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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Phytophthora"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 9 de junio de 2025

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1

Midgley, Kayla A., Noëlani van den Berg, and Velushka Swart. "Unraveling Plant Cell Death during Phytophthora Infection." Microorganisms 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061139.

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Oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, of which several hundred organisms are considered among the most devastating plant pathogens—especially members of the genus Phytophthora. Phytophthora spp. have a large repertoire of effectors that aid in eliciting a susceptible response in host plants. What is of increasing interest is the involvement of Phytophthora effectors in regulating programed cell death (PCD)—in particular, the hypersensitive response. There have been numerous functional characterization studies, which demonstrate Phytophthora effectors either inducing or suppressing host cell death, which may play a crucial role in Phytophthora’s ability to regulate their hemi-biotrophic lifestyle. Despite several advances in techniques used to identify and characterize Phytophthora effectors, knowledge is still lacking for some important species, including Phytophthora cinnamomi. This review discusses what the term PCD means and the gap in knowledge between pathogenic and developmental forms of PCD in plants. We also discuss the role cell death plays in the virulence of Phytophthora spp. and the effectors that have so far been identified as playing a role in cell death manipulation. Finally, we touch on the different techniques available to study effector functions, such as cell death induction/suppression.

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2

Vélez, María Laura, Ludmila La Manna, Manuela Tarabini, Federico Gomez, Matt Elliott, Pete E. Hedley, Peter Cock, and Alina Greslebin. "Phytophthora austrocedri in Argentina and Co-Inhabiting Phytophthoras: Roles of Anthropogenic and Abiotic Factors in Species Distribution and Diversity." Forests 11, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111223.

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This work reports the first survey of Phytophthora diversity in the forests soils of Andean Patagonia. It also discusses the role of anthropogenic impact on Phytophthora distribution inferred from the findings on Phytophthora diversity and on the distribution of Phytophthora austrocedri-diseased forests. Invasive pathogen species threatening ecosystems and human activities contribute to their entry and spread. Information on pathogens already established, and early detection of potential invasive ones, are crucial to disease management and prevention. Phytophthora austrocedri causes the most damaging forest disease in Patagonia, affecting the endemic species Austrocedrus chilensis (D. Don) Pic. Sern. and Bizzarri. However, the relationship between anthropogenic impacts and the disease distribution has not been analyzed enough. The aims of this work were: to evaluate Phytophthora diversity in soils of Andean Patagonia using a metabarcoding method, and analyze this information in relation to soil type and land use; to assess the distribution of Austrocedrus disease over time in relation to anthropogenic and abiotic gradients in an area of interest; and to discuss the role of human activities in Phytophthora spread. High throughput Illumina sequencing was used to detect Phytophthora DNA in soil samples. The distribution of Austrocedrus disease over time was assessed by satellite imagery interpretation. Twenty-three Phytophthora species, 12 of which were new records for Argentina, were detected. The most abundant species was P. austrocedri, followed by P. × cambivora, P. ramorum and P. kernoviae. The most frequent was P. × cambivora, followed by P. austrocedri and P. ramorum. Phytophthora richness and abundance, and Austrocedrus disease distribution, were influenced by land use, anthropogenic impact and soil drainage. Results showed several Phytophthoras, including well-known pathogenic species. The threat they could present to Patagonian ecosystems and their relations to human activities are discussed. This study evidenced the need of management measures to control the spread of P. austrocedri and other invasive Phytophthora species in Patagonia.

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3

Frankel, Susan J., Christa Conforti, Janell Hillman, Mia Ingolia, Alisa Shor, Diana Benner, Janice M. Alexander, Elizabeth Bernhardt, and Tedmund J. Swiecki. "Phytophthora Introductions in Restoration Areas: Responding to Protect California Native Flora from Human-Assisted Pathogen Spread." Forests 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121291.

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Over the past several years, plantings of California native plant nursery stock in restoration areas have become recognized as a pathway for invasive species introductions, in particular Phytophthora pathogens, including first in the U.S. detections (Phytophthora tentaculata, Phytophthora quercina), new taxa, new hybrid species, and dozens of other soilborne species. Restoration plantings may be conducted in high-value and limited habitats to sustain or re-establish rare plant populations. Once established, Phytophthora pathogens infest the site and are very difficult to eradicate or manage—they degrade the natural resources the plantings were intended to enhance. To respond to unintended Phytophthora introductions, vegetation ecologists took a variety of measures to prevent pathogen introduction and spread, including treating infested areas by solarization, suspending plantings, switching to direct seeding, applying stringent phytosanitation requirements on contracted nursery stock, and building their own nursery for clean plant production. These individual or collective actions, loosely coordinated by the Phytophthoras in Native Habitats Work Group ensued as demands intensified for protection from the inadvertent purchase of infected plants from commercial native plant nurseries. Regulation and management of the dozens of Phytophthora species and scores of plant hosts present a challenge to the state, county, and federal agriculture officials and to the ornamental and restoration nursery industries. To rebuild confidence in the health of restoration nursery stock and prevent further Phytophthora introductions, a voluntary, statewide accreditation pilot project is underway which, upon completion of validation, is planned for statewide implementation.

