Tesis sobre el tema "Photonique – Optique"
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Begue, Aurélien. "Optogénétique bi-photonique". Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T060.
Texto completoOptogenetics relies on the genetically targeted expression of light sensitive proteins in specific cell populations. This novel field has had a large impact in neuroscience, allowing both monitoring and stimulating the activity of specific neuronal populations, in intact brain preparations. Optogenetic tools have been used to record functional signals, such as changes in membrane potential or intracellular calcium concentration, as well as to modulate the excitability of neurons. To fully exploit the potentiality of optogenetics, new microscopy techniques have been developed to optimize illumination of photo-active compounds in situ. In particular, an important effort has been directed towards improving the spatial and temporal resolution of light stimulation, in order to match the dynamics of physiological processes. In this frame, the use of two-photon excitation becomes necessary to ensure penetration of light in scattering biological tissues, as well as confining the excitation volume and improve the specificity of illumination. My thesis was dedicated to the development and use of advanced optical methods for two-photon excitation of optogenetic tools. In a first project, we combined optical approaches (generalized phase contrast and temporal focusing) to perform two-photon activation of neurons expressing the light-sensitive cationic channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). Our work demonstrated for the first time the simultaneous generation of action potentials in multiple neurons, while maintaining a micrometric axial and lateral resolution. These results pointed out the advantages of light sculpting to increase both the specificity and the flexibility of photo-stimulation.In order to investigate the potential of this technique for efficient in-depth stimulation, we therefore studied the propagation through scattering biological media of laser beams generated by two different light patterning techniques, generalized phase contrast and digital holography in combination with temporal focusing. We demonstrated that temporal focusing enabled the excitation volumes to maintain micrometric axial confinement, as well as to maintain well defined patterns deep inside tissues. We also demonstrated for the first time the activation of ChR2 at depth over 200 μm.Finally, the last part of my PhD was focused on testing light patterning methods for the activation of two other photosensitive proteins, the excitatory channel C1V1 and the inhibitory pump, halorhodopsin
Caër, Charles. "Cristaux photoniques à fente : vers une photonique silicium hybride à exaltation localisée du champ électromagnétique". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954411.
Texto completoVergyris, Panagiotis. "Vers les technologies quantiques basées sur l’intrication photonique". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4142/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis was to develop photonic entanglement sources and study their implementation in the general field of quantum information technologies. To this end, a novel fully wave-guided, high performance photonic entanglement source is presented, able to generate hyper-entangled states in the observables of polarization and energy-time by means of a nonlinear Sagnac loop. The waveguide-based design makes it flexible, reliable, and adaptable to a wide spectral range, paving the way towards compact photonic entanglement generators, compatible with fiber-based communication systems and networks. This has been underlined by generating and distributing hyperentanglement in 5x2 dense wavelength division multiplexed channel telecom pairs, simultaneously, towards higher bit rates. The quality of the generated entanglement has been qualified by violating the Bell inequalities in a 16-dimension Hilbert space. Moreover, to adapt the wavelength of the entangled telecom photon pairs to the absorption wavelength of current quantum memory systems, a coherent wavelength converter is demonstrated. Furthermore, within the framework of quantum metrology, a new concept for a high-precision chromatic dispersion (CD) measurement in standard single mode fibers is introduced and demonstrated. In this demonstration, due to conceptual advantages enabled by quantum optics, an unprecedented 2.6 times higher accuracy on CD measurements is shown, compared to state-of-the-art techniques. In the same context, a new protocol for measuring two-photon phase shifts is performed using single photon detection only, promising scalable and potential real device applications with limited resources and simplified detection schemes. Finally, any potential application of quantum optics will be realized using small-scale devices. In this framework, an integrated on-chip heralded path entanglement generator is demonstrated, and shown to be adaptable to logic gate operations
Hamel, Philippe. "Réflectométrie optique faiblement cohérente sensible à la phase : principe et application à l'étude de composants optiques innovants". Paris, ENST, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENST0055.
Texto completoThe purpose of this work is to use the phase-sensitive Optical Low-Coherence Reflectometry (OLCR) method in order to study and characterize a large panel of innovative photonic components. We aim at showing that phase sensitive OLCR can bring several answers to key issues regarding the physics of such components. We will first define a frame to this study by presenting the physical properties useful to the understanding of it and by presenting a non-complete state of the art of the existing characterization methods in order to determine the role and the specificities of the OLCR. We will then show the OLCR technique itself. We will describe its theoretical principle, its applications and its limitations. Eventually, we will present several results for the different compnents that have been studied. Starting with optical fibers we will present some measurements of the index/amplification relation in an Erbium doped fiber amplifier, the analysis of the spatial evolution of the optical parameters of a micro-structured fiber or the characterization of the dispersion values of the modes of a multi-mode fiber. The second part will concentrate on the characterization of photonic crystal slab waveguides and, more specifically, the link between slow light effects and scattering in those guides. We will try in each of these studies to define clearly the context and the aims before summing up these resutls and presneting future perspectives
Milord, Laurent. "Dispositifs photoniques innovants pour le piégeage optique : Cavité étendue à double période et structure hybride cristal photonique-nano antenne". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI026/document.
