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1
Tucker, Samuel, Georgiana-Diana Dumitriu (Gabur) y Carmen Teodosiu. "Pesticides Identification and Sustainable Viticulture Practices to Reduce Their Use: An Overview". Molecules 27, n.º 23 (24 de noviembre de 2022): 8205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238205.
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The use of pesticides is a necessary practice in the modern era. Therefore, it is impossible to ignore the pesticide market, which has developed into one of the most lucrative in the world. Nowadays, humans are subjected to many potential risks, and significant amounts of toxic compounds enter their bodies through food, drink, and the air itself. Identification and quantification of these hazardous compounds is crucial for the sustainable development of an increasing world population which poses high climatic and political constraints on agricultural production systems. The maximum residue limits for pesticides have been regulated by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and European Union to protect human health. In this review, we have summarized and explained the analytical methods for pesticide extraction and determination. Also, sustainable viticulture practices like organic vineyards, tillage, biopesticides, nanobiopesticides, and precision viticulture are briefly discussed. These new techniques allow wine growers to be more profitable and efficient, while contributing to the reduction of pests and increasing the quality of wines.
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Recchia, Lucia, Daniele Sarri, Marco Rimediotti, Paolo Boncinelli, Enrico Cini y Marco Vieri. "Towards the environmental sustainability assessment for the viticulture". Journal of Agricultural Engineering 49, n.º 1 (5 de abril de 2018): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2018.586.
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During the last decades in Italy the wine sector focused on the environmental sustainability of the production processes, including the agricultural, the agro-industrial and the packaging phases. Recent surveys highlighted that the wine consumers are interested in the environmental certifications, even if they are not familiar with them. Several environmental pressures can be evaluated in the viticulture phase, but an elevated number of the analysed impacts require the collection of a large set of input data and significant efforts during the elaboration phase. Therefore, the aim of the present work was the identification of the inventory data and impacts, which mainly describe the environmental pressures associated with the viticulture phase. Particularly, the results of the life cycle assessment (LCA) were integrated with those of a model and a simplified approach for evaluating the risks due to the pesticides use. The LCA identified three phases, which are responsible of 70-80% of the CO2eq (CO2 equivalent), the cumulated energy utilisation, the acidification potential (expressed in SO2 equivalent) and the eutrophication (expressed in PO4 equivalent), i.e. the harvesting, the crop protection and the ligature. The phase of the pesticides use was analysed also through the pesticides risk indicator (PERI) model and a simplified approach elaborated by the Regional Agency for the Environment Protection in Tuscany, Italy. Results concerning the environmental risk showed that the PERI model, the Arpat approach and the LCA were coherent for the pesticide mix highlighting that the associated environmental risk is more than doubled from 2004 to 2010. Finally, some operative indications were elaborated in order to reduce the impacts and improve the local and global environmental sustainability of the viticulture phase.
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Syrgabek, Yerkanat y Mereke Alimzhanova. "Modern Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Pesticides in Grapes: A Review". Foods 11, n.º 11 (31 de mayo de 2022): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11111623.
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Currently, research on the determination of pesticides in food products is very popular. Information obtained from research conducted so far mainly concerns the development of a methodology to determine the content of pesticides in food products. However, they do not describe the content of the pesticide used in viticulture in the resulting product. Over the past decade, this study has examined analytical methodologies for assessing pesticide residues in grapes. Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Springer databases were searched for relevant publications. The phrases “pesticides” and “grapes” and their combinations were used to search for articles. The titles and annotations of the extracted articles have been read and studied to ensure that they meet the review criteria. The selected articles were used to compile a systematic review based on scientific research and reliable sources. The need to study the detection of pesticide residues in grapes using advanced analytical methods is confirmed by our systematic review. This review also highlights modern methods of sample preparation, such as QuEChERS, SPME, PLE, dLLME, and ADLL-ME, as well as the most used methods of separation and identification of pesticides in grapes. An overview of the countries where residual grape pesticide amounts are most studied is presented, along with the data on commonly used pesticides to control pests and diseases in grape cultivation. Finally, future possibilities and trends in the analysis of pesticide residues in grapes are discussed by various analytical methods.
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Zito, S., A. Caffarra, Y. Richard, T. Castel y B. Bois. "Climate change and vine protection : the case of mildews management in Burgundy". E3S Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185001006.
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Viticulture worldwide is currently facing two major challenges: adapting to climate change and reducing its environmental footprint. Plant protection is a central aspect of these challenges, firstly because pests and diseases development is strongly controlled by climate conditions, and secondly, because viticulture requires in many regions large quantities of pesticides. Phytosanitary protection is even more crucial for terroir-based viticulture areas, because the negative image given by excessive pesticide use impacts the whole region which reputation is partly built on environmental friendly practices. Moreover, most of terroir wines sensory properties and fame rely on specific cultivars, which makes it difficult to replace them using diseases resistant varieties. This study addresses the potential impact of climate change on pesticide use to control powdery and downy mildew in Burgundy. To assess the past evolution of diseases risk, a database composed by yearly number of applications of phytosanitary treatments for powdery and downy mildew diseases was built. This information was collected from 400 grapevine growers originating from 5 sub-regions of Burgundy. The data refer to yearly average number of treatments during the 1995-2014 period. Pesticide applications was related to climate by means of multiple linear regression models between the average number of treatments for powdery and downy mildews control and monthly temperature and monthly rainfall indices from April to July. Models providing the lowest error (estimated trough leave-one-out cross-validation) were selected for each of the 5 Burgundy wine sub-regions. According to each region, mildews yearly treatments number were significantly related to monthly climate data. In most models, May and June average temperature were selected with negative regression coefficients while April and May monthly precipitation were selected with positive regression coefficients. These models were fed with 1980-2100 temperature and rainfall projected data using CMIP5 RCP8.5 scenario from 18 GCM (General Circulation Models) statistically downscaled and debiased to match a daily 12 km target resolution. Increasing temperature and a slight ensemble rainfall increase (depending on the GCM) simulated during spring and early summer had inverse effects on models trend. However, regression models project a decreasing trend of the number of treatments for mildews control along the 21st century, based upon GCM data. Spraying numbers are expected to slightly vary in the future (-4,8 to -34.1% reduction), which strengthens the need for alternative plant protection strategies to match both consumer and policies promoting lower pesticides use for viticulture.
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Ghiglieno, Isabella, Anna Simonetto, Luca Facciano, Marco Tonni, Pierluigi Donna, Leonardo Valenti y Gianni Gilioli. "Comparing the Carbon Footprint of Conventional and Organic Vineyards in Northern Italy". Sustainability 15, n.º 6 (16 de marzo de 2023): 5252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065252.
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The carbon footprint is an index used to assess the impact of an activity in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Viticulture contributes to greenhouse gas emissions due to the use of fuels, fertilizers and pesticides, and the consequent soil erosion. Organic viticulture differs from conventional viticulture, mainly because of the absence of synthetic products, the soil tillage, and the level of organic carbon in the soil. The purpose of the study was to determine the actual differences between conventional and organic vineyard management in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, comparing multiannual data from 25 wineries in northern Italy. No statistically significant differences were found between the overall mean values of conventional and organic management. In organically farmed vineyards, a higher incidence of fuel consumption was observed, while in conventionally farmed vineyards higher emissions were observed, due to the use of such products as pesticides and fertilizers. No differences were found between the two management systems in terms of emissions resulting from direct fertilizing. Further assessment of the potential sequestration of organic fertilizer would be necessary.
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Dabbert, Stephan y Jürgen Oberhofer. "Organic viticulture in West Germany". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 5, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1990): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003404.
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We present results from a survey of organic grape operations in the three most important grape-producing areas in West Germany. Data on expenses for fertilizers, pesticides, machinery and buildings, on labor requirements, on the quantity and quality of yields, and on marketing channels and price premiums are compared to data on conventional grape operations from statistical sources. Based on these data, multi-period linear programming models were constructed to assess the economic implications of a transition to organic grape growing for different types of operations. Model results indicate that the grape production quota implemented in West Germany in 1989-90 favors organic methods. However, with direct marketing of wine, the effect of the quota depends on the effect that the expected rise in the price of conventional wine has on the price of organic wine. Premium prices for organically produced wine currently can be achieved only by farms that sell their wine directly to the consumer, which means that direct marketing is necessary for a profitable organic grape operation under current market conditions.
