Tesis sobre el tema "Physiopathologie virale"
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Kamar, Nassim. "Physiopathologie de l'infection virale C en transplantation rénale". Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30027.
Texto completoGarnier, Nathalie. "De l'étude du rôle des miARN dans la physiopathologie de l'infection par le SARS-CoV-2 à l'élaboration d'une application clinique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILS035.
Texto completoSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a member of the Coronaviridae family, is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite the availability of vaccines that helped end the COVID-19 health emergency, the viral circulation of SARS-CoV-2 remains, as well as research on the understanding of its pathophysiology, in particular the involvement and role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in this viral infection. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and are known to be involved in numerous cellular regulatory pathways. Recently, they have also been shown to be involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Such research would provide a better knowledge in this field and could be useful in the development of new diagnoses and clinical treatments against viral infection with SARS-CoV-2 or other infections of the same viral family. Thus, in this research project, we first characterized the cellular miRNA biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection from patient nasopharyngeal swabs, which is the first diagnostic tool for this viral infection. In particular, our work has identified miRNAs associated with severe forms of COVID-19. These miRNA target genes involved in viral infections and antiviral and anti-inflammatory responses to viral infections. These potential antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of miRNAs on SARS-CoV-2 viral infection could not be demonstrated in vitro in this study. Then, the hypothesis of deregulation of miRNA biogenesis by this viral infection was investigated. No under-expression of mRNAs of genes involved in the miRNA biogenesis pathway was found upon infection with SARS-CoV-2, either ex vivo or in vitro. Finally, based on a miRNA of clinical interest, we wanted to develop a possible clinical treatment against viral infection by SARS-CoV-2 or any other pathology through the delivery of miRNAs of interest, in this case antiviral. This would involve developing nanoparticles and nanomaterials coupled to miRNAs or other double-stranded messenger or non-messenger RNAs, to enable the latter to enter cells and thus restore basal expression of the genes involved in viral infection
Gigout, Laure. "Approche de la physiopathologie de l'infection lentivirale : relation entre pathogénicité et modulation du réseau des cytokines". Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05S009.
Texto completoGiraudon, Pascale. "Histoire singulière d'une infection virale : le virus de la rougeole est modifié par son hôte lors d'infections aiguës ou persistantes : comment le système immunitaire va-t-il réagir ?" Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10019.
Texto completoDUPLAN, CHANUT HELENE. "La proteine tat du virus vih-1 : expression chez escherichia coli, purification et activite". Toulouse, INSA, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ISAT0039.
Texto completoMarduel-Beurton, Patricia. "Mort par apoptose de précurseurs du système nerveux central induite par des lymphocytes T activés par une infection virale : implication dans la physiopathologie de la sclérose en plaques et la myélopathie associée au virus HTLV-I". Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10258.
Texto completoBaillet, Nicolas. "Pathologie comparée de la fièvre de Lassa chez le singe cynomolgus : mécanismes pathogéniques précoces, réponses immunitaires et marqueurs d’infection". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1307.
Texto completoLassa virus causes a hemorrhagic fever endemic in West Africa and represents a threat for civilians. The pathogenesis and the immune responses associated with the disease are poorly understood. We followed pathological, virological and immunological parameters associated with fatal and non-fatal Lassa virus infection in the cynomolgus monkey. The clinical picture was characterized by depression, anorexia, weight loss and asthenia in survivors whereas the same symptoms were supported by fever, respiratory difficulties and epistaxis in animals infected with the lethal dose. Only fatalities have shown coagulation parameters dysfunction, rhabdomyolysis and an increase of renal function markers. We observed a different viral tropism in a function of the disease severity, with viral dissemination in organs that was more important and faster in fatalities, the appearance of numerous infectious particles number and more severe pathologic changes. Early and robust innate and adaptive immune response has been associated with the control of infection and recovery whereas fatal infections were characterized by a sepsis like inflammatory response, defective immune response as well as uncontrolled viral replication. This study sheds light on the pathogenesis of Lassa fever and reveals infection markers predictive of the disease outcome
Saviano, Antonio. "Physiopathologie du foie à l'échelle de la cellule unique : caractérisation de l'hétérogénéité cellulaire et identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques dans les maladies hépatiques chroniques et le cancer hépatocellulaire". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ093.