Texto completoSince the first work on optical tweezers by Ashkin, a lot of efforts have been made to trap nanoparticles. However, optical tweezers are diffraction limited and can hardly trap particles below 200 nm. This limit can be overstepped using the optical gradient forces of an evanescent field generated and amplified by a photonic nano cavity. Nonetheless, this approach faces two major issues for applications: the trapping section is very small, making the capture of a Brownian motion animated particle very unlikely, and for the “ultimate” nano antennas with nanometric optical modes, their excitation from free space is not effective. The goal of this work is to overcome these two difficulties. To increase the trapping surface, we will first present a device using slow Bloch modes within a double period extended cavity designed in a photonic crystal made out of SOI. We will show that this approach allow for the trapping of 200, 100 and 75 nm particles on an extended surface of 5x5 µm² using a free space laser beam excitation. Secondly, we will investigate the free space excitation of nanometric structures. A photonic crystal – nano antenna mixed structure will be presented, where the photonic crystal is used as a photon pool for the nano antenna. This lead to a funnel effect where the light coming from a large free space laser beam (5µm wide) is focused into the nano antenna. The trapping of 100 nm particles will demonstrate the relevance of this approach
Bourgeois, Martin. "Commutation optique dans un cristal photonique à base de silicium". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62578.pdf.
Texto completoVallée, Jean-Michel. "Source laser accordable jumelant photonique sur silicium et fibre optique". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69037.
Texto completoThis master's thesis is on the design of a hybrid laser combining optical bers and the technology of silicon photonics. The main objective is to achieve a laser with great control and exibility over its emission parameters and with good performances for the eld of optical telecommunications. Until now, several approaches leading to laser integration on the silicon photonics have been demonstrated. Unlike integration approaches which aim to produce the most compact source possible, the chosen approach aims to produce a high-performance laser which exploits both the optical amplication performance of the doped bers as well as the potential of light processing and precision that oers the silicon photonic platform. The operating principle as well as the theoretical models of dierent optical devices accessible thanks to the silicon photonics are presented in detail. These devices allowing optical connement at the 100-nanometer scale level as well as the manipulation of light are key elements in the design of optical lters for the laser cavity. The performances of a Vernier lter on silicon are analyzed by means of numerical simulations. Two types of hybrid lasers are presented in this document. The rst is a multimode laser allowing a selection of the spectral spacing between its modes. The second type of laser is a single-mode laser operating at 2000 nm and tunable over a range of 100 nm. In the rst case, the amplication medium of the cavity is composed of an optical ber doped with erbium while in the second, it is a ber doped with thulium.
Noury, Adrien. "Photonique hybride des nanotubes de carbone". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112199/document.
Texto completoOn-chip optical communication may increase drastically performances and consumption of communication systems. Indeed, optical channels do not face limitations that metallics interconnects do. Even better would be the achievable data rate due to the multiplexing possibility in optics. In order to keep compatibility with electronic devices, optical components and interconnects should be built in silicon. However, this material is not suitable for some optical function, such as laser sources. Thus, there is a need to integrate alternative materials to compensate for silicon weaknesses. My PhD work focuses on integration of carbon nanotube on silicon for photonics applications. In this work, potential use of carbon nanotube for light emission function is investigated. First, I will propose clue to understand the appearance of optical gain in semiconducting carbon nanotube. Such investigation is done by mean of pump-probe experiments, where the excitons lifetimes are measured. Those lifetimes slightly increase while centrifugation time and speed is increased, during the extraction process. A possible explanation is that defect-free carbon nanotubes are selected by the centrifugation process. In parallel, I worked on designing an efficient method to couple nanotubes photoluminescence with silicon waveguides. This method appears to be quite robust, and allows to observe coupling between the nanotube photoluminescence and the optical mode of the waveguide. In order to obtain a more intense interaction between the optical mode and carbon nanotubes, I investigated the coupling between carbon nanotubes and several photonic cavities, including microdisks, Fabry-Pérot cavities and ring resonators. Specifically, ring resonators allow to measure the photoluminescence of carbon nanotube structured by the resonant modes. Several configurations are studied to understand more in-depth the coupling mechanisms: micro-photoluminescence, guided photoluminescence and integrated photoluminescence
Rasigade, Gilles. "Modulateur optique haute-fréquence sur subtrat silicium-sur-isolant". Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112158.
Texto completoThe silicon photonics has emerged as the key area of research for optical telecommunication with the objective of developing an integrated transceiver fully-compatible with the available CMOS technology. In this context, the work of my thesis is focused on the structure of the optical modulator, integrated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate and for applications working at the bitrates of 10 and 40 Gbit/s. Its active structure is based on the carrier depletion obtained in a reverse biased junction and leads to an intensity modulation at the output of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The optimization of the structure produced an optical modulator design which exhibits a VpLp product of 1,7 V. Cm. Insertion loss as low as 3dB and a -3 dB cut off frequency of 35 GHz. The light and RF copropagation has been studied as well and has validated the operation of the component at the bitrate of 40 Gbit/s. A CMOS technological process has been established and chips have been fabricated at CEA/LETI then characterized at IEF. Finally, this work has led to the design of a silicon optical modulator with characteristics compatible with 40 Gbit/s applications, as well as general result for the optimization of this component. Its integration with laser sources and photo detectors will lead is the future to the emergence of silicon photonics for integrating optical telecommunication
Aktas, Djeylan. "Photonique quantique expérimentale : cohérence, non localité et cryptographie". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4142.
