Tesis sobre el tema "Pesticides – Environnement"
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Tortrat, Florent. "Modèlisation orientée décision des processus de transfert par ruissellement et subsurface des herbicides dans les bassins versants agricoles". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012049.
Texto completoBlain, Jeffrey. "Géographie et santé environnementale : méthodologie d'évaluation des expositions aux pesticides". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3036.
Texto completoThe analysis of the relationship between the environment and health is a growing concern but complex to study. It uses disciplines such as epidemiology and toxicology, but they know some methodological limitations. Geography and the use of GIS provide a new perspective of analysis and complementary methods that allow us to better understand spatial and temporal issues of environmental impact on health. The analysis of the effects of pesticides on health is an example that reflects these difficulties and needs. GIS methods have been developed at international scale to assess exposures to agricultural pesticides at fine scale, retrospective and pesticides dispersion. The Cancer Environment Department in the Centre Léon Bérard developed projects to create such methods in France, at individual level, including the explanatory variables of residential exposure, and retrospectively that can be integrated and used in epidemiological studies.In addition to this research, studies and measures for the control of presence of pesticides in natural environments are carried out by different actors, but the use of this information often stay limited to their creators. However, they may prove to be complementary and necessary in different areas of environmental or health action. The creation of a tool for sharing and exchange of data was initiated.Environmental health has a growing place in different public and territorial policies, including through territorial planning. However, these require data and tools to be able to consider environmental determinants and health. Exposure to pesticides can thus be incorporated into these policies by strengthening the regulatory framework existing and developing new approaches to reduce the exposure to pesticides of the population
Bonvallot, Nathalie. "Application de la métabolomique à l’étude du lien entre les expositions environnementales aux pesticides pendant la grossesse et le développement de l’enfant : approches épidémiologique et toxicologique". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0041/document.
Texto completoEnvironmental exposure to pesticides is of growing interest in public health, especially in pregnant women. The combination of metabolomics analyses both in human and animal allows testing the utility of this tool in the study of complex mixtures and low-dose exposures. 1H NMR metabolic profiling was carried out on urinary samples collected at the first trimester of pregnancy and cord blood samples at birth for more than 300 women included in the PELAGIE cohort (Britany, France) and on urine, blood, liver and brain from rats and their fetuses orally exposed during the gestation to 8 pesticides representative of human exposures. Based on PLS-DA analyses, a good separation of the metabolic profiles was observed in human according to the percentage of area devoted to cereal crops in the town of residence. The metabolic modifications suggest an osmo-protective mechanism associated with an oxidative stress. Animal data confirmed this hypothesis with plasmatic, liver and brain metabolic changes suggesting a mitochondrial dysfunction. The associated health impacts are yet to be studied
Tonleu, Temgoua Ranil Clément. "Simulation des dégradations environnementales de quelques pesticides électroactifs par couplage électrochimie : spectrométrie de masse haute résolution - calculs théoriques DFT". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT4079.
Texto completoThe simulation/prediction of the environmental degradations of xenobiotics is an important field of research which allows to better understand the potential risks that represent organic contaminants in environmental systems. The main objective of this work is the implementation of hybrid couplings, associating an electrochemical device (EC) with analytical tools that are liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry MS [(EC-LC-MS and EC-MS couplings)] for simulation of the environmental degradation of selected electroactive pesticides. The oxidative degradation of this fungicide was studied using an electrochemical flow-through cell directly coupled to a mass spectrometer for rapid identification of their degradation products. Firstly, the elucidation of the electrochemical behavior of diuron (phenylurea herbicide) was possible through the identification of its oxidation products using EC-LCMS and EC-MS couplings. Secondly, the mimicry by electrochemistry of the environmental degradation of seven other herbicides (fenuron, monuron, isoproturon, chlortoluron, metoxuron, monolinuron, linuron) was implemented. The third part focused on the study of the electrochemical behavior/degradation of a fungicide of the carbamate family (carbendazim). In addition to the known transformation products for these studied pesticides, two new very unstable degradation products have been identified in this work for the first time, mainly quinones imine and nitrenium ions. All the results obtained during this study were supported by quantum mechanics calculations (DFT)
Sabik, Hassan. "Analyses de traces de pesticides organiques : intérêt, méthodologie, exemples". Angers, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ANGE0007.
Texto completoTeysseire, Raphaëlle. "Exposition des riverains de parcelles viticoles aux pesticides : de la compréhension des déterminants de l’exposition aux moyens de prévention". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0049.
Texto completoThe plant protection products include a wide range of active substances intended to protect plants against harmful organisms. Their massive use in agriculture in the last decades has led to a widespread contamination of the environment, resulting in the exposure of non-target species. The populations living near fields treated with pesticides are the object of new concerns from researchers and institutions. The first objective of this thesis was to conduct a bibliographic review of scientific publications that have characterized the exposure to pesticides of subjects living near crops and studied its determinants. The results of this review showed that, exposure to pesticides was higher for people living in agricultural areas than for the general population, for many active substances. On the other hand, scientific literature remained incomplete regarding other potential determinants of exposure, such as agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, occupant characteristics and behavior, and building configuration. In order to improve our knowledge of these factors, to conceive eventually preventive actions, an observational study led by the University of Bordeaux was conducted in Gironde (the PESTIPREV study). A measurement campaign was led in thirty homes adjacent to vineyards to collect pesticide residues on outdoor and indoor surfaces of the home, in order to search for eight fungicides. The second objective of the thesis was to identify the determinants of individual non-dietary exposure to agricultural pesticides of the subjects included in the PESTIPREV study. Our results, obtained using structural equation modeling, showed that the contamination of the garden by agricultural pesticides was positively and significantly associated with the area of vineyards within a 500m radius of the house. On the other hand, dispersive meteorological conditions (rain and wind) were likely to limit the observed pesticide concentrations. Inside the dwelling, pesticide contamination was positively associated with the average annual quantity of phytosanitary compounds sold in the postal area of the dwelling, and with the carrying of pesticides from outside by the occupants. On the opposite, the level of household activity, the cleaning frequency, and the frequency of contact with surfaces were associated with a decrease in contamination. These initial results will be completed by future analyses but allow us to consider management actions related to agricultural practices as well as individual prevention measures for rural populations, whose effectiveness and acceptability will remain to be evaluated in future interventional studies
Diop, Amadou. "Diagnostic des pratiques d'utilisation et quantification des pesticides dans la zone des Niayes de Dakar (Sénégal)". Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959895.
Texto completoBringer, Arno. "Environnement & Conchyliculture : étude des effets des microplastiques et pesticides chez l’huître creuse, Crassostrea gigas, des Pertuis Charentais". Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS012.