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4

Green, Sarah, David E. L. Cooke, Mike Dunn, Louise Barwell, Bethan Purse, Daniel S. Chapman, Gregory Valatin, et al. "PHYTO-THREATS: Addressing Threats to UK Forests and Woodlands from Phytophthora; Identifying Risks of Spread in Trade and Methods for Mitigation." Forests 12, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121617.

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The multidisciplinary ‘Phyto-threats’ project was initiated in 2016 to address the increasing risks to UK forest and woodland ecosystems from trade-disseminated Phytophthora. A major component of this project was to examine the risk of Phytophthora spread through nursery and trade practices. Close to 4000 water and root samples were collected from plant nurseries located across the UK over a three-year period. Approximately half of the samples tested positive for Phytophthora DNA using a metabarcoding approach with 63 Phytophthora species identified across nurseries, including quarantine-regulated pathogens and species not previously reported in the UK. Phytophthora diversity within nurseries was linked to high-risk management practices such as use of open rather than closed water sources. Analyses of global Phytophthora risks identified biological traits and trade pathways that explained global spread and host range, and which may be of value for horizon-scanning. Phytophthoras having a higher oospore wall index and faster growth rates had wider host ranges, whereas cold-tolerant species had broader geographic and latitudinal ranges. Annual workshops revealed how stakeholder and sector ‘appetite’ for nursery accreditation increased over three years, although an exploratory cost-benefit analysis indicated that the predicted benefits of introducing best practice expected by nurseries outweigh their costs only when a wider range of pests and diseases (for example, Xylella) is considered. However, scenario analyses demonstrated the significant potential carbon costs to society from the introduction and spread of a new tree-infecting Phytophthora: Thus, the overall net benefit to society from nurseries adopting best practice could be substantial.

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5

Ryder, J. M., N. W. Waipara, and B. R. Burns. "What is the host range of Phytophthora agathidicida in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5925.

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Phytophthora agathidicida is a virulent oomycete plant pathogen which is currently known to only infect Agathis australis in New Zealand Phytophthora species rarely have a single plant host so other hosts for P agathidicida are likely but unknown Phytophthora species are also often cryptic and sometimes asymptomatic on their host plants making it a challenge to identify their true host range Once an exotic Phytophthora species is introduced to an area it becomes virtually impossible to eliminate A sound understanding of a Phytophthoras epidemiology is needed to prevent its spread onto uninfected hosts This study determined whether P agathidicida has a wider host range than currently recognised Plant community composition was compared between healthy and infected kauri forest to detect possible susceptible species and detached leaf assays were utilised as a further screen of possible hosts Results showed a significant difference in species abundances between sites infected with P agathidicida and sites without P agathidicida that was unrelated to other potential variables Leaf assays also indicated several other native plant species other than A australis as possible carriers or hosts including Knightia excelsa and Leucopogon fasciculatus Identifying the host range of P agathidicida is important for optimising the design of future control strategies for this pathogen

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6

Erwin, Donald C., J. A. Lucas, R. C. Shattock, D. S. Shaw, and L. R. Cooke. "Phytophthora." Mycologia 84, no. 4 (July 1992): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760340.

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7

Clark, D. D. "Phytophthora." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 40, no. 6 (June 1992): 447–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-5765(92)90035-t.

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8

McGowan, Jamie, Richard O’Hanlon, Rebecca A. Owens, and David A. Fitzpatrick. "Comparative Genomic and Proteomic Analyses of Three Widespread Phytophthora Species: Phytophthora chlamydospora, Phytophthora gonapodyides and Phytophthora pseudosyringae." Microorganisms 8, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050653.