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Martin, Stéphan, Marie-Hélène Dévier, Justine Cruz, Geoffroy Duporté, Emmanuelle Barron, Juliette Gaillard, Karyn Le Menach et al. "Passive Sampling as a Tool to Assess Atmospheric Pesticide Contamination Related to Vineyard Land Use". Atmosphere 13, n.º 4 (22 de marzo de 2022): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040504.
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The massive use of pesticides in agriculture has led to widespread contamination of the environment, particularly the atmospheric compartment. Thirty-six pesticides, most used in viticulture, were monitored in ambient air using polyurethane foams as passive air samplers (PUF-PAS). Spatiotemporal data were collected from the samplers for 10 months (February–December 2013), using two different sampling times (1 and 2 months) at two different sites in a chateau vineyard in Gironde (France). A high-volume active air sampler was also deployed in June. Samples were extracted with dichloromethane using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) (PUFs from both passive and active) or microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) (filters from active sampling). Extracts were analyzed by both gas and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 23 airborne pesticides were detected at least once. Concentrations in PUF exposed one month ranged from below the limits of quantification (LOQs) to 23,481 ng PUF−1. The highest concentrations were for folpet, boscalid, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and metalaxyl-m—23,481, 17,615, 3931, and 3324 ng PUF−1. Clear seasonal trends were observed for most of the pesticides detected, the highest levels (in the ng m−3 range or the µg PUF−1 range) being measured during their application period. Impregnation levels at both sites were heterogeneous, but the same pesticides were involved. Sampling rates (Rs) were also estimated using a high-volume active air sampler and varied significantly from one pesticide to another. These results provide preliminary information on the seasonality of pesticide concentrations in vineyard areas and evidence for the effectiveness of PUF-PAS to monitor pesticides in ambient air.
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Weeks Santos, Shannon, Jérôme Cachot, Bettie Cormier, Nicolas Mazzella, Pierre-Yves Gourves, Christelle Clérandeau, Bénédicte Morin y Patrice Gonzalez. "Environmentally Relevant Mixture of Pesticides Affect Mobility and DNA Integrity of Early Life Stages of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)". Toxics 9, n.º 8 (22 de julio de 2021): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9080174.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of three concentrations of a pesticide mixture on the first development stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The mixture was made up of three commonly used pesticides in viticulture: glyphosate (GLY), chlorpyrifos (CPF) and copper sulfate (Cu). Eyed stage embryos were exposed for 3 weeks to three concentrations of the pesticide mixture. Lethal and sub-lethal effects were assessed through a number of phenotypic and molecular endpoints including survival, hatching delay, hatching success, biometry, swimming activity, DNA damage (Comet assay), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), protein carbonyl content and gene expression. Ten target genes involved in antioxidant defenses, DNA repair, mitochondrial metabolism and apoptosis were analyzed using real-time RT-qPCR. No significant increase of mortality, half-hatch, growth defects, TBARS and protein carbonyl contents were observed whatever the pesticide mixture concentration. In contrast, DNA damage and swimming activity were significantly more elevated at the highest pesticide mixture concentration. Gene transcription was up-regulated for genes involved in detoxification (gst and mt1), DNA repair (ogg1), mitochondrial metabolism (cox1 and 12S), and cholinergic system (ache). This study highlighted the induction of adaptive molecular and behavioral responses of rainbow trout larvae when exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of a mixture of pesticides.
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Aoujil, Faiçal, Vassilis Litskas, Hiba Yahyaoui, Nadia El Allaoui, Abdellatif Benbouazza, Aziz Aziz, Majida Hafidi y Khaoula Habbadi. "Sustainability Indicators for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Plant Protection Products Use in Moroccan Vineyards". Horticulturae 10, n.º 5 (6 de mayo de 2024): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050473.
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The Sebou River Basin is vital for Moroccan agriculture, particularly in terms of producing industrial crops, fruits, vegetables, and olive oil. It is especially significant in viticulture, accounting for 80% and 60% of the national production area for wine and table grapes, respectively. However, the prevalence of diseases and pests requires extensive pesticide application in vineyards. This study aims to assess the impact of pesticides used in vineyards on the environment, human health and their associated sustainability. Agro-environmental indicators were evaluated across 30 vineyards covering 1197 hectares. Results show an average treatment frequency of 24.05 applications per growing cycle, the highest among grape-producing countries, with 77.94% being fungicides. The Quantity of Active Substances Indicator (QASI) reveals a high pesticide application rate of 44.60 Kg a.i./ha. Over 50% of chemicals are classified as “hazardous” based on the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ). A Pesticide Environmental Risk Indicator model (PERI) identifies three active ingredients with a high Environmental Risk Score (>5). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) reveals that copper sulfate has significant environmental impacts compared to Mancozeb and sulfur. These findings highlight the extensive use of pesticides in vineyards, posing challenges to long-term sustainable agriculture due to associated environmental and health risks.
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Correia, Sofia, Carla Guerra, José Manso, Natacha Fontes y António Graça. "Integrative approach for sustainable viticulture in Portugalˈs Douro Valley: The NOVATERRA approach in mountain viticulture". BIO Web of Conferences 68 (2023): 01033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236801033.
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United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal number 12 pledges to ensure the sustainability of production and consumption of the food system. Towards more sustainable agriculture, a reduction of contentious pesticides, increasing spray application efficiency, and supporting strategies for integrated control is required. This can be obtained by developing innovative eco-friendly strategies that protect both the environment and human health. In this sense, SOGRAPE, a family-owned wine company, is a partner of project NOVATERRA (funded by EU’s Horizon 2020), aiming at improving the sustainability of viticulture by integrating new plant protection products (PPPs) of natural origin, biodiversity conservation, precision agriculture, robotics, and integrated soil and crop management strategies. NOVATERRA project trials have been made at SOGRAPE’s Quinta do Seixo, located in Cima Corgo, central sub-region of the Douro valley. This project is based in a practical and integrative approach, promoting multivariate case studies, in real scale trials executed by SOGRAPE to maximize adoption of successful solutions obtained from case studies. In this way, SOGRAPE engages in promoting the sustainability of the viticulture sector, working on several assignments of the project. The novel approaches assessed in NOVATERRA project work for the same goal of paving the way towards increasingly sustainable agriculture, combined into an integrated vine protection strategy.
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Oturan, Nihal y Mehmet A. Oturan. "Degradation of three pesticides used in viticulture by electrogenerated Fenton’s reagent". Agronomy for Sustainable Development 25, n.º 2 (abril de 2005): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:2005005.
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Baldi, I., P. Lebailly, V. Bouchart, D. Pottier, S. Jean, L. Rougetet, J. P. Malas, S. Le Bourhis, S. Dulaurent y P. Marquet. "Exposition lors des traitements pesticides en grandes cultures et en viticulture". Archives des Maladies Professionnelles et de l'Environnement 65, n.º 2-3 (mayo de 2004): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1775-8785(04)93116-5.
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Cech, Ramona, Friedrich Leisch y Johann G. Zaller. "Pesticide Use and Associated Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Sugar Beet, Apples, and Viticulture in Austria from 2000 to 2019". Agriculture 12, n.º 6 (17 de junio de 2022): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060879.
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The production of synthetic pesticides is energy intensive and can emit even more greenhouse gases (GHG) per kg than the production of synthetic fertilizers. However, this aspect is largely neglected when it comes to agriculture’s contribution to GHG emissions. Using official pesticide sales data from Austria from 2000 to 2019, we analyzed (i) trends in insecticide, fungicide, and herbicide use and calculated production-related GHG emissions, and (ii) the share of pesticide-related versus fertilizer-related GHG emissions in three agricultural crops with different pesticide intensities: sugar beets, apples, and grapevines. We found that between 2000 and 2019, insecticide amounts increased by 58%, fungicide amounts increased by 29%, and herbicide amounts decreased by 29%; associated GHG emissions showed similar patterns. During the same period, acreage under conventional arable crops, orchards, and vineyards decreased by an average of 19%, indicating an increase in management intensity. In intensive apple production, GHG emissions associated with pesticide production and application accounted for 51% of total GHG emissions, in viticulture 37%, and in sugar beets 12%. We have shown that GHG emissions due to pesticide production and application can be significant, especially for pesticide-intensive crops. We therefore recommend that these pesticide-derived GHG emissions should also be attributed to the agricultural sector.