Texto completoMicroplastics (MPs) are widely distributed in coastal areas and oceans around the world. MPs are of environmental concern due to their potential impacts on a wide range of marine organisms, so assessing their impact on ecosystems has become an urgent research priority. In addition, the phytosanitary substances regularly used in agriculture flow into coastal environments by runoff. This thesis focused on (i) an exploratory study of a pilot site in Pertuis Charentais (PC) in order to assess the extent of plastic contamination in order to be able to perform toxicity tests on (ii) the early and (iii) late stages of development in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. This work provides a first investigation of the plastic contamination state (macro and micro) of a coastline PC pilot study site, where the presence of aquaculture plastics as well as significant concentrations of MPs in beach sediments, have been identified. In addition, the experiments carried out under controlled laboratory conditions, inform us about the toxic effects of PE-MPs and pesticides on the early stages of development (embryotoxicity). Pesticides dosed in PC seawater have shown significant effects at concentrations close to the natural environment, while MPs are toxic at higher concentrations. Effects on development, growth, and swimming behaviour are to be noted. Additional experiments were carried out on later stages in particular oyster spat showed altered valve behaviour following a 25-day exposure to PE-MPs and chlortoluron, under laboratory conditions. Intergenerational effects have been observed with the use of environmental MPs (cocktail of PE, PP and PVC), aged near oyster farms. The quality and success of fertilization was modified as well as the development and behaviour of D-larvae from parents exposed for two months. These initial results will help strengthen the knowledge of the scientific community and inform shellfish industry professionals and stakeholders on the risks of emerging contaminants, such as MPs and pesticides. Adaptations of shellfish farming practices will be necessary in order to avoid a probable deterioration in the quality of coastal waters in the PC
Barrault, Julia. "Les pratiques de jardinage face aux risques environnementaux et sanitaires des pesticides. Les approches différenciées de la France et du Québec". Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00859540.
Texto completoDORN, STEINMETZ CELINE. "Evaluation de la contamination diffuse de l'environnement par les pesticides : mise au point d'une technique analytique multiresiduelle sur une eau de surface chargee". Strasbourg 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR15006.
Texto completoLangeron, Julie. "Etablissement d’une relation de type structure-propriétés (QSPR) entre les propriétés des pesticides et deux sols de Champagne crayeuse". Thesis, Reims, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIMS023/document.
Texto completoThis work is a part of the multidisciplinary AQUAL research program, which aims at to strive against diffuse pollutions in rural environment. It also took part in the Phyt'Eau Ref program initiated by the “Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture de Champagne-Ardenne”. It deals with the comprehension of retention and transfer of pesticides from soil to groundwaters in Champagne-Ardenne. Two different soils by their organic matter and calcite contents, were chosen to carry out the study in order to evaluate the behavior of pesticides in characteristic soils of the region (pH and calcite content). The study was carried out on forty pesticides from various chemical families and having different physico-chemical properties. The aim was to identify the physico-chemical properties of pesticides governing their retention in soils and then to establish a quantitative structure properties relationship (QSPR) predicting the adsorption coefficient Kd. Adsorption and transfer of pesticides were studied in laboratory through batch experiments (equilibrium study) and soil column reconstituted in laboratory. Adsorption isotherm plot followed by a statistical analysis allowed identifying hydrophobicity, polarisability and solubility as the main physico-chemical parameters correlated to the pesticide retention. Relations combining two of these parameters were proposed and tested in order to predict the pesticide adsorption coefficient. Finally, studies in dynamic mode (column) allowed to evidence that the transfer phenomenon can be correlated to the pesticide adsorption nd that it was possible to go from one to the other parameters describing these two phenomena by simple linear relations, allowing to get rid of onerous experiences
Ghosson, Hikmat. "Development of a novel universal proxy to assess the environmental fate and impact of complex (bio)pesticides by Mass Spectrometry-based Metabolomics". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Perpignan, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PERP0029.
Texto completoDespite the ecological and sanitary awareness, worldwide consumption of pesticides is increasing. As these chemical products represent several adverse effects on human health and environment, measures should be taken in order to limit their impacts. Biocontrol products are proposed as an alternative solution of the synthetic products. In fact, these “biopesticides” are presumed to be less harmful and relatively less persistent. However, this a priori must be examined and strict risk assessment of those new substances should be considered.The development of biocontrol solutions proceeds first of all through the proposed protocols to study their activity and their environmental fate and impact. Currently, half-life (DT50) is used in order to evaluate the environmental fate of synthetic pesticides. However, DT50 approach gives only information about pesticides' persistence in the environment, but no indications concerning the formation of degradation products or its impact on biodiversity are provided. Furthermore, biocontrol products are complex (bio)chemical mixes. The DT50 is not applicable for such complex products. Therefore, novel analytical approaches should be considered in order to overcome these difficulties.A novel approach based on meta-metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry; the “Environmental Metabolic Footprinting” (EMF), was recently introduced. It affords a novel universal and integrative proxy; the “resilience time”, dedicated to assess the environmental fate and impact of complex (bio)pesticides in environmental matrices (e.g. soil, sediment). Nonetheless, the development of such Mass Spectrometry-based untargeted meta-metabolomics approach needs to be in-depth studied. Several tasks should be addressed: 1) performant extraction protocols and GC/LC-(HR)MS-based analytical methods should be set up, 2) suitable data processing and chemometric tools should be developed to deal with the complexity of the generated datasets, 3) the impact of xenometabolome complexity on MS-based analyses should be assessed, and 4) the study of the volatile residues should be considered and thus needs new analytical methodologies to be developed.The work was carried out following 3 main axes. The first axis addressed 1) the development of extraction protocols and LC-HRMS methods to analyze both pesticides xenometabolites and soil endometabolites, and 2) the development of a novel chemometric approach to assess the extraction performance. Novel extraction protocols have been proven optimal for the EMF, and the chemometric approach was thus validated. The second axis assessed the impact of xenometabolome complexity on the determination of environmental biomarkers. Ion suppression was revealed and thus a pragmatic strategy has been developed to overcome its influence. The third axis aimed to set-up a novel methodology in order to analyze the volatile residues of complex pesticides. HS-SPME-GC-MS analyses were coupled to chemometrics in order to perform kinetics studies and to follow the transformation of the volatile residues. The chemometric workflow proved its reliability to explain pesticide’s transformation and novel xenometabolites and by-products were identified.In conclusion, significant advances were carried to the EMF. It has been consolidated for laboratory and field applications that must be investigated in order to improve the proxy and to validate it as a reliable approach for pesticides risk evaluation
Pelé, Fabienne. "Environnement et développement de l'enfant à 2 ans". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1B013/document.
Texto completoBackground: The organism is very sensitive to environment during its developmental period. Number of epidemiological studies has suggested the developmental toxicity of about ten chemical pollutants after prenatal exposure. The general objective of the thesis is to explore the effect of prenatal exposure to certain chemical pollutants (organic solvents, organophosphates pesticides and maternal consumption of fish and shellfish (vectors of pollutants)) on child development at age 2. Methods: This thesis is based on the PELAGIE mother-child cohort that was set up in 2002, in Brittany (FRANCE). In total, 3421 women were included in this cohort at the beginning of pregnancy and 1500 mother- child pairs were followed when the child was 2 years old. Exposures were evaluated at the beginning of pregnancy from questionnaires, job-exposure matrices or measurement of biomarkers of exposure. Health indicators were measured at the 2 years follow-up. At follow-up, questionnaires allowed to obtain information on child behaviour, respiratory manifestations like wheezing, allergies (eczema and food allergy) and growth between birth and the age of two. Results: Prenatal occupational exposure to solvents was associated with higher level of hyperactivity and attention deficit at age 2. This exposure was not associated neither with respiratory nor with allergic manifestations. We also observed that maternal shellfish consumption during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of food allergy in preschoolers. Finally, higher prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides was associated with a decrease height growth velocity at age 2. Conclusion: The present thesis based on the PELAGIE study supported for the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to environmental chemicals may be implicated in the developmental origin of health and diseases
Alonso, Ugaglia Adeline. "Une approche évolutionniste de la réduction des pesticides en viticulture". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40051/document.