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The Phytophthora genus includes some of the most devastating plant pathogens. Here we report draft genome sequences for three ubiquitous Phytophthora species—Phytophthora chlamydospora, Phytophthora gonapodyides, and Phytophthora pseudosyringae. Phytophthora pseudosyringae is an important forest pathogen that is abundant in Europe and North America. Phytophthora chlamydospora and Ph. gonapodyides are globally widespread species often associated with aquatic habitats. They are both regarded as opportunistic plant pathogens. The three sequenced genomes range in size from 45 Mb to 61 Mb. Similar to other oomycete species, tandem gene duplication appears to have played an important role in the expansion of effector arsenals. Comparative analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) across 44 oomycete genomes indicates that oomycete lifestyles may be linked to CAZyme repertoires. The mitochondrial genome sequence of each species was also determined, and their gene content and genome structure were compared. Using mass spectrometry, we characterised the extracellular proteome of each species and identified large numbers of proteins putatively involved in pathogenicity and osmotrophy. The mycelial proteome of each species was also characterised using mass spectrometry. In total, the expression of approximately 3000 genes per species was validated at the protein level. These genome resources will be valuable for future studies to understand the behaviour of these three widespread Phytophthora species.

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9

Hansen, E. M., P. W. Reeser, and W. Sutton. "Phytophthora borealis and Phytophthora riparia, new species in Phytophthora ITS Clade 6." Mycologia 104, no. 5 (July 9, 2012): 1133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3852/11-349.

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10

Dort, Erika N., and Richard C. Hamelin. "Heterogeneity in establishment of polyethylene glycol-mediated plasmid transformations for five forest pathogenic Phytophthora species." PLOS ONE 19, no. 9 (September 10, 2024): e0306158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306158.

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Plasmid-mediated DNA transformation is a foundational molecular technique and the basis for most CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing systems. While plasmid transformations are well established for many agricultural Phytophthora pathogens, development of this technique in forest Phytophthoras is lacking. Given our long-term research objective to develop CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in a forest pathogenic Phytophthora species, we sought to establish the functionality of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated plasmid transformation in five species: P. cactorum, P. cinnamomi, P. cryptogea, P. ramorum, and P. syringae. We used the agricultural pathogen P. sojae, a species for which PEG-mediated transformations are well-established, as a transformation control. Using a protocol previously optimized for P. sojae, we tested transformations in the five forest Phytophthoras with three different plasmids: two developed for CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing and one developed for fluorescent protein tagging. Out of the five species tested, successful transformation, as indicated by stable growth of transformants on a high concentration of antibiotic selective growth medium and diagnostic PCR, was achieved only with P. cactorum and P. ramorum. However, while transformations in P. cactorum were consistent and stable, transformations in P. ramorum were highly variable and yielded transformants with very weak mycelial growth and abnormal morphology. Our results indicate that P. cactorum is the best candidate to move forward with CRISPR-Cas9 protocol development and provide insight for future optimization of plasmid transformations in forest Phytophthoras.

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11

Oelke, Lisa M., Paul W. Bosland, and Robert Steiner. "Differentiation of Race Specific Resistance to Phytophthora Root Rot and Foliar Blight in Capsicum annuum." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 2 (March 2003): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.2.0213.

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Despite extensive breeding efforts, no pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) cultivars with universal resistance to phytophthora root rot and foliar blight (Phytophthora capsici Leon) have been commercially released. A reason for this limitation may be that physiological races exist within P. capsici, the causal agent of phytophthora root rot and phytophthora foliar blight. Physiological races are classified by the pathogen's reactions to a set of cultivars (host differential). In this study, 18 varieties of peppers were inoculated with 10 isolates of P. capsici for phytophthora root rot, and four isolates of P. capsici for phytophthora foliar blight. The isolates originated from pepper plants growing in New Mexico, New Jersey, Italy, Korea, and Turkey. For phytophthora root rot, nine of the 10 isolates were identified as different physiological races. The four isolates used in the phytophthora foliar blight study were all determined to be different races. The identification of physiological races within P. capsici has significant implication in breeding for phytophthora root rot and phytophthora foliar blight resistance.

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12

Oelke, Lisa M., Paul W. Bosland, and Robert Steiner. "Differentiation of Race Specific Resistance to Phytophthora Root Rot and Foliar Blight in Capsicum annuum." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 2 (March 2003): 213–18. https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.2.213.

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Despite extensive breeding efforts, no pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) cultivars with universal resistance to phytophthora root rot and foliar blight (Phytophthora capsici Leon) have been commercially released. A reason for this limitation may be that physiological races exist within P. capsici, the causal agent of phytophthora root rot and phytophthora foliar blight. Physiological races are classified by the pathogen's reactions to a set of cultivars (host differential). In this study, 18 varieties of peppers were inoculated with 10 isolates of P. capsici for phytophthora root rot, and four isolates of P. capsici for phytophthora foliar blight. The isolates originated from pepper plants growing in New Mexico, New Jersey, Italy, Korea, and Turkey. For phytophthora root rot, nine of the 10 isolates were identified as different physiological races. The four isolates used in the phytophthora foliar blight study were all determined to be different races. The identification of physiological races within P. capsici has significant implication in breeding for phytophthora root rot and phytophthora foliar blight resistance.