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Zarraonaindia, Iratxe, Emma Cantos-Villar, Ana Diez, Amaia Mena-Petite, Eva Perez-Alvarez, Enrico Cretazzo, Anthony Pébarthé-Courrouilh et al. "SEAWINES: Use of macroalgae as biostimulants against fungal diseases in grapevines". BIO Web of Conferences 68 (2023): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236801005.
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The outlook for climate change foresees major impacts on vineyards worldwide, shifting pathogens distribution and dynamics demanding more intense plant protection measures in certain regions, increasing viticulture's dependence on phytochemicals and pesticides. However, the European Commission is applying restrictions on their use, encouraging the development of more sustainable strategies efficient for disease control. Seaweeds represent an ecological alternative for a more sustainable production. Previous studies have shown that algae extracts contain compounds capable of reducing the abundance of plant fungal pathogens. Despite it, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying this response. SEAWINES project is evaluating the efficacy of the foliar application of Ulva ohnoi and Rugulopteryx okamurae extracts to control powdery and downy mildew, in addition to testing their effect on grape and wine quality. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating R. okamurae biostimulant capacity and fungicidal effect in viticulture. This macroalgae is relevant since it is an invasive species in our coasts, causing incalculable economic and environmental burdens. We aim to 1- Reduce the usage of chemicals in grapevines; 2- Reduce fungal diseases in viticulture; 3- Valorize polysaccharides from seaweeds; 4- Increase the added-value to wines (ecological and quality); and 5- Provide an alternative use to seaweed biomass, contributing to bio-circular economy and reducing its accumulation in our coasts.
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Garrigou, Alain, Isabelle Baldi y Marçal Jackson. "The use of pesticides in French viticulture: a badly controlled technology transfer!" Work 41 (2012): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-2012-0130-19.
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Sarri, Daniele, Stefania Lombardo, Andrea Pagliai, Luca Zammarchi, Riccardo Lisci y Marco Vieri. "A technical-economic analysis of telemetry as a monitoring tool for crop protection in viticulture". Journal of Agricultural Engineering 51, n.º 2 (18 de junio de 2020): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2020.1029.
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Based on the European Community framework directive 2009/128/EC that is devoted to the sustainable use of pesticides, farmers’ sensitivity and their administrative fulfillments are growing in recent years. Great attention is directed towards remote data acquisition by smartphone, satellites, drones. An available technological tool to accomplish this in the scenario of precision viticulture technologies is telemetry. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the data acquired with a telemetry system used when applying crop protection products in a winemaking farm for management optimization. Results showed an incorrect operative operation rate for 9.53% of the total kilometers worked during the spraying phase with a variable cost for fuel and pesticides ranging between 0.01 € m–1 and 0.03 € m–1.
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Gligor Bojkov, Emilija Arsov y Saša Mitrev. "Development of Botrytis cinerea under reduction of pesticides treatments in Macedonian viticulture production". GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, n.º 1 (30 de octubre de 2022): 006–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.21.1.0374.
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The monitoring of development of Botrytis cinerea under reduction of pesticide treatments in Macedonian viticulture production is possible only when introducing a disease forecasting model. B.cinerea causes an increase in the number of chemical treatments just before harvest and calls into question the environmental and health value of the product. Therefore, an attempt was made to create a forecasting model for Botrytis which is based on the relationship between relative humidity and the temperature in the vine canopy. The forecasting model for Botrytis was applied at the white varieties Smederevka and Zilavka and based on the data obtained was made ANOVA statistical test which proves the reliability of the model. On the localities, Smilica and Sopot, Kavadarci, Republic of Macedonia, are the experimental fields that were observed for three consecutive years (2017 till 2019).
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Allinson, Mayumi, Brian Williams, Graeme Allinson, Michelle Graymore y Frank Stagnitti. "Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture IV. Aqueous stability of dithianon". Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 70, n.º 3-4 (junio de 1999): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249909358765.
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Kazakhmedov, R. E., A. Kh Agakhanov y T. I. Abdullaeva. "Agrobiological features of technical grape varieties selected by FSBSI All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking «Magarach» of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the climatic conditions of the South of Dagestan". Agrarian science, n.º 4 (12 de mayo de 2023): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2023-369-4-123-128.
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Relevance. The introduction of new genotypes and varieties with adaptive and valuable economic and technological characteristics remains one of the most effective ways to expand viticulture, form, improve and enrich the biodiversity of industrial assortment in the current climate change conditions. The introduction of new introduced grape varieties with group resistance makes it possible to eliminate numerous treatments of plantations with pesticides and to obtain environmentally friendly, competitive products. The purpose of the work is to determine the adaptive potential and evaluate the productivity of introduced grape varieties of the Magarach Institute selection in Dagestan to expand the assortment and improve the conveyor of technical grape varieties.Methods. The research was carried out on the basis of the ampelographic collection of the Dagestan Breeding Experimental Station of Viticulture and Vegetable Growing branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «North Caucasus Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking». The objects of study were introduced technical grape varieties of All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking «Magarach» of the Russian Academy of Sciences selection Antey Magarachsky, Рodarok Magaracha, Рervenets Magarach, as well as Rkatsiteli (control) and Saperavi (control). Grape culture is indigenous, irrigated, planted in 2003. The shape of the bushes is high-stemmed, double-shouldered cordon of Cazenava. Planting scheme of grape varieties — 3.5 x 2.0 m.Results. In the course of our research, we found that in the conditions of southern Dagestan, in terms of the complex of agrobiological and economically valuable characteristics, the grape varieties of t he FSBSI AllRussian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking «Magarach» of the Russian Academy of Sciences selection, Antey Magarachsky, the Pervenets Magaracha, the Podarok Magaracha when cultivated in the root culture, are not inferior, and in a number of indicators significantly exceed the control varieties of Rkatsiteli and Saperavi. The studied varieties also have resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors and a complex of adaptively significant features necessary for the formation of ecological and biologized viticulture systems in various soil and climatic conditions (microzones) of the Republic of Dagestan, which indicates the possibility and expediency of their effective cultivation in industrial plantings of the Republic of Dagestan in the root culture and, especially, is relevant in the changing climate conditions of the south of Russia.
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Keklik, Mehmet, Ozgur Golge, Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo y Bulent Kabak. "Determination of Pesticide Residues in Vine Leaves Using the QuEChERS Method and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry". Foods 13, n.º 6 (17 de marzo de 2024): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13060909.
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Commercial viticulture necessitates regular pesticide applications to manage diseases and pests, raising significant concerns regarding pesticide residues among stakeholders. Due to health risks associated with these residues in Turkish vine leaves, the European Commission has increased the frequency of official control from 20% to 50%. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine multi-class pesticide residues in brined vine leaves from Turkey. A total of 766 samples of vine leaves were collected between May 2022 and June 2023. More than 500 residues were analyzed using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In-house validation data demonstrated that the analytical method exhibits fit-for-purpose performance in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, and measurement uncertainty. Out of 766 samples analyzed, 180 samples (23.5%) contained one (131, 17.1%) or multiple (49, 6.4%) pesticides. Both the frequencies of occurrence and the rate of maximum residue level (MRL) exceedance increased in 2023 compared to 2022, with the MRL exceedance rate rising from 9.5% to 25.2%. Forty-three different residues were found in quantifiable concentrations and eight of them were non-approved. Among the residues, the non-systemic pyrethroid insecticides, lambda-cyhalothrin (8.0%) and cypermethrin (7.2%), were the two most frequently detected, with concentrations ranging from 0.010 to 0.248 mg kg−1 and from 0.011 to 0.533 mg kg−1, respectively. Turkey is a major exporter of vine leaves and these results provide crucial information regarding pesticide occurrence and quality assessment of vine leaves. The significant increase in both pesticide occurrence and MRL exceedance rates between 2022 and 2023 underscores the urgency for regulatory bodies to reassess current pesticide usage and monitoring practices. The findings emphasize the importance of implementing more stringent rules and improving enforcement methods in order to reduce the spread of unapproved pesticides and ensure adherence to global food safety standards.
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Macary, Francis, Fiona Guerendel y Adeline Alonso Ugaglia. "Quels apports de la littérature pour comprendre et construire la transition agroécologique en viticulture ?" Cahiers Agricultures 29 (2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020035.
