Tesis sobre el tema "Pesticides – Viticulture"
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Alonso, Ugaglia Adeline. "Une approche évolutionniste de la réduction des pesticides en viticulture". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40051/document.
Texto completoThe environmental damage caused by the intensive use of pesticides challenges the current production model in appellation wine growing. We mobilize here an evolutionary framework to understand the lack of change in vineyard phytosanitary protection despite increasing regulatory and social pressure in recent years. After analyzing grape growers’ pesticide lock-in, we consider new protection practices via the concept of environmental innovation. Our case analysis and evolutionary model allow us to show that IPM could significantly reduce pesticide use along win-win trajectories, but also that the lack of specific implementation know-how in farms hampers its adoption. We therefore highlight the importance of learning processes for pesticide reduction in grape growing. In the absence of formal R & D, growers need specialized advice and structured extension services to meet the challenge they face: producing profitable and environmentally friendly wines. Public policies can therefore be based on this result to drive the expected change in a reasonable time
Teysseire, Raphaëlle. "Exposition des riverains de parcelles viticoles aux pesticides : de la compréhension des déterminants de l’exposition aux moyens de prévention". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0049.
Texto completoThe plant protection products include a wide range of active substances intended to protect plants against harmful organisms. Their massive use in agriculture in the last decades has led to a widespread contamination of the environment, resulting in the exposure of non-target species. The populations living near fields treated with pesticides are the object of new concerns from researchers and institutions. The first objective of this thesis was to conduct a bibliographic review of scientific publications that have characterized the exposure to pesticides of subjects living near crops and studied its determinants. The results of this review showed that, exposure to pesticides was higher for people living in agricultural areas than for the general population, for many active substances. On the other hand, scientific literature remained incomplete regarding other potential determinants of exposure, such as agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, occupant characteristics and behavior, and building configuration. In order to improve our knowledge of these factors, to conceive eventually preventive actions, an observational study led by the University of Bordeaux was conducted in Gironde (the PESTIPREV study). A measurement campaign was led in thirty homes adjacent to vineyards to collect pesticide residues on outdoor and indoor surfaces of the home, in order to search for eight fungicides. The second objective of the thesis was to identify the determinants of individual non-dietary exposure to agricultural pesticides of the subjects included in the PESTIPREV study. Our results, obtained using structural equation modeling, showed that the contamination of the garden by agricultural pesticides was positively and significantly associated with the area of vineyards within a 500m radius of the house. On the other hand, dispersive meteorological conditions (rain and wind) were likely to limit the observed pesticide concentrations. Inside the dwelling, pesticide contamination was positively associated with the average annual quantity of phytosanitary compounds sold in the postal area of the dwelling, and with the carrying of pesticides from outside by the occupants. On the opposite, the level of household activity, the cleaning frequency, and the frequency of contact with surfaces were associated with a decrease in contamination. These initial results will be completed by future analyses but allow us to consider management actions related to agricultural practices as well as individual prevention measures for rural populations, whose effectiveness and acceptability will remain to be evaluated in future interventional studies
Ueoka, Mayumi. "Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture : a comparison of the behaviour of the fungicides dithianon and vinclozolin /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AEVP/09aevpu22.pdf.
Texto completoVidal, Marion. "Sortir des phytos en viticulture : pratiques professionnelles, action collective et normalisation environnementale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20058.
Texto completoPesticides used in agriculture are a known environmental problematic fact. Despite the involvement of agriculture and the contribution of significant public funding, agri-environmental public policies deployed for over 40 years struggle to achieve their goals, where sustainable production systems remain convincing but marginal. Faced with this context, designing and spreading alternative techniques to chemicals remains a challenge for government and professionals. From case of a professional project aiming at removing herbicides in the South West of France vineyards, this thesis proposes to re-examine, through the prism of a sociology that pay attention to action (less than actors), the innovation capacity of agriculture and the responsiveness of public authorities about agri-environment, focusing on the analysis of professional collective action as a way of regulating environmental public issues, and considering its development out, in parallel, upstream or below established public policies offer. The research shows that in such conditions, objects, mobiles and collectives comprised by environmental action are heterogeneous, ambiguous, variable and flexible, throughout their discussions. Plurality and change situations emphasize as much unpredictability of collective action that impossibility of standardization, that are likely to call (on the contrary) differentiated institutional responses to the same environmental problem
Domange, Nicolas. "Etude des transferts de produits phytosanitaires à l'échelle de la parcelle et du bassin versant viticole (Rouffach, Haut-Rhin)". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/DOMANGE_Nicolas_2005.pdf.