Texto completoIn this thesis we study the coherence of light emitted by entangled photon-pair sources and micro-lasers. We have generated an manipulated entangled photonic states and investigated both fundamental (non locality) and applied (quantum cryptography) research directions. The objective of two fundamental studies on non locality was to partially relax the strong assumptions on which standard Bell tests rely. To this end, we redefined, in collaboration with the University of Geneva, the formalism of locality taking into account the influence, on correlation measurements, of the freedom of choice (in the basis settings) and of the limitation of the overall detection efficiency. Both assumptions allow devising generalized Bell inequalities whose experimental violations indicate that we can still attest for non locality for the observed states. In addition, we have studied and realized an experimental setup allowing to distribute entangled photon pairs in paired telecom channels for high bit rate quantum cryptography. We have shown that entanglement is preserved over a distance of 150 km with record rates for similar realizations, by mimicking classical network solutions exploiting, in an optimal fashion, the capacity of an optical fiber link via dense spectral multiplexing. Finally, we have studied the properties of light emitted by semiconductor lasers showing reduced dimensionality. This micro-lasers actually provide output light under high intensity fluctuations when they are pumped below the threshold. Their study allowed to refine our understanding on how the coherence builds up in these systems as the cavity is filled with photons
Pin, Christophe. "Piégeage et manipulation d'objets colloïdaux à l'aide de structures photoniques en silicium intégrées dans des puces optofluidiques". Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS060/document.
Texto completoNear-field optical forces arise from evanescent electromagnetic fields, such as in the near-field of photonic waveguides and nanocavities where light is highly confined. These contactless forces can be advantageously used to trap and manipulate micro- and nano-objects in solution. This thesis aims at studying these intriguing interactions and investigating their potential applications. The first chapter is an introduction to the fields of colloidal systems and optical trapping, more especially using near-field optical forces. The second chapter presents the experimental setup and the process used to fabricate optofluidic chips with microfluidic channels. The trapping potential experienced by 2 $µm$, 1 $µm$, and 500 $nm$ microbeads at the surface of a photonic nanocavity is studied in the third chapter. Our results lead to the concept of optofluidic near-field optical microscopy. In the fourth chapter, we study the dynamics and the manipulation of trapped microbeads clusters in fluidic flows. The last chapter focuses on the trapping and the manipulation of microbeads at the surface of waveguides using copropagating modes
Pille, Guillaume. "Multiplexage optique à répartition par codes spectraux en optique intégrée". Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20228.
Texto completoArguel, Philippe. "Approches de l'intégration photonique dans les microsystèmes". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00129453.
Texto completoNeel, Delphine. "Etude en champ proche optique de guides à cristaux photoniques sur SOI". Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0090/these.pdf.
Texto completoBidimensional photonic crystals, composed of a periodic lattice of air holes in a dielectric slab, appear as attractive candidates for the miniaturization of integrated optical circuits at a sub-wavelength scale. This thesis work concerns the near-field optical study of bidimensional photonic crystals devices on SOI, in the near-infrared range (telecom wavelengths 1,2-1,6 micrometer). For the characterization of the components, a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) was used so as to obtain a local cartography of the electromagnetic field in the structures, with a resolution of about 150 nm. Those field maps allow a better comprehension of the physical phenomena occurring in the structures. Three different optical functionalities were studied: guiding, coupling and demultiplexing. First, light guiding was evidenced in a W1-type linear defect. Bloch waves and standing waves were observed in the guide. Then, the coupling between photonic crystals waveguides and dielectric waveguides, as well as the coupling between photonic crystals waveguides and coupled cavities waveguides, were studied. We show that the utilisation of well-designed tapers increase the transmission coefficient of the structures, through a reduction of the out-of-plane losses. The SNOM allows an accurate measurement of the propagation losses in the coupled cavities. Finally, the conception and the characterization of a 1,3-1,5 micrometer demultiplexer was realized. This demultiplexer uses the principle of a directional coupler
Neel, Delphine Benyattou Taha. "Etude en champ proche optique de guides à cristaux photoniques sur SOI". Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2007. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=neel.
Texto completoCalero, Vila Venancio. "Antenne à cristal photonique électro-optique pour la détection de fréquences électromagnétiques". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCD018.
Texto completoThis thesis work focuses on the fabrication of non-perturbing E-field sensors based on the electro-optical effect. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) combined with Photonic Crystals (PhC) can increase considerably the material sensitivity to electric fields leading to ultra-compact devices. The target structure must exhibit a high sensitivity, extended bandwidth, ultra-fine spatial resolution and the most important: the electric field should not perturb the electric field to be measured, which is ensured since the sensor is not based on metallic parts. Most of the E-field sensors based on ferroelectric materials are based on Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulators or any other kind of waveguide-based topologies which presents high losses produced at the injection of the light within the tiny waveguides and can reach relatively low electric field sensitivities. These issues may not happen in fibered-based devices where the photonic structure can be located at the facet and a nano-structure may act as a sub-wavelength diffraction grating that couples the light into the PhC itself. By choosing the adequate geometrical parameters, very efficient out-of-plane to in-plane coupling can be performed.In this thesis we focus on the simulation, fabrication and characterization of the fiber-tip electric-field sensor. Here we perform numerical simulations in order to study the feasibility of the structure where the different fabrication errors are studied. The fabrication is divided in two parts: a first one where we overcome with the problem of micromachining photonic crystals within Thin Film Lithium Niobate (TFLN) and a second part, where the integration of the photonic device within the fiber facet is explained. Regarding the part concerning the PhC fabrication, we have developed a reproducible process to release the lithium niobate membrane where the PhC is made by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) techniques. The optical characterization of these structures, which receive the name of Photonic Crystal Slabs (PCS), shows excellent agreement with the theory never achieved before in this material. On the other side, different methods here shown for the integration onto fiber, leading to an ultra-compact and versatile sensor. After the assembly, the sensor is characterized verifying its different features such as spatial resolution, linearity, sensitivity and bandwidth. The resulting device results in the first Fano E-field sensor ever reported, but in addition it also presents the highest spatial sensitivity ever obtained in these kind of devices
Lesecq, Marie. "Fonctionnalités actives en optique intégrée à base de fils optiques en filière InP : application à la commutation optique". Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-127.pdf.