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En s’appuyant sur une revue de la littérature, l’article propose un état de l’art centré sur l’agroécologie, concept polysémique, afin d’en éclairer la portée pour la viticulture et son application, dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche destiné à comprendre et construire la transition agroécologique dans les vignobles. L’agroécologie est tour à tour considérée comme une discipline scientifique proposant une analyse systémique en intégrant des sciences humaines et sociales, un ensemble de pratiques intégrant les principes de l’écologie en agronomie (travailler avec la nature), ou un mouvement social. L’échelle d’analyse a progressivement été élargie depuis le niveau de la parcelle agricole vers celui des territoires, jusqu’à des approches globales du système alimentaire. La vigne est une monoculture pérenne pour laquelle les enjeux de la transition agroécologique sont particulièrement importants eu égard notamment à la forte pression des pesticides appliqués en vue de la protection phytosanitaire. Ce débat, devenu sociétal, implique une évolution des systèmes de production viticole afin de satisfaire les enjeux environnementaux et de santé publique. Pour construire et évaluer des scénarios de transition agroécologique auprès des professionnels de la filière, nous avons réalisé une revue de la littérature qui a pu mettre en évidence différentes pratiques agroécologiques dans les vignobles : préservation de la biodiversité, baisse de l’usage des pesticides par une régulation des bioagresseurs et des adventices, conservation de la qualité des sols, adaptation au changement climatique. Elle permet également de discuter des enjeux d’élargissement de l’acception du concept d’agroécologie dans le contexte actuel. Ces éléments sont essentiels à l’identification de critères d’évaluation pour la construction de scénarios d’évolution des modes conventionnels de production viticole dans le cadre de la transition écologique.
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Zambito Marsala, Roberta, Ettore Capri, Elisabetta Russo, Miriam Bisagni, Ruggero Colla, Luigi Lucini, Antonio Gallo y Nicoleta Alina Suciu. "First evaluation of pesticides occurrence in groundwater of Tidone Valley, an area with intensive viticulture". Science of The Total Environment 736 (septiembre de 2020): 139730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139730.
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Seeger, Manuel, Felix Dittrich, Thomas Iserloh y Sören Thiele-Bruhn. "Diversifying Steep Slope Viticulture—Towards a Sustainable Intensive Agriculture?" Proceedings 30, n.º 1 (23 de marzo de 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030051.
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Viticulture is a land use system with a high impact on the environment and the landscape due to the high input of energy and material for soil and plant management. Reducing the input would help to reduce both, the environmental and economic costs, and consequently, increase the sustainability of this crop production. In Germany, especially in the Mosel area, vineyards are also part of the cultural heritage and substantial part of the touristic appeal, especially those located on steep slopes with shallow soils developed on Devonian slate. Within the last decades, the economic sustainability of the vineyards and cellars have been on the focus, by applying land consolidation, increasing the use of machinery and rationalisation of plant protection by e.g. spraying pesticides with helicopters. However, the awareness of the consequences of this kind of high intensive viticulture has also lead to changes in some paradigms, especially regarding soil protection: greening of the lane and selective traffic of machines is becoming more and more widespread, and there is a slowly growing community of wine cellars applying organic production. A careful management of the vegetation within the traffic lanes, and recently the implementation of plants underneath the grapevines is meant to increase soil quality and to reduce the risk of erosion. Here, we will present the concept developed within the EU-H2020 project Diverfarming (H2020-RUR-2016-2/728003), where aromatic herbs (Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare) have been planted underneath grapevines. The purpose is to suppress the growth of plants fostering diseases, to reduce soil disturbance and thus, to increase soil quality as well as to stabilize it against soil erosion. A holistic approach is adopted, as the analysis and monitoring covers plant growth, soil parameters up to product quality and a value chain analysis.
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Duso, Carlo, Alberto Pozzebon, Mauro Lorenzon, Diego Fornasiero, Paola Tirello, Sauro Simoni y Bruno Bagnoli. "The Impact of Microbial and Botanical Insecticides on Grape Berry Moths and Their Effects on Secondary Pests and Beneficials". Agronomy 12, n.º 1 (16 de enero de 2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010217.
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According to the European Directive 2009/128/EC and the subsequent provisions activated in member states, conventional pesticides should be progressively replaced by “non-chemical tools and/or measures”. The identification of reliable alternatives to pesticides is crucial to achieve this objective. A European project (PURE) was funded to investigate this topic with reference to annual and perennial crops. In this framework, a number of natural insecticides, in particular microbial and botanical ones (Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki, Beauveria bassiana, azadirachtin, pyrethrins and spinosad) were selected to test their effectiveness against grape berry moths, the key pests in most European vineyards. Trials were conducted in 2011 and 2012 in two experimental vineyards located in Italy (Tuscany and Veneto regions), following a randomized block design. Additional investigations were carried out in the Veneto region during 2013. Trial results stressed the high performance of spinosad and B. thuringiensis in controlling berry moth densities and the related damage. The use of B. bassiana mixed with B. thuringiensis did not significantly improve the impact of B. thuringiensis alone. Azadirachtin, and especially pyrethrins, proved to be less effective on berry moths than previous insecticides. The use of selected insecticides caused side-effects on a number of secondary pests, in particular leafhoppers. In 2011, densities of Empoasca vitis were higher in spinosad-treated plots probably because of a reduced egg parasitization rate. One year later, the population density of Zygina rhamni was higher in the plots treated with spinosad or pyrethrins. This trend was confirmed on spinosad-treated plots in the last experimental year. At the same time, spinosad and pyrethrins significantly reduced the predatory mite populations compared to other treatments. The use of these insecticides in viticulture is discussed in the framework of organic viticulture and Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
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Vizitiu, Diana Elena, Daniela-Ionela sardarescu, Carmen Florentina Popescu, Irina Fierascu, Radu Fierascu, Liliana Cristina Soare y Camelia Ungureanu. "THE INFLUENCE OF VEGETAL EXTRACTS AND NANOSTRUCTURED MIXTURES ON GRAPEVINE POLLEN GRAINS". Current Trends in Natural Sciences 10, n.º 19 (31 de julio de 2021): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2021.v10i19.056.
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Pesticides, plant bio-stimulants and chemical fertilizers used in intensified viticulture affects negatively the viability of the plants pollen causing relevant economic losses to viticulturists. Given these conditions, we aimed to identify the environmentally friendly phytosanitary treatments which does not negatively affect the evolution of pollen grains. The experiment took place in the greenhouse on 120 grapevine plants from the genotypes Feteasca alba 97 St., Feteasca regala 72 St., Feteasca neagra 6 St., Cabernet Sauvignon 131 St., 30 plants/genotype. These have been treated to combat the Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator pathogens with pesticides, biological products, plant extract and nanostructured mixture. The studied genotypes reacted differently regarding the evolution of the viability of pollen grains, the average pollen grains size and the total number of pollen grains. The best results have been registered at F. regala 72 St. (the viability was significantly improved at plants treated with plant extract and those with nanostructured mixture and the highest number of pollen grains was recorded at the plants treated with nanostructured mixture).
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Allinson, Mayumi, Brian Williams, Graeme Allinson y Frank Stagnitti. "Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture III. Fate of dithianon from vine to wine". Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 70, n.º 3-4 (junio de 1999): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249909358764.
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Wegmann-Herr, Pascal, Scharfenberger-Schmeer, Andreas Kortekamp, Lea Stahl y Friederike Rex. "Evaluation of a oxygenate based plant protection treatment in viticulture against fungal diseases". BIO Web of Conferences 68 (2023): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236801036.
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Over the last decades the use of pesticides in vine protection, e.g. copper is under severe discussion and is becoming a major concern in viticulture. Since the effectiveness of oxygenates against various microorganisms had been proven in the medical field a strategy for oxygenate-based plant protection was developed and evaluated over three vintages. The production of the oxygenate is following the Criegee-mechanism using O3 and unsaturated natural plant derived fatty acids forming so called ozonides. Therefore the effect of the treatment has been evaluated in a holistic approach, covering the efficiency against fungal diseases, protection of desired beneficial insects, the micro flora, various secondary metabolites of the grapevine and the resulting sensory profile of the wines. The biological effectiveness has been measured by using different in-vivo and in-vitro studies. The influence on desired berry compounds, e.g. anthocyanins, have been determined by classical GC-MS and HPLC methods. Positive effects against downy and powdery mildew could be demonstrated. No negative effects against insects, naturally occurring microorganisms, and desired berry compounds were observed. Even spontaneous fermentation was not inhibited. Quantitative descriptive sensory analysis as well as CATA/RATA showed no negative effect of the treatment.