Texto completoThe environmental damage caused by the intensive use of pesticides challenges the current production model in appellation wine growing. We mobilize here an evolutionary framework to understand the lack of change in vineyard phytosanitary protection despite increasing regulatory and social pressure in recent years. After analyzing grape growers’ pesticide lock-in, we consider new protection practices via the concept of environmental innovation. Our case analysis and evolutionary model allow us to show that IPM could significantly reduce pesticide use along win-win trajectories, but also that the lack of specific implementation know-how in farms hampers its adoption. We therefore highlight the importance of learning processes for pesticide reduction in grape growing. In the absence of formal R & D, growers need specialized advice and structured extension services to meet the challenge they face: producing profitable and environmentally friendly wines. Public policies can therefore be based on this result to drive the expected change in a reasonable time
Bellora, Cecilia. "Échanges internationaux en agriculture : changements d'utilisation des sols, biodiversité et durabilité environnementale". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CERG0697.
Texto completoThis thesis analyses both theoretically and empirically some of the issues that emerge when applying environmental policies to the agricultural sector in a trade context. In a first part, focus is on crop biodiversity, which is known to maintain agricultural productivity under a large range of environmental conditions. Chapter II empirically confirms this positive impact using a large dataset on South African agriculture. It also shows that biodiversity can reduce the exposure of farmers to production risks and downside risks. At a first glance, crop biodiversity could therefore be integrated in sustainable agricultural policies. Nevertheless, interactions between crop biodiversity effects, environmental policies and trade are complex. Indeed, specialisation induced by trade plays against biodiversity: the composition effect of trade, following comparative advantages, tends to reduce the number of crops cultivated by a given country. One of the mechanisms through which crop biodiversity improves production stability is by participating in the resilience to pests. Then, to face higher pest attacks, farmers use pesticides. But since pesticides harm environment and human health, governments regulate their use. An environmental policy on pesticides can thus have a strategic aspect: allowing the use of more pesticides can lead to gain larger agricultural market shares. Chapter III represents these interactions in a ricardian trade model. It shows that, because not in my backyard effects are larger than strategic impacts, the optimal environmental policy is more stringent under trade than under autarky. Furthermore, because of this stringency, production volatility is generally higher under trade. This could explain part of the background volatility observed on agricultural markets, which have been historically more volatile than those of manufactured products. In a second part of the thesis, chapter IV illustrates the possible leakage effects of environmental policies implemented unilaterally. A computable general equilibrium model is used to quantify the indirect global environmental impacts of a greening of European agriculture through a large shift to organic farming. Organic farming is known for its local environmental benefits, especially on water and soil quality, biodiversity and greenhouse gas emissions. However, organic yields are on average 25% lower than those of conventional farming. We calibrate organic production technologies using micro-level data and find that using organic production techniques on 20% of the European area cultivated with maize, rapeseed, sunflower and wheat results in a large negative productivity shock. This shock affects global markets and induces production and demand displacements, unless the yield gap is reduced. The resulting land use changes are assessed, as well as the corresponding changes in greenhouse gas emissions, chemical inputs use and biodiversity. The negative indirect effects on the environment appear limited compared to the local benefits of adopting greener forms of agriculture in the EU. However, in the case of greenhouse gases, the indirect emissions more than offset the local benefits of organic agriculture. In the case of chemical pollution and biodiversity, results show that indirect effects deserve to be accounted for in life cycle analyses. These findings should not be used to point a finger on organic farming, a large variety of policies and consumption patterns have greater land use change impacts. Nevertheless, they rise some issues, especially on the need for more systematic sustainability assessments, even for environmental polices, the importance of research and development in organic farming to reduce yield gaps and of public policies to help to remove economic factors that could limit the increase of organic yields, such as the relative cost of production factors
Moisan, Frédéric. "Prévalence et facteurs de risque professionnels de la maladie de Parkinson parmi les affiliés à la Mutualité Sociale Agricole". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703143.
Texto completoCotton, Jérôme. "Application de l'analyse métabolomique à la détection ciblée et globale de contaminants organiques dans des matrices agroalimentaires et environnementales par spectrométrie de masse à ultra-haute résolution". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066094/document.
Texto completoPollution of agrifood and environmental water by pesticides and drugs is a real public health concern. There are many quantitative methods developed on triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for their detection, but drug residues and abiotic or biological degradation of pollutants are generally not considered and are limited to a predetermined and restricted list of molecules.In this context, we have developed an analytical method based on metabolomic analyses by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Two matrices (honey and groundwater) were investigated as proof of concept studies. We showed that LC-HRMS associated to data mining tools enables (i) targeted analyses of pollutants, (ii) detection of untargeted and unknown xenobiotics, and (iii) detection of metabolites useful for the characterization of matrices. Then, a large targeted and semi-quantitative approach has been developed and validated for the detection of pesticides, drugs and metabolites in water samples by using on line SPE and UHPLC-ESI-HRMS. This method allowed the detection of 539 organic contaminants at the MLR of 0.1 µg/L in 36 minutes with only 5 milliliter of water. A study of 26 tap water samples from the Paris region showed the presence of 37 pollutants including 6 drugs
Martin, Alexis. "Développement de matériaux innovants à base d’élastomère de silicone pour l’échantillonnage passif de pesticides dans les eaux de surface et de subsurface". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1284/document.
Texto completoTime integrative passive sampling is more and more accepted as an alternative to grab sampling for measurement of organic micropollutants concentrations in aquatic environment. This technique offers the advantage to provide a concentration integrated over the deployment period of the passive sampler and to reduce limit of quantification by combining sampling and in situ pre-concentration steps. The main limitation of passive sampling is the selectivity of the receiving phase for a restricted class of contaminants (hydrophobic or hydrophilic). In this way, we need to deploy several passive samplers for sampling of pesticides covering a wide range of polarities. The aim of this thesis was to develop a receiving phase for passive sampling of pesticides in a single step in aquatic environment.We selected and developed materials for sorption of 28 pesticides with varied physicochemical properties by laboratory tests. The two selected and studied materials were a silicone rubber and a porous copolymer (Oasis ® HLB). Indeed, we shown that silicone rubber have strong affinity for hydrophobic pesticides but they also accumulate polar pesticides. We identified different sorption properties of silicone rubbers owing to their formulation and a possible adsorption mechanism for some pesticides. The composite material developed had mechanical properties adapted for a direct exposition in the aquatic environment and accumulates a range of pesticides expanded for more polar pesticides. These two materials were then shaped as rods for a simple in situ deployment and recovery of pesticides in laboratory. They have been calibrated as passive samplers by studying the impact of flow velocity on uptake kinetic parameters. In situ applications of passive samplers in surface and subsurface waters made it possible to calculate time integrated concentrations of pesticides over a duration exposure of one week. Moreover, we detected organosphorous insecticides underquantified by other techniques of water sampling. They also showed a capacity to integrate short peak contamination of pesticides in various agricultural contexts
Vidal, Marion. "Sortir des phytos en viticulture : pratiques professionnelles, action collective et normalisation environnementale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20058.
Texto completoPesticides used in agriculture are a known environmental problematic fact. Despite the involvement of agriculture and the contribution of significant public funding, agri-environmental public policies deployed for over 40 years struggle to achieve their goals, where sustainable production systems remain convincing but marginal. Faced with this context, designing and spreading alternative techniques to chemicals remains a challenge for government and professionals. From case of a professional project aiming at removing herbicides in the South West of France vineyards, this thesis proposes to re-examine, through the prism of a sociology that pay attention to action (less than actors), the innovation capacity of agriculture and the responsiveness of public authorities about agri-environment, focusing on the analysis of professional collective action as a way of regulating environmental public issues, and considering its development out, in parallel, upstream or below established public policies offer. The research shows that in such conditions, objects, mobiles and collectives comprised by environmental action are heterogeneous, ambiguous, variable and flexible, throughout their discussions. Plurality and change situations emphasize as much unpredictability of collective action that impossibility of standardization, that are likely to call (on the contrary) differentiated institutional responses to the same environmental problem
HOCQUET, ALEXANDRE. "Chimie et environnement. Interactions de faible energie dans une serie de n-phenyl n-pyridylurees (regulateurs de croissance vegetale). Conception d'un videogramme didactique (traitement des emballages de pesticides)". Angers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ANGE0002.
