Literatura académica sobre el tema "Personne morale absorbée"

Political realities often mean that familiar moral constraints—against lying, manipulating, coercing, and the like—cannot be upheld without serious consequences for a very large number of vulnerable people. It is commonly argued that, under these ubiquitous political circumstances, putting much weight on non-consequentialist integrity reasons amounts to a self-absorbed preoccupation with “clean hands.” This chapter presents an elaborate response to this self-absorption charge, pivoting on two key claims. First, the familiar equation of “integrity” with “clean hands” is misleading: there are important cases where integrity might be compatible with “dirty hands,” and may even actively push agents to dirty their hands. Second, setting up our policy dilemma as a binary choice between “dirtying our hands” and imposing grave costs on many vulnerable people is often problematic. More often than not, such a binary presentation of the policy situation is misleading and self-serving.

Abstract In this chapter, we reveal a harmonious marriage of virtue with the non-self-absorbed pursuit of happiness empirically conceived: the virtuous person, through use of the same tools used to realize her subjective telos of virtue, also maximizes her pleasure, empirically conceived, in all sorts of valuable non-moral activities. That same reorientation of desire via one’s objective telos of virtue utilized in II.i to guide desire-governance is thus now applied to desire-satisfaction: the obligatory end of cultivating one’s natural capacities with a pragmatic purpose provides a model for organizing one’s pragmatic end-setting generally under the purview of one’s virtuous telos of respecting persons. By affirming that the tools of virtue are simultaneously the tools of happiness, empirically conceived, and that the pursuit of happiness rationally conceived and happiness empirically conceived are both guided by a singular life-guiding telos of making persons as such one’s end, our story of Deontological Eudaemonism is complete.

This chapter argues that Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway and Denmark evinces Wollstonecraft’s troubled integration of universalist abstractions with nascent receptivity to foreignness, challenging the taxonomies of natural philosophy and conjectural history, and redefining her cosmopolitan ethic to incorporate appreciation of diversity. In common with Rousseau, she connects cultural and personal authenticity with moral integrity, suggesting that both are essential for the moral health of a nation. The chapter contends that this emphasis on distinctive national character indicates a growing recognition of the value of culturally specific modes of living. As Wollstonecraft attempts to mediate between her philosophical universalism and the cultural diversity of a pluralist Europe, she begins to adapt her narrative of progress to incorporate her incipient relativism, indicating her willingness to accommodate diversity as well as her growing resistance to economic and cultural imperialism. Refining her cosmopolitan worldview, she envisages the core principles of the Revolution crossing the boundaries of language and culture, at once absorbed by and adapted to the ‘particular soil’ of individual nations.

Chapter 3 explores two aspects of spirit’s social and political nature—its role in the process of absorbing social influences that shape a person’s values, and its responsibility for a person’s emotional reactions to those they consider either part of, or outside of, their social groups or communities—as well as two related problems that arise in corrupt political circumstances. According to Plato’s critique of contemporary Greek society, popular education and politics fail because they reflect a value system informed primarily by human appetite and pleonexia that prioritizes bodily, external, and material goods. When citizens absorb these values through thumos, their resulting moral corruption leads to civic discord as their aggressive spirited desires become directed against one another in their competition for limited appetitive goods. This establishes two challenges for Plato that involve attention to human spirit: making people virtuous through social education and making cities unified and stable.

A key and conceptually important problem in the work of the majority of Russian writers has been the concept of “home” for many years. This image occupies a significant place in the literary process of the beginning of the 20th century, embodying a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, originating in the oral folk tradition. “Home” as a concept contains two most important aspects: the material (the structure and its content) and the spiritual (moral foundations and traditions). The presented article focuses on the features of perception of the image of the home in the works of A.M. Gorky in the 1910s. It is the artistic phenomenon, preserving the cultural traditions in itself, which determines and shapes the worldview of the writer’s characters, their relationship with the world, moral values and ideals. Undoubtedly, at the heart of the creation of this artistic phenomenon are personal author’s memories of his childhood home. Especially interesting in this regard is the home as a kind of nest, a microcosm, which undergoes major changes in the first decades of the 20th century. That is why topos of the home in the works of the writer is inextricably linked with the theme of the family, the images of children, the feeling of warmth. The world in the works of A.M. Gorky is not limited only to the narrow space of the dwelling, it absorbs entire cities and even countries, as happens, for example, in Tales of Italy, but regardless of size, this is the place that becomes a kind of center of attraction, a moral basis, and sometimes a salvation for the heroes of the writer.

Over the past 35 years a great deal has been learned about the mechanisms of photosynthesis, ranging from the ultrafast reactions involved in the initial capture of photons to the slower processes of carbon metabolism. Today our knowledge of photosynthesis and its molecular mechanisms is enormous, so much so that it is difficult for one person to absorb all the information. This is not necessarily a bad thing, since what we have achieved is sufficient information to appreciate the complexity of the “photosynthetic engine” and to identify the main factors that ultimately regulate its efficiency. In this chapter I summarize those areas of photosynthesis research with which I am reasonably familiar and, in so doing, address the question posed by the chapter title. As Blackman (1895a,b) pointed out, the rate of photosynthesis initially rises as the light intensity is increased and then levels off to a plateau. This plot is often referred to as the rate v PFD curve, where PFD stands for Photon Flux Density. Over the years rigorous analyses of the slopes of the rate v PFD curve have been made to obtain a value of the quantum yield (usually expressed as the number of quanta or photons required to produce one molecule of oxygen or to fix one molecule of carbon dioxide). With a few exceptions, the value obtained for a wide range of “non stressed” organisms and plants supplied with excess CO2 is about 9 or a little more (Björkman and Demmig, 1987; Walker, 1992). Bearing in mind that one molecule of oxygen evolved or carbon dioxide fixed is a 4e/4H+ process, then a value of 8 would he consistent with the “Z-scheme” model proposed by Hill and Bendall (1960). In this scheme, each electron is excited twice, first by photosystem two (PSII) and then by photosystem one (PSI). In this way, 8 photons are used to drive 4e/4H+ from water, through PSII and PSI to NADP.

Swift changes in society, related to sciences technicians’ development, technologies, by the increase of general volume of information, pull out new requirements for maintenance, structure, and quality of education. It requires teachers to diversify a tool in the direction of the increase in possibilities of the use of mobile technologies and computer systems. Lately in the world, more attention spared to the use of mobile learning, which in obedience to «Recommendations of UNESCO on the questions of a policy in the area of mobile learning» foresees the use of mobile technology, both separate