Artículos de revistas: "Phytopathogenic microorganisms Biological control"

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Malta, Camilla Martins, Eskálath Morganna Silva Ferreira, Thamar Holanda Da Silva, Divina Anne Batista Oliveira, Filipe Miguel Pereira Da Silva, Juliana Fonseca Moreira Da Silva, and Raphael Sanzio Pimenta. "Isolation of epiphytic yeasts from Eugenia dysenterica DC. fruits and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic fungi." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - Ciências Naturais 14, no. 2 (August 27, 2019): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46357/bcnaturais.v14i2.176.

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Plants commonly interact with microorganisms that may influence their physiology and performance. Epiphytic yeasts are microorganisms that can be found in the phylosphere, in significantly larger numbers in fruits than in other plant tissues due to their higher nutritional content. The present study aimed to contribute to knowledge of epiphytic yeasts associated with Eugenia dysenterica DC. fruits and to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. E. dysenterica fruits were collected, washed in saline solution, and sonicated. Each fruit solution was plated in three Petri dishes with NYDA medium. Yeast identification was performed through morphological and physiological criteria, and richness evaluation was performed using the Jackknife 1 estimator. All isolated yeasts were tested for diffusible substances against three phytopathogenic fungi. Only four of 42 isolates were inhibited sporulation of Aspergillus parasiticus, but none was able to inhibit or diminish mycelium growth of any tested phytopathogen. The present study contributes to the characterization of the E. dysenterica microbiome, presenting the first report of in vitro A. parasiticus sporulation inhibition by epiphytic yeasts and suggesting their promising use in biological control of this phytopathogen.

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Moreno-Gavíra, Alejandro, Victoria Huertas, Fernando Diánez, Brenda Sánchez-Montesinos, and Mila Santos. "Paecilomyces and Its Importance in the Biological Control of Agricultural Pests and Diseases." Plants 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121746.

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Incorporating beneficial microorganisms in crop production is the most promising strategy for maintaining agricultural productivity and reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Numerous microorganisms have been described in the literature as biological control agents for pests and diseases, although some have not yet been commercialised due to their lack of viability or efficacy in different crops. Paecilomyces is a cosmopolitan fungus that is mainly known for its nematophagous capacity, but it has also been reported as an insect parasite and biological control agent of several fungi and phytopathogenic bacteria through different mechanisms of action. In addition, species of this genus have recently been described as biostimulants of plant growth and crop yield. This review includes all the information on the genus Paecilomyces as a biological control agent for pests and diseases. Its growth rate and high spore production rate in numerous substrates ensures the production of viable, affordable, and efficient commercial formulations for agricultural use.

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GHARBI, Samia, Pelias RAFANOMEZANTSOA, Ryme TERBECHE, Nassima DRAOU, and Noureddine KARKACHI. "Evaluation of the antagonistic potential of bacterial strains isolated from Algerian soils for the biological control of phytopathogenic fungi." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, no. 2 (June 18, 2022): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i2.3479.

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Antagonistic bacteria contribute to the management of plant diseases by stimulating the natural defenses in the host and/or by ensuring direct biocontrol of the aggressors. The objective of this work was to isolate, identify and evaluate (in vitro) various Bacillus spp. for their potential to control phyopathogenic fungi. Selection of the 40 strains of Bacillus previously isolated from the soil in various areas of western Algeria was carried out by direct confrontation on the mycelial growth of four phytopathogens (Fusariumoxysporumf.splycopersici, Alternaria tenuis , Phytophthorainfestans, Ascochytapisi). This strategy involved using the antagonistic potential of microorganisms found in the plant environment in Algeria. The second part of this work consisted of the characterization and identification of tested strainsThe identification of the selected strains was carried out by biochemical tests. The results obtained showed that at the end of the fifth day, the most promising isolates showed antifungal activity and reached an inhibition rate of the mycelial growth of phytopathogenic fungi, respectively, F. oxysporumf. splycopersici 75%, A. tenuis 80%, P. infestans 83.30%, Ascochytapisi 67%. The potential antagonist of Bacillus tested in vitro by direct confrontation against 04 phytopathogenic fungi showed that all strains of Bacillus decreased fungal mycelial growth. Two strains of Bacillus B30 and B41 were found to have the most efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, Alternaria tenius, Phytophtora infestans et Ascochyta pisi, with an inhibition rate of 65.25 and 72.25% respectively These results demonstrate that Bacillus sp. presenteds a potential for biological control. However, it is important to understand the mechanisms implemented by these bacteria to develop effective protection strategies.

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Natsiopoulos, Dimitrios, Apostolos Tziolias, Ioannis Lagogiannis, Spyridon Mantzoukas, and Panagiotis A. Eliopoulos. "Growth-Promoting and Protective Effect of Trichoderma atrobrunneum and T. simmonsii on Tomato against Soil-Borne Fungal Pathogens." Crops 2, no. 3 (June 29, 2022): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/crops2030015.

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Trichoderma fungi are promising candidates for biocontrol agents and plant growth promoters. Trichoderma atrobrunneum and T. simmonsii were evaluated for the control of soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi, in the present study. Dual culture tests with Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici were used to conduct in vitro evaluation. In the presence of Trichoderma, phytopathogen’s growth rate was inhibited up to 59.70% for R. solani and 42.57% for F. oxysporum. Greenhouse trials with potted tomato plants demonstrated that Trichoderma caused a significant increase of stem height and fresh stem weight in pathogen-inoculated plants, compared with the negative control (plants artificially inoculated with the phytopathogen only). Except for T. simmonsii, plant growth was not significantly enhanced by a Trichoderma presence in the positive control (healthy plants). The overall performance of the two Trichoderma species studied was equivalent to that of the T. harzianum T22 commercial strain. All the tested species were found to be effective in suppressing colony growth and disease development of the soil borne pathogens in dual cultures and potted plants, indicating that they could be used as biocontrol agents. Our findings are discussed in the context of enhancing endophytic microorganisms’ application in crop production systems.

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Billar de Almeida, Angela, Jonathan Concas, Maria Doroteia Campos, Patrick Materatski, Carla Varanda, Mariana Patanita, Sergio Murolo, Gianfranco Romanazzi, and Maria do Rosário Félix. "Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biological Control Agents against Grapevine Trunk Diseases in Alentejo Region." Biology 9, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9120420.

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Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are the most widespread fungal diseases, affecting grapevines in all the major growing regions of the world, and their complete eradication is still not possible. Aiming to search alternatives to avoid the spread and high incidence of these diseases, the present work intended to molecularly identify the grapevine endophytic community, the phytopathogenic fungi associated with GTDs in vineyards within the Alentejo region, and to test potential antagonist microorganisms as biological control candidates against GTDs-associated fungi. Grapevine endophytic community showed a wide variety of fungi in GTDs’ asymptomatic and symptomatic plants, nine of them previously described as GTDs-associated fungi. GTDs prevalent fungi identified in symptomatic plants were Diaporthe sp., Neofusicoccum sp., and H. viticola. Almost all these fungi were also detected in asymptomatic plants, which shows the importance of investigating the interactions of fungal communities and confirms the need for early diagnosis of these diseases. Direct inhibition antagonism tests were performed among identified endophytes and GTDs phytopathogenic fungi, and all the endophyte fungi showed potential as biocontrol agents. Our findings suggest that endophytes are promising candidates for their use in biological control due to their antagonistic activity against the mycelia growth of some GTDs-associated fungi.

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Basso Valeria, González. "Biological control, an important tool for sustainable agriculture." Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering 9, no. 5 (2022): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2022.09.00307.

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Biological Control (BC) with antagonistic microorganisms is one of the tools within the Integrated Management of Pests and Diseases (MIPE), being an important sustainable alternative to mitigate the negative effects that refer to the quality and productivity of agricultural crops. Therefore, this bibliographic review study reports on the research that needs to be carried out, such as: antagonistic studies on the various phytopathogens, efficacy studies on a wide range of microorganisms, evaluations of specificity between antagonists and phytopathogens, studies of the viability in the introduction of an antagonistic agent in a plant-soil-environment system and of the complex interactions between plants, people, and the environment. It also discusses the uses and types of CB, and the variety of CB strategies available for use

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SCHRADER, Stefan, Friederike WOLFARTH, and Elisabeth OLDENBURG. "Biological Control of Soil-borne Phytopathogenic Fungi and their Mycotoxins by Soil Fauna." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, no. 2 (November 25, 2013): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9743.

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Yield loss through harmful fungi is a serious problem in crop production worldwide. Cereal residuesÂ likeÂ strawÂ areÂ frequentlyÂ infectedÂ by FusariumÂ fungi,Â whichÂ produceÂ mycotoxinsÂ like deoxynivalenolÂ (DON).Â MycotoxinsÂ leadÂ toÂ qualityÂ lossesÂ inÂ cereal-basedÂ foodÂ andÂ feedÂ which endangers human and animal health. Especially under conservation tillage, when mulching techniques are applied to protect soil from erosion, run-off etc., residues should be efficiently degraded to protect the currently cultivated crop from fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination. The objective of this reviewÂ isÂ toÂ giveÂ anÂ overviewÂ onÂ whichÂ roleÂ decomposingÂ soilÂ faunaÂ playsÂ inÂ theÂ fateÂ of Fusarium fungiÂ andÂ there mainÂ mycotoxinÂ DONÂ inÂ theÂ soilÂ system.Â Generally,Â soilÂ faunaÂ benefitsÂ from conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage. Results from experiments in the laboratory and fieldÂ revealedÂ thatÂ earthwormsÂ asÂ primaryÂ andÂ secondaryÂ decomposersÂ asÂ wellÂ as fungivorous collembolansÂ andÂ soilÂ nematodesÂ contributeÂ toÂ theÂ ecosystemÂ servicesÂ ofÂ pathogenÂ depressionÂ and toxin degradation with respect to Fusarium and DON. Fusarium seems to be an attractive food source. Furthermore, the mycotoxin DON does not cause any harm to the soil fauna tested. Key factors for the controlÂ of FusariumÂ developmentÂ byÂ antagonisticÂ soilÂ faunaÂ are:Â (1)Â interactionÂ withÂ soil microorganisms; (2) interaction of soil fauna species; (3) soil texture; (4) residue exposure. Ecosystem services of antagonistic soil fauna are vital to crop production and the functioning of agroecosystems. They will be discussed in a broader context of soil health and conservation tillage.