Texto completoJean-Francois, Flore. "Responsabilité civile et dommage à l'environnement". Thesis, Antilles, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANTI0286/document.
Texto completoThe present environmental situation, and expert forecasting related to it, compel toquestion how tort law might be a useful vehicle of both redressing harms, offenses and risksof such to the environment, or better, anticipating them into avoiding them or limiting theirconsequences. The following thesis considers the shortcomings and adequacy of tort law’stools and mechanisms for addressing these environmental concerns. Indeed, it is particularlydifficult to even ascertain most environmental offenses and estimate their cost, particularlywith regard to irreversible harms. Thus, the reasoning demonstrates the emergency of a betteradaptation of both corresponding liability and responsibility, through their different elements,including the duality that characterizes them. Here, we then offer theoretical, technical orpractical considerations, which may be of use in navigating this route.In considering these issues, the food proceeding industry serves as a particularly usefulmodel sector for the demonstration, as it has grappled with many of the same problems andstakes, including liability for human health, without prejudice to other pollutions’ impacts.Furthermore, we aim at rethinking the ill-adapted law to consider liability andresponsibility; this requires that we learn lessons from the results of the reasoning, andmanage with the particularities of interests and actors that intervene, or the larger room thatmust be devoted to the environment in social choices. Specifically, the goal of theanthropocentric approach is to enable to overcome skepticism towards environmentalconcerns, and to underline the fact that these offenses are fundamentally borderless
Meite, Fatima. "Transformation et transport des pesticides inorganiques et de synthèse dans les sols de bassins versants agricoles". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAH003/document.
Texto completoDespite homologation tests of pesticides and metals, alarming concentrations are measured in the environment. A better knowledge of the transformation processes undergone by these products in agrosystems is needed to predict and limit the pollution. This PhD. thesis allowed to understand the transformation and transport of pesticides and metals in agricultural soils during 200 days and with respect to different hydro-climatic conditions using sequential extraction and isotopic fractionation of pesticides (compound specific isotopic analyses, CSIA) and metals. This work revealed the relevant of soil organic matter on the speciation of pollutants, the relationship between hydro-climatic conditions, the dissipation and the transformation mechanisms of peticides, and how pollutant infiltration is controlled both by rainfall length and frequency. These resuls will improve the transport models of pesticides in agrosystems
Cotton, Jérôme. "Application de l'analyse métabolomique à la détection ciblée et globale de contaminants organiques dans des matrices agroalimentaires et environnementales par spectrométrie de masse à ultra-haute résolution". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066094.
Texto completoPollution of agrifood and environmental water by pesticides and drugs is a real public health concern. There are many quantitative methods developed on triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for their detection, but drug residues and abiotic or biological degradation of pollutants are generally not considered and are limited to a predetermined and restricted list of molecules.In this context, we have developed an analytical method based on metabolomic analyses by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Two matrices (honey and groundwater) were investigated as proof of concept studies. We showed that LC-HRMS associated to data mining tools enables (i) targeted analyses of pollutants, (ii) detection of untargeted and unknown xenobiotics, and (iii) detection of metabolites useful for the characterization of matrices. Then, a large targeted and semi-quantitative approach has been developed and validated for the detection of pesticides, drugs and metabolites in water samples by using on line SPE and UHPLC-ESI-HRMS. This method allowed the detection of 539 organic contaminants at the MLR of 0.1 µg/L in 36 minutes with only 5 milliliter of water. A study of 26 tap water samples from the Paris region showed the presence of 37 pollutants including 6 drugs
Jean-Francois, Flore. "Responsabilité civile et dommage à l'environnement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Antilles, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANTI0286.
Texto completoThe present environmental situation, and expert forecasting related to it, compel toquestion how tort law might be a useful vehicle of both redressing harms, offenses and risksof such to the environment, or better, anticipating them into avoiding them or limiting theirconsequences. The following thesis considers the shortcomings and adequacy of tort law’stools and mechanisms for addressing these environmental concerns. Indeed, it is particularlydifficult to even ascertain most environmental offenses and estimate their cost, particularlywith regard to irreversible harms. Thus, the reasoning demonstrates the emergency of a betteradaptation of both corresponding liability and responsibility, through their different elements,including the duality that characterizes them. Here, we then offer theoretical, technical orpractical considerations, which may be of use in navigating this route.In considering these issues, the food proceeding industry serves as a particularly usefulmodel sector for the demonstration, as it has grappled with many of the same problems andstakes, including liability for human health, without prejudice to other pollutions’ impacts.Furthermore, we aim at rethinking the ill-adapted law to consider liability andresponsibility; this requires that we learn lessons from the results of the reasoning, andmanage with the particularities of interests and actors that intervene, or the larger room thatmust be devoted to the environment in social choices. Specifically, the goal of theanthropocentric approach is to enable to overcome skepticism towards environmentalconcerns, and to underline the fact that these offenses are fundamentally borderless
Vidal, Marion. "Sortir des phytos en viticulture : pratiques professionnelles, action collective et normalisation environnementale". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20058/document.
Texto completoPesticides used in agriculture are a known environmental problematic fact. Despite the involvement of agriculture and the contribution of significant public funding, agri-environmental public policies deployed for over 40 years struggle to achieve their goals, where sustainable production systems remain convincing but marginal. Faced with this context, designing and spreading alternative techniques to chemicals remains a challenge for government and professionals. From case of a professional project aiming at removing herbicides in the South West of France vineyards, this thesis proposes to re-examine, through the prism of a sociology that pay attention to action (less than actors), the innovation capacity of agriculture and the responsiveness of public authorities about agri-environment, focusing on the analysis of professional collective action as a way of regulating environmental public issues, and considering its development out, in parallel, upstream or below established public policies offer. The research shows that in such conditions, objects, mobiles and collectives comprised by environmental action are heterogeneous, ambiguous, variable and flexible, throughout their discussions. Plurality and change situations emphasize as much unpredictability of collective action that impossibility of standardization, that are likely to call (on the contrary) differentiated institutional responses to the same environmental problem
Mawussi, Gbénonchi. "Bilan environnemental de l'utilisation de pesticides organochlorés dans les cultures de coton, café et cacao au Togo et recherche d'alternatives par l'évaluation du pouvoir insecticide d'extraits de plantes locales contre le scolyte du café (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari)". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7844/1/mawussi.pdf.
Texto completoQuivet, Étienne. "Analyse du comportement environnemental de pesticides". Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10278.
Texto completoScheyer, Anne. "Développement d'une méthode d'analyse par CPG/MS/MS de 27 pesticides identifiés dans les phases gazeuses,particulaire et liquide de l'atmosphère : Application à l'étude des variations spatio-temporelles des concentrations dans l'air et dans les eaux de pluie". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/SCHEYER_Anne_2004.pdf.