Texto completoFasquel, Sophie. "Propriétés optiques de structures guidantes en cristal photonique". Lille 1, 2005. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/e2f8fa6b-4758-4782-808c-b7155b110a74.
Texto completoMarsaut, David. "Ingénierie optique et microsystèmes silicium : développement d'une instrumentation dédiée à la biologie cutanée". Besançon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BESA2052.
Texto completoHan, Bing. "Etude des composants nanophotoniques pour les interconnexions optiques sur silicium". Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0130/these.pdf.
Texto completoThe increasing frequency of integrated circuits makes it problematic the use of metal interconncetions and requires the introduction o new types of connections such as optical link. The first objective of this thesis was to show the feasibility of an optical link using a CMOS compatible process technology. The main results concern the development of two new low-cost materials deposited by a low temperature process (PECVD) : the silicon nitride (SiNx) and amorphous silicon (a-Si :H). The compact strip waveguides were fabricated. The optical losses of 2. 2 dB/cm and 5. 5dB/cm at wavelength of 1. 3 micrometer for silicon nitride and amorphous silicon have been measured. The realization of basic components as bends and beam splitters allows distributing the first optical link from 1 to 8. In order to transfer the light between the active layer III-V and passive optical circuit, the approach taken in this thesis was to use guide couplers. The coupling efficiency obtained is 60%. The second part of this thesis was devoted to the study of resonant cavities, which increase the performance of silicon optical modulators. The electro-optical effect is enhanced by the use of microcavities and diffraction structures. These approaches can significantly reduce the size of components and increase their working frequency. To achieve an integrated optical modulator, the racetrack resonators and Fabry-Perot cavities are the two resonant structures explored, which are manufactured in a rib waveguide. For the racetrack resonator, the quality factor of 5200 was obtained, and it was shown that it is adequate for an efficient modulation in silicon
Pierre, Thomas Degiovanni Alain Rémy Benjamin. "Mesure de la température à l'échelle microscopique par voie optique dans la gamme ultraviolet-visible". S. l. : INPL, 2007. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2007_PIERRE_T.pdf.
Texto completoBélier, Benoît. "Développement de micro-leviers à fonctions optiques intégrées pour la microscopie à effet tunnel photonique et la microconnexion optique". Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20145.
Texto completoThevenet, Julien. "Conception et réalisation d'un microsystème fabry-pérot accordable intégrant une membrane-miroir concave par flambement pour les applications à la spectroscopie". Besançon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BESA2073.
Texto completoChauveau, Clément. "Réseaux de résonateurs pour la photonique sur silicium, applications au multiplexage en longueur d'onde". Troyes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TROY0036.
Texto completoThe development of the micro-electronics industry has given access to very high data transmission rates. Currently, these data rates are limited by the electrical interconnection bandwidth and it will soon be necessary to use optical links to obtain higher data rates. To attain this objective, new building blocks must be developed such as lasers, modulators, photo-detectors, wave-guides and routing devices which must all be fully compatible with the CMOS processing. This doctoral thesis concerns the study and development of new components based on circular resonators arrays, which offer alternative solutions to existing devices in the field of wavelength division multiplexing for silicon photonics. The study of single ring resonators over the entire surface of a wafer shows that the use of thermal regulation is required to compensate for fabrication variations. Results of simulations and experiments show that arrays of circular resonators allow broadband filtering with very low loss. Based on this principle, an 8 channel multiplexer is demonstrated conforming to telecoms specifications. This kind of device is a potential candidate for use in the development of wavelength division multiplexing in silicon photonics
Shalaby, Badr Mohamed Ibrahim. "Expériences d'interaction entre faisceaux autoguides "solitons" : nouvelles opérations de photonique picoseconde". Limoges, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIMO0204.
Texto completoMichit, Nicolas. "Switch optique pour la conception de liens WDM rapides en photonique sur silicium". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI033.