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13

Mora-Sala, Beatriz, Mónica Berbegal, and Paloma Abad-Campos. "The Use of qPCR Reveals a High Frequency of Phytophthora quercina in Two Spanish Holm Oak Areas." Forests 9, no. 11 (November 10, 2018): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9110697.

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The struggling Spanish holm oak woodland situation associated with Phytophthora root rot has been studied for a long time. Phytophthora cinnamomi is considered the main, but not the only species responsible for the decline scenario. This study verifies the presence and/or detection of Phytophthora species in two holm oak areas of Spain (southwestern “dehesas” and northeastern woodland) using different isolation and detection approaches. Direct isolation and baiting methods in declining and non-declining holm oak trees revealed Phytophthora cambivora, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phytophthora gonapodyides, Phytophthora megasperma, and Phytophthora pseudocryptogea in the dehesas, while in the northeastern woodland, no Phytophthora spp. were recovered. Statistical analyses indicated that there was not a significant relationship between the Phytophthora spp. isolation frequency and the disease expression of the holm oak stands in the dehesas. Phytophthora quercina and P. cinnamomi TaqMan real-time PCR probes showed that both P. cinnamomi and P. quercina are involved in the holm oak decline in Spain, but P. quercina was detected in a higher frequency than P. cinnamomi in both studied areas. Thus, this study demonstrates that molecular approaches complement direct isolation techniques in natural and seminatural ecosystem surveys to determine the presence and distribution of Phytophthora spp. This is the first report of P. pseudocryptogea in Europe and its role in the holm oak decline should be further studied.

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14

Mrázková, M., K. Černý, M. Tomšovský, V. Strnadová, B. Gregorová, V. Holub, M. Pánek, L. Havrdová, and M. Hejná. "Occurrence of Phytophthora multivora and Phytophthora plurivora in the Czech Republic." Plant Protection Science 49, No. 4 (October 15, 2013): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/74/2012-pps.

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Beginning in 2006, a survey of two related Phytophthora species, P. multivora and P. plurivora, was performed in the Czech Republic. Both pathogens were distributed throughout a broad range of environments including forest and riparian stands and probably became naturalised in the country. The two species differed in their frequency and elevational distribution. P. multivora was less frequent, but commonly occurred in the lowest regions such as Central Bohemia and South Moravia, i.e. areas which generally exhibit a high level of invasion. This species was isolated primarily from Quercus robur and found to be involved in oak decline. Moreover it poses a high risk to other forest trees. P. plurivora was distributed in a broad range of elevations over the entire area. A substrate specificity was detected in P. plurivora &ndash; the isolates from forest trees were more aggressive to such trees than the isolates from ericaceous ornamental plants. &nbsp;

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15

Ellis, M. A., and S. A. Miller. "Using a Phytophthora- specific Immunoassay Kit to Diagnose Raspberry Phytophthora Root Rot." HortScience 28, no. 6 (June 1993): 642–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.6.642.

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A commercially available serological assay kit (flow-through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Phytophthora F kit) was compared to a culture-plate method for detecting Phytophthora spp. in apparently diseased (phytophthora root rot) and apparently healthy red raspberry (Rubus idaeus subsp. strigosus Michx.) plants. During 4 years of testing, 46 tests were conducted on apparently diseased roots. All diseased plants gave a strong positive reaction, a result indicating that Phytophthora spp. were present. Of the 46 plants that tested positive, Phytophthora spp. were recovered from all but one using a selective medium for Phytophthora and the culture-plate method. When the same test was conducted on 27 apparently healthy plants, all had a negative reaction for the presence of Phytophthora except one sample, which had a slight positive reaction. No Phytophthora spp. were isolated from any apparently healthy plants. Our results indicate that the serological test kit enables rapid, dependable, on-site diagnosis of raspberry phytophthora root rot.

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16

Sharma, Mamta, and Raju Ghosh. "Isolation, Identification, and Pathogenicity of Phytophthora Blight of Pigeonpea." Plant Health Progress 19, no. 3 (January 1, 2018): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-04-18-0014-dg.

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Phytophthora blight is an emerging threat in pigeonpea. This article briefly discusses diagnosis of Phytophthora blight on pigeonpea including the symptoms and signs, taxonomy, and geographic distribution. Methods of isolation, identification, and storage of Phytophthora cajani (causal organism of Phytophthora blight) are also discussed. This information will be useful to all researchers involved in the diagnosis and management of Phytophthora blight of pigeonpea.