Texto completoHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of death worldwide and the current treatments are unsatisfactory. One reason is the limited knowledge on the complexity and microenvironment of healthy and diseased liver. To address this gap, we have developed a single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) pipeline for primary human liver tissues. We have assembled an atlas of human liver cells and compared the scRNA-seq profile of normal liver and HCC. The atlas revealed an unknown heterogeneity within the main populations of liver cells, the transcriptomic zonation of endothelial cells and the existence of an epithelial progenitor in the adult liver capable of differentiating into both cholangiocytes and hepatocytes. ScRNA-seq analysis uncovered the marked cell heterogeneity of HCC, its microenvironment changes at single-cell level and the interactions between tumor cells and hepatitis B virus discovering previously unknown pathways and drivers of hepatocarcinogenesis
Jacques, Jérôme. "Etude épidémiologique, virologique et physiopathologique des infections respiratoires basses par les entérovirus en pédiatrie". Reims, 2008. http://scdurca.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000862.pdf.
Texto completoEnteroviruses (EV) (Picornaviridae) are among the most common viruses infecting human beings worldwide. These viral agents are associated with a wide range of human pathologies, including upper respiratory but also lower respiratory tract infections resulting in bronchitis, pneumonia or bronchiolitis in adults or in infants. In the first study, we assessed the potential role of the respiratory picornaviruses as causative agents of bronchiolitis in 192 infants ≤36 months of age and hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis. The detection of common respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus A and B, parainfluenza virus I, II, III, and adenovirus) was performed using classical immunofluorescence antigens and cell culture detection assays in nasopharyngeal aspirates whereas the detection of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) rhinoviruses and enteroviruses was performed by molecular techniques. A potential causative virus was detected in 72. 5 % of the 192 study infants. RSV (30%), rhinovirus (21%), enterovirus (9%), influenza virus A (6%) and human metapneumovirus (4%) were the most frequent causative agents detected. Rhinoviruses or enteroviruses were detected as the only evidence of respiratory viral tract infection in 57 (30%) of 192 infants, whereas rhinovirus or enterovirus occurred in mixed viral infection detected in 25 (13%) of 192 study cases (30 vs. 13%, p<10-3). Our data suggest that respiratory picornaviruses are one of the leading etiological causes of bronchiolitis in French infants. In the second part our investigations, we analysed 252 EV-related infection cases (median age, 5. 1 years) diagnosed among 11,509 consecutive children visiting emergency departments within a 7-year period in the North of France. EV strains were isolated from nasopharyngeal samples by viral cell culture, identified by seroneutralization assay and genetically compared by partial amplification and sequencing of the VP1 gene. The respiratory syndromes (79 (31%) of 252 EV infections) appeared as the second more frequent EV induced pediatric pathologies after meningitis (111 (44%) of 252 cases) (44 vs. 31%, P<10-3), contributing to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in 43 (54%) of 79 EV respiratory infection cases. Bronchiolitis was the most frequent EV induced LRTI (34 (43%) of 79 cases, P<10-3) occurring more often in infants aged 1-12 months (P=0. 0002) with spring-fall seasonality. Viruses ECHO 11, 6 and 13 were the more frequently identified respiratory strains (24, 13 and 11%, respectively). The VP1 gene phylogenetic analysis showed the concomitant or successive circulation of genetically distinct EV respiratory strains (species A or B) during the same month or annual epidemic period. Our findings indicated that respiratory tract infections accounted for appreciatively 30% of EV-induced paediatric pathologies, contributing to LRTIs in 54% of these cases. Moreover, the concomitant or successive circulation of genetically distinct EV strains indicated the possibility of paediatric repeated respiratory infections within the same epidemic season. To identify the mechanisms that can regulate the development of airway mucosa inflammation during EV respiratory lower tract infection, we investigated the production of chemokines by EV-infected bronchial epithelial cells. Cultures of primary human small airway epithelial cell (SAEC) were infected by wild-type respiratory EV strains, demonstrating a replicative and productive infection by Coxsackievirus B5 and Echovirus 30 strains. Exposure of SAEC to gamma interferon (INF-γ), in combination with Coxsackievirus B5 and Echovirus 30 infection, induced a significant increase in RANTES production that was synergistic with respect to that obtained by EV-infection or INF-γ treatment alone. We observed that the replicative infection of the SAEC by Coxsackievirus B5 and Echovirus 30 wild-type viruses induced dose and time-dependent increases in mRNA and protein secretion for RANTES, MCP-1 and IL-8. The protein secretion of these chemokines appeared to be significantly increased at 48 or 72 hours post-infection in cultures treated by low-doses of INF-γ comparatively to mock-infected cells (P<0. 001), and was correlated to the viral replication activity. SAEC-derived chemokines exhibited a strong chemotactic activity for normal human blood eosinophils. Furthermore, we observed an EV productive infection in eosinophils, which specifically released significant levels of RANTES and MCP-1, 24 hours post-infection. Therefore, the inflammatory process in EV-induced bronchiolitis appears to be triggered by the infection of epithelial cells and further amplified via mechanisms driven by INF-γ and by the secretion of eosinophil chemokines. Altogether, our findings suggest that EVs are a common cause of respiratory tract infections in paediatric patients, where they can induce the release of chemokines by bronchial epithelial cells, which may significantly contribute to the various histologic and inflammatory features of EV-induced airway disease
Martinet, Jérémie. "Cellules dendritiques plasmocytoïdes et infections virales : rôle physiopathologique et potentiel vaccinal". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843008.