Texto completoThe research focuses on the local transport of pesticides from zones of spraying to urban areas of Strasbourg and on the deposition processes by rain water in urban and rural areas. The pesticides in the atmosphere separate according to their physical chemical properties into the three phases (liquid, gaseous and particulate). A study of the 27 pesticides proposed by the chamber of agriculture of the Bas-Rhin and the most commonly used pesticides was undertaken. The pesticides were identified and quantified in the different phases, by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, using an ion trap, the ionisation process being that of electronic impact. In order to detect traces of pesticides in rain water, it is necessary to use quite a sensitive extraction method. SPME (solid phase micro-extraction) is a commonly used extraction method because it is simple and rapid. Contamination levels of the air in different areas were determined, and seasonal variations for a certain number of pesticides were observed. It was made clear that the concentrations of metalochlor, alachlor, trifluraline, and diflufenican become higher during periods of spraying. Metaloclor and alachlor, commonly used herbicides for the protection of cereal crops were found at high concentrations in rain water (up to 5. 9 μg. L-1 for alachlor on the Strasbourg site in the rain water from the 28th April 2003 until the 15th May 2003). These measures also allow us to follow the distribution of pollutants between the different phases and to show the influence of different weather conditions (temperature, relative humidity. . . ) on the gas/ particle distribution
Fadhuile-Crépy, Adelaïde. "Concurrence et différenciation des produits sur le marché des pesticides : une analyse empirique sur données françaises". Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020005.
Texto completoFollowing the “Grenelle de l’Environnement” the French government takes the commitment to reduce by 50% pesticide use while maintaining current production levels. How can we reach this objective? Is this target sustainable ? This thesis analyzes the demand of farmers and its interaction with firms supply. A desagregated dataset is constructed to analyze the determinants of farmers’ practices related to the characteristics of products and firms that market them. The first chapter estimates a demand system assuming homogeneous products within categories of pesticides. It confirms that the demand is not sensitive to the prices at an aggregated level. It shows that only a very high ad valorem tax would achieve the objective of the ”Grenelle de l’Environnement”. However, this measure would significantly reduce farmers' income. Alternatively, the thesis retains simultaneous action on both the supply and the demand. First, a price index is constructed in the second chapter. It introduces the technical and regulatory specificities of these products by exploiting the panel structure of the price series. Second, the adjusted price computed indexis used in the third chapter which retains structural econometrics framework to analyze the market equilibrium. Taking into account the structure of competition we compute the margins of firms which are generated by different competition conduct. These results are used to evaluate the effect of the modification of the homologation process on margins. We find that important source of margin was generated by this regulation which sustain innovation
Cueff, Sixtine. "Caractérisation des processus de rétention et d'infiltration de l'eau et de pesticides par expérimentations et modélisation en agriculture conventionnelle et agriculture de conservation". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0096.
Texto completoSoil degradation caused by intensive cultivation practices (tillage) led to the development of conservation agriculture (diversification of crop rotation, reduced or no tillage and permanent soil cover). Conservation agriculture leads to major changes of soil physical, chemical and biological properties which modify water and pesticide fate in soils. It is generally assume that conservation agriculture limits the risk of erosion and the contamination of surface water by fertilizers or pesticides. However, in relation with an increase of pesticide use combined with an increase of vertical transfers, the risk to contaminate groundwater may be enhanced compared to a conventionally tilled system (with a mouldboard plow). In this context, the aim of the research program was to characterise the impact of different cropping systems using various approaches combining field and laboratory experiments and modelling. Differences between conservation agriculture and conventional agriculture have been assessed with a systemic approach considering the effects of interactions between practices. The prediction of available water capacity (ie the maximum amount of water that a soil can store and provide to plant roots) with pedotransfer function was studied and allowed identifying the most suitable functions to predict water at field capacity and at wilting point. Three functions calibrated only with conservation agriculture data were then proposed. Leaching experiments were conduct on undisturbed soil columns to assess the influence of cropping practices on three pesticides (metaldehyde, nicosulfuron and mesotrione) behaviour. Pesticide transfer mainly depended on pesticide properties and soil type with only little effect of cropping practices (under the laboratory conditions tested). The fate of nicosulfuron was studied with a 14C labelled molecule and showed that the formation of non-extractable residues was the main dissipation process whatever the agricultural practices and depth. A first modelling attempt was also done to simulate the dissipation of nicosulfuron
Zheng, Shan-qiang. "Comportement de divers pesticides dans les sols. Application en milieux tropical et méditerranéen". Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON13504.
Texto completoKadhel, Philippe. "Pesticides aux Antilles : impact sur la fonction de reproduction". Antilles-Guyane, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGUY0212.
Texto completoReproductive function is known to be sensitive to the effects xenobiotics. The agricultural activies of the French West indies lead to a very hight rate of pesticide use. Individuals professionally exposed to pesticides are at risk. Moreover, the use of chlordecone in the past has caused persistent pollution of the natural environment and the contamination of food products. This raises questions and concerns regarding the potential effects on health in the population as a whole. We investigated, in Guadeloupe, the consequences of pesticide use for the fertility of individuals working on banana plantations. We stutied reproductive function in male ship rats from two ecosystems with different levels of pesticide pollution. We also stutied the level contamination of the population (agricultural workers, pregnant women and neonates) with chlordecone and other persistent pollutants. Finally, we evaluated the incidence of gynaecological cancers. The fertility of agricultural workers (sperm analyses and reproductive hormones) did not seem to be affected by the pesticides currently in use, and were not correlated with blood chlordecone concentration. Chlordecone was the persistent pollutant most frequently detected but concentrations were lower than those associated to toxic effects at Hopewel. The study of wild shpi rats showed the potential problems and limitation of the use of this model as a sentinel species. The incidence gynaecological cancers appears to be consistent with expectations, taking into account the socio-cultural, economic, ethno-geographic and health characteristics of Guadeloupe
Laurenceau, Bernard. "Impact de l'utilisation des pesticides sur la faune sauvage". Nantes, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NANT392P.
Texto completoErrami, Mohamed. "Devenir atmosphérique de bupirimate et transfert de ses métabolites (les diazines) dans l’atmosphère, sa dissipation dans les fruits de tomate et sa dégradation électrochimique". Thesis, Reims, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIMS018/document.
Texto completoThe research study discussed in this thesis concerns the determination of the kinetic rate constants of the electrochemical and heterogeneous degradations of bupirimate. In this study we report the atmospheric fate of four compound heterocyclique by ozone and OH-Radicals using the technique of a simulation chamber coupled to a different analytical system.194 samples tomato samples from an agricultural region of the souss (Agadir, Morrocco) were analyzed for bupirimate (10%) endosulfan (7%), bifenthrine (4%), L. cyhalothrine (3%), iprodione (3%), procymidone (3%), deltamethrine (2%), tetradifon (2%), cypermethrine (1%), chlorothalonil (1%), tau-Fluvalinate (1%) and the concentration of author compounds is less of limits of detection (63%).The electrochemical oxidation of bupirimate is examined by bulk electrolyses at boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode. The influence of operating conditions on the reaction trend is investigated and suitable conditions for oxidative demolition of Bupirimate are individuated. The study also presents the results from bupirimate oxidation at BDD and SnO2 anodes. The COD of bupirimate solution was observed to fall with the first-Order kinetics. We also determined during this work that the constant kinetics of pesticide is about 109.10-4 min-1. In this study, we highlighted that the kinetics of degradation and the outputs of mineralization of bupirimate could be significantly increased, by variation of the various experimental parameters (concentration of electrolyte, value of the imposed current, and concentration of pesticide). The results of mineralization showed that the speed of degradation of the bupirimate by proceeds electrochemical is higher, one has obtains an output of elimination of 84% by the analyses of chromatography.UV spectra and the homogeneous reactivity vis-À-Vis the OH group of 4-Methylpyrimidine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, and pyridine (gaseous products of expected degradation of pesticides), were determined. Kinetic studies were carried out in several atmospheric chambers. The results show that for compounds 6 atoms aromatic ring, with 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms, the rate constants with OH radicals are of the same order of magnitude. The presence of atoms in the aromatic ring has a deactivating effect on the reactivity of these compounds with OH radicals. Moreover, the heterocyclic aromatic having 5 atoms is more highly reactive with OH radicals. The atmospheric lifetimes of these compounds, derived from our spectroscopic and kinetic measurements show that these species tend to be eliminated rapidly by different photochemical ways
Khoury, Randa. "Comportement de deux produits phytosanitaires dans deux sols typiques libanais". Perpignan, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PERP0346.