Texto completoTo understand transfers of pesticides, the catchment of Rouffach (Haut-Rhin, France) and two plots inside (weeded chemically in a full and grassed inter-row on two with weeding on the row) are equipped to quantify the fluxes of 17 active matters in continuously during approximately 6 months per year. The measurement instrumentation of the site is validated by identifying the possible sources of errors (uncertainty and bias) during the evaluation of the pesticide concentration. From a method of decomposition of the measurement acquisition and experiments, we evaluate bias associated with data. The results achieved over the two years of monitoring (2003-2004) with opposite rainfalls enable us to emphasize the principal processes implied in pesticide transfers on this type of medium. All the compounds are detected at least once in 2003 or 2004. The average concentrations of the majority of the pesticides are strong after the first episodes according to application. But the pluviometric factors can make increase strongly the concentrations even several months after the application if the molecules are still mobilizable by runoff. The majority of the compounds are also detected during events with runoff on the impermeable zones, without plot runoff. The unfavourable factors mainly explaining the strong concentrations measured for some pesticides would be an input generalized in time and space and/or properties supporting a durable availability in the zone of interface soil-runoff. We finally validated, by using a simplified hydrological model, the assumption that the response time of the pesticide can be influenced, after the first major event, by the space distribution of the compound input(s) in a prevalent way and, for the following events, by the space distribution plus the pesticide state (desorption/degradation) moving in time according to its characteristics. The total fluxes exported with runoff at catchment outlet spread from 0 to 0,62 % of the applied quantity. The critical events from their hydrological characteristics (intensity, duration) and their situation with respect to the inputs constitute the main part of the exported quantities. The comprehension of pesticides behaviour enables us to propose solutions to limit pesticides transfers at catchment scale
Peyrard, Xavier. "Transfert de produits phytosanitaires par les écoulements latéraux en proche surface dans le Beaujolais de coteaux : suivi sur parcelle exploitée, expérimentation de traçage in situ et modélisation". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1120/document.
Texto completoSubsurface lateral flow may stand for a risky pathway in several agro pedo climatic contexts: in this way, the aim of this thesis work is to improve our understanding of pesticide transfer and dynamics by this pathway. A farmed vine plot, located on a hillslope in the Nord Beaujolais, was instrumented with a trench, a Venturi flume and a shallow groundwater well network. The instrumentation was used during two farming years to continuously monitor pesticide transfers in both subsurface lateral flows and surface runoff at a fine temporal resolution. Lastly, an in situ tracing experiment was conducted and modeled. Hydrological results highlighted a threshold relationship between subsurface lateral flow volumes measured in the trench, the degree of lateral connectivity of the hillslope, rainfall amounts and initial soil water content. The dynamics of these transfers was very variable at the event scale, and in agreement with the physico chemical properties of the substances. Considering all subsurface lateral flow events, pesticides concentrations were described using a decreasing exponential function depending on the time interval between a given event and the last application of the considered pesticides, and their physico chemical properties. At the year scale, the seasonality of pesticide transfers seemed related with the seasonality of subsurface lateral flow and surface runoff. The tracing experiment highlighted two components in subsurface lateral flow: a matrix related one and a preferential related flow component. The preferential component implied short, highly concentrated and significant lateral fluxes. Matrix related component produced continuous and slightly concentrated fluxes over a long period, and was responsible for a bigger part of the total transfer than the preferential component. Links between substance properties and transfer components were highlighted
Schreck, Eva. "Influence des modes d'entretien du sol en milieu viticole sur le transfert des pesticides vers les eaux d'infiltration - Impact sur les lombriciens". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00372036.
Texto completoVidal, Marion. "Sortir des phytos en viticulture : pratiques professionnelles, action collective et normalisation environnementale". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20058/document.
Texto completoPesticides used in agriculture are a known environmental problematic fact. Despite the involvement of agriculture and the contribution of significant public funding, agri-environmental public policies deployed for over 40 years struggle to achieve their goals, where sustainable production systems remain convincing but marginal. Faced with this context, designing and spreading alternative techniques to chemicals remains a challenge for government and professionals. From case of a professional project aiming at removing herbicides in the South West of France vineyards, this thesis proposes to re-examine, through the prism of a sociology that pay attention to action (less than actors), the innovation capacity of agriculture and the responsiveness of public authorities about agri-environment, focusing on the analysis of professional collective action as a way of regulating environmental public issues, and considering its development out, in parallel, upstream or below established public policies offer. The research shows that in such conditions, objects, mobiles and collectives comprised by environmental action are heterogeneous, ambiguous, variable and flexible, throughout their discussions. Plurality and change situations emphasize as much unpredictability of collective action that impossibility of standardization, that are likely to call (on the contrary) differentiated institutional responses to the same environmental problem
Weeks, Santos Shannon. "Étude des réponses adaptatives et délétères des premiers stades du développement de truite arc-en-ciel, Oncorhynchus mykiss, exposés à des produits phytosanitaires utilisés en viticulture". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0003.