Texto completoSilicon photonics stands as a promising solution to replace copper interconnections for communication requirements highly integrated inside data centers, inter and intra chip links. To achieve high data rate, one can use multiplexing on optical links combined with disaggregated resources. In such architectures, an optical switch being able to cope with high size and data rate is a core element to be designed. In this study, we focused on intrachip interconnections on a photonic interposer, based on wavelength multiplexed links around the 1310nm communication channel. Integration of laser sources, modulation of the data and reception of the signal is not addressed here. Our goal is the optical switching. At first, the choice to use ring resonators based links has been justified in terms of compactness, network flexibility and low optical losses. Those structures are though very sensitive to environment and geometry fluctuations: it is important to understand well physical effects at stake. We thus describe different ring resonance models to then create a model both analytic and enough accurate to describe peak shifts. The validation of this model is performed with optical and electrical tests. This work allowed a better understanding of the ring parameters in order to minimize its impact on a WDM link. We then propose ideas of possible improvements for those resonators. Disks and resonators using the silicon nitride layer have been simulated, fabricated and tested to compare their performances to the reference design. One of those improvements is topologic. One resonator is replaced by two coupled rings, to achieve a higher order of resonance. Since most of the switching architecture are not adapted to the use of double rings, we developed a new approach on that topic. To limit thermal crosstalk in WDM switches while keeping low footprint, resonators are grouped with respect to their wavelength. The scalability is preserved with a truth table kept to a fair level of simplicity for any number of wavelength multiplexed. The way to drive every resonator is a core topic in switching architectures, especially the detection of the resonance to perform a feedback loop. We demonstrated in this work a transparent and non-invasive way to detect light in a ring waveguide, based on the doped junction already used to drive the ring. Finally, we tackle the question of the switch scalability (without use of active amplifiers). Starting from reasonable hypothesis, we estimate the total switch bandwidth of a classical architecture taking into account data rate, number of ports and the wavelength multiplexing. Those system results confirm or invalidate some of the hypothesis taken in the architecture part
Gaufrès, Étienne. "Photonique des nanotubes de carbone sur silicium". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769727.
Texto completoZiebell, Melissa. "Transceiver optique en silicium pour les réseaux d’accès". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112181/document.
Texto completoSilicon photonics is a research field in full expansion that works towards the integration of photonics and microelectronic components in a single chip. The creation of a broadband optical link that is able to carry high-speed information requires the development of efficient building blocks compatible with CMOS technology. The work carried out during my Ph.D. focused specifically on silicon optical modulators for high-speed applications from 10 to 40 Gbit/s. The work presented includes design, optimization, fabrication and characterization of the complete device. The modulator is based on the electro-refractive effect obtained by depletion of carriers in PN and PIPIN diodes to obtain a phase change of the optical mode. Intensity modulation is obtained by integration of the active region in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer or a ring resonator. Electrical, optical and radio frequency simulations were conducted on the various elements of the modulator to design a device for FTTH (Fiber To The Home) applications operating at 127 µm. Additional studies included the design of RF coplanar waveguide electrodes optimized through the development of an electro-optical model that takes into account the propagation of the electrical and optical waves in the active region. Compatible CMOS processes were proposed, and the necessary masks for fabrication were designed considering fabrication tolerances and critical parameters. Finally, various experimental results were obtained on components designed at IEF and fabricated at CEA-LETI. We can specially mention a Mach Zehnder modulator operating at 40 Gbit/s that uses a PIPIN diode to obtain an index variation, and having an extinction ratio of 7.5 dB and losses of only 6 dB. The goal of future optimizations of silicon modulator is to integrate these devices with the RF driver, and to move towards more complex and efficient modulation formats than the two-level intensity modulation seen so far
Bardinal, Véronique. "VCSELs: technologies et intégration photonique". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00405747.
Texto completoWeeber, Jean-Claude. "Diffraction en champ proche optique : analyse des images de microscopie à effet tunnel photonique". Dijon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DIJOS046.
Texto completoBa, Cheikhou. "VO₂ amorphe et polycristallin : dépôt en couches minces, caractérisation et application en optique-photonique". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27494.
Texto completoCassagne, David. "Matériaux à bandes interdites photoniques". Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20053.
Texto completoBillet, Cyril. "Génération de similaritons optiques dans des amplificateurs à fibres dopées erbium". Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA2031.
Texto completoSelf similarity and asymptotic evolution are key concepts of many physical phenomena. Recent research in optics has identified a new operating class of ultrashort pulse known as the optical similariton, a pulse with parabolic intensity profile generated during propagation in normal dispersion regime optical fiber amplifiers. As well as their intrinsic scientific interest, optical similaritons have significant practical application due to the fact they can propagate without distortion in any active or passive normal dispersion fiber, and their strictly linear chirp allows for efficient compression. This thesis aims to study the generation of optical similaritons in an erbium doped fiber amplifier. The experimental pulses characterized with frequency resolved optical gating have shown an intensity profile and a frequency chirp in good accordance with numerical modelling. We have also determined the presence of exponential decaying wings during the intermediate asymptotic dynamics. A typical use of similaritons is in the development of an ultrashort pulse source and, experimentally, we have also developed an all fiber femtosecond system by combining the similariton amplifier with photonic band-gap fiber technology
Nguyen, Thi Thuy Linh. "Analyse théorique et expérimentale du profil de raies spectrales pour le diagnostic optique d'espèces d'intérêt atmosphérique : de la molécule linéaire à la toupie asymétrique". Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA2029.