Texto completoVolmer, Romain. "Physiopathologie de l'infection par le virus de Borna". Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077217.
Texto completoBorna Disease Virus (BDV) is a negative, non-segmented single stranded RNA virus that causes a persistent infection of the central nervous System (CNS) in a wide variety of mammals, leading to behavioral disorders. BDV is a well known pathogen in veterinary medicine and epidemiological evidence suggests that BDV, or a BDV-like virus, could also infect humans. During this thesis, we first aimed to study the mechanism of action and the antiviral properties of nucleoside analogs against BDV. Our results show that 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine acts as competitive inhibitor of BDV, probably at the level of the viral polymerase. We have also identified the nucleoside analog 2’-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (2'-FdC), a nucleoside analog that exhibits potent antiviral activity against BDV. Importantly, 2'-FdC-associated cytotoxicity is negligible, indicating 2'-FdC as an excellent candidate for the development of antiviral therapy against BDV. The second goal of this thesis was to clarify the cellular and molecular bases for the behavioral alterations associated with BDV persistence in the CNS. Since BDV is non-cytolytic, we have hypothesized that these symptoms could be due to an impairment of synaptic transmission in infected neurons. We report that BDV does not affect spontaneous or evoked vesicular cycling. Interestingly, BDV selectively blocks activity-dependent potentiation of SV recycling. This blockade is linked to an interference with protein kinase C (PKC) signaling. In order to study the electrophysiological properties of BDV infected neurons, we have recorded the electrical activity of cortical neurons grown of multi-electrode arrays. This study supports our conclusions that BDV does not alter neuronal activity under basai conditions, but selectively blocks long term potentiation of neuronal network activity
Visseaux, Benoit. "Déterminants moléculaires du tropisme du VIH de type 2, implications du tropisme dans la physiopathologie de l'infection et la prise en charge thérapeutique des patients". Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077089.
Texto completoDuring HIV entry in target cells, the virus must attach a coreceptor: CR5 or CXCR4. Maraviroc is only effective on R5-tropic viruses. HIV-2 is a highly resistant virus with natural résistance to one third on HIV-1 effective antiretroviral drugs. HIV-2 infected patients often displayed a spontaneously undetectable viral load in absence of treatment. There was no assay for HIV-2 tropism determination and HIV-2 susceptibility to maraviroc remained unknown. We determined phenotypic tropism of 53 HIV-2 strains and sequenced the V3 loop. Association between the V3 loop sequence and the phenotypic viral tropism was analyzed. HIV-2 phenotypic susceptibility to maraviroc was studied with a PBMC model. Finally, concordance between genotypic tropism of viral RNA and proviral DNA was studied. We identified 4 HIV-2 major genotypic determinants associated with the use of CXCR4 (L18Z, V19K/R, an insertion at position 24, V3 loop global net charge >+6). HIV-2 phenotypic susceptibility to maraviroc is similar HIV-1, with a IC50 median of 0. 80 nM and a median maximum inhibition plate of 93%. Genotypic tropism of viral RNA and proviral DNA were concordant in 74% of tested samples. Ail discrepancies were due to R5 tropism in viral RNA and X4 tropism in proviral DNA. We developed the first HIV-2 algorithm for genotypic tropism prediction. We demonstrated in vitro susceptibility of HIV-2 to maraviroc. We have predicted the good correlation between genotypic viral tropism established from circulating RNA and proviral DNA. This allows identification of HIV-2 infected patients eligible for maraviroc treatment. HIV-2 tropism will now be examined for its predictive value of progression to AIDS
Barthelemy, Johanna. "Infections virales respiratoires et tissus adipeux blancs : Exemple de la grippe et de la COVID-19". Thesis, Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILS009.