Texto completoThe excessive use of pesticides generates significant pollution and degradation of the environment, including aquatic ecosystems. The viticultural activity is not an exception for this rule, and this is why the aim of this work is to study the adaptive or deleterious responses in the early life stages of fish exposed to three phytosanitary products used in viticulture as well as to their mixture and environmental samples. The thesis focuses on the early stages of development of rainbow trout, but also on the trout liver cell line RTL-W1. Trout embryos were exposed to copper, glyphosate and chlorpyrifos alone or as a mixture. Another part of this work consisted in studying the toxic effects of environmental samples of water and sediment coming from a river, La Livenne, close to vineyard plots. All experiments were done under controlled laboratory conditions. The responses induced by these exposures were measured at different levels of biological organization: at the molecular, phenotypic and behavioral level for the in vivo study (rainbow trout larvae); and the analysis of cytotoxic effects and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage for the in vitro study (RTL-W1 line). The results of this work showed that exposure to individual or mixed pesticides in rainbow trout larvae did not produce lethal effects at the tested concentrations. In contrast, these substances caused different sub-lethal effects, depending on the compound and concentrations studied, including teratogenic effects, swim behavior disturbances, genotoxic effects, and differential expression of target genes. Copper was found to be the most toxic causing a major hatching failure. Cytotoxic effects and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed on trout cells exposed to river water extracts. In addition, behavioral effects were observed on trout larvae exposed for 48 h to sediments and Livenne water. In conclusion, these thesis studies revealed sub-lethal effects on cells and early stages of development of rainbow trout exposed to environmental concentrations of pesticides
Bozon, Nicolas. "Coupling atmospheric dispersion model and Geographical Information Systems : application to pesticide spray drift". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20255.
Texto completoAtmospheric pollution due to agricultural pesticide for viticulture is a major concern today, regarding both public health, sustainable agriculture and ecosystems quality monitoring. Atmospheric dispersion modeling and the use of geographic information systems allow us to spatially quantify the atmospheric pollution on a given area. This thesis is based on the coupling of an atmospheric dispersion model and a geographic information system, in order to predict and map atmospheric pollution after pesticide spraying applications. Implementations of digital elevation models and scale changes into the reduced order modeling are described and illustrated. The resulting simulation platform is presented as a Quantum GIS software plugin, thus exploring the Open Source GIS capabilities to implement complex physical models. The platform is finally used on a typical Souther French wine-growing area, and a pollution risk analysis scenario is proposed
Burdziej, Aleksandra. "Effect of selected elicitors on grapevine (Vitis vinifera) primary and secondary metabolism : focus on stilbenes and triterpenoids". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0257.