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17

Xiong, Qin, Wenwu Ye, Duseok Choi, James Wong, Yongli Qiao, Kai Tao, Yuanchao Wang, and Wenbo Ma. "Phytophthora Suppressor of RNA Silencing 2 Is a Conserved RxLR Effector that Promotes Infection in Soybean and Arabidopsis thaliana." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 12 (December 2014): 1379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-14-0190-r.

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The genus Phytophthora consists of notorious and emerging pathogens of economically important crops. Each Phytophthora genome encodes several hundreds of cytoplasmic effectors, which are believed to manipulate plant immune response inside the host cells. However, the majority of Phytophthora effectors remain functionally uncharacterized. We recently discovered two effectors from the soybean stem and root rot pathogen Phytophthora sojae with the activity to suppress RNA silencing in plants. These effectors are designated Phytophthora suppressor of RNA silencing (PSRs). Here, we report that the P. sojae PSR2 (PsPSR2) belongs to a conserved and widespread effector family in Phytophthora. A PsPSR2-like effector produced by P. infestans (PiPSR2) can also suppress RNA silencing in plants and promote Phytophthora infection, suggesting that the PSR2 family effectors have conserved functions in plant hosts. Using Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy roots induction, we demonstrated that the expression of PsPSR2 rendered hypersusceptibility of soybean to P. sojae. Enhanced susceptibility was also observed in PsPSR2-expressing Arabidopsis thaliana plants during Phytophthora but not bacterial infection. These experiments provide strong evidence that PSR2 is a conserved Phytophthora effector family that performs important virulence functions specifically during Phytophthora infection of various plant hosts.

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18

Ann, P. J., and W. H. Ko. "An asexual variant of Phytophthora insolita." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 810–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m94-129.

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All tested isolates of Phytophthora insolita and an unknown asexual Phytophthora species found in soil, ditch water, and diseased plant tissues in Taiwan produced ovoid, nonpapillate, nondeciduous sporangia on sporangiophores proliferating through an empty sporangium or in a nesting fashion, and formed irregular as well as spherical hyphal swellings. All tested Phytophthora isolates grew at an unusually high temperature of 39 °C, displayed similar or identical electrophoretic patterns of soluble proteins, and produced α1 hormone. The ability of one isolate of P. insolita to produce oospores was decreased and that of another was lost completely during storage. The results suggest that all isolates of the asexual Phytophthora sp. tested were Phytophthora insolita and were unable to produce oospores owing to a defect in the physiological process of sexual reproduction.Key words: asexual Phytophthora, Phytophthora insolita, high-temperature Phytophthora, sexual reproduction.

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19

HARDHAM, ADRIENNE R. "Phytophthora cinnamomi." Molecular Plant Pathology 6, no. 6 (November 2005): 589–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00308.x.

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20

Hardham, Adrienne R., and Leila M. Blackman. "Phytophthora cinnamomi." Molecular Plant Pathology 19, no. 2 (August 22, 2017): 260–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12568.

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21

Kronmiller, Brent Anson, Nicolas Feau, Danyu Shen, Javier Felipe Tabima, Shahin S. Ali, Andrew D. Armitage, Felipe D. Arredondo, et al. "Comparative genomic analysis of 31 Phytophthora genomes reveal genome plasticity and horizontal gene transfer." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®, October 28, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-22-0133-r.

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Phytophthora species are oomycete plant pathogens that cause great economic and ecological impacts. The Phytophthora genus includes over 180 known species, infecting a wide range of plant hosts including crops, trees, and ornamentals. We sequenced 31 individual Phytophthora species genomes and 24 individual transcriptomes to study genetic relationships across the genus. De novo genome assemblies revealed variation in genome sizes, numbers of predicted genes, and in repetitive element content across the Phytophthora genus. A genus-wide comparison evaluated orthologous groups of genes. Predicted effector gene counts varied across Phytophthora species by effector family, genome size, as well as plant host range. Predicted numbers of apoplastic effectors increased as the host range of Phytophthora species increased. Predicted numbers of cytoplasmic effectors also increased with host range but leveled off or decreased in Phytophthora species that have enormous host ranges. With extensive sequencing across the Phytophthora genus we now have the genomic resources to evaluate horizontal gene transfer events across the oomycetes. Using a machine learning approach to identify horizontally transferred genes with bacterial or fungal origin we identified 44 candidates over 36 Phytophthora species genomes. Phylogenetic reconstruction indicates that the transfers of most of these 44 candidates happened in parallel to major advances in the evolution of the oomycetes and Phytophthoras. We conclude that the 31 genomes presented here are essential for investigating genus-wide genomic associations in Phytophthora.

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22

Dort, Erika N., Nicolas Feau, and Richard C. Hamelin. "Novel application of ribonucleoprotein-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in plant pathogenic oomycete species." Microbiology Spectrum, February 27, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.03012-24.