Texto completoValdes, Ramirez Gabriela. "Développement de biocapteurs ampérométriques pour la quantification des pesticides et mise au point d'électrodes de référence Ag/AgCl d'état solide". Perpignan, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PERP1131.
Texto completoButterlin, Catherine. "Toxicité des organophosphorés et risques sanitaires en hydrologie". Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P232.
Texto completoBouya, Houceine. "Dégradation par voie électrochimique de nitro-benzaldehyde et cyperméthrine et étude cinétique d’oxydation atmosphérique du bupirimate et nitrobenzaldehyde". Thesis, Reims, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REIMS018/document.
Texto completoThis thesis focused on the study of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC), including pesticides and nitro-aromatics compounds in the two compartments, water and atmosphere. The first part of this work concerns the optimization of the different experimental parameters in order to mineralize two compounds (cypermethrin and of 2-Nitrobenzaldehyd), those parameters are initial concentration of compounds, concentration of the electrolyte support, temperature and the density of the current imposed. This mineralization has been done by a direct oxidation through the electrodes of the tin oxide (SnO2) and Boron Doped Diamond (BDD). The degradation process has been followed by the DCO analyzes and the gas chromatography. It has been shown that the rate of mineralization exceeds 80 % for the cypermethrine compound using BDD electrode. The second part is devoted to study the reactivity of bupirimate in heterogeneous phase using ozone and OH radicals as oxidant. The obtained results show that the rate constant values of the analyte are (1,06 ± 0,87) x 10-12 and (5,4 ± 0,3) x 10-20 (cm3 molecule-1 s-1) relative to heterogeneous OH-oxidation and O3, respectively. Such values implicate tropospheric life-times that vary from a few days to several months, meaning that these compounds are relatively persistent and may be transported to regions far from their point of application. The UV-absorption spectra and homogeneous OH-reactivity of 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde compound in the gas phase are investigated. The kinetic studies have been carried out in an atmospheric chamber coupled to an IR spectrometer. The results obtained indicate that the compound studied is susceptible to photolysis in the atmosphere and he exhibit strong reactivity towards OH-radicals. Generally speaking, the atmospheric life-time of this compound is relatively short, in the order of a few minutes to hours and he is non-persistent. Rate constants present a slight variation with the temperature
Boussahel, Rachdi. "Recherche et dosage des pesticides présents dans l'eau en vue de leur élimination". Limoges, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LIMO0008.
Texto completoBoivin, Arnaud. "Disponibilité spatio-temporelle et transfert des pesticides dans le sol". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL069N.
Texto completoAvailable pesticides in soils can be transferred by sail mobile water and contaminate water resources. Our aim was to assess the behaviour of different sail-pesticides combinations ranging from laboratory to field scale, and lasting from minute to season in order to assess the relevance of fixed parameters. Sorption/desorption processes control pesticide immediate availability. Batch sorption and desorption experiments were performed with 13 soils and 5 molecules. Experimental data indicated a gradient in sail sorption for the five molecules : trifluraline >> 2,4-D > isoproturon > atrazine >> Bentazone. Sorption was greatly influenced by naturally occurring sail pH whereas sail organic matter governed the adsorption of the four other compounds. Sorption and desorption are dynamic processes that interact with the compound degradation. Ln the soils, residues can be extractable or not. Bentazone diffusion, linked to its solubility, conduces to its physical entrapment in the sail matrix whereas the larger mineralization of the 2,4-D molecules restricted its availability. At the field scale, sail hydrodynamics controls the behaviour of the applied pesticides. The monitoring of drainage water quality has indicated intra and inter-seasons variations linked bath to sail and molecule physico-chemical properties. Laboratory parameters are inadequate to assess processes complexity at the field scale. Transfer simulations conduced by using the mechanistic, stochastic model AgriFiux© have provided coherent results
Fournier, Jean-Claude. "Aspects du comportement de la microflore dégradant les produits phytosanitaires dans le sol". Perpignan, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PERP0066.
Texto completoPierdet, Manon. "Evolution spatiale et temporelle de la mobilité des contaminants organiques et inorganiques dans des sols viticoles contrastés". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0316.
Texto completoVines have always been present in Gironde but it was in the 19th century that viticulture saw its development. The discovery of Bordeaux mixture based on copper sulphate in 1885 and then the first organic substances around 1960 enabled viticulture to fight against vine diseases affecting production.With the intensive and repeated use of phytosanitary products, wine-growing soils have been and are subject to a strong anthropogenic input of organic and inorganic substances. The soil is the initial receptacle for the fallout, either direct or indirect, of phytosanitary products. As the soil is a living and complex matrix, the physicochemical and biological processes occurring there make the fate of these phytosanitary products still poorly understood in in-situ conditions and difficult to extrapolate to the large panel of these substances.The objective of this work is to better understand the in-situ dynamic of pesticides found in wine-growing soils subject to various phenomena that can lead to their transfer by highlighting three questions:How to explain the current surface contamination of soils?Is there a deep migration of contaminants and how to explain it?Is there a significant dynamic of pesticide dissipation in wine-growing soils that varies over time?These questions were explored on an experimental watershed of Blayais with pedological and chemical variability, from acidic to neutral soils conducive to transfers.Chapter 1 presents a broad characterization of the surface contamination of the soils of the experimental site. Out of 205 molecules and 4 metals sought, 63 molecules and copper were found with concentrations varying from 0.01 ng/g to 1170 ng/g for organics and ranging from 6 to 197 mg/kg for copper. The use-presence relationship made it possible to link the presence of each molecule to its past or present use and thus to establish an index of their persistence in soils. The increased persistence for some now banned molecules is also visible for molecules still in use.Chapter 2 focuses on the vertical mobility of these contaminants via a one-meter coring of soil. For copper, old use strongly marks the soils with a gradual incorporation up to 60 cm in depth with the years of wine use and a total stock of up to 1.8 tonnes of copper per hectare in the oldest plots. While few organic molecules exceed 45 cm in depth, some, current or past, such as triazines metabolites or fluopicolide can be found up to a minimum of 75 cm in depth in some sampled soils.Chapter 3 highlights these phenomena of vertical transfers on a smaller temporal scale and in-situ with the monitoring over one year of the outgoing flows of phytosanitary products via agricultural drainage, strongly linked to rainfall. In parallel, a temporal dynamic of soil-solution exchanges was also shown over a year of cultivation via the monitoring of both the soil solution and the soil. By comparing active-passive sampling, the hypothesis of an increase in the available fraction of copper at the end of winter when the mineralization resumes by the microbial communities of the soils is put forward. This dynamic is also visible for a large number of organic molecules present in solution throughout the year, even for metabolites of molecules not authorized for 15 years.These in-situ monitoring made it possible to identify the most persistent pesticides but also those presenting the highest risk of transfers either to aquatic ecosystems, or to non-target organisms in the soil, or to both, taking into account the temporal variability related to actual environmental condition
Bejjani-Ghauch, Alice. "Apport de l’analyse élémentaire (IBA) et moléculaire (ToF-SIMS) par faisceaux d’ions à l’étude de matériaux d’intérêt environnemental et pharmaceutique". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10302.