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Zhou, Yang, Shuoxing Yi, Yi Zang, Qing Yao, and Honghui Zhu. "The Predatory Myxobacterium Citreicoccus inhibens gen. nov. sp. nov. Showed Antifungal Activity and Bacteriolytic Property against Phytopathogens." Microorganisms 9, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102137.

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The application and promotion of biological control agents are limited because of poor efficacy and unstable performance in the field. Screening microorganisms with high antagonistic activity, effective adaptability, and high field-survival should be prospected. Myxobacteria are soil predatory bacteria with wide adaptability, which are considered as good antagonists. Here, we report a myxobacterium strain M34 isolated from subtropical forest soil in South China using the Escherichia coli baiting method. Based on the morphological observation, physiological test, biochemical characteristics, 16S rRNA gene sequence, and genomic data, strain M34 was identified as a novel genus and novel species, representing a new clade of Myxococcaceae, for which the name Citreicoccus inhibens gen. nov. sp. nov. is proposed (type strain M34T = GDMCC 1.2275T = KCTC 82453T). The typical features of M34, including fruiting body formation and extracellular fibrillar interconnection, indicated by microscopic observations, contributed to cell adaption in different environments. Furthermore, the strain showed antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi and predatory activity to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive phytopathogenic bacteria. The bioprotective mechanisms are attributed to the presence of pyrrolnitrin and derivative with antifungal activity and the extracellular proteins with lytic activity against pathogenic bacteria. Due to its multiple beneficial traits, strain M34 has the potential to be developed into a versatile biocontrol agent for the management of both fungal and bacterial phytopathogens.

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Fontana, Daniele Cristina, Samuel de Paula, Abel Galon Torres, Victor Hugo Moura de Souza, Sérgio Florentino Pascholati, Denise Schmidt, and Durval Dourado Neto. "Endophytic Fungi: Biological Control and Induced Resistance to Phytopathogens and Abiotic Stresses." Pathogens 10, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050570.

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Plant diseases cause losses of approximately 16% globally. Thus, management measures must be implemented to mitigate losses and guarantee food production. In addition to traditional management measures, induced resistance and biological control have gained ground in agriculture due to their enormous potential. Endophytic fungi internally colonize plant tissues and have the potential to act as control agents, such as biological agents or elicitors in the process of induced resistance and in attenuating abiotic stresses. In this review, we list the mode of action of this group of microorganisms which can act in controlling plant diseases and describe several examples in which endophytes were able to reduce the damage caused by pathogens and adverse conditions. This is due to their arsenal of molecules generated during the interaction by which they form a kind of biological shield in the plant. Furthermore, considering that endophytic fungi can be an important tool in managing for biotic and abiotic stresses due to the large amount of biologically active substances produced, bioprospecting this class of microorganisms is tending to increase and generate valuable products for agriculture.

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Asaturova, Anzhela, Natalya Zhevnova, Natalya Tomashevich, Marina Pavlova, Oksana Kremneva, Galina Volkova, and Nikita Sidorov. "Efficacy of New Local Bacterial Agents against Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in Kuban Region, Russia." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020373.

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The phytopathogenic fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is a causal agent of tan spot. Antagonistic microorganisms can be used as a non-chemical alternative treatment against the tan spot of wheat. Bacillus velezensis BZR 336 g and BZR 517 stains were selected as the most active microorganisms and potential biocontrol agents. We found that B. velezensis strains BZR 336 g and BZR 517 exhibited antagonistic activity against P. tritici-repentis Kr-15/2016 in vitro: they inhibited mycelium growth by 72.4–94.3% and caused its degenerative changes. Treatment of seeds and plants with strains BZR 336 g and BZR 517 provided a biological efficiency of 31.2–38.4% against tan spot, while artificial inoculation of plants provided only 28.4–43.8% biological efficiency. Treatment of seeds and plants with BZR 336 g and BZR 517 in a three-year field trial demonstrated 24.6–50% biological efficiency. BZR 336 g and BZR 517 provided 5.0–7.6% additional yield. We conclude that BZR 336 g and BZR 517 are promising options for novel bioproducts that can control P. tritici-repentis tan spot.

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Mahmoud, Ghada Abd-Elmonsef, Mohamed A. Abdel-Sater, Eshraq Al-Amery, and Nemmat A. Hussein. "Controlling Alternaria cerealis MT808477 Tomato Phytopathogen by Trichoderma harzianum and Tracking the Plant Physiological Changes." Plants 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2021): 1846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091846.

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Plant responses during the pathogen infection and the pathogen control reflect its strategies to protect its cells. This work represents the Alternaria cerealis MT808477 as a phytopathogen causing leaf spot disease in tomatoes. A. cerealis was identified morphologically and genetically by 18SrRNA, and its pathogenicity was confirmed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Trichoderma harzianum has the ability to control A. cerealis MT808477 by stimulating various cell responses during the controlling process. The cell behavior during the biological control process was observed by analyses of total phenol, flavonoids, terpenoids, antioxidant, malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase). The extracts of infected tomato leaves were tested against plant and human pathogenic microorganisms. Results showed that the biological control process activates the defense cell strategies by increasing the plant tolerance, and activation of plant defense systems. The total phenol, flavonoids, terpenoids, antioxidant and malondialdehyde were increased after 48 h. Catalase and peroxidase were increased in infected tomato plants and decreased during the biological control process, reflecting the decrease of cell stress. Leaves extract inhibited the growth of nine plant and human pathogenic microorganisms. Biological control represents a safe and effective solution to phytopathogens that decreases plant cell stress by stimulating various defensive agents.

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Santos, Caroline Menicoze dos, Amanda Da Silva Ribeiro, Adriana Garcia, Andressa Domingos Polli, Julio Cesar Polonio, João Lúcio Azevedo, and João Alencar Pamphile. "Enzymatic and Antagonist Activity of Endophytic Fungi from Sapindus saponaria L. (Sapindaceae)." Acta Biológica Colombiana 24, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v24n2.74717.

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Endophyte microorganisms have great biotechnological interest, with features applicable to different areas and are potentially useful in agriculture. The current study determines the biotechnological potential of endophytic fungi, isolated from leaves of Sapindus saponaria, to control phytopathogenic fungi and evaluate their enzyme production. Molecular taxonomy was performed by sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal DNA region, identifying the genera Phomopsis, Sordariomycetes, Diaporthe, and Colletotrichum. In vitro antagonism against phytopathogens showed better results against Fusarium solani and provided inhibition indices between 41.8 % and 67.5 %. The endophytic strain SS81 (Diaporthe citri) presented the highest antagonism index against the pathogen. Against Glomerella sp. and Moniliophthora perniciosa, inhibition rates ranged between 18.7 % and 57.4 % and between 38.3 % and 64.8 %, respectively. Enzyme assays revealed that strain SS65 (Diaporthe sp.) produced 1.16 UI µmol/min of amylase; strain SS77 (Diaporthe sp.) produced 2.74 UI µmol/min of pectinase, and strain SS08 (Diaporthe sp.) produced 1.51 UI µmol/min of cellulase. Thus, the current study shows evidence the importance of isolated endophytes with phytoprotective properties of plants with medicinal properties as alternatives for biological control and natural sources of products with biotechnological interest.

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Diabankana, Roderic Gilles Claret, Shamil Zavdatovich Validov, Alexandra Borisovna Vyshtakalyuk, Amina Daminova, Radik Ilyasovich Safin, and Daniel Mawuena Afordoanyi. "Effects of Phenotypic Variation on Biological Properties of Endophytic Bacteria Bacillus mojavensis PS17." Biology 11, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11091305.

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The use of microorganism-based products in agricultural practices is gaining more interest as an alternative to chemical methods due to their non-toxic bactericidal and fungicidal properties. Various factors influence the efficacy of the microorganisms used as biological control agents in infield conditions as compared to laboratory conditions due to ecological and physiological aspects. Abiotic factors have been shown to trigger phase variations in bacterial microorganisms as a mechanism for adapting to hostile environments. In this study, we investigated the stability of the morphotype and the effects of phenotypic variation on the biological properties of Bacillus mojavensis strain PS17. B. mojavensis PS17 generated two variants (opaque and translucent) that were given the names morphotype I and II, respectively. The partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that both morphotypes belonged to B. mojavensis. BOX and ERIC fingerprinting PCR also showed the same DNA profiles in both morphotypes. The characteristics of morphotype I did not differ from the original strain, while morphotype II showed a lower hydrolytic enzyme activity, phytohormone production, and antagonistic ability against phytopathogenic fungi. Both morphotypes demonstrated endophytic ability in tomato plants. A low growth rate of the strain PS17(II) in a minimal medium was observed in comparison to the PS17(I) strain. Furthermore, the capacity for biocontrol of B. mojavensis PS17(II) was not effective in the suppression of root rot disease in the tomato plants caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radices-lycopersici stain ZUM2407, compared to B. mojavensis PS17(I), whose inhibition was almost 47.9 ± 1.03% effective.

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Sharonova, N. L., D. A. Terenzhev, A. P. Lyubina, I. D. Fadeeva, and A. T. Zakirov. "Substances for biological protection, regulation of growth and development of agricultural crops based on secondary plant metabolites." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 949, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/949/1/012049.

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Abstract Plants are a promising source of a wide range of biologically active substances as biopesticides and growth stimulants in organic agriculture. Screening of the antimicrobial activity of ethanol extracts of air-dry aboveground biomass of 22 plant species of the family Asteraceae, typical representatives of the flora of the Republic of Tatarstan, was carried out. The antibacterial activity of greater knapweed (Centaurea scabiosa L.), milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn), scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.), marsh cudweed (Gnaphalium uliginosum L.) against test strains of microorganisms – Clavibacter michiganensis VKM Ac-1404 (phytopathogenic gram-positive bacterium) and Alternaria solani St108 (phytopathogenic fungi) was established. The highest indices of inhibitory activity were found in the case of marsh cudweed - 0.0063%. The efficiency of pre-sowing treatment of seeds and foliar treatment of plants with an aqueous solution the potassium salts of terpene acids of Siberian cedar pine resin on the yield of winter wheat variety Kazanskaya-560 on gray forest soil at the Republic of Tatarstan was revealed. The yield increase was 3.7-3.9% to control. The grain size indicator (1000 grains weight) varied in the range of 36-38 g with the highest values in the case of pre-sowing treatment.

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Sidorova, Т. М., А. М. Asaturova, and A. I. Homyak. "BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE METABOLITES OF Bacillus subtilis AND THEIR ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS (review)." Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya 53, no. 1 (February 2018): 293–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2018.1.29eng.