Texto completoThis work is devoted to the analysis of the spectral line profiles of some molecules of atmospheric interest, with the aim of application to the optical diagnostic of the Earth’s and planetary atmospheres. More precisely, our theoretical and experimental study concerns the collisional broadening of these lines at various temperatures. Fits of the experimental lineshapes of N2O (502 et 602 GHz) and HC15N (172 GHz) colliding with various perturbers show a failure of the Voigt profile model for the description of these lineshapes as well as for the extraction of the collisional broadening. Two others profile models, the model of Galatry and the Speed-dependent Voigt profile, describe correctly the lineshapes and give very close collisional linewidth values; the analysis of the corresponding narrowing parameters is however clearly more favourable for the later model. The theoretical part of this work is focused on the simulation of the collisional line broadening by the semi-classical Robert-Bonamy formalism with exact trajectories. For the systems of small molecules like N2O-N2(O2), this formalism appears to be very efficient whereas for a long active molecule C2H2 it leads to much less sufficient results. Additional tests realised for the probe systems C2H2-Ar and C2H2-He with an alternative method – the purely classical approach of Gordon show a very important role of the rototranslational coupling taking place during molecular collisions and allow to attribute the disagreement of the semi-classical results with experience to the non-taking into account of this coupling in the framework of semi-classical approaches. After the applications to systems of linear molecules, the semi-classical formalism of Robert and Bonamy with exact trajectory is generalized to the case of asymmetric tops and applied to the simulation of infrared absorption linebroadening coefficients of C2H4-N2 at room temperature. The good agreement of theoretical and experimental values allows to justify this generalized approach and to consider it as a powerful computational tool for so complex molecules as asymmetric tops
Parriaux, Alexandre. "Génération de peignes de fréquences par modulation électro-optique et applications". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. https://nuxeo.u-bourgogne.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/d741c734-bc90-4d7b-a8ba-66657dfe685d.
Texto completoThe work presented in this thesis relates the development of a dual frequency comb spectrometer based on the electro-optic modulation of a continuous wave laser, and its utilisation for spectroscopic applications in the near- and mid-infrared.Since their discovery in the 1960s, frequency combs have revolutionised the physics, especially in metrology but also in spectroscopy, which lead to the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2005. In this domain of applications, dual frequency comb spectrometers are known to be complex to develop and use. A possibility to bypass these constraints is to build the spectrometer with electro-optic modulators. This particular architecture makes the experimental setup easy to use, thanks to the all-fibered feature and the lack of enslavement needed.In this manuscript, the work related describe first the architecture of a dual-comb spectrometer based on electro-optic modulators. We will see the advantages and disadvantages of the technique, especially for spectroscopic applications. We will also see the benefits of nonlinear phenomena in optical fibers to improve the experimental setup. Then, we show how the spectral range of the spectrometer can be extended around 2~µm, either by direct electro-optic modulation, or by frequency conversion in specific optical fibers.Finally, we will see the possibility to reach the mid-infrared by using nonlinear crystals. This last spectral extension will allow us to probe a spectral region highly suitable for spectroscopy, and hence to realise specific applications such as exhaled breath analysis
Gilles, Clément. "Optique intégrée pour sources largement accordables moyen-infrarouge". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS009/document.
Texto completoIn the mid-infrared, arrays of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers have been developed as a serious alternative to obtain extended wavelength operation range of laser-based gas sensing systems. Narrow-linewidth, single mode operation and wide tunability are then gathered together on a single chip with high compactness and intrinsic stability. In order to benefit from this extended wavelength range in a single output beam, the key challenge resides in the combination of different technologies to merge the output of different sources via the use of mid-IR photonic integrated circuits (PIC). The PIC can be split into three main blocks: the passive waveguide platform, the beam combiner and the active/passive coupler. For beam handling and guiding, we report fabrication and characterization of deeply etched InP/InGaAs/InP waveguides with state of the art performances. We fabricate and characterize multiplexers based on echelle and arrayed waveguide gratings on InP and SiGe platforms. A 60-to-1 spectral multiplexer operating in the 7-to-8.5 µm range is demonstrated. An advanced multiplexing scheme using interleaved and cross-order operations is also exposed. Finally, we realize quantum cascade laser arrays on InP and silicon. We design, fabricate and characterize an adiabatic coupler to efficiently and monolithically integrate active and passive waveguides. Heterogenous and hybrid integration are also considered with the demonstration of a tunable source using laser array and InP-based multiplexer
Avoine, Amaury. "Etude optique de cristaux photoniques : opales et cavités 2D". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00671221.
Texto completoNgo, Hoang Minh. "Propriétés optiques non linéaires de molécules et de nanoparticules métalliques pour la photonique". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLN050/document.
Texto completoNonlinear optics is well known to be a highly powerful tool to investigate the photonic properties of molecules, materials and nanostructures. Size and shape of noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs) strongly influence their second-order nonlinear optical properties. In this PhD thesis, we propose a systematic investigation of the influence of the nanoparticle surface area on their first hyperpolarizability beta values. Powdery-silver nanoparticles (diameters 7 nm) and colloidal solutions on NMNPs with different composition, sizes and shapes have been synthesized, i.e. silver nanospheres (diameters 10 nm), gold nanospheres (diameters 3.0; 11.6; 15.8; 17.4; 20.0 and 43 nm), gold nanorods (aspect ratios 1.47; 1.63 and 2.30), silver nanorods (aspect ratios 5.0; 6.3; 7.5; 8.2 and 9.7), platinum nanoflowers (diameters 7.0; 8.0; 10.0; 14.0; 20.0 and 31.0 nm) and gold nanoprisms (edge length tuned from 47.5 to 112.3 nm). Harmonic light scattering (HLS) at 1064 nm is used to investigate the second harmonic generation from colloidal NMNPs, and to infer their first hyperpolarizability tensor beta. For the nanospheres and nanorods investigated in this work, we demonstrate that their beta values display a strong dependence with their surface area, which is the dominant parameter in the evolution of beta values. Otherwise, particle surface corrugation and shape irregularities of nanoflowers are responsible for exceptionally high beta values. Moreover, we report for the first time in the literature that the beta values of nanoprisms display not only a linear dependence with respect to the surface area, but are also sensitive to the sharpness of the triangle vertices
Rolly, Brice. "Subwavelength photonic resonators for enhancing light-matter interactions". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4366.