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Kontogiannis, Sotirios, Myrto Konstantinidou, Vasileios Tsioukas y Christos Pikridas. "A Cloud-Based Deep Learning Framework for Downy Mildew Detection in Viticulture Using Real-Time Image Acquisition from Embedded Devices and Drones". Information 15, n.º 4 (24 de marzo de 2024): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info15040178.
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In viticulture, downy mildew is one of the most common diseases that, if not adequately treated, can diminish production yield. However, the uncontrolled use of pesticides to alleviate its occurrence can pose significant risks for farmers, consumers, and the environment. This paper presents a new framework for the early detection and estimation of the mildew’s appearance in viticulture fields. The framework utilizes a protocol for the real-time acquisition of drones’ high-resolution RGB images and a cloud-docker-based video or image inference process using object detection CNN models. The authors implemented their framework proposition using open-source tools and experimented with their proposed implementation on the debina grape variety in Zitsa, Greece, during downy mildew outbursts. The authors present evaluation results of deep learning Faster R-CNN object detection models trained on their downy mildew annotated dataset, using the different object classifiers of VGG16, ViTDet, MobileNetV3, EfficientNet, SqueezeNet, and ResNet. The authors compare Faster R-CNN and YOLO object detectors in terms of accuracy and speed. From their experimentation, the embedded device model ViTDet showed the worst accuracy results compared to the fast inferences of YOLOv8, while MobileNetV3 significantly outperformed YOLOv8 in terms of both accuracy and speed. Regarding cloud inferences, large ResNet models performed well in terms of accuracy, while YOLOv5 faster inferences presented significant object classification losses.
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Ali, Shawkat, A. Harrison Wright, Joey B. Tanney, Justin B. Renaud y Mark W. Sumarah. "Fungal Endophytes: Discovering What Lies within Some of Canada’s Oldest and Most Resilient Grapevines". Journal of Fungi 10, n.º 2 (26 de enero de 2024): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10020105.
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Plant diseases and pests reduce crop yields, accounting for global crop losses of 30% to 50%. In conventional agricultural production systems, these losses are typically controlled by applying chemical pesticides. However, public pressure is mounting to curtail agrochemical use. In this context, employing beneficial endophytic microorganisms is an increasingly attractive alternative to the use of conventional chemical pesticides in agriculture. A multitude of fungal endophytes are naturally present in plants, producing enzymes, small peptides, and secondary metabolites due to their bioactivity, which can protect hosts from pathogens, pests, and abiotic stresses. The use of beneficial endophytic microorganisms in agriculture is an increasingly attractive alternative to conventional pesticides. The aim of this study was to characterize fungal endophytes isolated from apparently healthy, feral wine grapes in eastern Canada that have grown without agrochemical inputs for decades. Host plants ranged from unknown seedlings to long-lost cultivars not widely propagated since the 1800s. HPLC-MS was used to identify unique endophyte-derived chemical compounds in the host plants, while dual-culture competition assays showed a range in endophytes’ ability to suppress the mycelial growth of Botrytis, which is typically controlled in viticulture with pesticides. Twelve of the most promising fungal endophytes isolated were identified using multilocus sequencing and morphology, while DNA barcoding was employed to identify some of their host vines. These fungal endophyte isolates, which consisted of both known and putative novel strains, belonged to seven genera in six families and five orders of Ascomycota. Exploring the fungal endophytes in these specimens may yield clues to the vines’ survival and lead to the discovery of novel biocontrol agents.
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Sosa-Zuniga, Viviana, Álvaro Vidal Valenzuela, Paola Barba, Carmen Espinoza Cancino, Jesus L. Romero-Romero y Patricio Arce-Johnson. "Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in Vines: An Opportunity to Achieve a More Sustainable Viticulture". Pathogens 11, n.º 6 (18 de junio de 2022): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060703.
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Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the main fruit crops worldwide. In 2020, the total surface area planted with vines was estimated at 7.3 million hectares. Diverse pathogens affect grapevine yield, fruit, and wine quality of which powdery mildew is the most important disease prior to harvest. Its causal agent is the biotrophic fungus Erysiphe necator, which generates a decrease in cluster weight, delays fruit ripening, and reduces photosynthetic and transpiration rates. In addition, powdery mildew induces metabolic reprogramming in its host, affecting primary metabolism. Most commercial grapevine cultivars are highly susceptible to powdery mildew; consequently, large quantities of fungicide are applied during the productive season. However, pesticides are associated with health problems, negative environmental impacts, and high costs for farmers. In paralleled, consumers are demanding more sustainable practices during food production. Therefore, new grapevine cultivars with genetic resistance to powdery mildew are needed for sustainable viticulture, while maintaining yield, fruit, and wine quality. Two main gene families confer resistance to powdery mildew in the Vitaceae, Run (Resistance to Uncinula necator) and Ren (Resistance to Erysiphe necator). This article reviews the powdery mildew resistance genes and loci and their use in grapevine breeding programs.
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Ostroukhova, Elena, Irina Peskova, Svetlana Levchenko, Mariya Vyugina, Dmitriy Belash y Nadezhda Shadura. "The use of a microbiological preparation based on Bacillus subtilis in organic viticulture". BIO Web of Conferences 48 (2022): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224802006.
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In organic farming, microbiological preparations are an alternative to chemical pesticides and mineral fertilizers. The article summarizes the experience of a three-year use of the biofungicide Extrasol in combination with colloidal sulfur in the vineyards of the Crimea. The use of the biofungicides makes it possible to control the development of powdery mildew of grape at the level of chemical plant protection products, including during the years of epiphytoties: on the cv. Bastardo magarachskiy grapes – 7.1–14.7 %, on the Italy grape cultivar – up to 5.2%. The degree of influence of the biofungicide Extrasol on the phenolic and oxidase complex of grapes depends on the background level of development of Uncinula necator and the biological effectiveness of the treatment. In comparison with chemical means of protection, the smallest effect of processing cv. Bastardo magarachskiy grapes with a biological product in relation to the accumulation of phenolic compounds was observed at a level of powdery mildew development of 30-50 %; the maximum increase in the technological reserve of phenolic compounds was 59 %, anthocyanins – 12 %; the activity of polyphenol oxidase increased 1.1–3.3 times. The use of the biofungicide Extrasol on Italian grape cultivar led to an increase in the weight of the bunch by an average of 11 %, yield – by 25.6 %, titratable acids – by 9.6 % relative to chemicals; improved the aroma, taste and texture of the berry.
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Oliva Oller, Pablo, Martin Notaro, Erick Langer y Christian Gary. "Structure and management of traditional agroforestry vineyards in the high valleys of southern Bolivia". Agroforestry Systems 96, n.º 2 (febrero de 2022): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00725-4.
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AbstractIn the south of Bolivia, a group of traditional wine growers are distinguished by the cultivation of grapevines on native trees that serve as tutors. These growers currently represent one of the few examples of agroforestry vineyards in the world. They offer an opportunity to analyze the structure and management of these cropping systems, and to identify the ecosystem services provided by the combination of grapevines that are trained on trees. We characterize 29 agroforestry vineyards located in three high valleys in southern Bolivia, describing the main farm features, the structure and management of the vineyards, and the advantages of on-tree vine staking as recorded by the farmers. Farms were small (2.2 ha on average), with about half viticulture and half other crops and forage. The workforce was about half family and half employees. The most commonly used tree species were the molle tree (Schinus molle) and chañar tree (Geoffroea decorticans), and the majority of grape varieties grown were landraces such as “Negra criolla” and “Vicchoqueña.” The main cultivation techniques were pruning of the trees and vines, application of manure more than mineral fertilizers, gravity irrigation, and application of few pesticides. The main services farmers expected from trees were protection against climate hazards and flooding, disease control, maintenance of soil fertility, and higher yields. Agroforestry is a promising option for the agroecological transition of viticulture, which deserves further studies at both plot and farm scales.
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Kulkarni, Roopa R., Abhishek D. Sharma, Bhuvan K. Koundinya, Chokkanahalli Anirudh y Yashas N. "A Survey on Detection, Monitoring, and Control of Grape Leaf Diseases". Journal of Embedded Systems and Processing 8, n.º 1 (21 de enero de 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/joesp.2023.v08i01.001.