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Silva, João Manoel da, Yamina Coentro Montaldo, Arthur Costa Pereira Santiago de Almeida, Viviane Araújo Dalbon, Juan Pablo Molina Acevedo, Tania Marta Carvalho dos Santos, and Gaus Silvestre de Andrade Lima. "Rhizospheric Fungi to Plant Growth Promotion: A Review." Journal of Agricultural Studies 9, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v9i1.18321.

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The rhizosphere is the region that has direct influence from the roots. This is the place where most of the interactions between microorganisms and plants occur. Studies involving the ecology of microbial communities from the rhizosphere became more frequent after the first reports of biological interactions of microorganisms with plants that influence physically and chemically modify the soil surrounding. According to these hypotheses, the rhizosphere mycobiota provides the development of plants through various mechanisms, direct and indirect. Thus, the objective of this review was to explain the aspects that provide characterizing these microorganisms as beneficial to plants in view of their applicability to agro-ecosystems. Therefore, it is stated that rhizospheric fungi have the solubilization of phosphorus (P), assimilating this nutrient for plants, promoting growth through the production or stimulation of the production of growth regulators such as 3-indole acetic acid, and control of phytopathogenic agents such as other filamentous fungi, and also phytonemamatodes. Therefore, it is possible to observe the importance of the constant observance of the action of these microorganisms in terms of their ecological role due to the agro-ecosystem.

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Smolin, Nikolai Vasilyevich, Valentina Vasilievna Lapina, Svetlana Aleksandrovna Dudnikova, Natalya Vasilievna Potapova, and Ilya Vladimirovich Potapov. "Formation of the composition of the microflora of the rhizoplane and the rhizosphere of cucumber in the coconut substrate." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 3 (March 28, 2022): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i3pp33-36.

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The obtained results showed the formation of differences in the complexes of microscopic fungi of rhizoplana and rhyosphere in the summer-autumn crop turnover of cucumber with the secondary use of coconut mats. The results determined and showed the role of microorganisms that are part of the components of biological products, accounting for the number of which is important and necessary to ensure the existence of a controlled biocenosis of coconut substrate. In the process of microbiological studies, it has been proved that when using biological products in the community of substrate microorganisms, there is a direct connection between an increase in the number of antagonists and a decrease in phytopathogenic species. When applying biological preparations, the greatest differences in the microflora of the substrate were noted. This made it possible to more clearly identify changes in the structure of the microflora of the rhizosphere and rhizoplana of cucumber and stimulated the development of fungi such as Trichoderma spp., as well as bacteria of the genus Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. in the community. However, the revealed dynamics does not have a global scale, since the composition and structure of the dominant and frequently occurring other types of microbial communities of the control group largely coincided with the experimental one.

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Smolin, Nikolai Vasilyevich, Valentina Vasilievna Lapina, Svetlana Aleksandrovna Dudnikova, Natalya Vasilievna Potapova, and Ilya Vladimirovich Potapov. "Formation of the composition of the microflora of the rhizoplane and the rhizosphere of cucumber in the coconut substrate." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 3 (March 28, 2022): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i3pp33-36.

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The obtained results showed the formation of differences in the complexes of microscopic fungi of rhizoplana and rhyosphere in the summer-autumn crop turnover of cucumber with the secondary use of coconut mats. The results determined and showed the role of microorganisms that are part of the components of biological products, accounting for the number of which is important and necessary to ensure the existence of a controlled biocenosis of coconut substrate. In the process of microbiological studies, it has been proved that when using biological products in the community of substrate microorganisms, there is a direct connection between an increase in the number of antagonists and a decrease in phytopathogenic species. When applying biological preparations, the greatest differences in the microflora of the substrate were noted. This made it possible to more clearly identify changes in the structure of the microflora of the rhizosphere and rhizoplana of cucumber and stimulated the development of fungi such as Trichoderma spp., as well as bacteria of the genus Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. in the community. However, the revealed dynamics does not have a global scale, since the composition and structure of the dominant and frequently occurring other types of microbial communities of the control group largely coincided with the experimental one.

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Sehrawat, Anju, and Satyavir Singh Sindhu. "Potential of Biocontrol Agents in Plant Disease Control for Improving Food Safety." Defence Life Science Journal 4, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.4.14966.

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Plant disease control is mainly based on extraneous application of pesticides to improve agriculture productivity. However, only a part of applied pesticides is used for killing of pathogens and pests. Large part of applied pesticides remains either as residual pesticide or gets volatilized or leached resulting in ecological and environmental problems, and human health hazards. The increased consumer demands for safe food have invigorated research on development of safe and ecofriendly biopesticides. The use of microorganisms for biological control of pests is considered as a pragmatic approach which can drastically lessen the adverse outcomes of agrochemicals in soil. Rhizospheric microorganisms isolated from various crops produce different antagnostic compounds and inhibit the growth of various phytopathogens and insect pests. Moreover, in several plants, hormones like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene contribute towards induction of both, systemic acquired as well as induced systemic resitance. In this article, antagonistic rhizosphere microorganisms have been explored for control of phytopathogens. Further, recent advances in field of biopesticides using rhizosphere microorganisms under field conditions is discussed for improvingcrop productivity in sustainable agriculture

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Carmona-Hernandez, Saul, Juan Reyes-Pérez, Roberto Chiquito-Contreras, Gabriel Rincon-Enriquez, Carlos Cerdan-Cabrera, and Luis Hernandez-Montiel. "Biocontrol of Postharvest Fruit Fungal Diseases by Bacterial Antagonists: A Review." Agronomy 9, no. 3 (March 5, 2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030121.

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This review deals with the main mechanisms of action exerted by antagonistic bacteria, such as competition for space and nutrients, suppression via siderophores, hydrolytic enzymes, antibiosis, biofilm formation, and induction of plant resistance. These mechanisms inhibit phytopathogen growth that affects postharvest fruit since quality and safety parameters are influenced by the action of these microorganisms, which cause production losses in more than 50% of fruit tree species. The use of synthetic fungicide products has been the dominant control strategy for diseases caused by fungi. However, their excessive and inappropriate use in intensive agriculture has brought about problems that have led to environmental contamination, considerable residues in agricultural products, and phytopathogen resistance. Thus, there is a need to generate alternatives that are safe, ecological, and economically viable to face this problem. Phytopathogen inhibition in fruit utilizing antagonist microorganisms has been recognized as a type of biological control (BC), which could represent a viable and environmentally safe alternative to synthetic fungicides. Despite the ecological benefit that derives from the use of controllers and biological control agents (BCA) at a commercial level, their application and efficient use has been minimal at a global level.

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Lykholat, Y. V., O. O. Didur, O. A. Drehval, N. O. Khromykh, T. V. Sklyar, T. Y. Lykholat, O. V. Liashenko, and I. M. Kovalenko. "Endophytic community of Chaenomeles speciosa fruits: Screening for biodiversity and antifungal activity." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 13, no. 2 (May 4, 2022): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022218.

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Fruit crops of the genus Chaenomeles Lindl are considered today as a superfood due to accumulation of biologically active compounds with antioxidant ability and known health-promoting properties. Successful introduction of this non-traditional culture in the steppe zone of Ukraine characterised by an unfavourable climate suggests the functioning of effective protective mechanisms in plants, including those that can be provided by the influence of endophytic microorganisms. However, there is little information about the endophytic community of Chaenomeles plants. Herein, the current study was aimed to isolate the endophytic fungi from the Ch. speciosa fruits and evaluate their biological activities against the phytopathogens. The study was carried out based on the collection of the Botanical Garden of Oles Honchar Dnipro National University (Dnipro city, Ukraine). Three media, namely PDA, MPA, and Gause’s medium were used for isolation of endophytic fungi. Colonies of isolates for identification were grown on PDA, Czapek's agar, and Czapek’s yeast autolysate media. Six fungal endophytic isolates derived from both peel and pulp of Ch. speciosa fruits have been morphologically identified using macroscopic and microscopic techniques, and assigned to the genus Penicillium (sections Chrysogena, Penicillium, Viridicata), and genus Talaromyces (section Talaromyces). Species P. expansum, P. viridicatum, and P. hirsutum were identified among the peel isolates, while P. chrysogenum, P. cyclopium, and P. purpurogenum were among the pulp isolates. Antagonistic ability of the endophytic isolates against phytopathogenic fungi was evaluated using the dual culture method. The results showed moderate to high antifungal capacity of the endophytic isolates against the phytopathogenic strains of the Fusarium genus. The growth inhibition of F. culmorum mycelium due to the influence of endophytic isolates was 51.5–81.3%, and the inhibition of the growth of F. oxysporum colonies was in the range of 68.4–86.6% as compared with control. There were no significant differences in the antagonistic ability between endophytic isolates derived from the peel and pulp of the fruit. Taken together, our findings indicated the great potential of the endophytic fungi from Ch. speciosa fruits as a source for the development of biocontrol agents and discovery of new bioactive compounds.

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Huliaieva, H. B., I. P. Tokovenko, L. A. Pasichnyk, V. P. Patyka, and S. M. Horbatiuk. "Microbial Status of Rhizosphere of Galega orientalis Plants Infected with Phytopathogens and Treated with Nanochelates." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 83, no. 5 (October 17, 2021): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj83.05.042.