Texto completoOptical antennas are structures able to convert, in both ways, electromagnetic energy between a light beam and a source (or absorber) placed in the structure. The use of sub-wavelength resonators enables one to realize this function in an efficient way, on relatively broad bandwidths, and to have a compact design. A good understanding of the optical properties of such resonators, taken individually, and of their couplings, is thus necessary in order to propose efficient optical antenna designs. In this manuscript, using a multipole decomposition of the fields and a T-matrix method, we obtain rigorous analytical solutions for spherical, homogeneous resonators, from which we deduce simplified, intuitive models that are still very close to the exact resolution of the Maxwell equations.Among other results, those models enabled us to propose a nanoantenna design that is at once compact, radiative and efficient, by using a hybrid metallo-dielectric structure. Some collaborations with experimental groups enabled us to validate, on the one hand, the optical characteristics of hybrid chromophores that are self-assembled using a DNA template (S. Bidault, Paris), and on the other hand, the possibility of using multiple combined electric and magnetic resonances (supported by dielectric spheres of moderate refractive index, n=2.45) in order to reflect, or more importantly collect, radiation coming from an electric dipole emitter placed nearby (the experiment was realized in the microwave regime by R. Abdeddaim and J-M. Geffrin)
Verbert, Jérémy. "Réalisation et étude optique de microcavités à modes de galerie intégrées sur silicium". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00143070.
Texto completoLa première partie de l'étude concerne le développement de matériau émetteur utilisant l'erbium. Différentes matrices sont utilisées afin d'aboutir à une émission efficace à 1,54 µm à température ambiante : silice, silicium sur isolant (SOI) et silice non-stoechiométrique (SRO : nanoclusters de silicium en matrice de silice). Les émetteurs retenus pour l'étude, le silicium sur isolant et l'erbium associé au SRO, sont ensuite intégrés à des cavités de type microdisque par des procédés de lithographie et gravure dérivés de ceux utilisés en microélectronique. Dans le cas des disques à base de silice, un recuit au laser CO2 permet de s'affranchir des rugosités résiduelles par fusion des bords du disque conduisant à la formation de tores.
Les structures obtenues sont ensuite étudiées au moyen d'un banc de photoluminescence spécifique développé au laboratoire tenant compte des caractéristiques de l'émission dans les modes de galerie et permettant leur évaluation fine. Le couplage de l'émission du silicium et du SRO dopé erbium à des modes de galerie possédant des facteurs de qualité de plusieurs milliers (jusqu'à Q ≈ 90000) est ainsi observé à température ambiante. Ces résultats, associés à la possibilité de coupler les cavités à des guides démontrée pour les disques SOI, ouvrent des perspectives particulièrement intéressantes du point de vue de la recherche appliquée (sources intégrées) comme de la recherche fondamentale (effets CQED sur les terres rares).
Ziebell, Melissa. "Transceiver optique en silicium pour les réseaux d'accès". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00873582.
Texto completoColas, Des Francs Gérard. "PLASMONIQUE MOLÉCULAIRE : SPECTROSCOPIE SUR SURFACE MÉTALLIQUE ET MATÉRIAUX HYBRIDES POUR LA PHOTONIQUE INTÉGRÉE". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Bourgogne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00437161.
Texto completoMartin, Guillermo. "Systèmes spatialement photo-structurés à base de polymères pour l'optique non-linéaire et la photonique". Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DENS0021.
Texto completoZheng, Xin. "Graded photonic crystal for silicon photonics". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPAST063.