Texto completoRespiratory viral infections remain a major public health issue, worldwide. This is particularly the case with flu, caused by influenza viruses, and COVID-19, an emerging infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Importantly, the populations most at risk of developing severe forms of flu or COVID-19 are obese individuals and the elderly. Although obesity and aging are both associated with major functional alterations of the white adipose tissue, the latter's involvement in the pathophysiology of influenza or COVID-19 remains poorly studied. The thesis project falls within this general theme.Recent work by our team has shown, in mice, that infection with the influenza virus causes metabolic reprogramming of the subcutaneous fat depots, mainly characterized by the browning of the tissue: a phenomenon which corresponds to the emergence of beige adipocytes with increased thermogenic activity. During my PhD, using complementary experimental in vivo, in vitro, ex vivo and in silico approaches, we showed that the response to influenza-infection-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, and more specifically the PERK signaling pathway, is involved in white adipose tissue browning. Besides identifying a novel molecular mechanism that regulates thermogenesis, our work further specifies the role of the white adipose tissue in influenza infection.In parallel, we studied the impact of infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the white adipose tissues of young adult and old hamsters - a preclinical model of COVID-19 recently implemented in our team. Our results showed that the infection is more severe - in terms of morbidity and mortality - in older animals than in young adults. Histomorphometric analysis of subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissues showed that infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a decrease in the size of adipocytes in these two depots; an effect that persists only in the older animals. Remarkably, the histological analysis of the tissues reveals the presence of numerous and large areas of adipocyte necrosis (resembling the “crown-like structures” that can be observed in white adipose tissues in the context of obesity) only in the subcutaneous fat depots of the older animals, even at distance from infection. As such, our study confirms and strengthens the most recent data in the literature, which describes a major role of the white adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of COVID-19
Lucar, Olivier. "Implication des cellules Natural Killer dans la physiopathologie des infections chroniques VIH et VHC : application à des stratégies thérapeutiques". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066471/document.
Texto completoHuman Immunodeficiency and Hepatitis C (HIV and HCV) chronic infections are at the origin of pandemics. Despite advance drug treatments, their relationship with the immune system is not resolved and is still required to establish new therapeutic strategies. Natural Killer (NK) cells are major antiviral effectors of the immune system and are important for innate and adaptive immune processes. They mediate cytotoxicity and immunoregulation via various activator and inhibitor receptors that are triggered upon interaction with their cognate ligands. Among all receptors, I particularly took an interest in Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors NKp30 and NKp44. Interestingly, the lab previously identified a conserved HIV-1 gp41 épitope that induce expression of NKp44 ligand on CD4+ T cells making them susceptible to lyses by NK-NKp44+ cells. After various studies, the lab established a vaccine strategy based on a peptide from the conserved gp41 épitope that induced in mice Neutralizing Antibodies (Nab W614A-3S) against HIV-1 infection. Whereas HIV-2 infection could be considered as a HIV control infection unique model, data on NK cells are very limited. We found a down-modulation of NKp30 receptor and an increased of its ligands that lead to functional impairments of NK cells and could represent a new viral persistence mechanism. Then, during the HCV chronic infection we found a high proportion of intrahepatic NK cells expressing NKp44 that correlates with fibrosis and viral load. Furthermore we identified a conserved épitope of HCV core protein that induced NKp44 ligand on hepatic cell lines. These data suggest that destruction of hepatocyte might occur by a similar mechanism observed during HIV-1 infection. Finally, a study on HIV-1 controllers patients allow us to identify the presence of Nab W614A-3S that correlates with viral control and the preservation of functional CD4+ T cells. These data confirm the potency of this Nab and their induction by vaccination has been also confirmed in rabbit and macaques. Thus, these studies highlight new data regarding relationship between NK cells and HIV or HCV that could represent new therapeutic approaches. These studies especially confirm the potency of Nab W614A-3S to implement a vaccine against HIV-1
Bondue, Benjamin. "Role of chemerin and its receptor ChemR23 in the physiopathology of inflammatory lung diseases". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209992.