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It is known that the ratio of the main groups of microorganisms in the microbiocenosis form the biological fertility of the soil. In this regard, it is necessary to take into account the influence of biologically active substances, including nanoparticles and their derivatives, used in crop production, on the composition of soil microbiota and its biodiversity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Galega orientalis plants inoculation with phytopathogenic microorganisms and foliar treatment of plants with nanochelates on the total amount of microbial groups in rhizosphere of Galega orientalis. Methods. Acholeplasma laidlawii var. granulum 118 UCM BM–34 was cultivated in the liquid nutrient medium CM IMV-72 (pH 7.8) in thermostat at 32°C for 72 hours. Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens D13 was cultivated on potato agar in thermostat at 26–28°C. For artificial infection a bacterial suspension with a concentration of 1×109 CFU/mL according to the turbidity standard was prepared. Galega orientalis plants were inoculated with phytopathogenic strains of microorganisms by subepidermal injection into the stem. The total count of microbial groups in the samples was performed by the method of plating on selective media, the result was expressed in colony-forming units (CFU). For statistical processing of data, calculations of the arithmetic mean and its standard error were performed. Results. It was found that the total amount of microorganisms, the number of actinomycetes and oligotrophic microorganisms increased and the number of micromycetes decreased in the rhizosphere of Galega orientalis plants infected with phytoplasma. In contrast to phytoplasma infected plants, the number of aerobic nitrogenfixing bacteria in the rhizosphere increased in plants infected with P. syringae pv. atrofaciens D13. Foliar treatment of Galega orientalis plants with nanochelate solutions had varying influence on the composition of microbial groups. The total amount of aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria increased after foliar treatment with nanochelates in the next order: V˃Ge˃Se, and the total amount of actinomycetes increased after foliar treatment in the next order: Se˃V˃Ge. The total amount of micromycetes increased in the rhizosphere of Galega orientalis after foliar treatment with Ge and Se nanochelates. It should be noted that the most significant increase in the number of oligotrophic microorganisms was observed in the rhizosphere of plants after I-Se foliar treatment. Conclusions. The number of actinomycetes, micromycetes and oligotrophic microorganisms in the rhizosphere of Galega orientalis plants infected with A. laidlawii and P. syringae increased compared to control plants; this process was associated with changes in the chemical composition of root secretions, probably due to reducing of carbohydrates and the presence of stress signal molecules. Plants infection with these pathogens had different effect on the total amount of aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the number of which increased in the rhizosphere after infection with P. syringae and decreased after infection with A. laidlawii, which may be due to the different chemical composition of the root secretions. Foliar treatment with Se, Ge and V nanochelates had the most favorable influence on the soil microbiota, causing an increase in the total amount of microbial groups, including species capable of disease development inhibiting and participating in the nutrient cycle (aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, actinomycetes, micromycetes). The foliar treatment of plants with I-Se nanochelates can be considered as conditionally favorable due to a significant increase in the number of oligotrophic microorganisms, which indicates the depletion of readily available nutrients in the soil. However, the improvement of root system growth at I-Se foliar treatment of plants affected by both phytoplasma and bacterial pathogen may be a sign of stimulation of the absorptive capacity of roots, which requires further research.

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Rivas-García, Tomás, Ramsés Ramón González-Estrada, Roberto Gregorio Chiquito-Contreras, Juan José Reyes-Pérez, Uriel González-Salas, Luis Guillermo Hernández-Montiel, and Bernardo Murillo-Amador. "Biocontrol of Phytopathogens under Aquaponics Systems." Water 12, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12072061.

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Aquaponics is an alternative method of food production that confers advantages of biological and economic resource preservations. Nonetheless, one of the main difficulties related to aquaponics systems could be the outbreak and dissemination of pathogens. Conventional treatments need to be administrated carefully because they could be harmful to human, fish, plants and beneficial microorganisms. Aquaponics practitioners are relatively helpless against plant diseases when they occur, especially in the case of root pathogens. Biological control agents (BCAs) may be an effective alternative to chemical inputs for dealing with pathogens of plants under aquaponics systems. Research of BCAs on aquaponics systems is limited, but there are numerous publications on the use of BCAs to control plant pathogens under soilless systems which confirm its potential use on aquaponics systems. The present review summarized the principal plant pathogens, the conventional and alternative BCA treatments on aquaponics systems, while considering related research on aquaculture and soilless systems (i.e., hydroponic) for its applicability to aquaponics and future perspectives related to biological control. Finally, we emphasized the case that aquaponics systems provide relatively untapped potential for research on plant biological control agents. Biological control has the potential to reduce the perturbation effects of conventional treatments on microbial communities, fish and plant physiology, and the whole function of the aquaponics system.

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Spremo, Nemanja, Kristina Tesanovic, Milana Rakic, Ljiljana Janjusevic, Maja Ignjatov, Dragana Bjelic, and Maja Karaman. "Antifungal activity of macrofungi extracts on phytopathogenic fungal strains of genera Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 133 (2017): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1733231s.

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During the last decades, intensive application of synthetic fungicides in the agricultural crop protection practice caused growing concern for the existence of toxic chemical residues in food as well as in the whole environment. Instead of using synthetic fungicides, it is suggested that crop protection be carried out by using preparations based on compounds of natural origin (secondary metabolites of plants or microorganisms, including macrofungi from Basidiomycota) as biological control agents. The potential of macrofungal species as biocontrol agents was analyzed in this investigation of eight autochthonous species from different locations in Serbia. Both the terricolous species: Coprinus comatus, Coprinellus truncorum, Amanita strobiliformis, Hydnum repandum and the lignicolous species: Flammulina velutipes, Stereum subtomentosum, Trametes versicolor and Bjerkandera adusta were examined, with an aim to detect some novel sources of antifungal agents. This study surveyed antifungal activity of selected macrofungal extracts (MeOH, EtOH and CHCl3) against phytopathogenic Fusarium and Alternaria strains isolated from garlic, soybean and rice: F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. graminearum and A. padwickii. Microdilution method in 96 well microplates was applied for the estimation of antifungal effects of macrofungi extracts in the range from 24.75 to 198.00 mg/ml and determination of minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). EtOH extract of mychorhizal species H. repandum showed antifungal activity against all analyzed phytopathogenic strains, with the strongest effect on Fusarium strains (MIC 24.75 mg/ml; MFC 24.75 mg/ml). Among others, MeOH extracts of S. subtomentosum and C. micaceus showed similar effects while only B. adusta showed slight effect on Fusarium strains (MIC 24.75-99.00 mg/ml; MFC 24.75-99.00 mg/ml) and none effect on A. padwickii. The obtained results indicate the possibility of using examined extracts as efficient antifungal agents and provide the basis for the new formulations of biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi in the future.

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Dinu, Sorina. ""BIOCONTROL OF POSTHARVEST FUNGAL DISEASES BY MICROBIAL ANTAGONISTS - minireview"." Romanian Journal for Plant Protection 15 (September 5, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54574/rjpp.15.01.

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This papersummarizes the data on use of antagonistic microorganisms as biocontrol agents against fungal phytopathogensthat affects postharvest fruits and vegetables. The useof synthetic fungicides has been the dominant control strategy for diseases caused by fungi.However, their excessive and inappropriate use in intensive agriculture has created problemsthat have led to environmental contamination, considerable residues in agricultural products, andphytopathogen resistance. Therefore, there is a need to generate alternatives that are safe, ecological,and economically viable to face this problem. Inhibition of phytopathogen in fruit/vegetableutilizing antagonistic microorganisms as biological control agents (BCA) could represent aviable and environmentally safe alternative to synthetic fungicides.

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Marcelino-Pérez, Gabriel, Roberto Ruiz-Medrano, Salvador Gallardo-Hernández та Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares. "Adsorption of Recombinant Human β-Defensin 2 and Two Mutants on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Its Effect against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis". Nanomaterials 11, № 8 (23 серпня 2021): 2144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082144.

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Solanum lycopersicum L. is affected among other pests and diseases, by the actinomycete Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), causing important economic losses worldwide. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are amphipathic cationic oligopeptides with which the development of pathogenic microorganisms has been inhibited. Therefore, in this study, we evaluate antimicrobial activity of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN5.4) loaded with human β-defensin-2 (hβD2) and two mutants (TRX-hβD2-M and hβD2-M) against Cmm. hβD2, TRX-hβD2-M and hβD2-M presented a half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 3.64, 1.56 and 6.17 μg/mL, respectively. MSNs had average particle sizes of 140 nm (SEM) and a tunable pore diameter of 4.8 up to 5.4 nm (BJH). AMPs were adsorbed more than 99% into MSN and a first release after 24 h was observed. The MSN loaded with the AMPs inhibited the growth of Cmm in solid and liquid media. It was also determined that MSNs protect AMPs from enzymatic degradation when the MSN/AMPs complexes were exposed to a pepsin treatment. An improved AMP performance was registered when it was adsorbed in the mesoporous matrix. The present study could expand the applications of MSNs loaded with AMPs as a biological control and provide new tools for the management of phytopathogenic microorganisms.

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Zivkovic, Svetlana, Stefan Stosic, Danijela Ristic, Ivan Vucurovic, and Milos Stevanovic. "Antagonistic potential of lactobacillus plantarum against some postharvest pathogenic fungi." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 136 (2019): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1936079z.

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Lactobacillus plantarum, one of the most widespread lactic acid bacte?ria, exert a strong antagonistic activity against many microorganisms. The present study was conducted to determine in vitro and in situ antagonistic potential of L. plantarum (DSM 20174) for control postharvest decay caused by phytopathogenic fungi: Aspergillus flavus, Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Fusarium avenaceum. The results obtained in in vitro assays showed that L. plantarum had a stronger inhibitory effect on spore germination than on mycelia growth of all tested fungi. After 3 days of incubation, the diameter of inhibition zones ranged from 11.67 mm for C. gloeosporioides to 14.67 mm for C. acutatum. The bacterial suspension of L. plantarum significantly inhibited conidial germination of all postharvest pathogens (89.62-97.61%). In situ assays showed that treatment with L. plantarum efficiently inhibited necrosis ranging from 42.54% for C. acutatum to 54.47% for A. flavus. The disease incidence in L. plantarum treated fruits was statistically significantly lower than in the positive control for all fungi tested (P<0.05). The presented data demonstrate the antagonistic potential of L. plantarum (DSM 20174) and indicate the possibility of using this bacterial strain as a biological agent to control postharvest fungal pathogens.

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Gurmeet Singh, Tarun Kapoor, and Harpreet Kaur. "Current Status and Future Perspective on Enzyme Involving in Biocontrol of Plant Pathogen." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.1.1.3.

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Plant diseases must be controlled to maintain the quality and quantity of food produced by farmers worldwide. Various strategies exist to prevent, reduce, or manage plant diseases. Agronomic and horticultural methods depend on chemical fertilisers and insecticides. These agricultural inputs have contributed significantly to recent gains in crop output and quality. Microbial enzymes help bacteria multiply in a specific habitat by acting as biocatalysts for biochemical processes. It has long been recognised that rhizosphere microorganisms may boost plant development and suppress phytopathogens. Rhizosphere microorganisms may help plants fight phytopathogens in numerous ways. Excreting lytic enzymes is one of the acknowledged biocontrol methods for preventing phytopathogens from surviving in the rhizosphere. To combat phytopathogens, rhizosphere microbes create chitinases, cellulases, proteases, and glucanases. Biological management may soon replace fungicides, say UBC researchers. New molecular approaches are now available to study antagonist-pathogen interactions, rhizosphere antagonist ecology, and biocontrol agent efficacy. Because agro-ecosystems are dynamic structures with numerous factors affecting disease and crop productivity, alternative IPM strategies to manage crop diseases are useful in various environments. Diverse crop systems need IPM management options other than biological control to successfully prevent disease development and yield loss.