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India faces a serious threat from several insect pests and diseases in the area of grape cultivation. Grape cultivation throughout India is currently facing several major threats, including fungal pests and diseases such as downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthracnose, and mealybug. This disruption to the grape industry inevitably leads to economic losses for both farmers and the countrywide economy. By using appropriate pesticides at the right time and in dosages, farmers can minimize these negative effects while still preserving crops even in the presence of harmful chemicals. Additionally, neglecting grape leaf diseases can lead to significant damage to plants. Powdery mildew and downy mildew are two prime examples of plant diseases that can take a heavy toll on crop yields. Integrated technology into viticulture and horticulture is critical for improving grape production and preventing future economic turmoil. A disease of the grape leaves like downy mildew, or powdery mildew can cause great losses to the farmers. In the leaves, fruits, and on stems of plants, we can identify diseases. Detecting the diseases of the leaves in their early stages is a challenging task and is a must for higher yield. Current researches trends are on the chemical composition of pesticides, in turn, are harmful to human health.
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da Silva, Maria Vitoria, Artur Santos-Miranda, Julliane V. Joviano-Santos, Diego Santos Souza, Leisiane Pereira Marques, Jaqueline Oliveira Sarmento, Samuel Santos Beserra y Danilo Roman-Campos. "The insecticide β-Cyfluthrin induces acute arrhythmic cardiotoxicity through interaction with NaV1.5 and ranolazine reverses the phenotype". Clinical Science 136, n.º 5 (marzo de 2022): 329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20211151.
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Abstract β-Cyfluthrin, a class II Pyrethroid, is an insecticide used worldwide in agriculture, horticulture (field and protected crops), viticulture, and domestic applications. β-Cyfluthrin may impair the function of biological systems; however, little information is available about its potential cardiotoxic effect. Here, we explored the acute toxicity of β-Cyfluthrin in isolated heart preparations and its cellular basis, using isolated cardiomyocytes. Moreover, β-Cyfluthrin effects on the sodium current, especially late sodium current (INa-L), were investigated using human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) cells transiently expressing human NaV1.5 channels. We report that β-Cyfluthrin raised INa-L in a dose-dependent manner. β-Cyfluthrin prolonged the repolarization of the action potential (AP) and triggered oscillations on its duration. Cardiomyocytes contraction and calcium dynamics were disrupted by the pesticide with a marked incidence of non-electronic-stimulated contractions. The antiarrhythmic drug Ranolazine was able to reverse most of the phenotypes observed in isolated cells. Lastly, ventricular premature beats (VPBs) and long QT intervals were found during β-Cyfluthrin exposure, and Ranolazine was able to attenuate them. Overall, we demonstrated that β-Cyfluthrin can cause significant cardiac alterations and Ranolazine ameliorated the phenotype. Understanding the insecticides’ impacts upon electromechanical properties of the heart is important for the development of therapeutic approaches to treat cases of pesticides intoxication.
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Cataldo, Eleonora, Maddalena Fucile y Giovan Battista Mattii. "A Review: Soil Management, Sustainable Strategies and Approaches to Improve the Quality of Modern Viticulture". Agronomy 11, n.º 11 (21 de noviembre de 2021): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112359.
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Conservative and sustainable soil management in vineyards is an approach of primary importance not only for the yield (tons per hectare) and grapes’ quality (primary and secondary metabolites), but also for the greater preservation of the ecosystem. Compared to sustained-conventional tillage and perpetual applications of fertilizers and phytopharmaceutical, these techniques give a primary role for safeguarding biodiversity, conserving soil fertility, and keeping vegetative–productive balance. The soil and, consequently, the wine production are in fact an intimate ecosystem jeopardized not only by a reckless approach by man (technical input, such as pesticides, fuel, fertilizers, and herbicides, are estimated to be responsible for 24% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions), but also by climate change, as rising summer temperatures and reduced precipitation leads to production declines and water shortages in the soil. In fact, there are several risks associated with unbalanced soil management, such as compaction, pollution, soil erosion, soil organic matter (SOM) depletion, and loss of biodiversity, that lead to a drop in grape quality and quantity. In this context, soil management in viticulture and sustainable strategies assume greater significance to improve the quality of modern viticulture. This review aims to highlight new agronomic techniques capable of enhancing the resilience of the system and contributing to conservation and ecosystem services provision, especially as wine consumers increasingly appreciate environmentally friendly farming practices. In particular, the review aims to focus the positive implications and repercussions as a result of these practices (e.g., compost, vermicompost, biochar, Ascophyllum nodosum, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Trichoderma, zeolite, partial root drying, cover cropping, and mulching).
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Albert, Marion, Nathalie Judon, Viviane Folcher, Gaëtan Bourmaud, Valérie Pueyo, Jean Larbaigt y Alain Garrigou. "Apport des approches instrumentale et ergotoxicologique pour la conception : le cas du matériel de pulvérisation des pesticides en viticulture". Le travail humain Vol. 84, n.º 3 (26 de agosto de 2021): 197–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/th.843.0197.
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Hervé, Morgane E. T., Philippe Boudes, Caroline Cieslik, David Montembault, Vincent Jung, Françoise Burel, Daniel Cluzeau, Silvia Winter y Annegret Nicolai. "Landscape complexity perception and representation in a wine-growing region with the designation of origin in the Loire Valley (France): a cultural ecosystem service?" Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 35, n.º 1 (5 de julio de 2018): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170518000273.
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AbstractEcosystem services related to biodiversity, including cultural services, are essential for agricultural production such as viticulture. In agricultural landscapes, pesticides and mechanization threaten biodiversity, lead to landscape simplification and may reduce ecosystem services. On the other hand, consumers are more and more aware of environmental issues in food production. We investigated if landscape complexity, including soil management practices, was (i) appreciated by visitors and (ii) presented by winegrowers and tourism professionals in the French vineyards with the designation of geographical origin (DGO) ‘Coteaux du Layon’. Our goal was to determine if landscape complexity provides cultural ecosystem services such as aesthetics beneficial for the wine trade and the DGO region's attractiveness. We analyzed the iconographic content and the composition of landscape photographs on 50 websites to investigate if local winegrowers and tourism professionals associate biodiversity in the landscape and soil management practices with wine promotion. A questionnaire was realized to study the perception of local landscapes by interviewing 192 visitors of the region. The benefits of landscape complexity and soil management practices favoring biodiversity in viticulture were known and appreciated by many visitors, even if photographs of wine and traditional practices appeared to encourage wine purchasing. Local winegrowers’ representation of the DGO region only partially served these preferences; instead they mainly presented the wine-growing region by photographs focusing on wine bottles and vineyards. Consumer's preferences showed that complex landscapes could provide cultural ecosystem services that winegrowers are still less aware of. Therefore, complexity-targeted landscape planning including vegetation cover in soil management should be included in policy recommendations as agroecological measures for sustainable DGO production.
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Marcelino, Sara M., Pedro Dinis Gaspar, Arminda do Paço, Tânia M. Lima, Ana Monteiro, José Carlos Franco, Erika S. Santos, Rebeca Campos y Carlos M. Lopes. "Agricultural Practices for Biodiversity Enhancement: Evidence and Recommendations for the Viticultural Sector". AgriEngineering 6, n.º 2 (26 de abril de 2024): 1175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6020067.
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Agricultural expansion and intensification worldwide has caused a reduction in ecological infrastructures for insects, herbaceous plants, and vertebrate insectivores, among other organisms. Agriculture is recognized as one of the key influences in biodiversity decline, and initiatives such as the European Green Deal highlight the need to reduce ecosystem degradation. Among fruit crops, grapes are considered one of the most intensive agricultural systems with the greatest economic relevance. This study presents a compilation of management practices to enhance biodiversity performance, which applies generally to the agricultural sector and, in particular, to viticulture, concerning the diversity of plants, semi-natural habitats, soil management, and the chemical control strategies and pesticides used in agricultural cultivation. Through a critical review, this study identifies a set of recommendations for biodiversity performance and their corresponding effects, contributing to the dissemination of management options to boost biodiversity performance. The results highlight opportunities for future investigations in determining the needed conditions to ensure both biodiversity enhancement and productive gains, and understanding the long-term effects of innovative biodiversity-friendly approaches.
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Странишевская, Елена Павловна, Яков Александрович Волков, Марина Вячеславовна Волкова, Елена Алексеевна Матвейкина, Надежда Ивановна Шадура y Виталий Александрович Володин. "System of protection and technological aspects of organic grape production in conditions of the South Coast of Crimea". Magarach Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, n.º 4(114) (22 de diciembre de 2020): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35547/im.2020.97.47.009.