Texto completoAccording to these elements, and to the role of neutrophils in the physiopathology of many inflammatory lung diseases and in the generation of active chemerin, we began in 2007 to study the role of chemerin and its receptor ChemR23 in inflammatory lung diseases. We first characterized the mouse chemerin/ChemR23 system, and described that this system was very similar to the human one, in terms of distribution, pharmacology and functional properties. We then used wild type mice (WT) and mice invalidated for the receptor (ChemR23-/-) in various models of inflammatory lung diseases, including asthma, lung fibrosis, viral pneumonia, and acute lung injury.
Whereas the asthma and lung fibrosis models did not allow to demonstrate a significant role of the chemerin/ChemR23 system (possibly as a result of the lack of production of active chemerin in these models), infection by either the Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM), the mouse counterpart of human RSV, or by a murinized H1N1 influenza strain resulted in a significantly higher mortality rate in ChemR23-/- mice as compared to their WT counterparts. Using the PVM-induced pneumonia model, we observed that the excessive mortality of knock-out mice is caused by an inadequate and excessive innate immune response characterized by a massive recruitment of neutrophils to the lungs, associated with a delayed viral clearance and lower type I IFN synthesis. This latter observation suggested an impairment of pDC recruitment, according to the important contribution of pDCs to the production of type I IFNs in viral diseases, and the role of chemerin in the recruitment of these cells. We indeed confirmed a lower recruitment of pDCs in the lung of infected ChemR23-/- mice, as compared to WT mice. However, experiments of adoptive transfert and depletion of pDCs failed to proof a link between impaired pDC recruitment and the excessive morbidity and mortality observed in ChemR23-invalidated mice.
In parallel, we studied the role of the chemerin/ChemR23 system in the control of innate immune responses, by using a model of acute lung injury caused by the intra-tracheal instillation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this model, administration of recombinant chemerin together with LPS in WT mice resulted in a significant (about 50%) reduction of neutrophil recruitment to both lung parenchyma and airways. Assessment of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in broncho-alveolar lavage fluids confirmed this anti-inflammatory effect of chemerin, which was ChemR23-dependent, as the inflammatory response of ChemR23-/- mice was unaffected by chemerin. In our hands, chemerin does not modulate macrophage functions, in contrast to data recently published by other groups, attributing anti-inflammatory effects of chemerin or chemerin-derived peptide to the modulation of macrophage activation and phagocytosis. Other hypotheses that could take our observations into account are presently investigated, including an immunomodulatory role of chemerin on lung epithelial or endothelial cells, and/or the ChemR23-dependent recruitment of subtypes of macrophages or other myeloid cells endowed with immunosuppressive properties.
In conclusion, our studies characterized the mouse chemerin/ChemR23 system and highlighted the role of this system in the physiopathology of some inflammatory lung diseases. Our results suggest that the chemerin/ChemR23 system might be considered as a potential therapeutic target for the development of future anti-infectious and anti-inflammatory therapies, particularly for viral pneumonia, which represent a major public health problem, as well as for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following severe acute lung injuries.
Les agents chimioattractants jouent un rôle fondamental dans l’initiation des réponses immunes en régulant le trafic et la fonction des populations leucocytaires. Leurs récepteurs constituent dès lors des cibles d’intérêt pour le développement de traitements contre les maladies inflammatoires et le cancer. Le laboratoire d’accueil a identifié le récepteur ChemR23, exprimé à la surface des cellules dendritiques myéloïdes (mDCs) et plasmacytoïdes (pDCs) immatures, des macrophages, des cellules NK, des adipocytes, et des cellules endothéliales. Le ligand endogène du récepteur ChemR23, la chémérine, est présent en abondance dans divers échantillons pathologiques d’origine inflammatoire. La chémérine est produite sous la forme d'un précurseur inactif, la prochémérine, qui nécessite pour devenir active le clivage protéolytique de six ou sept acides aminés à son extrémité carboxy-terminale. La chémérine induit le chimiotactisme des macrophages et des DCs immatures, et en particulier des pDCs immatures en accord avec l’expression plus importante de ChemR23 par les pDCs. Les pDCs jouent un rôle immunorégulateur important en pathologie pulmonaire, en particulier dans la physiopathologie des pneumonies virales, par leur capacité à produire d’importantes quantités d’interféron (IFN) de type I.