Texto completoThe aim of this study is to analyze heterogeneous organic matter by exhibiting analytical difficulties by classical techniques under solid state. The first part of this work is dedicated to the study of pesticides photodegradation impregnated in soils by ToF-SIMS technique. A comparative investigation of the induced phenomenon obtained with the same pesticides deposited as thin layer on a neutral support helped in studying the degradation kinetics of those pesticides especially their half-lives. The second part is dedicated to the development of new analytical method for the analysis of commercialized pharmaceutical compounds without prior sample preparation. We have demonstrated the possibility of active ingredient (A.I.) quantification in the presence of the excipients by the following analytical techniques: IBA techniques if the A.I. contains an heteroatom, however, absent in the excipients. The precision (< 7%) is found to be in the majority of the studied cases within the analytical standards of the quality control processes. ToF-SIMS technique for all drugs however within a specific range of concentration defined by the calibration curves for improved sensitivities. These restrictions in the dynamic concentration range depend on the nature of the mixtures A.I. / Excipients on hand and show evidence of the matrix effect on the other hand. A deep investigation on the matrix nature should improve the sample preparation method for more performance analysis. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the above mentioned techniques whose analytical advantages and limitations have been discussed were applied to such solid matrix samples
Lichiheb, Nebila. "Volatilisation des pesticides depuis les plantes : approche expérimentale et modélisation". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0047/document.
Texto completoThe agricultural activity presents the main source of the atmospheric contamination by pesticides. The occurrence of pesticides in the atmosphere concerns the research community due to their potential impacts on population and ecosystems. The volatilization from plants is higher and faster than the volatilization from soil. However, this transfer pathway is difficult to assess with few available models. The lack of knowledge on pesticide volatilization from plants is essentially linked to the complex interactions between processes occurring at the leaf surface and competing with volatilization, such as leaf penetration and photodegradation. A laboratory volatilization chamber was developed in order to study simultaneously the processes of volatilization and leaf penetration of 3 fungicides (epoxyconazole, chlorothalonil and fenpropidine) applied on wheat leaves. These experimentations allowed a refined description of leaf penetration process using a well-defined sequential extraction procedure of leaves. Leaf penetration coefficients, which are necessary to modelling the pesticide fate in plants, were calculated. Moreover relationships between physicochemical properties of pesticides and processes regulating their distribution on and in plant leaves were identified. The experimental study on the photodegradation process consisted in irradiating wax films using simulated solarlight. The results showed that for experimental conditions and pesticides chosen in our study, photodegradation seems to have played a minor role as dissipation process.The soil-vegetation-atmosphere exchange model SURFATM was adapted for pesticides using an approach inspired from the parameterization developed in the PEARL model. The originality of this model resides in its mechanistic description of the micro-meteorological conditions inside the canopy. As a first step the SURFATM-Pesticides model describes leaf penetration and photodegradation processes using empirical coefficients. Then a distribution of pesticide residues in the different compartments of the leaf surface was identified based on the experimental results. This approach allowed the quantification of pesticide fraction on the leaf surface available for volatilization. The combination of this compartmental approach and the identified relationships between physicochemical properties of pesticides and the leaf penetration process improves the genericity of the model. Moreover, the effect of the pesticide formulation in the commercial preparations was integrated in the model via empirical coefficients allowing a better simulation of the volatilization fluxes in the case of systemic pesticides. Comparison of model results and experimental measurements collected from two datasets showed satisfactory results. Once the contribution of soil volatilization has been activated, the SURFATM-Pesticides model will allow us to predict the overall pesticide volatilization at the field scale
Reyes, Perez Eneida. "Chimie multiphasique des pesticides dans l'air : distribution et photoréactivité". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6048.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the environmental fate of pesticides, particularly in the atmosphere. We are interested on their partitioning between the different phases of the atmosphere and their photolysis in the environment. The partitioning between aqueous and gaseous phases in the atmosphere depends on the Henry’s law constant (H) while the partitioning between atmospheric particulate and gaseous phases is related to their vapor pressure. Henry’s law constants of two widely used herbicides, namely EPTC and trifluralin, were determined as a function of temperature (278 – 293 K) using a device based on a dynamic air/water equilibrium. The obtained results are the first experimental temperature dependence of H for trifluralin and the second one for EPTC. The measurements performed between 278 and 293 K have been used to determine the Van't Hoff expressions of H for both compounds and the corresponding enthalpies of solvation. Our data obtained at 283 K have also helped to calculate that only 0. 3% of gaseous EPTC and 0. 8% of gaseous trifluralin could be scavenged by clouds droplets, which can be considered as negligible. Thus, EPTC and trifluralin are almost exclusively present in the gas phase where degradation takes place through photochemical reactions [. . . ]
Loga, Alina-Dana. "Etude du comportement des fongicides organiques dans le sol : application au cas du Carbendazim". Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0102.
Texto completoThe environmental pollution by pesticides is a diffuse pollution which implies weak concentrations on great surfaces, what doesn't make her nevertheless less dangerous than the one provoked by pollutants of industrial and\or urban origin, on one hand because of the intrinsic toxicity of pesticides and on the other hand because of the possibility of their accumulation in the system soil-air-water, which can cause negative effects on a long-term basis. To estimate correctly the polluting character of a soil-applied pesticide it is necessary to study its behavior in the sail to know the quantities of product that is adsorbed available to plants and susceptible to migrate in the sail and to contaminate the soil water or to remain adsorbed and put accumulation problems. Our work concerns the study of the behavior of two pesticides in the soil mainly that of a fungicide employed intensively on fields and on greenhouses, the Cartiendazim and of another fungicide which has a complementary biologic activity to the first one, the lmazalil. We worked on the active principles and also on the commercial products. We studied the adsorption and the desorption of Carbendazim and lmazalil in a tchernozem type soil, specific for the region of the Western Rumanian Plain, and also in two other witness-soils, the Eurosoils 5 and 6. To have a good image on the intensity of the adsorption of these products in the soil, we measured of the thermal effect of the adsorption of these products in the soil; finally, we studied the thermal decomposition of Carbendazim, to evaluate the potential of application of this method as technique of cleanup, with regard to the other techniques, notably the solvent desorption. The results of the experiments show that in soils with a lot of organic matter the adsorption of Carbendazim and lmazalil is strong, but she is not unimportant for the soil containing a lot of silt and iron oxides neither. The desorbed amounts of Carbendazim and lmazalil in aqueous environment and with the organic solvents were generally small. Best results were obtained by desorption coupled by sonication. The thermal decomposition of Carbendazim in 300°C succeeds on a loss of mass of until 96 %, the main decomposition products being the C02, the water and the methanol. In the case of an accidental pollution of the soil with Carbendazim, the technique of thermal desorption-decomposition would be than preferred to the solvent desorption
Cassigneul, Ana. "Caractérisation de l'effet de l'introduction de cultures intermédiaires sur le devenir des pesticides dans le sol - Cas du glyphosate et du S-métolachlore dans le cadre d'une monoculture de maïs conduite en non-labour". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0029.