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Данные современной статистики показывают увеличение площадей, занятых под органическими виноградниками, которые составляют 8% от площади мирового органического производства. Вступивший в силу в 2020 г. в РФ закон «Об органической продукции…» позволит развивать отечественное органическое виноградарство, в том числе в Крыму, где исторически складываются благоприятные условия для винодельческой отрасли. На Южном берегу Крыма (ЮБК) 11,5% площади составляют сельскохозяйственные земли, большая часть которых занята виноградниками (до 4 тыс. га). Органическое виноградарство, предполагающее отказ от применения пестицидов и минеральных удобрений, актуально на ЮБК, в рекреационной зоне Крыма. По результатам исследований 2016-2018 гг. разработана, апробирована и в 2019 г. внедрена в производство региональная система защиты органической продукции виноградарства на фоне отсутствия в отечественной практике производственных комплексных схем защиты органического винограда от патогенов и вредных организмов. Разработанная органическая система защиты ориентирована на подавление развития наиболее вредоносного на виноградниках ЮБК патогена - оиудима и контролирование численности садового паутинного клеща и гроздевой листовертки, включает комплексное применение биопрепаратов Экстрасол, Псевдобактерин-2, СЛОКС-эко, BioSleep BW и коллоидной серы Тиовит Джет, ВДГ. Биологическая эффективность органической системы защиты от оидиума составила 78,3%, что всего на 7,9% ниже, по сравнению с эффективностью традиционной системы защиты с применением пестицидов. По результатам эколого-фаунистической оценки биоразнообразия отмечено существенно больший показатель индекса видового разнообразия Шеннона (Н) в комплексе клещей и насекомых на фоне органической системы защиты, чем на фоне традиционной системы, при высоком коэффициенте видового сходства комплексов (Кj=0,53). Modern statistics show the increase in the land area occupied by organic vineyards, accounting 8% of the global organic production area. The law "On organic products ...", entered into force in 2020 in the Russian Federation, will allow to develop local organic viticulture, including historically favorable for winemaking industry region of Crimea. Agricultural lands consist of 11.5% of the total land area of the South Coast of Crimea (SCC). Most of the land is occupied by vineyards (up to 4 thousand hectares). Organic viticulture, which assumes the rejection of use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, is relevant for SCC as a recreational zone of Crimea. Based on the research results of 2016-2018, a regional organic viticulture products protection system was developed, tested and introduced into production in 2019 on the background of lacking in local practice the industrial complex schemes for protecting organic grapes from pathogens and harmful organisms. The developed organic protection system is focused on suppressing the development of the oiudim as the most harmful pathogen in SCC, and controlling the population of garden spider mite and European grape moth. The system includes complex application of biopreparations Extrasol, Pseudobacterin-2, SLOX-eco, BioSleep BW and colloidal sulfur Tiovit Jet, WDG. Biological effectiveness of the organic protection system against oidium amounted to 78.3%, which is only 7.9% lower than the effectiveness of traditional protection system using pesticides. According to the results of ecological and faunistic assessment of biodiversity, a significantly higher indicator of Shannon’s biodiversity index (H) was registered in the complex of mites and insects against the background of the organic protection system rather than the traditional system, with a high coefficient of species similarity of complexes (Kj = 0.53).
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Graymore, Michelle, Graeme Allinson, Mayumi Allinson, Frank Stagnitti, Yasuyuki Shibata y Masatoshi Morita. "Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture V. Behaviour of atrazine in the soils of the south Australian Riverland". Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 70, n.º 3-4 (junio de 1999): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249909358767.
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Samuels, Liam Jay, Mathabatha Evodia Setati y Erna Hailey Blancquaert. "Towards a Better Understanding of the Potential Benefits of Seaweed Based Biostimulants in Vitis vinifera L. Cultivars". Plants 11, n.º 3 (27 de enero de 2022): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030348.
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Globally, 7.4 million hectares of arable land is planted with grapevine with a farm gate value of $68.3 billion. The production of grapes faces growing pressure associated with challenges such as climate change, diminishing resources as well as the overuse of chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides, which have an impact on sustainability. Consequently, viticulture has over the years embraced and implemented various practices such integrated pest management, organic and biodynamic farming to curb the high chemical inputs typically used in conventional farming. Biostimulants and biofertilizers are considered environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternatives to synthetic fertilizers and plant growth regulators. Seaweed is of particular interest because of its availability globally. It was reported that brown seaweed (Ascophyllum spp.) improves plant growth and agricultural productivity, hormonal signalling, and an improved secondary plant metabolism. It also provides an alternative to soil supplementation, avoiding some of the negative effects of fertilizers through the leaching of nutrients into groundwater sources. This review aims to provide a summary of the use of seaweed extracts in grape production and their influence on grapevine physiology and stress adaptation mechanisms.
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Ueoka, Mayumi, Graeme Allinson, Yasmin Kelsall, Michelle Graymore y Frank Stagnitti. "Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture: Behaviour of dithianon and vinclozolin in the soils of the South Australian Riverland". Chemosphere 35, n.º 12 (diciembre de 1997): 2915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00279-8.
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Podgornaya, M. E. y V. V. Chernov. "Regularities of transformation of dimethoate in apple agrocenoses". Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, n.º 154 (21 de octubre de 2020): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2712-7788-2020-1-154-135-140.
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The aim of the research was to identify the regularities of dimethoate transformation in apple agrocenoses under the influence of protection technologies.Methods. The work was done in Toxicological laboratory of the North Caucasus Federal scientific center of horticulture, viticulture, winemaking. The research was conducted in field and laboratory conditions with using of methodological approaches based on modern methods and techniques. The pilot territory was laid in close corporation PPF Central. The extraction of analyzed compounds by plant and soil material is carried out according to the "Guidelines for the determination of micro-quantities of pesticides in plants, processed products, soil and water".Results. The background determination of organophosphate pesticides in soil before the planned treatments during this year revealed: the substance of dimethoate is higher the hygienic regulations in 1.3-1.4 times in 53% of the examined samples. During the harvest period, the content of dimethoate in all soil samples exceeded the permissible concentration, in the control version includes 0.3-0.5 PC of dimethoate. The accumulation of dimethoate is associated with its ability to react with complexing metal ions, which count in our soils is sufficient.Conclusion. Compiling the apple protection system is recommended to take into account that the annual using of dimethoates implying a violation of hygienic standards in soil and apple fruits. If there is a single application, residual amounts of dimethoate are in apple fruits, and their concentrations are exceeding or staying in the maximum permissible level. The samples were taken after 40 days of treatment. We recommend to exclude these insecticides (including D. V. dimetoate) from the apple tree protection system or use single application every 2 years in the first half of growing season.
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Rakitskii, Valery N., Natalya G. Zavolokina y Irina V. Bereznyak. "Working conditions and health risks of operators in the application of pesticides based on mancozeb on high horticultural crops". Hygiene and sanitation 102, n.º 1 (15 de febrero de 2023): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-1-50-54.
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Introduction. The increased interest in viticulture in Russia makes mancozeb-based fungicides in demand. Safety and health of operators during application pesticides is a major concern in agricultural activities. Materials and methods. Field studies to determine the exposure of various formulations of mancozeb in the air of the working area and on the skin of the operators during airblast spraying of orchards were carried out. Margin of safety by exposure (KBtotal) and by absorbed dose (KBabs) were conducted. Exposure assessment included the determination of its probability. Results. Wettable powders compared with water-dispersible granules show a fivefold increase in the average concentrations of mancozeb found in the air of the work area and almost a threefold increase in the skin. Exposure and absorbed dose risk rates for wettable powders are three times higher than for water-dispersible granules. For one of the drugs, the total risk was higher than the tolerable risk. The probability distribution vector of possible danger states for the operator after the sixth hour of work shows the probability of an unacceptable state as the highest. Limitations. The scopes of the study were determined by studying the behaviour of mancozeb in the formulations of the wettable powder and water-dispersible granules during airblast spraying of orchards. Conclusion. For health safety purposes, mancozeb-based preparations should be used in compliance with the regulations and safety measures. Operators, who handle and apply pesticides in orchards, should be forcing to wear protective garments and personal protective equipment. The choice of water-dispersible granules formulation is preferable. Don’t exceed the application rate and spraying time.