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ABSTRACT CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has become an important tool for the study of plant pathogens, allowing researchers to functionally characterize specific genes involved in phytopathogenicity, virulence, and fungicide resistance. Protocols for CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing have already been developed for Phytophthoras, an important group of oomycete plant pathogens; however, these efforts have exclusively focused on agricultural pathosystems, with research lacking for forest pathosystems. We sought to develop CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in two forest pathogenic Phytophthoras, Phytophthora cactorum and P. ramorum , using a plasmid-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) co-transformation approach. Our gene target in both species was the ortholog of PcORP1 , which encodes an oxysterol-binding protein that is the target of the fungicide oxathiapiprolin in the agricultural pathogen P. capsici . We delivered liposome complexes, each containing plasmid DNA and CRISPR-Cas9 RNPs, to Phytophthora protoplasts using a polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation protocol. We obtained two ORP1 mutants in P. cactorum but were unable to obtain any mutants in P. ramorum . The two P. cactorum mutants exhibited decreased resistance to oxathiapiprolin, as measured by their radial growth relative to wild-type cultures on oxathiapiprolin-supplemented medium. Our results demonstrate the potential for RNP-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in P. cactorum and provide a foundation for future optimization of our protocol in other forest pathogenic Phytophthora species. IMPORTANCE CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has become a valuable tool for characterizing the genetics driving virulence and pathogenicity in plant pathogens. CRISPR-Cas9 protocols are now well-established in several Phytophthora species, an oomycete genus with significant economic and ecological impact globally. These protocols, however, have been developed for agricultural Phytophthora pathogens only; CRISPR-Cas9 systems have not yet been developed for any forest pathogenic Phytophthoras. In this study, we sought to establish CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in two forest Phytophthora pathogens that cause widespread tree mortality: P. cactorum and P. ramorum . We successfully obtained gene mutations in P. cactorum and demonstrated a decrease in fungicide resistance, a trait that could impact the pathogen’s ability to cause disease. However, the same protocol did not yield any mutants in P. ramorum . The results of our study will serve as a baseline for the development of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in forest Phytophthoras and other oomycetes.

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23

"Phytophthora infestans (Phytophthora blight)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.40970.

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This datasheet on Phytophthora infestans covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Seedborne Aspects, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

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24

"Phytophthora infestans (Phytophthora blight)." PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank Species Pages (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.species.40970.

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25

"Phytophthora cinnamomi (Phytophthora dieback)." PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank Species Pages (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.species.40957.

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26

Jung, T., I. Milenković, Y. Balci, J. Janoušek, T. Kudláček, Z. Á. Nagy, B. Baharuddin, et al. "Worldwide forest surveys reveal forty-three new species in Phytophthora major Clade 2 with fundamental implications for the evolution and biogeography of the genus and global plant biosecurity." Studies in Mycology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/sim.2024.107.04.

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New species: Phytophthora amamensis T. Jung, K. Kageyama, H. Masuya & S. Uematsu, Phytophthora angustata T. Jung, L. Garcia, B. Mendieta-Araica, & Y. Balci, Phytophthora balkanensis I. Milenković, Ž. Tomić, T. Jung & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora borneensis T. Jung, A. Durán, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora calidophila T. Jung, Y. Balci, L. Garcia & B. Mendieta-Araica, Phytophthora catenulata T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, N.M. Chi & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora celeris T. Jung, L. Oliveira, M. Tarigan & I. Milenković, Phytophthora curvata T. Jung, A. Hieno, H. Masuya & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora distorta T. Jung, A. Durán, E. Sanfuentes von Stowasser & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora excentrica T. Jung, S. Uematsu, K. Kageyama & C.M. Brasier, Phytophthora falcata T. Jung, K. Kageyama, S. Uematsu & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora fansipanensis T. Jung, N.M. Chi, T. Corcobado & C.M. Brasier, Phytophthora frigidophila T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, Phytophthora furcata T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora inclinata N.M. Chi, T. Jung, M. Horta Jung & I. Milenković, Phytophthora indonesiensis T. Jung, M. Tarigan, L. Oliveira & I. Milenković, Phytophthora japonensis T. Jung, A. Hieno, H. Masuya & J.F. Webber, Phytophthora limosa T. Corcobado, T. Majek, M. Ferreira & T. Jung, Phytophthora macroglobulosa H.-C. Zeng, H.-H. Ho, F.-C. Zheng & T. Jung, Phytophthora montana T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora multipapillata T. Jung, M. Tarigan, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora multiplex T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora nimia T. Jung, H. Masuya, A. Hieno & C.M. Brasier, Phytophthora oblonga T. Jung, S. Uematsu, K. Kageyama & C.M. Brasier, Phytophthora obovoidea T. Jung, Y. Balci, L. Garcia & B. Mendieta-Araica, Phytophthora obturata T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora penetrans T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, Phytophthora platani T. Jung, A. Pérez-Sierra, S.O. Cacciola & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora proliferata T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudocapensis T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudocitrophthora T. Jung, S.O. Cacciola, J. Bakonyi & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudofrigida T. Jung, A. Durán, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudoccultans T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pyriformis T. Jung, Y. Balci, K.D. Boders & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora sumatera T. Jung, M. Tarigan, M. Junaid & A. Durán, Phytophthora transposita T. Jung, K. Kageyama, C.M. Brasier & H. Masuya, Phytophthora vacuola T. Jung, H. Masuya, K. Kageyama & J.F. Webber, Phytophthora valdiviana T. Jung, E. Sanfuentes von Stowasser, A. Durán & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora variepedicellata T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, Phytophthora vietnamensis T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora ×australasiatica T. Jung, N.M. Chi, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora ×lusitanica T. Jung, M. Horta Jung, C. Maia & I. Milenković, Phytophthora ×taiwanensis T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, H.-S. Fu & M. Horta Jung.