Texto completoGradient photonic crystals (GPhCs) enable the engineering of their effective index, opening up new degrees of freedom in photonic device design. They can be understood through gradient index optics (GRIN optics), which describe inhomogeneous media in which light does not propagate along straight paths. This makes it possible to consider any index profile. This makes GPhCs particularly attractive for the miniaturization of optical components, especially in silicon photonics. They are based on the variation of a parameter of the photonic crystal elemental cell (PhC); here, the filling factor is varied so that the effective index of the GPhC achieves the desired index profile. The aim of this thesis is to explore the potential of GPhCs by designing graded-index devices on the Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) "platform" at telecom wavelengths. The complete chain from design to device characterization, including simulation and manufacturing, is implemented. We focused on two typical gradient index optics instruments: the Mikaelian lens and the Half Maxwell Fish Eye (HMFE). In this thesis, we propose a new effective index approximation method for the SOI "platform", which we have validated by designing a Mikaelian lens (with a hyperbolic secant index profile). For such devices, two effective indices need to be taken into account: that of the guided mode in the Silicon layer and that of the PhC. In this method, the effective index of the PhC is first calculated to replace the index of the guided mode layer; then the effective index of this layer is calculated. Simulation results obtained using commercial software (FDTD method) show that the lens designed in this way satisfies the analytical predictions, contrary to the results obtained with commonly used methods. We then applied it to HMFE.The devices were then fabricated in the cleanroom by electron beam lithography (EBL) and plasma etching (ICP). The individual GPhCs consisted of periodically distributed air holes in the Silicon layer, with a minimum diameter of around 40 nm. They were then characterized in two stages, notably by near-field microscopy (SNOM). These devices are only a few wavelengths thick (approx. 3 or 5 λ_0), while their focal spot width is close to the diffraction limit (approx. 0.5 λ_0). They operate over a wavelength range of around 150 nm. The Mikaelian lens results have been used to develop a mode size converter (taper), which is effective over a few wavelengths. It is ten times shorter than a conventional converter. In this thesis, we also show how it is possible to interpret EM wave propagation in these graded-index components on the SOI platforms using the multimode interferometer principle. As they propagate, the different modes accumulate a phase difference, resulting in a mode beat that modifies the EM field distribution, leading to focusing. The characteristic length of this mode beat is equal to the focal length. All these devices are studied for integration into integrated photonics circuits
Gomez, Martin Laura. "Paramètres d'élargissement collisionnel des raies de molécules d'intérêt atmosphérique en spectroscopie Raman inversé". Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA2024.
Texto completoThe consequences of human activities on the atmosphere are one of the actual subjects of preoccupation. To analyse the situation, optical diagnostic of temperature and molar concentrations remains one of the most interesting technique to study in details combustion media or atmospheric systems. This technique needs a very precise knowledge of collisional parameters for all molecules present in the investigated systems. The nitrogen molecule is often the most studied molecule due to its presence in the atmosphere. This work is devoted to a refined study of collisional line widths of N2-H2 and pure N2 molecular systems by ro-vibrational isotropic Raman spectroscopy. .
Sabac, Andrei. "Etude, réalisation et caractérisation d'un microinterféromètre de Mach-Zehnder intégré sur membrane silicium active". Besançon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BESA2059.
Texto completoCastaldini, Davide. "Study, fabrication and characterization of segmented waveguides for advanced photonic components on Lithium Niobate". Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE4028.
Texto completoMytskaniuk, Vasyl Iuriyovych. "Endoscopie non-linéaire : instrumentation et applications". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0553/document.
Texto completoWe present the development of a fiber-based, scanning-tip endoscope for nonlinear imaging. The flexible endoscope developed in the framework of this thesis, has an outer diameter of 2.2 mm. The innovation of the technology lies in its high scanning speed (8 frames/second) and large field-of-view (FOV>300 microns). The miniaturized endoscope enables high resolution coherent anti-Stokes Raman (CARS), 2photon fluorescence and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging contrasts. We show the potential of the endoscope to image different biological samples and specimens with and without endogenous labeling. We have obtained CARS images of fresh, label-free human colon ex-vivo and SHG images of collagen from rat tail tendon. Finally, we managed to perform in-vivo imaging of calcium flow indicators from hippocampal neurons labeled with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). We are convinced that this imaging device will have a strong impact on biomedical imaging
Blanchet, Florian. "Photonique Josephson : génération & amplification micro-ondes en régime quantique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY078/document.
Texto completoThe recent field of Josephson photonics is about the interplay between circuit quantum electrodynamic and dynamical Coulomb blockade. It explains and studies the ability of a Cooper pair to inelasticity tunnel through a DC-biased Josephson junction by dissipating the Cooper pair energy in the electromagnetic environment of the junction in the form of photons.This thesis focuses on two aspects of the Josephson photonics:• Control over the statistics of the emitted photons with focus on Generation of non-classical photons;• Stimulated emission of photons leading to Amplification with added noise at the quantumlimit.These devices are powered with a simple DC voltage used to biased the Josephson junction. Such devices can be a new solution in a frequencies range where only few simple alternative solutions are now available.We have studied our devices with two theories, P-theory and input output theory, to derive working characteristics of our devices : Photon rate, gain, noise, bandwidth, compression point. The measured samples are made of niobium nitride and the electromagnetic environment of the junction is engineered to fulfil our needs. The possibility to select the photonic processes at will by engineering the electromagnetic environment permits to imagine further devices: other types of sources, wideband amplifiers, photon detectors
Reig, Benjamin. "Vers l'intégration monolithique d'une micro-optique polymère active sur VCSELs". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1501/.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with the study and the development of novel polymer MOEMS (Micro Optical Electrical Mechanical Systems) for Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) passive and active beam shaping. To improve the photonic integration of these compact laser sources in optical communication and detection systems (sensors, biomedical analysis), we have designed and fabricated a polymer-based microsystem suitable for a monolithic integration on VCSELs. It includes a refractive microlens deposited onto a suspended membrane that is moved vertically to modify dynamically the microlens-source distance. MOEMS design has been optimized by means of numerical modeling of Gaussian laser beam propagation as well as of membrane thermo-mechanical actuation. Technological steps for collective fabrication on VCSELs arrays have been developed. In particular, several methods for microlens optimal alignment relatively to the laser source have been investigated. SU-8 reliability resist has been also studied. Finally, fabricated MOEMS have been characterized. A vertical displacement of 8µm has been achieved under 3V applied, in good agreement with modeling results. This corresponds to a shift of lens focal plane of 20µm, thus demonstrating the interest of our approach