Compte tenu de ces éléments et du rôle des polynucléaires neutrophiles dans de nombreuses pathologies pulmonaires, ainsi que dans la génération de chémérine active à partir de son précurseur, nous avons débuté en octobre 2007, l’étude du rôle de la chémérine et de son récepteur ChemR23 dans le contrôle des pathologies pulmonaires inflammatoires. Nous avons tout d’abord caractérisé le système chémérine/ChemR23 chez la souris et avons montré que ce système présentait des caractéristiques similaires à celles décrites chez l’homme, en termes de distribution, de pharmacologie et de propriétés fonctionnelles.
Ensuite, nous avons comparé des souris sauvages et invalidées pour le récepteur ChemR23 (ChemR23-/-) dans divers modèles de pathologies pulmonaires. Les modèles d’asthme et de fibrose pulmonaire induite par instillation de bléomycine ou de silice n’ont pas permis de mettre en évidence un rôle important du couple chémérine/ChemR23, peut-être en raison de l’absence de génération de forme active de chémérine dans ces modèles. En revanche, l’administration de deux agents viraux différents, le PVM (Pneumonia Virus of Mice), l’équivalent murin du RSV humain, et un virus de l’influenza H1N1 murinisé, a résulté en un taux de mortalité 40% plus élevé pour les souris ChemR23-/- par rapport à leurs homologues sauvages. En utilisant le modèle de pneumonie induite par le PVM, nous avons montré que cette différence de mortalité est causée par une réponse immune inappropriée et excessive, associée à une réduction de l’élimination du virus, ainsi qu’à un déficit de synthèse d’IFN de type I. Les pDCs, dans un contexte d’infection virale, sont capables de synthétiser d’importantes quantités d’IFN de type I, et nous avons mis en évidence un déficit relatif de recrutement en pDCs chez les souris ChemR23-/- infectées. Néanmoins, les expériences de transfert adoptif et de déplétion de pDCs n’ont pas permis de lier ce défaut de recrutement à l’excès de morbidité et de mortalité observé chez les souris ChemR23-/- infectées.
En parallèle, le rôle de ce couple ligand-récepteur dans le contrôle des réponses immunitaires innées a été étudié dans un modèle de pneumopathie aiguë induite par instillation intra-trachéale de lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Dans ce modèle, l’administration simultanée de chémérine recombinante avec le LPS entraîne chez les souris sauvages une diminution significative (environ 50%) du nombre de polynucléaires neutrophiles recrutés dans les voies aériennes et dans le parenchyme pulmonaire, ainsi qu’une importante diminution de synthèse de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Cet effet anti-inflammatoire de la chémérine est dépendant de ChemR23, et ne semble pas être secondaire à un effet de la chémérine sur l’activation des macrophages, contrairement à certaines données publiées récemment par d’autres groupes. D’autres hypothèses permettraient cependant de prendre en compte ces observations, notamment un effet de la chémérine sur les cellules épithéliales et/ou endothéliales pulmonaires, ainsi que sur le recrutement de sous-populations de macrophages ou d’autres cellules myéloïdes possédant des propriétés immunosuppressives. Des expériences complémentaires ont été initiées afin de tester ces hypothèses.
En conclusion, après avoir caractérisé le système chémérine/ChemR23 chez la souris, nos études ont permis de mettre en évidence le rôle de ce couple ligand/récepteur dans la physiopathologie de certaines pneumopathies inflammatoires, ouvrant ainsi de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques, en particulier pour le traitement des pneumopathies virales, qui constituent un problème de santé publique majeur, ainsi que des syndromes de détresse respiratoire aiguë (ARDS).
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
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Romano, Antonietta. "Hepatocarcinoma in chronic viral hepatitis: from epidemiological data, through new pathophysiological findings, up to new possible clinical tools". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423317.
Texto completoPessôa, Mário Guimarães. ""Hepatite colestática associada ao vírus da hepatite C pós-transplante hepático: estudo virológico, histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico"". Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5144/tde-04042006-090453/.
