situ hybridization, in situ apoptosis assay (TUNEL), double labeling technique, and immunohistochemistry stain, several questions regarding the pathogenesis of changes in lymphoid organs in natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) affected pigs were investigated. The queries included (i) the distribution of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) in the lesions, (ii) the relationship between viral loading and the severity of the lesions; (iii) possible involvement of apoptosis and cytokine IFN-a and TNF-a in the lesion formation. The result revealed that the distribution patterns of PCV2 and PRRSV in the lymphoid organs were similar. Both viral signals were located at the lymphoid follicles in lymph nodes, located at the lymphoid follicles and periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS) in spleens, and at the lymphoid follicles in tonsils. In addition, both viruses shared similar cell tropism with macrophage-like cells as the major targets. However, the amount of PCV2-infected cells far more exceeded the amount of PRRSV-infected cells. The lesion of lymphoid depletion was associated with the viral loading of PCV2, but the severity of the lesions was statistically related to the presence of both viruses. The lesions of lymphoid hyperplasia were associated with the presence of PRRSV, but the severity of the lesions was not statistically related. There was statistical significance between the amount of apoptotic signal and the amount of the viral load. However, only PRRSV but not PCV2 signals shared similar location with apoptotic signals. Finally, the distributions of IFN-a and TNF-a signals were similar to that of apoptotic signal, but rarely overlapped with those of viral signals.
26
Tönepöhl, Björn. "Untersuchungen zur Erfassung und Genetik von Verhaltensmerkmalen beim Schwein unter Praxisbedingungen". Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0001-BAD8-7.
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Durch das öffentliche und politische Interesse an der Tierhaltung und den daraus resultierenden Gesetzen werden sich die Haltungssysteme von Schweinen zukünftig ändern. Das Wohlbefinden der Tiere soll dadurch gesteigert werden. Dies kann z. B. durch die Gruppenhaltung der Tiere in verschiedenen Produktionsabschnitten erreicht werden. Neben den positiven Effekten für die Tiere führt das Halten von Schweinen in Gruppen aber zwangsläufig zu agonistischen Interaktionen innerhalb der Gruppe und damit zu Stress für die Tiere. Bei den wachsenden Bestandsgrößen ist ebenso eine gute Umgänglichkeit der Schweine wichtig, um Stress für Mensch und Tier beim Handling zu vermeiden. Die Zucht auf gruppentaugliche und umgängliche Schweine könnte dazu beitragen, die Probleme in diesen Bereichen zu reduzieren. Für eine Eingliederung von „Umgänglichkeit“ und „Aggressivität“ in Zuchtprogramme müssen zunächst Methoden gefunden werden, die zum Zielmerkmal korrelierte Merkmale erfassen, was bei einem vertretbaren Aufwand an einer großen Anzahl an Daten erfolgen kann. Außerdem müssen Zusammenhänge zu anderen ökonomisch wichtigen Zuchtmerkmalen analysiert und berücksichtigt werden.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Verhaltenstests zu entwickeln und deren Eignung als Selektionskriterium in Zuchtprogrammen zu überprüfen. Auf die Durchführung der Verhaltenstests unter praxisnahen Bedingungen und die Umsetzbarkeit zur Erfassung einer großen Anzahl an Verhaltensbeobachtungen wurde dabei besonders beachtet.
Als erstes wurde der Einfluss des Haltungssystems auf das Verhalten der Tiere untersucht. Mit Hilfe von unterschiedlichen Verhaltenstest (Novel Object Test, Novel Arena Test, Wiegetest) sowie der Beurteilung der Anzahl und Schwere der Hautläsionen wurden 126 Mastschweine aus zwei unterschiedlich strukturierten Aufzuchtställen (10er Gruppen mit Trockenfutterautomaten vs. 30er Gruppen mit Trockenfutterautomaten und Breifutterautomaten) verglichen. Dadurch sollte aufgezeigt werden, in welchem Ausmaß das Verhalten der Tiere bereits durch kleine Veränderungen der Umwelt und der Gruppengröße beeinflusst wird. Während die Beobachtungen beim Novel Arena Test keine signifikanten Unterschiede aufwiesen, waren Schweine aus der angereicherten Umwelt deutlich aktiver z.B. beim Verhalten auf der Waage (p < 0,0001) und hatten auch weniger Hautläsionen (p = 0,0074) als die Tiere aus den 10er Gruppen (Kapitel 3).