Texto completoIn the frame of promoting sustainable vitiviniculture, the development of eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic chemical products for phytosanitary treatments against grapevine (Vitis vinifera) pests is gaining importance. One of the bio-control methods that can be proposed is the induction of plant immunity by using elicitors, also called plant defense stimulators (PDS), as these substances are biodegradable and, non-toxic to health and environment. A conferred resistance against various pathogens can be obtained with natural molecules acting most frequently through jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and/or ethylene (ET) signaling pathways. These pathways are involved in the induction of defense-related genes such as those encoding enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of stilbenes, which are the most important polyphenolic antimicrobial metabolites (phytoalexins) in Vitaceae. For vineyard protection, PDS can be applied as a complement for pesticides and not as a full replacement since their effectiveness is often variable according to pathogens and environmental conditions. In order to develop the strategies based on PDS use, more studies which could elucidate their mechanism of action are needed. The aim of this thesis was to examine the responses of grapevine to elicitors of different mode of action, as methyl jasmonate (MeJA), implicated in JA signaling pathway, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), a synthetic analogue of SA, and phosphonates (PHOS), molecules of a double stimulator-fungicide action. Due to scarce information about steroids and pentacyclic triterpenoids in grapevine, their profile after PDS treatment were characterized in different grapevine experimental models using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. Firstly, the effect of elicitation with MeJA was evaluated in cell suspension cultures (in vitro) of V. vinifera. An overproduction of bioactive pentacyclic triterpenoids occurred with differences according to the cultivar studied, i.e., acumulation of betulin and oleanolic acid or phytosterols was noted in respectively Petit Verdot, Gamay Teinturier and Cabernet Sauvignon cell suspension cultures. Then, elicitations were effectuated on the leaves of V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon greenhouse cuttings. A stimulatory effect on the potentially defense-related pentacyclic triterpenoids at the expense of the biosynthesis of sterols, which are essential structural components of cell membranes, was shown. By the use of NeoVigen microarrays, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS), the accumulation of defense-related transcripts and polyphenols (stilbenes, flavanols and flavonols) were noted after the three elicitors treatments. Grapevine protection conferred by these elicitors was confirmed on foliar discs against the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of downy mildew. Furthermore, the impact of PDS on primary metabolism should be evaluated in order to ensure, in the longer term, the best trade-off between growth, yield and defense. Thus, a thorough metabolomic approach using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) was performed. A reprogramming similar and/or specific to the elicitor applied was noted, particularly within carbohydrates, amino acids, and some of the Krebs cycle intermediates. The research presented in the current dissertation revealed that the thorough comprehension of the interaction between elicitor, plant molecular and metabolic responses and pathogen, is crucial for the development of effective protection strategies based on the use of PDS for grapevine diseases control
Renaud-Gentié, Christel. "Eco-efficience des itinéraires techniques viticoles : intérêt et adaptations de l’analyse du cycle de vie pour la prise en compte des spécificités de la viticulture de qualité". Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0002/document.
Texto completoIn order to contribute to the effort of eco-efficiency improvement of the wine sctor, especially in the Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) contaxt, we worked to identify in which conditions Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an appropriate method for environmental assessment, at plot scale, of quality vineyard Technical Management Routes (TMRs), to permit the choice of the most eco-efficient technical operations and TMRs.A methodological framework for LCA suited to this objective was designed and tested on five real and contrasted TMRs, oriented towards a same qualitative objective. These cases were chosen thanks to an original statistical analysis chain, Typ-iti, on the basis of a survey, among the TMRs producing Chenin blanc grapes for PDO dry white wines in the Middle Lore Valley. Five groups were identified and characterized, threee in conventional viticulture, and two in organic viticulture.The methodological framework that was established includes i) the studied system definition including productive and non-productive phases, ii) the choice of the most suitable and available models for calculation of pollutant direct emissions in the vineyard, iii) the customization of the organic pesticide emision calculation model, Pest LCI 2.0, to viticulture specific needs iv) the inclusion of grape quality in the LCA by two functional units including an original grape quality index.LCA proves to be a method complex but powerful, usable at parcel scale for grape production TMRs choice. It revealed i) contrasted eco-efficiencies for the 5 contrasted TMRs, ii) the viticultural practices responsible for these contrasts, iii) solutions for eco-efficiency improvement and quantification of their eco-efficiency effects.The important effect of the production year on the results, highlighted here on one case, must be taken into account in any viticulture LCA. Numerous perspectives of methodological improvement are discussed here in order to increase relevance and completeness of the results as well as genericity of the method and its accessibility for viticulture development stakeholders
ZAMBITO, MARSALA ROBERTA. "Impatto e prevenzione dell'inquinamento delle acque sotterranee da pesticidi e nitrati nei vigneti collinari: valutazione delle fonti di contaminazione e sviluppo delle migliori pratiche di gestione e misure di mitigazione". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/95715.
Texto completoMany anthropic activities give rise to environmental problems for which it is necessary to find solutions. The presence of undesirable substances in water, indeed, can pose a risk to the health and hygiene of both men and animals. It is, therefore, essential to find methods in order to avoid pollutants from these matrices, so as to make them compatible with the maintenance of healthy environmental conditions. This thesis aims to assessing the groundwater quality of an area in which the quality of water was never studied, particularly investigating the occurrence of pesticides and nitrate in order to understand the grant of viticulture on water pollution. This study derives from the necessity to improve the water governance and to implement the best management practices and mitigation measures to prevent groundwater and environmental pollution. The results of monitoring studies showed a contamination of groundwater by pesticides and nitrate and thus an evaluation of PPPs and nitrates source contamination was carried out through isotopic studies of N and O of NO3- , and through hydrologic analysis by use of the model CRITERIA 3D. As one of the main conclusions of the work, the occurrence of PPPs in groundwater in areas with intensive viticultural activities cannot be related just to chemical environmental fate properties or pedoclimatic conditions, but also to end-user behavior. In fact, the contamination source evaluated, resulted to be due to both diffuse and point-source contamination. For what concerns the influence of nitrogen-based fertilization on nitrate occurrence in groundwater, the results showed a high vulnerability of the aquifer to external changes. Isotopic investigations showed that most of the NO3- detected in the groundwater, derived from the use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers, in agreement with the land use and viticulture practices declared by the farmers. The most important result of the study, however, was that at the end of the overall process, the multi-actor approach and engagement strategy adopted were successful in improving attitudes to more sustainable practices.