Texto completoFollowing liver transplantation (OLT) HCV-related disease severity is highly variable, with a minority of cases progressing to an extremely severe form of cholestatic hepatitis, in which the pathogenesis is not yet understood. We aim to compare virological, histological and immunohistological changes in patients developing mild and severe post-OLT HCV recurrence. Twelve patients with recurrent HCV infection were studied (6 with severe and 6 with mild disease). Five HCV-infected immunocompetent patients were used as controls. We looked at viral load, quasispecies evolution of HCV, several histological parameters and immuno-reactivity of core antigens at three time-points (pre-OLT, early post-OLT and late post-OLT) as predictors of severity of recurrence post-OLT.
Chéret, Antoine. "Etude de l’établissement des réservoirs VIH lors de la primo-infection et de l’impact des traitements antirétroviraux très précoces sur ces réservoirs". Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T013/document.
Texto completoHIV primary infection is a critical period in the establishment of the reservoirs that justifies the initiation of an early treatment. We started a randomised trial to assess the impact of a two-year intense HAART (ANRS147 OPTIPRIM trial: five-drug therapy versus. three-drug therapy) on the blood reservoir; within this this trial, we included some pathophysiological studies. Thus, we show that during the primary infection, viruses have a low genetic diversity in blood and rectal compartments. The reservoir establishes itself as early as the first month of the infection by spreading a homogeneous viral cluster in CD4 T cells subsets, naive T cells (TN), central memories (TCM), transitional memories (TTM), effector memories (TEM), and resting T cells. This results in a disruption of the lymphocyte homeostasis, linked to the low contribution to the reservoir of TN and TCM, which are little differentiated cells with long half-lives. Moreover, we show that, at the time of the primary infection, the majority of patients do not have the ability to develop CD8 T cells responses that could suppress the viral replication, as HIV Controllers patients do. After two years of treatment, we observe that there is no evolution of the viral diversity, but the size of the reservoir is significantly reduced. The abnormalities of the CD4 T cells lymphocyte homeostasis remain, but the very early treatment was able to protect the TN and TCM. The five-drug therapy does not have any additional benefit, but we confirm the idea that early treatment can induce long-term virological control after the discontinuation of the treatment. Our results show that a treatment lasting more than two years would be able to reinforce the reduction of the reservoir. These results should be taken into account in the development of future trials aiming to reduce the reservoir in patients treated at the time of primary infection for a sustainable remission
Legros, Vincent. "Atteintes du système musculo-squelettique par deux arbovirus émergents : cas des virus zika et du chikungunya". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC226/document.
Texto completoMusculoskeletal lesions caused by arthropod-borne-viruses (arboviruses) are invalidating for patients and remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the development of these manifestations after infection with two arboviruses: chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from the Togaviridae family, and Zika virus (ZIKV) from the Flaviviridae family. The first part of the study focused on arthritis following CHIKV infection. For this purpose, we developed a reporter virus expressing NanoLuciferase and performed experimental infections in a murine model. In vivo, a strong bioluminescent signal indicated viral replication and we observed persistence of the signal in the joints up to 34 days post-infection. By isolating primary murine cells from cartilage, we demonstrated the susceptibility of chondrocytes to CHIKV infection suggesting a role of reservoir of these cells. Furthermore, we investigated the consequences of the infection using in vitro models. We showed that primary human chondrocytes are also susceptible to CHIKV infection, which leads to the production of several cytokines involved in cartilage catabolism and induces apoptosis. In the second part of the study, we studied ZIKV muscular tropism and the associated lesions. Firstly, we confirmed the development of muscular lesions in a mouse model of ZIKA. Then, using human primary muscle cells we observed the infection of myoblasts but not myotubes, suggesting a differentiation-dependent tropism. We compared three viral strains and observed no significant difference in terms of replication, number of infected cells and viral production. Myoblasts infection induced a caspase-independent cells death mechanism and electronic microscope observations revealed intense vacuolization of cytoplasm, suggesting a paraptosis-like cell death. Proteomic analysis revealed that the Asian ZIKV strain modulated protein expression of infected cells with an increased effect after 48 hours. ZIKV-infection induced an important upregulation of biological processes associated with type I interferon and an inhibition of protein synthesis in the infected cells. These results provide valuable information about the mechanisms involved in the development of musculoskeletal lesions during arboviroses