Texto completoCover crops have been mainly used to limit soil erosion and water bodies contamination, particularly by nitrates. Their introduction in cropping systems leads to physical, chemical, and biological changes in the soil environment that are likely to influence the fate of pesticides in the soil after application. This thesis studies the impact of the presence of cover crops on the soil surface on two major processes involved in the fate of pesticides - adsorption and degradation, and for two herbicides frequently found in water bodies - glyphosate and S-metolachlor. Adsorption measurements performed in laboratory on 9 types of cover crop mulches show that the adsorption level of the herbicides studied is higher when they are intercepted by decomposed cover crop residues compared to fresh ones, to an extend that depends on the cover crop species and the herbicide physicochemical properties. A predictive model of the sorption level increase as a function of the cover crop residues mineralization is proposed. Monitoring the degradation of radiolabeled herbicides in microcosms under controlled conditions made it possible to compare herbicide fate in soil with that in soil covered with cover crop residues (or mulch). The results show that the herbicide dissipation pathways are different in bare soil compared to mulch-covered soil. A higher immobilization of herbicides in mulches (formation of strongly bound residues), and a variability related to the type of cover crop studied were observed. In addition, the study of the effect of the decomposition degree of cover crops mulches at the time of herbicide application (studied only for S-metolachlor) shows a relationship between the proportion of herbicide intercepted by mulch and the herbicide half-life. The results of the three studies presented in this thesis are discussed with respect to their implications for the environmental assessment of cropping systems. The consideration of soil surface crop residues in soil pesticide transfer models is identified as a challenge to better describe field situations, and thus to better evaluate cropping systems that are in full boom in temperate zone agrosystems. These assessments enable to identify agricultural practices that limit the risk of pollution of water bodies
Cruz-González, Germán. "Dégradation de pesticides organochlorés par procédés d'oxydation avancée utilisant différents types de rayonnements". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0068/document.
Texto completoThis work investigates the efficacy of advanced oxidation processes for the remediation of pesticidesin water, more particularly 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a widely used herbicide that hasrecently been classified as a possible carcinogen to humans. These methods use different types ofradiation - UV / visible, ultrasound, gamma rays - alone or in combination with oxidants and / orcatalysts (ozone, hydrogen peroxide, Fenton’s reagent). The influence of pH, oxidant dose, catalysttype and concentration, light irradiation spectrum, gamma radiation dose and ultrasound frequencyis also analyzed, in order to determine by experimental design the optimal operating ranges for theconversion and mineralization of the pollutant. Of individual processes, only ozonation andhomogeneous Fenton oxidation on the one hand, photolysis and gamma irradiation on the otherhand, achieve the abatement of more than 25% of total organic carbon in one hour. (High frequency)sonolysis appears as the less efficient treatment, resulting in less than 15% of 2,4-D being degradedover the same duration.In addition, marked synergistic effects are demonstrated by combining the different types of radiationwith H2O2 or Fenton’s reagent. In the latter case, the pollutant is decomposed in less than 10 minutes,while the mineralization yield more than doubles compared to the separate processes. It is the samefor UV/O3 coupled process with respect to ozonation and photolysis alone. When accounting for theirenergy consumption, the most effective treatments are, respectively in terms of conversion andmineralization, radio-Fenton oxidation and photo-Fenton oxidation using a low-pressure mercuryvaporUV lamp. Moreover, unlike photolysis, the latter method is also activated by a Xenon arc lamp,whose emission spectrum is close to that of sunlight. Bases on these results, a solar photoreactoroperating in closed loop is used to treat 2,4-D solutions, prepared with tap water or inlet stream ofwastewater treatment plant, by homogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation. In both cases, the conversionof the pesticide exceeds 95% in 1 hour and its mineralization 75% in 5 hours. Moreover, the treatedwater complies with all the quality parameters established by the Cuban norm for wastewaterdischarge, when including a subsequent step of neutralization with Ca(OH)2 and filtration.Finally, several of the best processes are evaluated to eliminate two other organochlorine pesticides,particularly toxic and persistent in the environment: chlordecone and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane.Encouraging results are obtained, with an almost complete degradation of the pollutants in fivehours, which demonstrates the value of the investigated methods for this issue
En este trabajo se estudió la factibilidad de diferentes procesos avanzados de oxidación para laeliminación de plaguicidas en aguas, específicamente el ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D), unode los herbicidas más utilizados a nivel mundial y que recientemente ha sido clasificado comocancerígeno para el hombre. Estos procesos utilizan diferentes tipos de irradiación – UV/Visible,ultrasonido, radiación gamma – solos o en combinación con oxidantes y/o catalizadores (ozono,peróxido de hidrógeno, reactivo de Fenton). Con el objetivo de determinar las condiciones óptimaspara la degradación y mineralización del contaminante, se analizó la influencia del pH, la dosis deoxidante, el tipo y la concentración del catalizador, el espectro de irradiación luminosa, la dosis deirradiación gamma y la frecuencia y potencia ultrasónicas. Entre los procesos individuales,solamente la oxidación Fenton homogénea, la ozonización, la fotólisis y la radiación gamma lograroneliminar más de un 25% del carbono orgánico total en una hora. La sonólisis (a alta frecuencia)resultó el proceso menos eficiente, con una degradación del 2,4-D inferior al 15% en el mismotiempo.Al asociar los diferentes tipos de irradiación con el H2O2 o el reactivo de Fenton, se observaronefectos sinérgicos importantes. Para este último, el contaminante se degradó totalmente en menosde 10 minutos, mientras que la mineralización fue superior al doble de la obtenida para los procesospor separado. Lo mismo ocurrió para el proceso combinado UV/O3, respecto a los procesos defotólisis y ozonización solos. Teniendo en cuenta el consumo energético asociado a la degradacióny mineralización respectivamente, los tratamientos más eficientes fueron el radio-Fenton y el foto-Fenton utilizando una lámpara de baja presión de mercurio. Por otra parte, al contrario de la fotólisis,este último proceso se activó con una lámpara de arco de Xenon, la cual posee un espectro deemisión cercano a la luz solar. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados, se realizó un grupo deexperimentos a escala de banco utilizando un foto-reactor solar, donde se trataron por oxidaciónfoto-Fenton homogénea disoluciones de 2,4-D preparadas con agua técnica y agua residualobtenida a la entrada de una planta de tratamiento de aguas. En los dos casos, la degradación delpesticida supera el 95% en 1 hora y su mineralización en 75% en 5 horas. Además, al incluir unaetapa de neutralización con Ca(OH)2, el agua residual tratada logra cumplir las normas de calidadestablecidas por la norma cubana de vertimiento de aguas residuales.Finalmente, algunos de los procesos con mejores resultados se evaluaron para la eliminación otrosdos pesticidas organoclorados de mayor toxicidad y persistencia en el medio ambiente: laclordecona y el beta hexaclorociclohexano. Al aplicar las técnicas de tratamiento a estoscompuestos se lograron buenos resultados, cercanos a la degradación total de ambos plaguicidasen cinco horas, lo que demuestra el interés de los métodos estudiados en esta tesis
Madrigal, Monarrez Ismael. "Rétention de pesticides dans les sols des dispositifs tampon, enherbés et boisés : rôle des matières organiques". Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2004. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001214.
Texto completoPinheiro, Adilson. "Un outil d'aide à la gestion de la pollution agricole : le modèle POLA". Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT087H.
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