Des Weiteren wurde die Eignung von Hautläsionen als Indikator für individuelle Aggressivität überprüft. Dabei wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen dem agonistischen Verhalten beim Zusammenstallen von Sauen und deren Anzahl an Hautläsionen 10 Wochen nach der Gruppierung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten keinen Zusammenhang zwischen Anzahl der Initiierung von agonistischen Interaktionen bei der Gruppierung und der Anzahl an Hautläsionen beim Ausstallen aus der Gruppenhaltung (p > 0,1). Aber die häufiger attackierten Sauen hatten signifikant mehr Hautläsionen (p = 0,0435). Daher scheinen Anzahl und Schwere von Hautläsionen nicht als Merkmal für individuelle Aggressivität beim Schwein geeignet zu sein. Die aggressiveren Sauen hatten die besseren Fruchtbarkeitsleistungen (z.B. Häufigkeit der Initiierung von agonistischen Interaktionen vs. gesamt geborene Ferkel: rp = 0,20) und umgekehrt hatten die Sauen mit vielen Hautverletzungen schlechtere Fruchtbarkeitsleistungen (Score für Hautläsionen vorderes Körperdrittel vs. gesamt geborene Ferkel: rp = –0,28). Hier zeigte sich eine ungünstige Beziehung zwischen Aggressivität und Fruchtbarkeit (Kapitel 4).
Im Weiteren wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen Backtest, Wiegeverhalten, Hautläsionen sowie Tageszunahmen analysiert. Dafür wurden sowohl genetische Parameter geschätzt als auch phänotypische Korrelationen berechnet. Verhaltensbeobachtungen von 976 Mastschweinen wurden über einen Zeitraum von der Geburt bis zum Schlachten der Tiere erfasst. Die geschätzten Heritabilitäten der Verhaltensmerkmale lagen in den meisten Fällen in einem züchterisch nutzbaren Bereich (z.B. Backtest 2: h² = 0,36 ± 0,08; Verhalten von Schlachtschweinen auf der Waage: h² = 0,20 ± 0,07). Die Ergebnisse zeigten aber, dass nur zwischen dem Backtest 1 und Backtest 2 (rp = 0,30; rg = 0,84 ± 0,11) sowie zwischen Backtest 2 und dem Verhalten von Läufern auf der Waage ein Zusammenhang besteht (rp = 0,13; rg = 0,57 ± 0,21). Aufgrund der vergleichsweise geringen Korrelationen zum Wiegenverhalten sowie den fehlenden Korrelationen zu weiteren Verhaltensmerkmalen, aber auch durch den hohen Zeit- und Arbeitsaufwand für die Durchführung, erscheint der Backtest insgesamt als Selektionsmerkmal ungeeignet. Weitere Zusammenhänge zwischen den verschiedenen Verhaltensmerkmalen konnten basierend auf den genetischen und phänotypischen Korrelationen nicht festgestellt werden. Die Tiere reagieren in den verschiedenen Situationen unterschiedlich, sodass kaum eine Konsistenz/Konstanz im Verhalten der Schweine bei unterschiedlichen Verhaltenstests beobachtet werden konnte. (Kapitel 5).
Anhand der vorliegenden Ergebnisse, u.a. der Heritabilitäten, bleibt festzuhalten, dass die Integration von Verhaltensmerkmalen in Zuchtprogramme insgesamt möglich ist. Der erste wichtige Schritt ist die Auswahl eines Merkmals das in direkter Beziehung zu den Zielmerkmalen, Umgänglichkeit oder aggressiven Verhalten, steht. Sowohl der Backtest als auch die Hautläsionen sind nicht mit aggressiven Verhalten oder nur geringfügig mit Umgänglichkeit verbunden und sind somit nicht als Indikatormerkmale für eine Zucht auf Verhalten beim Schwein geeignet. Andere Merkmale, die z.B. beim Wiegetest oder bei der direkten Beobachtung des agonistischen Verhaltens erfasst werden, scheinen besser geeignet zu sein. Die positiven Korrelationen von Aggressivität zu Tageszunahmen und Fruchtbarkeit zeigen aber, dass ungünstige Beziehungen zwischen diesen ökonomisch wichtigen Merkmalen und ruhigem, friedlichem Verhalten bestehen.