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27

"Phytophthora." Choice Reviews Online 29, no. 08 (April 1, 1992): 29–4513. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.29-4513.

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28

Marçais, B. "Phytophthora alni species complex (alder Phytophthora)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.40948.

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This datasheet on Phytophthora alni species complex covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Vectors & Intermediate Hosts, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Seedborne Aspects, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

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29

"Phytophthora botryosa (hevea phytophthora leaf fall)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.40952.

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This datasheet on Phytophthora botryosa covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Seedborne Aspects, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

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30

"Phytophthora drechsleri f.sp. cajani (Phytophthora blight)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.40963.

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This datasheet on Phytophthora drechsleri f.sp. cajani covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Seedborne Aspects, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

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31

"Phytophthora alni species complex (alder Phytophthora)." PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank Species Pages (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.species.40948.

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32

"Phytophthora botryosa (hevea phytophthora leaf fall)." PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank Species Pages (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.species.40952.

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33

"Phytophthora drechsleri f.sp. cajani (Phytophthora blight)." PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank Species Pages (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.species.40963.

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34

Guan, Yufeng, Joanna Gajewska, Jolanta Floryszak‐Wieczorek, Umesh Kumar Tanwar, Ewa Sobieszczuk‐Nowicka, and Magdalena Arasimowicz‐Jelonek. "Histone (de)acetylation in epigenetic regulation of Phytophthora pathobiology." Molecular Plant Pathology 25, no. 7 (July 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13497.

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AbstractPhytophthora species are oomycetes that have evolved a broad spectrum of biological processes and improved strategies to cope with host and environmental challenges. A growing body of evidence indicates that the high pathogen plasticity is based on epigenetic regulation of gene expression linked to Phytophthora's rapid adjustment to endogenous cues and various stresses. As 5mC DNA methylation has not yet been identified in Phytophthora, the reversible processes of acetylation/deacetylation of histone proteins seem to play a pivotal role in the epigenetic control of gene expression in oomycetes. To explore this issue, we review the structure, diversity, and phylogeny of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) in six plant‐damaging Phytophthora species: P. capsici, P. cinnamomi, P. infestans, P. parasitica, P. ramorum, and P. sojae. To further integrate and improve our understanding of the phylogenetic classification, evolutionary relationship, and functional characteristics, we supplement this review with a comprehensive view of HATs and HDACs using recent genome‐ and proteome‐level databases. Finally, the potential functional role of transcriptional reprogramming mediated by epigenetic changes during Phytophthora species saprophytic and parasitic phases under nitro‐oxidative stress is also briefly discussed.

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35

"Phytophthora medicaginis (Phytophthora root rot of lucerne)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.40978.

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This datasheet on Phytophthora medicaginis covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Seedborne Aspects, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

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36

"Phytophthora vignae (Phytophthora stem rot of cowpea)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.40998.

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37

"Phytophthora medicaginis (Phytophthora root rot of lucerne)." PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank Species Pages (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.species.40978.

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38

"Phytophthora vignae (Phytophthora stem rot of cowpea)." PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank Species Pages (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.species.40998.

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39

Peter, Thorpe, R. Vetukuri Ramesh, E. Hedley Pete, Morris Jenny, RJ Welsh Lydia, and C. Whisson Stephen. "Draft genome assemblies for tree pathogens, Phytophthora pseudosyringae, Phytophthora boehmeriae, and Phytophthora gonapodyides." February 22, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4554917.