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Sidorov, N. M., E. A. Gyrnets, M. M. Astakhov, K. Yu Saenko, A. M. Asaturova, and A. O. Didenko. "COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY OF PREPARATIONS FOR PRESOWING TREATMENT OF WINTER WHEAT." TAURIDA HERALD OF THE AGRARIAN SCIENCES 4 (28) (2021): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2021-4-28-149-158.

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The massive use of one-component fungicides has caused the problem of the emergence of resistant forms of phytopathogens. The development of multicomponent plant protection products is one of the ways of dealing with such a situation. The aim of the study is to determine the effectiveness of multicomponent chemical dressing agents in suppressing the most common fungal pathogens and seed infections in vitro. This work was performed in 2020 in the Federal Research Center for Biological Plant Protection (Krasnodar) in the laboratory of the creation of microbiological plant protection products and a collection of microorganisms. Fungi of the Fusarium, Microdochium, Bipolaris, Alternaria, Penicillium, Rhizoctonia, Septoria, Pyrenophora genera were used as test objects. The fungicidal activity of chemical preparations against economically significant phytopathogens causing root rot was evaluated in laboratory conditions by the method of serial dilutions followed by sowing on a nutrient medium. In addition, the effectiveness of the preparations was investigated by the method of treated seeds phytoexamination according to GOST 12044–93. The preparations, which included triazoles and phenylpyrroles, had the strongest inhibitory effect (100 %) on pathogens of Rhizoctonia, helminthosporiosis and septoria. The preparation containing compounds of the group of triazoles and strobilurins suppressed the growth of Rhizoctonia solani only. The preparations’ inhibitory effect on a number of phytopathogenic fungi was manifested in growth retardation, absence of aerial mycelium development and mycelium pigmentation. Concerning the causative agents of Fusarium root rot, the two-component preparations efficacy ranged from 51 % to 74.4 %; three-component one – from 42.9 % to 84.7 % depending on the species of the genus Fusarium. Presowing seed treatment made it possible to inhibit the growth of fungi of the genera Fusarium, Mucor, Aspergillus; significantly inhibit the development of the fungus Alternaria (spread in the experimental variant – 1.7 %, in the control variant – 46.7 %). From the data obtained, it can be concluded that multicomponent preparations based on triazoles and phenylpyrroles are highly effective in suppressing a wide range of phytopathogens and can be recommended for presowing seed treatment.

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Pešaković, Marijana, Jelena Tomić, Boris Rilak, Žaklina Karaklajić-Stajić, Leka Mandić, Vesna Đurović, and Tanja Vasić. "In vitro screening of antagonistic activity of microorganisms against anthracnose disease." Acta agriculturae Serbica 27, no. 54 (2022): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/aaser2254165p.

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Anthracnose disease can be successfully controlled by chemical pesticides in conventional fruit growing. However, in organic farming, in order to maintain environmental safety and fulfill consumer demand for pesticide-free food, the control of this disease is a major problem. The use of biocontrol agents with the antagonistic mechanism of control of many phytopathogens is an innovative alternative for cost-effective and eco-friendly production. The antagonistic activities of Trichoderma viride and Bacillus subtilis were tested in vitro against Colletotrichum acutatum, one of major plant pathogens responsible for anthracnose. The microbial antagonists inhibited mycelial growth in the dual culture. T. viride exhibited strong antagonism against C. acutatum isolates (80%). The B. subtilis isolate also had a strong effect on inhibiting the development of C. acutatum (37.5%). The results of this study identified T. viride and B. subtilis as promising biological control agents for further testing against anthracnose disease in fruits.

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Porto, John Silva, Tiyoko Nair Hojo Rebouças, Abel Rebouças São José, Alcebíades Rebouças São José, Nilvanira Donizete Tebaldi, and José Magno Queiroz Luz. "Biocontrol of Potato Common Scab Cultivated on Different Soil Mulch." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (April 9, 2022): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040904.

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Potato common scab causes significant economic losses worldwide, and current control methods remain ineffective. However, biological control methods have been effective in controlling phytopathogens in several other crops. Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus subtilis are the most studied microorganisms in agriculture for controlling plant diseases. However, interactions between these biological control agents and the organic matter present at the cultivation site have not been extensively studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the action of biological agents in controlling potato common scab using different soil mulch compositions. Two field experiments were performed simultaneously: one tested T. longibrachiatum (TL) and T. asperellum (TA) treatments in the control of potato scab, and the other tested two types of soil mulch (vetch and palisade grass) and four microorganism treatments (TL, TA, B. subtilis + Enterococcus faecium + Lactobacillus plantarum (BSEFLP), and B. subtilis + B. licheniformis + T. longibrachiatum (BSBLTL)). In the first experiment, TL and TA decreased the disease severity from 80% in the control to 34%, and 56% in the control to 5%, respectively, based on yield losses caused by the potato scab. In the second experiment, TA and BSEFLP reduced the disease severity to 61% and 62%, respectively, compared with that in the control (98%), and losses caused by the common scab to 38% and 40%, respectively, when combined with vetch mulch (control: 98%), demonstrating that microbial response can be influenced by the cover crop. Therefore, this work provides evidence that biological control of potato common scab is a viable alternative for disease control.

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Babaeva, G., N. Salybekova, A. Serzhanova, and Esin Basim. "BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SPECIES OF PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL FUNGI AFFECTING TOMATOES (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.) IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF KAZAKHSTAN." BULLETIN 389, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.6.

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The article considers studies designed to justify the types of pathogens of tomatoes that occur during vegetation and storage, and measures to combat them. The work was carried out in 2019 on a land plot near the rural districts of Babaykorgan, Zhuynek, and Issa of the Turkestan region. As it became known, the growth period of vegetable seedlings depends on the temperature of the soil. In our experience, the seed material was planted in the open ground in early April. The soil was very hot and moist. Depending on the culture and varietal characteristics, the sprouts appeared on 6-15 days after sowing. The results of phytopathological control showed that various varieties of all types of tomatoes were affected by phytopathogenic microorganisms. During the growing season, the most dangerous disease in tomato fruit was apical rot of the fruit, which led to a significant decrease in the yield. The leaves are widely developed early blight and verticillus. Late blight at the end of the growing season was observed in full on both leaves and fruits (developed during fruit storage). When growing tomato crops at two sites was dominated by late blight, early blight, verticillus, viral diseases and apical rot. Based on the results of phytopathological control, it can be concluded that the number of fungal diseases prevailed in plot 1, which is associated with frequent irrigation on this site, its shading and a large number of fruits on plants. Viral diseases prevailed in plot 2, which is explained by weeds clogging the plot.

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Huliaieva, H. B., I. P. Tokovenko, L. A. Pasichnyk, V. P. Patyka, M. M. Bohdan, M. S. Kharchuk, V. I. Maksin, M. V. Patyka, and V. G. Kaplunenko. "Antimicrobial Activity of Vanadium and Germanium Nanoaquacitrates in vitro and their Physiological Effect on Wheat Plants in vivo." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 82, no. 6 (November 30, 2020): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj82.06.043.

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Phytopathogenic bacteria and phytoplasmas, in particular Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens and Acholeplasma laidlawii var. granulum are causative agents of cereal crops diseases. Nanoparticles and biologically active compounds created with the use of nanotechnologies are considered as alternative modern measures to control phytopathogenic microorganisms. Antimicrobial activity is already established for gold, silver, copper, magnesium, iron, zinc, aluminum, cerium, titanium, cadmium, nickel and vanadium. At the same time, antimicrobial activity of germanium and its citrates as well as citrates of others nanoparticles, including vanadium, are studied insufficiently. The physiological effect of vanadium and germanium nanoaquacitrates on wheat plants in vivo, both on state and photochemical activity of the photosynthetic apparatus and activity of superoxide dismutase of plant tissue are poorly known too. Aim. The aim of our work was to study the antimicrobial activity of vanadium and germanium nanoaquacitrates in vitro and their physiological influence on wheat plants in vivo. Methods. A. laidlawii var. granulum 118 (UCM BM-34) was cultured in the liquid nutrient medium CM IMV-72 (pH=7.8) in thermostat at 320 C for 72 hours. P. syringae pv. atrofaciens D13 was cultured on potato agar in thermostat at 26–280°C. For artificial infection a bacterial suspension with a density of 1×109 CFU/ml according to the turbidity standard was prepared. Nanoaquacitrates of V (30 mg/dm3) and Ge (5 mg/dm3) were used in our study. After a short-term (15 minutes) action of the test compounds, morphological features of A. laidlawii var. granulum and P. syringae pv. atrofaciens were studied using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) JEOL JSM 1400 (Zabolotny IMV NASU). The plants of wheat of Pecheryanka variety were grown in field condition on 50 m2 area plot. Pre-sowing treatment of spring wheat seeds before sowing was carried out with solutions of V (30 mg/dm3) and Ge (5 mg/dm3) nanoaquacitrates according to the experimental scheme. The experiment was carried out in three repetitions. In addition, biological preparation (B.P.) Extrakon, which consists from natural consortium of beneficial microorganisms inoculated into a peat-like substrate, was applied into the soil before sowing. Artificial inoculation by phytoplasma A. laidlawii var. granulum 118 was performed using Clement`s method (subepidermal injection into the stem) in the tillering phase of wheat plants growth. Artificial infection of wheat plants with P. syringae pv. atrofaciens D13 was performed by injecting a bacterial suspension into the stem in the booting phase of plants growth. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was determined by the ability of the enzyme to inhibit the photochemical reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium. Changes in the following fluorescent parameters were analyzed: Fv/Fp and Rfd. For statistical processing of data, calculations of the arithmetic mean and its standard error were performed. Results. It was shown using electron microscopy that contact of Ge and V nanoaquacitrates with P. syringae pv. atrofaciens D13 and A. laidlawii var. granulum 118 resulted in cytomorphological changes of cells, homeostatic disruption and death. It was found in the field studies that SOD activity level increased in the tissues of wheat leaves to different values in plants infected with phytopathogenic microorganisms without any treatment and in cases of pre-sowing treatment with Ge and V nanoaquacitrates and B.P. Extrakon. Field investigations showed that combined use of consortium of soil microorganisms (B.P. Extrakon) and pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds with V and Ge nanoaquacitrates decreased negative impact of infection caused by A. laidlawii var. granulum 118 and P. syringae pv. atrofaciens D13 on the state and photochemical activity of the photosynthetic apparatus of Triticum aestivum: the level of quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and the assimilation activity coefficient Rfd increased. This effect of studied biologically active substances is due to both antimicrobial action and activation of the antioxidant defense system of plant cells. Conclusions. It was shown in our investigations that SOD activity increased in leaf tissues after application of biologically active agents in the next order: pre-sowing treatment with Ge nanoaquacitrates < pre-sowing treatment with V nanoaquacitrates < biological product (B.P.) Extrakon + pre-treatment with Ge nanoaquacitrates < B.P. Extrakon + pre-sowing treatment with V nanoaquacitrates. A significant increase of SOD activity of wheat leaves (in the tubing phase) was noticed at both types of infection – caused by phytopathogenic bacteria and phytoplasma, especially for the last one. A significant increase in the surface area of assimilation apparatus of wheat plants (in the tillering phase) in cases of wheat seeds pre-sowing treatment with Ge and V nanoaquacitrates before planting was observed. Pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds with Ge and V nanoaquacitrates in combination with B.P. Extrakon use on wheat plants infected with A. laidlawii var. granulum and P. syringae pv. atrofaciens improved photosynthesis and status of photosynthetic apparatus of plants.