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Reiff, Jo, Sebastian Kolb, Martin Entling, Thomas Herndl, Stefan Möth, Andreas Walzer, Matthias Kropf, Christoph Hoffmann y Silvia Winter. "Organic Farming and Cover-Crop Management Reduce Pest Predation in Austrian Vineyards". Insects 12, n.º 3 (4 de marzo de 2021): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030220.
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Habitat simplification and intensive use of pesticides are main drivers of global arthropod declines and are, thus, decreasing natural pest control. Organic farming, complex landscapes, and local vineyard management practices such as implementation of flower-rich cover-crop mixtures may be a promising approach to enhance predator abundance and, therefore, natural pest control. We examined the effect of organic versus integrated management, cover-crop diversity in the vineyard inter-rows, and landscape composition on the natural pest control of Lobesia botrana eggs and pupae. Predation of L. botrana pupae was reduced by organic farming and species-poor cover-crops by about 10%. Predation rates of L. botrana eggs did not differ significantly in any of the studied management options. Dominant predators were earwigs (Forficulidae), bush crickets (Tettigoniidae), and ants (Formicidae). Negative effects of organic viticulture are most likely related to the negative nontarget effects on arthropods related to the frequent sulfur and copper applications in combination with the avoidance of strongly damaging insecticides by integrated winegrowers. While a 10% difference in predation rates on a single pest stage is unlikely to have strong practical implications, our results show that the assumed effectiveness of environmentally friendly agriculture needs to be evaluated for specific crops and regions.
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Dubuis, P. H., G. Bleyer, R. Krause, O. Viret, A.-L. Fabre, M. Werder, A. Naef, M. Breuer y K. Gindro. "VitiMeteo and Agrometeo: Two platforms for plant protection management based on an international collaboration". BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501036.
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The negative effects of plant protection products on the human health and the environment have become a major concern for consumers and politics in Europe. In the last years new policies for risk mitigation and reduction of use of synthetic pesticides has been enforce in Europe and Switzerland. A possible strategy to reduce the use of plant protection products is to spray according to the epidemic of diseases and pests by following decision support systems (DSS). The platform VitiMeteo offers a wide set of forecasting models for viticulture including downy and powdery mildew, black rot, grape berry moth and rust mite. Two research institutes the Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg (Germany) and Agroscope (Switzerland) developed VitiMeteo jointly. A consortium was built with the company Geosens (Germany) which is in charge of the programming of the different forecasting software. Each institute is running his own internet website with specific tools and feature for each country but the core of the system is the same. The combination of these different DSS allows a significant reduction of plant protection products used. All these forecasting systems and tools are freely available for the winegrowers on the platform www.vitimeteo.de and www.agrometeo.ch. The use of these platforms helps the winegrowers to meet current society's expectations.
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Modesti, Margherita, Roberto Forniti, Elena Brunori, Fabio Mencarelli, Andrea Bellincontro y Pietro Tonutti. "Ozone treatments to induce systemic-acquired resistance in leaves of potted vines: molecular responses and NIR evaluation for identifying effective dose and exposition duration". OENO One 56, n.º 1 (23 de febrero de 2022): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.1.5373.
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The European Community has recently imposed considerable restrictions on the use of pesticides, with the establishment of a regulatory framework for the sustainable use of agro-chemicals. However, in the viticulture sector, the intensive use of chemical pesticides, as well as sulfur and copper, is often required. Recently, ozone has been proposed as a possible environmentally friendly tool for controlling the development of pests on vines. However, little is known about the parameters linked to the practical application of ozone for controlling grapevine pests and how it triggers plant defence mechanisms. The main aim of this preliminary study was to determine the concentration of ozone and exposure duration in a treatment for stimulating the expression of systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-related genes, without inducing toxic effects and affecting vine health. In the first trial, three different combinations of ozone concentration and duration of treatment were tested on potted grapevines: i) gaseous ozone at 300 ppb for 12 hours, ii) gaseous ozone at 100 ppb for 6 hours, and iii) gaseous ozone at 100 ppb for 3 hours. Based on the results of the first trial, the potted vines were treated with just 100 ppb for 3 hours in a second trial. Leaves at different developmental stages were sampled. The expression level of systemic acquired resistance-related genes was analysed 12 hours and 7 days after each treatment. Furthermore, physiological parameters and NIR spectra were analysed. Ozone induced a transient up-regulation (limited to 12 hours after the treatments) of chitinases, β-1,3-glucanase and glutathione-S-transferase. On the other hand, pathogen-related (PR) genes showed a more persistent over-expression. The ozone treatment selectively affected the stomatal conductance depending on the different ozone concentrations. Detected NIR spectra revealed significant structural changes in ozone-treated plants, especially in leaves exposed to higher concentrations of ozone. These results suggest that ozone is able to transiently stimulate the expression of some resistance-related genes even at low and non-toxic doses for the vine leaves.
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Nereu, Mauro, Ruben H. Heleno, Francisco Lopez-Núñez, Mário Agostinho y Jaime A. Ramos. "Effects of native biodiversity on grape loss of four castes: testing the biotic resistance hypothesis". Web Ecology 18, n.º 1 (20 de febrero de 2018): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-18-15-2018.
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Abstract. Management of agricultural landscapes can influence the biodiversity and the ecological services provided by these ecosystems, such as natural biological pest control. Viticulture is a very important economic activity in most countries with Mediterranean climate, often shaping their landscapes and culture. Grape production is affected by a number of pests and diseases, and farmers use prophylactic and response-driven pesticides to control these pests. Here we quantified the main biotic causes of crop losses in four grape castes, two red (Touriga Nacional and Baga) and two white (Arinto and Chardonnay), and evaluated the potential effect of native biodiversity to provide biotic resistance to pest outbreaks and grape losses. Specifically, the diversity and abundance of bird and insect communities in these vineyards were quantified and divided into functional guilds (pest, neutral or auxiliary), to test whether these natural communities hold the potential to naturally control grape pests (biotic resistance hypothesis) under normal vineyard management (including pesticide application regimes). A potential association between distance to the vineyard edge and grape losses was also evaluated. We recorded a very small proportion of grape losses (mean = 0.6 %; max = 7.5 %), with insect pests showing a preference for the castes Baga (red) and Chardonnay (white), while bird pests avoided the caste Arinto (white). Grape color did not influence losses caused by insect pests, but birds showed a preference for red castes. The caste Baga was also more vulnerable to losses caused by fungi. Despite their low impact on grape production, most insects and birds detected in the six vineyards were pests, which entails a potentially low level of biotic resistance in this highly managed agricultural ecosystem. Further research is necessary to fully evaluate the role of functional biodiversity in vineyards, particularly if alternative production processes, such as organic farming, can increase the potential of native biodiversity to protect against grape losses from pests under lower regimes of chemical spraying.
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Ueoka, Mayumi, Graeme Allinson, Yasmin Kelsall, Frank Stagnitti, Michelle Graymore y Linda Evans. "Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture ii: Behaviour of dithianon and vinclozolin in an acidic soil of the rutherglen region of Victoria, Australia". Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 70, n.º 3-4 (junio de 1999): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249909358762.
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Ilnitskaya, Elena, Marina Makarkina, Sergey Tokmakov y Victoriya Kotlyar. "DNA-marker identification of Rpv3 and Rpv12 resistance loci in genotypes of table and seedless grape varieties". BIO Web of Conferences 25 (2020): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202503004.
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DNA markers are widely used in grapevine breeding to create forms with combined resistance genes. Downy mildew is one of the most common fungal diseases of the vine in the world. Growing grapevines with increased resistance allows to reduce the number of chemical treatments. The decrease in the use of pesticides is especially significant for viticulture of table varieties, since berries are directly consumed by humans for food. Currently, more than 20 resistance genes have been identified by molecular methods, and DNA markers for many genes have been developed. The genes Rpv3 (inherited from North American grape species) and Rpv12 (derived from V. amurensis) are among the most effective and have an additive effect. The study of 14 table grape varieties for the presence of the Rpv3 gene and 8 varieties for the presence of the Rpv12 gene was performed by using DNA-marker analysis. The analysis included varieties that could inherit these genes from the parent forms, according to their ancestry. The study was conducted using an automatic genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130 and special software GeneMapper and PeakScanner, DNA-markers were taken from literature sources. According to the results of DNA-marker analysis, 9 varieties were identified, including 2 seedless varieties, with the Rpv3299-279 allele in the genotypes, which determines resistance to downy mildew, and 3 table varieties with the Rpv12 gene in the genotypes. One table grape genotype was identified with Rpv3 and Rpv12.