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Species of <em>Phytophthora</em>, plant pathogenic eukaryotic microbes, can cause disease on many tree species. Genome sequencing of species from this genus has helped to determine components of their pathogenicity arsenal. Here we sequenced and assembled genomes for three widely distributed species, <em>Phytophthora gonapodyides,</em> <em>P. pseudosyringae</em> and <em>P. boehmeriae</em>. The genome assemblies ranged from 40 Mb to 96 Mb. We identified more than 250 candidate disease promoting RXLR effector coding genes for each species, and hundreds of genes encoding candidate plant cell wall degrading carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes). These data boost genome sequence representation across the <em>Phytophthora</em> genus, within species, and form resources for further study of <em>Phytophthora</em> pathogenesis.

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40

Bag, Tusar Kanti, Pranab Dutta, Manjunath Hubballi, Ravpreet Kaur, Madhusmita Mahanta, Ardhendu Chakraborty, Gitasree Das, Madhusmita Kataky, and Rajesh Wonghonde. "Destructive Phytophthora on orchids: current knowledge and future perspectives." Frontiers in Microbiology 14 (January 5, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139811.

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Anton de Bary first coined the genus, Phytophthora, which means “plant destroyer”, viewing its devastating nature on potatoes. Globally plants have faced enormous threat from Phytophthora since its occurrence. In fact, a century ago, Phytophthorapalmivora was first reported on Dendrobium maccarthiae in Sri Lanka. Since then, members of beautiful flowering crops of the family Orchidaceae facing the destructive threat of Phytophthora. Several Phytophthora species have been recorded to infect orchids with economic loss worldwide. To date, orchids are attacked by 12 species of Phytophthora. Five Phytophthora species (P. palmivora, P. nicotianae, P. cactorum, P. multivesiculata, P. meadii) are the major pathogenic Oomycetous Chromista” rather than true fungi frequently occurred on Orchidaceae. Phytophthora palmivora (having ~32 orchid host genera in 15 countries), Phytophthora nicotianae (having ~15 orchid host genera in 16 countries), Phytophthora cactorum (having ~43 orchid host genera in 6 countries), Phytophthora multivesiculata (having 2 orchid host genera in 5 countries) and Phytophthora capsici (having 2 orchid host genera in all Vanilla growing countries) are potential destroyers of Orchidaceae. Most of them are water loving Oomycetes cause disease in moist environments (&gt; 80% RH) at 16–28°C. In artificially constructed orchidaria, anthropogenic factors are mostly contributed to the dissemination Phytophthora diseases in addition to many other factors. Water management, clean cultivation, and agro-chemicals are the major options for effective management of orchid Phytophthora, as the eco-friendly management options like development of resistant hybrids/cultivars, biological disease management, transgenic approaches, RNAi technology remained in the infant stage. In this review, we intended to highlight the insight of Phytophthora diseases associated with the orchid disease with reference to the historical aspect of the diseases, symptoms and signs, the pathogens, taxonomy, geographic distribution, host range within the Orchidaceae, pathogen identification, molecular diagnostics, mating types and races, management options and strategies and future perspectives.

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41

Greslebin, A., E. M. Hansen, and L. La Manna. "Phytophthora austrocedrae." Forest Phytophthoras 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/fp.1.1.1806.

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42

Vannini, A., and A. Vettraino. "Phytophthora cambivora." Forest Phytophthoras 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/fp.1.1.1811.

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43

Hansen, E. M. "Phytophthora lateralis." Forest Phytophthoras 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/fp.1.1.1816.

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44

Parke, J. L., and D. M. Rizzo. "Phytophthora ramorum." Forest Phytophthoras 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/fp.1.1.1821.

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45

Hansen, E. M., P. Reeser, and S. Rooney-Latham. "Phytophthora siskiyouensis." Forest Phytophthoras 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/fp.1.1.1826.

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46

Widmer, Timothy L., and Prakash K. Hebbar. "Phytophthora megakarya." Forest Phytophthoras 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/fp.3.1.3386.

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47

Burgess, Treena I. "Phytophthora arenaria." Forest Phytophthoras 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/fp.3.1.3391.

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48

Hudler, George W. "Phytophthora cactorum." Forest Phytophthoras 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/fp.3.1.3396.

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49

Rooney-Latham, Suzanne, Cheryl Blomquist, Ted Swiecki, and Elizabeth Bernhardt. "Phytophthora tentaculata." Forest Phytophthoras 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/fp.5.1.3727.

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50

Reeser, Paul, Wendy Sutton, Rebecca Ganley, Nari Williams, and Everett Hansen. "Phytophthora pluvialis." Forest Phytophthoras 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/fp.5.1.3745.

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