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Ursan, Mihaela, Oana Alina Boiu-Sicuia, Cătălina Voaides, Vasilica Stan, Corina Bubueanu, and Călina Petruţa Cornea. "The Potential of New Streptomyces Isolates as Biocontrol Agents Against Fusarium Spp." “Agriculture for Life, Life for Agriculture” Conference Proceedings 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alife-2018-0093.

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Abstract The excessive use of synthetic pesticides for plant pathogens control could cause possible harmful side-effects to humans and animals, environmental pollution, residual toxicity, affects soil characteristics or induce the development of fungal resistance. Alternative ways for fungal contamination control involve natural products, based on microorganisms, many of them being already available for use. The selection and characterization of new biological agents useful for plant pathogens control are permanent goals for plant protection researches. In the last decade, several studies revealed that Streptomyces species are promising biocontrol agents against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi, including Fusarium spp., one of the most important wheat pathogens. In our study, 60 strains of Streptomyces spp. were isolated from soil or compost and evaluated for in vitro antifungal abilities by dual confrontation method. At least 30% of the isolates presented inhibitory activity against F. culmorum and F. graminearum. The bacterial strains were also tested for their ability to produce various bioactive compounds, possible involved in fungal inhibition. The capacity of some of the bacterial isolates to produce cellulases, amylases, lipases and volatile metabolites was proved. In addition, a new screening method for chitinases production was developed, based on the use of a combination of Congo red and Lugol solutions, which allowed the detection of chitinases in several Streptomyces spp. strains. Moreover, the reduction of the level of some Fusarium mycotoxins was detected by HPTLC analysis. As a conclusion, antagonistic interactions between Streptomyces isolates and fusaria could involve antibiosis, competition and parasitism and suggested that at least some of the selected isolates could be used in obtaining biological control products.

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Muñoz Torres, Patricio, Steffany Cárdenas, Mabel Arismendi Macuer, Nelly Huanacuni, Wilson Huanca-Mamani, Denise Cifuentes, and Germán F. Sepúlveda Chavera. "The Endophytic Pseudomonas sp. S57 for Plant-Growth Promotion and the Biocontrol of Phytopathogenic Fungi and Nematodes." Plants 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081531.

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Oregano from Socoroma (Atacama Desert) is characterized by its unique organoleptic properties and distinctive flavor and it is produced using ancestral pesticide-free agricultural practices performed by the Aymara communities. The cultivation in this zone is carried out under extreme conditions where the standard production of different crops is limited by several environmental factors, including aridity, high concentration of salts, and boron among others. However, oregano plants are associated with microorganisms that mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses present in this site. In this work, the S57 strain (member of the Pseudomonas genus that is closely related to Pseudomonas lini) was isolated from roots of oregano plants, which are grown in soils with high content of non-sodium salts and aluminum. This bacterium stimulates the growth of Micro-Tom tomato plants irrigated with saline-boric water. Moreover, it controls the growth of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea and the nematode Meloidogyne incognita under saline-boric conditions. Together with the high levels of bacterial biomass (~47 g/L), these results allow the establishment of the bases for developing a potential new agricultural bioproduct useful for arid and semiarid environments where commercial biological products show erratic behavior.

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Boiu-Sicuia, Oana-Alina, Vasilica Stan, and Călina Petruța Cornea. "THE COMPOST, A SOURCE OF PLANT BENEFICIAL BACTERIA WITH BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL." Current Trends in Natural Sciences 10, no. 20 (December 31, 2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2021.v10i20.004.

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Recycling the sewage sludge from treatment plants is a common activity. The resulting compost is usually rich in plant nutrients and beneficial microorganisms. However, compost properties greatly differ depending on the nature of the fermented biomass and fermentation processes. The aim of this study was to analyze the microbial load of three different composts, in order to detect new bacterial strains with plant protection properties. Isolated bacteria were microbiologically characterized and evaluated for their potential to reduce soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi. Results showed a microbial load of approximately 106 CFU/g of compost. In the analyzed samples it was revealed that as bacterial load increases, the fungal amount decreases. Analyzing some newly isolated bacteria obtained from these composts, a good biocontrol potential against soil-borne pathogenic fungi was revealed. Some of the isolated bacterial strains revealed antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. These bacteria showed good colonization capacity and lytic enzymes production, correlated to antimicrobial activity. These compost-originated bacteria reveal high potential in pathogens inhibition. Therefore, the analyzed composts are recommended not only as soil fertility improvers, but also as potential suppressors of soil-borne pathogens. Results revealed these composts as source of plant beneficial bacteria with biological control potential.

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Tarakanov, Rashit I., Anna A. Lukianova, Peter V. Evseev, Stepan V. Toshchakov, Eugene E. Kulikov, Alexander N. Ignatov, Konstantin A. Miroshnikov, and Fevzi S. U. Dzhalilov. "Bacteriophage Control of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea in Soybean." Plants 11, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11070938.

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Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) have been considered as potential agents for the biological control of bacterial phytopathogens due to their safety and host specificity. Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea (Psg) is a causative agent of the bacterial spotting of soybean (Glycine max Willd). The harm caused by this bacterium to crop production and the development of antibiotic resistance in Psg and other pathogenic microorganisms has led to the pursuit of alternative management strategies. In this study, three Psg-specific lytic bacteriophages were isolated from soybean field soil in geographically distant regions of Russia, and their potential for protective action on plants was assessed. Sequencing of phage genomes has revealed their close relatedness and attribution to the genus Ghunavirus, subfamily Studiervirinae, family Autographiviridae. Extensive testing of the biological properties of P421, the representative of the isolated phage group, has demonstrated a relatively broad host range covering closely related Pseudomonas species and stability over wide temperature (4–40 °C) and pH (pH 4–7) ranges, as well as stability under ultraviolet irradiation for 30 min. Application of the phages to prevent, and treat, Psg infection of soybean plants confirms that they are promising as biocontrol agents.

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Granada García, Sinar David, Antoni Rueda Lorza, and Carlos Alberto Peláez. "Antimicrobial activity of extracellular metabolites from antagonistic bacteria isolated from potato (Solanum phureja) crops." Summa Phytopathologica 40, no. 3 (September 2014): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/1953.

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Microorganisms for biological control are capable of producing active compounds that inhibit the development of phytopathogens, constituting a promising tool toob tain active principles that could replace synthetic pesticides. This study evaluatedtheability of severalpotentialbiocontrol microorganismsto produce active extracellular metabolites. In vitro antagonistic capability of 50 bacterial isolates from rhizospheric soils of "criolla" potato (Solanum phureja) was tested through dual culture in this plant with different plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Isolates that showed significantly higher antagonistic activity were fermented in liquid media and crude extracts from the supernatants had their biological activities assessed by optical density techniques. Inhibitory effecton tested pathogens was observed for concentrations between 0.5% and 1% of crude extracts. There was a correlation between the antimicrobial activity of extracts and the use of nutrient-rich media in bacteria fermentation. Using a bioguided method, a peptidic compound, active against Fusarium oxysporum, was obtained from the 7ANT04 strain (Pyrobaculum sp.). Analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography coupled to mass detector evidenced an 11-amino acid compound. Bioinformatic software using raw mass data confirmed the presence of a cyclic peptide conformed by 11 mostly non-standard amino acids.

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Tyutyuma, N. V., and Yu P. Tarasenkova. "Comparative evaluation of bacterial preparations in the cultivation of spring oats in the Astrakhan region." THEORETICAL & APPLIED PROBLEMS OF AGRO-INDUSTRY 53, no. 3 (2022): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/2221-7312-2022-53-3-6-11.

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Field research, sowing of spring oats with the use of bacterial preparations are carried out on the basis of the Institute of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institution "PAFSC RAS", which is located in the Northern part of the Astrakhan region. This article presents the results of studies on the effect of biological preparations (Rhizoagrin, Strain 17-1 and Strain 5S-2) on the yield of spring oats of the Borets and Lev variety in the Astrakhan region for 2019-2021. The analysis of the elements of the structure of the crop, varieties of spring oats is given. The yield of spring oats under control and the use of bacterial preparations is presented. An assessment of the effect of bacterial preparations based on microorganisms in spring oat crops in the conditions of the Astrakhan region was carried out. Observations of diseases of spring oats were carried out, the most disease-resistant variety of spring oats was Lion, whose seeds were treated with the bacterial preparation Rhizoagrin before sowing. Studies and observations of diseases of spring oats have shown that root rot pathogens mainly affect underdeveloped plants. The best results in suppressing powdery mildew were shown by the option with the treatment of Raxil Ultra seeds in combination with treatment with Phytosporin and Falcon. The best option for combating diseases of spring oats is the one where the bacterial preparation Rhizoagrin on the Lev variety was used as a seed mordant. The most disease-resistant variety of spring oats is Lion, whose seeds were treated before sowing with the bacterial preparation Rizoagrin, which has a wide spectrum of action on phytopathogenic microorganisms, suppressing the development and spread of pathogens of powdery mildew, septoria and fusarium.