ZAMBITO, MARSALA ROBERTA. "Impatto e prevenzione dell'inquinamento delle acque sotterranee da pesticidi e nitrati nei vigneti collinari: valutazione delle fonti di contaminazione e sviluppo delle migliori pratiche di gestione e misure di mitigazione". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/95715.
Texto completoMany anthropic activities give rise to environmental problems for which it is necessary to find solutions. The presence of undesirable substances in water, indeed, can pose a risk to the health and hygiene of both men and animals. It is, therefore, essential to find methods in order to avoid pollutants from these matrices, so as to make them compatible with the maintenance of healthy environmental conditions. This thesis aims to assessing the groundwater quality of an area in which the quality of water was never studied, particularly investigating the occurrence of pesticides and nitrate in order to understand the grant of viticulture on water pollution. This study derives from the necessity to improve the water governance and to implement the best management practices and mitigation measures to prevent groundwater and environmental pollution. The results of monitoring studies showed a contamination of groundwater by pesticides and nitrate and thus an evaluation of PPPs and nitrates source contamination was carried out through isotopic studies of N and O of NO3- , and through hydrologic analysis by use of the model CRITERIA 3D. As one of the main conclusions of the work, the occurrence of PPPs in groundwater in areas with intensive viticultural activities cannot be related just to chemical environmental fate properties or pedoclimatic conditions, but also to end-user behavior. In fact, the contamination source evaluated, resulted to be due to both diffuse and point-source contamination. For what concerns the influence of nitrogen-based fertilization on nitrate occurrence in groundwater, the results showed a high vulnerability of the aquifer to external changes. Isotopic investigations showed that most of the NO3- detected in the groundwater, derived from the use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers, in agreement with the land use and viticulture practices declared by the farmers. The most important result of the study, however, was that at the end of the overall process, the multi-actor approach and engagement strategy adopted were successful in improving attitudes to more sustainable practices.
Osmond, Steven John. "A tiered approach to determining the risk of viticulture to associated aquatic ecosystems". Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13837.
Texto completoViticulture is an important agricultural practice in many countries. The long term use of pesticides in vineyards has resulted in increased concentrations of such pollutants in sediments, water and other environmental compartments. Mitigation measures in agriculture, especially vineyard agriculture, are a prerequisite to the sustained integrity of the natural environment, and specifically the aquatic environment. Mitigation presents itself in the form of water bodies, riparian buffer strips, ground vegetation cover, grassed field paths, natural or artificial wetlands and modification of pesticide application rate. However, to our knowledge no studies exist which highlight the state of dams related to viticulture or the use of mitigation measures, in South Africa. The study aimed to quantify the cumulative risk posed to dams on wine farms and the effect of pesticides (fungicides, herbicides and insecticides) on aquatic ecosystems while evaluating the use of mitigation measures in South African viticulture. Epilithic diatom community structure assessment and frustule abnormalities; zooplankton and macroinvertebrate community structure assessment, and characterization of mitigation measures were carried out at nine representative study sites on wine farms in the Western Cape, South Africa. Pesticide risk assessment models PRIMET and PERPEST were employed to assess the risk that pesticides pose at each site from available data. The Relative Risk Model was used to assess the risk posed to identified Risk Regions. Different risk categories were observed across the sites from PRIMET and PERPEST, ranging from no risk to high risk for specific pesticides and relative risk among the risk regions was assessed. Diatom community structure displayed spatial and temporal variability between sites as well as observable diatom frustule abnormalities due to pesticide input. Zooplankton and macroinvertebrate communities displayed variability spatially as well as temporally and this was linked to the presence of pesticides confirming the predictions from PRIMET, PERPEST and the RRM.
Ueoka, Mayumi. "Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture : a comparison of the behaviour of the fungicides dithianon and vinclozolin". 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AEVP/09aevpu22.pdf.
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