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Oliveira, João Arthur dos Santos, Andressa Domingos Polli, Julio Cesar Polonio, Ravely Casarotti Orlandelli, Hélio Conte, João Lúcio Azevedo, and João Alencar Pamphile. "Bioprospection and molecular phylogeny of culturable endophytic fungi associated with yellow passion fruit." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 42 (July 1, 2020): e48321. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v42i1.48321.

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Endophytic microorganisms live inside the plants without causing any damage to their hosts. In the agricultural field, these endophytes might be a strategy of biological control for phytopathogens. We aimed to isolate endophytic fungi from yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) leaves, evaluating its biocontrol capacity by in vitro antagonism against phytopathogen Colletotrichum sp. CNPU378. We also carried out greenhouse experiments in bean seedlings. A high colonization frequency was obtained (89%), and the molecular identification based on DNA sequencing attested Colletotrichum as the most frequent genus and minor occurrence of Curvularia endophytes. The endophytes tested showed different types of competitive interactions in in vitro antagonism inhibition rate ranging from 28.8 to 48.8%. There were 10 promising antagonists tested for their antagonist activity of crude extracts of secondary metabolites, in which strain PE-36 (20.8%) stood out among the other strains evaluated. In the greenhouse assay, plants inoculated only with endophyte Colletotrichum sp. PE-36 was symptomless and suggest that the endophyte strengthened the growth promotion in common bean plants, especially in the root length and number of leaves when compared to control plants and other treatments. Despite many fungi of Colletotrichum genus being described as causative agents of anthracnose, in this study, the plant sampled was colonized predominantly by Colletotrichum endophytes living in asymptomatic relationship. By the way, we come across a Colletotrichum sp. endophyte able to antagonize a Colletotrichum sp. pathogen.

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Tkach, Yeuheniia, Alyona Bunas, Victoriya Starodub, Tetyana Pylypchuk, and Iryna Gumeniuk. "The Effect of Chemicals of Plant Protection Products on Soil Microbiocenoses." Scientific Horizons 24, no. 9 (January 26, 2022): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.24(9).2021.26-35.

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With the emergence of agriculture, humankind faced numerous difficult tasks. For example, how to use the potential of the soil while saving its quality and functional properties, how to apply agricultural technologies effectively and environmentally friendly, how to make them safe for human health and biota, and many others. There are several informative and reliable recording criteria and indicator systems that fully and comprehensively describe changes in the ecological condition of the soil and agrocenoses. However, all these systems have one defect – the time from the impact of the factor to the “reaction” of the indicator. Early diagnosis of changes in the agrocenosis is possible due to the biological component of the soil, namely the microbiocenosis. Notably, that microorganisms have a large contact surface with the environment, high rates of reproduction in space and time, sensitivity to changing living conditions. The reaction of soil microbiocenosis and its activity (number of microorganisms of ecologicaltrophic and taxonomic groups, respiration intensity, microbial biomass content, and soil phytotoxicity) under the action of chemicals that are the basis of plant protection products (PPP) was studied in the laboratory. It was found that the number of microorganisms of different ecological-trophic and taxonomic groups under the action of a composition of cymoxanil with dimetomorph decreased by 1.5-4.5 times relative to control, chlorperifosmethyl in 1.1-2 times, and prometryn – not more than 1.5. The content of microbial biomass and the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions when using cymoxanil with dimethomorph compared to the control variant decreased by 44% and 51.4-64.8%, respectively; prometryn – by 10-13% and by 8-12%. The highest level of soil phytotoxicity was observed for variants using prometryn (20-24%), the lowest for a composition of cymoxanil with dimetomorph (7-12%). It was shown, that the high level of inhibition of test culture development with the use of prometryn associated with the class of PPP and the mechanism of its effect on the plant organism. Low indicators of soil phytotoxicity and microbiocenosis activity when using cymoxanil with dimetomorph are explained by the influence of the studied composition not only on phytopathogenic micromycetes, but also on all groups of soil micromycetes (cellulose-destroying, saprophytic) that dominate. Therefore, the influence of PPP chemicals on the microbiocenosis can be shown as follows: PROMETRYN (the lowest level of influence) → CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL → CYMOXANIL + DIMETOMORF (the highest level of influence)

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Passari, Ajit K., Vineet K. Mishra, Vijai K. Gupta, Ratul Saikia, and Bhim P. Singh. "Distribution and Identification of Endophytic Streptomyces Species from Schima wallichii as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Fungal Plant Pathogens." Polish Journal of Microbiology 65, no. 3 (August 26, 2016): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/17331331.1215611.

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The prospective of endophytic microorganisms allied with medicinal plants is disproportionally large compared to those in other biomes. The use of antagonistic microorganisms to control devastating fungal pathogens is an attractive and eco-friendly substitute for chemical pesticides. Many species of actinomycetes, especially the genus Streptomyces, are well known as biocontrol agents. We investigated the culturable community composition and biological control ability of endophytic Streptomyces sp. associated with an ethanobotanical plant Schima wallichi. A total of 22 actinobacterial strains were isolated from different organs of selected medicinal plants and screened for their biocontrol ability against seven fungal phytopathogens. Seven isolates showed significant inhibition activity against most of the selected pathogens. Their identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strongly indicated that all strains belonged to the genus Streptomyces. An endophytic strain BPSAC70 isolated from root tissues showed highest percentage of inhibition (98.3 %) against Fusarium culmorum with significant activity against other tested fungal pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that all seven strains shared 100 % similarity with the genus Streptomyces. In addition, the isolates were subjected to the amplification of antimicrobial genes encoding polyketide synthase type I (PKS-I) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and found to be present in most of the potent strains. Our results identified some potential endophytic Streptomyces species having antagonistic activity against multiple fungal phytopathogens that could be used as an effective biocontrol agent against pathogenic fungi.

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Nabrdalik, Małgorzata, Ewa Moliszewska, and Sławomir Wierzba. "Importance of Endophytic Strains Pantoea agglomerans in the Biological Control of Rhizoctonia solani." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0023.

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Abstract Antagonistic activity of microorganisms against phytopathogens is mainly the results of plants’ health improvement due to the inhibition of pathogens growth and the induction of plants resistance against diseases. The aim of the research was to determine antagonistic properties of Pantoea agglomerans against Rhizoctonia solani. The properties of two strains P. agglomerans BC17 and BC45 were assessed according to the following criteria: mycelial growth of R. solani in the presence of bacterial metabolites, an impact of P. agglomerans on the growth of sugar beet in the pots containing soil with and addition of R. solani and without it, the ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). It has been recorded that antagonistic properties of tested strains are different. In the presence of metabolites of BC17 strains, the mycelial growth of R. solani was inhibited by 78 % and for the strain BC45 the value amounted 46 %. In the pot bioassay the number of infested plants growing in the soil inoculated with P. agglomerans and the pathogen was lower when compared with the pots containing R solani. A higher reduction of infested plants, amounting 23 %, was obtained for the strain BC17. Both strains had the ability to produce IAA - a plant hormone of the auxin class, in the presence of tryptophan and its absence in the medium. The highest concentration of IAA was recorded after 7 days of culturing in the supernatant obtained from the media containing 2000 μg/cm3 of tryptophan. For the strain BC17 the concentration of IAA marked in the post - culturing liquid amounted 71.57 μg/cm3, and for the BC45 strain it amounted over 80 μg/cm3. Obtained results prove that P. agglomerans may be used in the biological protection against phytopatogenic strains of R. solani.

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Akram, Shazia, Ayesha Ahmed, Pengfei He, Pengbo He, Yinglong Liu, Yixin Wu, Shahzad Munir, and Yueqiu He. "Uniting the Role of Endophytic Fungi against Plant Pathogens and Their Interaction." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9010072.

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Endophytic fungi are used as the most common microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) against phytopathogens and are ubiquitous in all plant parts. Most of the fungal species have roles against a variety of plant pathogens. Fungal endophytes provide different services to be used as pathogen control agents, using an important aspect in the form of enhanced plant growth and induced systemic resistance, produce a variety of antifungal secondary metabolites (lipopeptides, antibiotics and enzymes) through colonization, and compete with other pathogenic microorganisms for growth factors (space and nutrients). The purpose of this review is to highlight the biological control potential of fungal species with antifungal properties against different fungal plant pathogens. We focused on the introduction, biology, isolation, identification of endophytic fungi, and their antifungal activity against fungal plant pathogens. The endosymbionts have developed specific genes that exhibited endophytic behavior and demonstrated defensive responses against pathogens such as antibiosis, parasitism, lytic enzyme and competition, siderophore production, and indirect responses by induced systemic resistance (ISR) in the host plant. Finally, different microscopic detection techniques to study microbial interactions (endophytic and pathogenic fungal interactions) in host plants are briefly discussed.

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De Simone, Nicola, Vittorio Capozzi, Maria Luisa Amodio, Giancarlo Colelli, Giuseppe Spano, and Pasquale Russo. "Microbial-based Biocontrol Solutions for Fruits and Vegetables: Recent Insight, Patents, and Innovative Trends." Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture 12, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212798412666210125141117.

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Background: Fruits and vegetables are susceptible to colonisation by undesired microflora, which, in pre- and post-harvest conditions, negatively impact the quality of these products, leading to a reduction of yield, shelf-life, and marketability. In the few last years, the use of microbial Biological Control Agents (BCAs) has assumed international relevance in order to control harmful microorganisms, as a promising alternative to chemical interventions. Objective: The purpose of this review is to discuss the microbial-based solutions applicable for the biocontrol of the main microbial spoilers, phytopathogens, and human food-borne pathogens affecting fruits and vegetables during their production and storage. Results: A comprehensive overview of the scientific literature investigating the effectiveness of BCA-based products available on the market is provided, as well as of the most recent patents protecting biotechnological applications in this field. Innovative trends are discussed, with a particular focus on the integration of BCAs to minimise spoilage phenomena and microbiological risks adopting combined approaches. Conclusion: This study underlines the growing interest about biocontrol strategies to counteract the growth of spoilage and/or pathogenic microorganisms indicating that in the next years a considerable increase of commercial products and patents will be developed worldwide to exploit innovative biotechnological solutions in the sector.

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Kurchenko, I. M., O. M. Yurieva, S. O. Syrchyn, Y. I. Savchuk, L. T. Nakonechna, T. I. Tuhai, A. V. Tuhai, K. S. Tsyhanenko, and A. K. Pavlychenko. "Antibacterial Activity of Different Strains of the Genus Trichoderma." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 84, no. 4 (January 17, 2023): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj84.04.059.

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The main pathogens causing plant diseases are bacteria, viruses, and fungi. A number of strategies are usually used for plant protection and control of pathogenic microorganisms. The main interest of researchers is focused on the development of alternative synthetic chemicals to control bacterial diseases of plants. Among such approaches, biological control of bacterial diseases using agents such as antagonistic fungi and some other microorganisms is considered to be one of the most effective strategies. Species of the genus Trichoderma are known for their antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria and can be an effective safety strategy to control them. An important peculiarity of fungi of this genus is their ability to inhibit target pathogenic organisms without harming non-target (beneficial) microorganisms. The study of the antagonistic activity of fungi of the genus Trichoderma was conducted mainly against pathogenic fungi of agricultural plants. At the same time, the study of the antibacterial activity of fungi of this genus has attracted much less attention. Therefore, the aim of our work was to determine the antibacterial activity of microscopic fungi of the genus Trichoderma against test cultures of bacteria causing pathogenesis of agricultural plants. Methods. The objects of research were 100 fungal strains of the genus Trichoderma and six economically important plant pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae UCM В-1027Т, Pseudomonas fluorescens 8573, Pectobacterium carotovorum UCM В-1095T, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris UCM В-1049, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis 102, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens UCM В-1000. Cultures of the studied fungi were grown on potato-dextrose agar. The antagonistic activity of fungi of the genus Trichoderma against plant pathogenic bacteria was studied using the conventional method of diffusion in agar and method of dual culture. The antibacterial activity of culture filtrates of Trichoderma strains was evaluated via the zone of growth inhibition of plant pathogenic bacteria. The percentages of growth inhibition of plant pathogenic bacteria were calculated, and the antagonistic activity of strains was concluded on the basis of the obtained values. Results. In general, the studied Trichoderma strains had the antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic bacteria. Using method of diffusion in agar, it was shown that among the 100 studied Trichoderma strains, 12 had the effect of growth inhibition (bacteriostatic effect) of all six studied species of pathogenic bacteria; 20 strains inhibited the growth of five ones, 36 — four, 12 — three, and 7 — of two strains. The strains with a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity were studied by the double culture method. This made it possible to demonstrate the high selectivity of the antagonistic effect of Trichoderma strains on individual test cultures of phytopathogenic bacteria. For example, strain No7A inhibited the growth of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis 102 by 47% and the growth of P. syringae UCM B-1027T by 30%, while the zones of growth inhibition of these test cultures, determined by the method of diffusion in agar, were 5 and 6 mm, respectively. Conclusions. The obtained results indicated the potential and overall ability of Trichoderma strains to biologically control bacterial pathogens. The most promising for the use of plant pathogenic bacteria as agents for biocontrol were strains F-60, 1515, and 320, which were active against all studied bacteria. Such strains may have the potential as a preventive biocontrol agent of plant pathogens with a wide range of action. On the other hand, Trichoderma strains with high activity against certain pathogens may have the potential to be used as a control agent against a specific target pathogen.

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Lorenzi, Adriana Sturion, Maria Letícia Bonatelli, Mathias Ahii Chia, Leonardo Peressim, and Maria Carolina Quecine. "Opposite Sides of Pantoea agglomerans and Its Associated Commercial Outlook." Microorganisms 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 2072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10102072.

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Multifaceted microorganisms such as the bacterium Pantoea colonize a wide range of habitats and can exhibit both beneficial and harmful behaviors, which provide new insights into microbial ecology. In the agricultural context, several strains of Pantoea spp. can promote plant growth through direct or indirect mechanisms. Members of this genus contribute to plant growth mainly by increasing the supply of nitrogen, solubilizing ammonia and inorganic phosphate, and producing phytohormones (e.g., auxins). Several other studies have shown the potential of strains of Pantoea spp. to induce systemic resistance and protection against pests and pathogenic microorganisms in cultivated plants. Strains of the species Pantoea agglomerans deserve attention as a pest and phytopathogen control agent. Several of them also possess a biotechnological potential for therapeutic purposes (e.g., immunomodulators) and are implicated in human infections. Thus, the differentiation between the harmful and beneficial strains of P. agglomerans is mandatory to apply this bacterium safely as a biofertilizer or biocontroller. This review specifically evaluates the potential of the strain-associated features of P. agglomerans for bioprospecting and agricultural applications through its biological versatility as well as clarifying its potential animal and human health risks from a genomic point of view.

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Pane, Catello, Roberto Sorrentino, Riccardo Scotti, Marcella Molisso, Antonio Di Matteo, Giuseppe Celano, and Massimo Zaccardelli. "Alpha and Beta-diversity of Microbial Communities Associated to Plant Disease Suppressive Functions of On-farm Green Composts." Agriculture 10, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040113.

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Green waste composts are obtained from agricultural production chains; their suppressive properties are increasingly being developed as a promising biological control option in the management of soil-borne phytopathogens. The wide variety of microbes harbored in the compost ecological niches may regulate suppressive functions through not yet fully known underlying mechanisms. This study investigates alpha- and beta-diversity of the compost microbial communities, as indicators of the biological features. Our green composts displayed a differential pattern of suppressiveness over the two assayed pathosystems. Fungal and bacterial densities, as well as catabolic and enzyme functionalities did not correlate with the compost control efficacy on cress disease. Differences in the suppressive potential of composts can be better predicted by the variations in the community levels of physiological profiles indicating that functional alpha-diversity is more predictive than that which is calculated on terminal restriction fragments length polymorphisms (T-RFLPs) targeting the 16S rRNA gene. However, beta-diversity described by nMDS analysis of the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity allowed for separating compost samples into distinct functionally meaningful clusters and indicated that suppressiveness could be regulated by selected groups of microorganisms as major deterministic mechanisms. This study contributes to individuating new suitable characterization procedures applicable to the suppressive green compost chain.

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Carreras S., Bertha. "Aplicaciones de la bacteria entomopatógena Bacillus thuringiensis en el control de fitopatógenos." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 12, no. 2 (November 23, 2011): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol12_num2_art:222.

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El uso excesivo de plaguicidas químicos provoca resis tencia en los fitopatógenos, influencia negativa sobre el ambiente y la salud humana, por lo que se impone la implantación de estrategias de control de microorganismos benéficos, como Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp. y otros agentes promisorios. Bacillus thuringiensis es el insecticida biológico más utilizado en el mundo para controlar diversos insectos y organismos plaga que afectan la agricultura, la actividad forestal y que transmiten patógenos a humanos y animales. En Cuba, los productos a base de B. thuringiensis se obtienen y se utilizan desde la década de los setenta del pasado siglo, y representan más del 40% de todos los controles biológicos. Actualmente, en el Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal (INISAV) se cuenta con cepas de esta especie con efectos contra diferentes insectos y organismos plaga, lo cual permite disponer de una colección que cubre un espectro de numerosas plagas que afectan varios cultivos agrícolas; sin embargo, a pesar de la especificidad, virulencia, seguridad y potencia de estas cepas contra organismos patógenos, su potencial antifúngico es desconocido, aunque se sabe que esta bacteria produce una gran diversidad de metabolitos que resultan inhibitorios de hongos fitopatógenos. En esta revisión se citan las aplicaciones de B. thuringiensis en el control de organismos fitopatógenos y de la misma se deriva la importancia de explorar estas potencialidades en las cepas que conforman la colección de B. thuringiensis del INISAV como una alternativa más al control de fitopatógenos en Cuba. Applications of entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis to control phytopathogens.The overuse of chemical pesticides causes esistance in phytopathogens and negative influences on the environment and human health; therefore, the implementation of control strategies of beneficial microorganisms such as Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and other promising agents is compelling. Bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely used biological insecticide in the world; it controls various insects and pests that affect agriculture and forestry and transmit pathogens to humans and animals. In Cuba, products based on B. thuringiensis were obtained and have been used since the 1970s, and they represent over 40% of all biological controls. Currently, the Plant Health Research Institute (INISAV) has various strains of this species that affect insects and pest organisms in different ways. This means they have a collection that covers a wide spectrum of the many diseases affecting various agricultural crops at their disposal. However, in spite of the recognized specificity, virulence, safety, and potency of these strains against pathogens, their antifungal potential is unknown, although it is known that this bacterium produces a variety of metabolites that inhibit fungal pathogens. In this review, we explore applications B. thuringiensis to control plant pathogenic organisms; from this, we derive the importance of exploring this potential in strains that make up the INISAV collection of B. thuringiensis as an alternative method to control plant pathogens in Cuba.

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Bunas, A., E. Tkach, V. Dvoretsky, and O. Dvoretska. "Efficiency of using Biosystem POWER, KS (BioSistem POWER, SC) preparation to accelerate the destruction of post-harvest residues." Agroecological journal, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.3.2022.266417.

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Disposal of post-harvest residues from agro-ecosystem remains one of the urgent issues of today for agricultural producers. Burning straw and stubble is an extremely radical and destructive method for biogeocenosis, because during combustion between straw and the soil layer due to water vapor, conditions are created that the burning temperature exceeds 600°С. As a result of such actions, microorganisms, worms, insects, small vertebrates die and the fertile layer of humus is destroyed. Modern biological preparations, which contain a complex of living agronomically useful microorganisms, help to solve the issue of postharvest residues. By accelerating the destruction of organic masses in the soil, the C:N ratio is equalized, organic substances are supplied in a form available to plants, the development of phytopathogens is inhibited, moisture is retained, and humus accumulation processes are active. Field studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the new biological preparation BioSistem POWER KS (BioSistem POWER, SC), which contains active bacterial strains of the genera Paenabacillus, Azotobacter, Enterobacter and micromycetes of the genus Trichoderma. Selection of soil samples was carried out 90 days after processing, laboratory tests were carried out in accordance with generally accepted microbiological methods. It was established that the use of BioSistem POWER KS biological preparation (BioSistem POWER, SC) compared to the control increases the level of carbon dioxide emission of the soil of the experimental variants by 2 times, the level of cellulolytic activity by 23–34% depending on the rate of use, the antifungal activity of the soil by 2.5-3 times. Therefore, the biopreparation BioSistem POWER KS (BioSistem POWER, SC) at the rate of 0.3 and 5 l/ha can be recommended to agricultural producers for use in the autumn-spring period to accelerate the decomposition of post-harvest residues.

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