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1
Eriksson, Sandra. "Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines." Energies 12, no. 14 (2019): 2830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142830.
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Interest in permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) is continuously increasing worldwide, especially with the increased use of renewable energy and electrification of transports. This special issue contains the successful invited submissions of fifteen papers to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of “Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines”. The focus is on permanent magnet synchronous machines and the electrical systems they are connected to. The presented work represents a wide range of areas. Studies of control systems, both for permanent magnet synchronous machines and for brushless DC motors, are presented and experimentally verified. Design studies of generators for wind power, wave power and hydro power are presented. Finite element method simulations and analytical design methods are used. The presented studies represent several of the different research fields on permanent magnet machines and electric drives.
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Bangun Giri Pamungkas, Suyitno, Daryanto, and Perdamean Sebayang. "PENGARUH DIMENSI MAGNET PERMANEN NdFeB DAN JARAK CELAH UDARA TERHADAP KINERJA GENERATOR MAGNET PERMANEN FLUKS AKSIAL SATU FASA." Journal of Electrical Vocational Education and Technology 2, no. 2 (2020): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jevet.0022.07.
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The purpose of this research is to know the influence of NdFeB permanent magnet dimensions and the distance
 of air gap on performance of single phase axial flux permanent magnet generator. In this research using quantitative approach with experimental method. Research subjects used, namely permanent magnetic generator axial flux with two rotor samples that have different magnetic dimensions and conducted air gap variation. The research data was collected by testing without load and testing with electrical load, to know the performance values of the generator in the form of induction voltage and electric power. The results showed that the induction voltage and electric power were affected by the magnetic dimensions and the distance of the air gap. These results indicate that the rotor with a magnetic surface area of 0.0058 m2 and 0.0034 m2 produces an induced voltage of 91.7 and 27.1 V, as well as a power of 14 and 2.8 W. Whereas, for variations in the air gap with the rotor magnetic surface area 0.0058 m2 and varied 2; 3; 4; 5; and 6 mm produces an induced voltage of 91.7; 89.0; 86.5; 80.2; and 68.5 V, and power of 14; 12; 10.9; 10.5; and 8.8 W. Thus, the use of a magnet ic dimension that is larger and in accordance with the size of the coil, as well as the use of a small air gap distance will result in a better induction voltage value.
 
 Abstrak
 Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dimensi magnet permanen NdFeB dan jarak celah
 udara terhadap kinerja generator magnet permanen fluks aksial satu fasa. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode eksperimen. Subjek penelitian yang digunakan, yaitu generator magnet permanen fluks aksial dengan dua sampel rotor yang memiliki dimensi magnet berbeda dan dilakukan variasi celah udara. Pengumpulan data penelitian dilakukan dengan pengujian tanpa beban dan pengujian dengan beban listrik, untuk mengetahui nilai-nilai kinerja generator berupa tegangan induksi dan daya listriknya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tegangan induksi dan daya listrik dipengaruh oleh dimensi magnet dan jarak celah udara. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pada rotor dengan luas permukaan magnet 0,0058 m2 dan
 0,0034 m2 menghasilkan tegangan induksi sebesar 91,7 dan 27,1 V, serta daya sebesar 14 dan 2,8 W. Sedangkan, pada variasi celah udara dengan rotor luas permukaan magnet 0,0058 m2 dan divariasi 2; 3; 4; 5; dan 6 mm menghasilkan tegangan induksi sebesar 91.7; 89.0; 86.5; 80.2; dan 68.5 V, serta daya sebe sar 14;
 12; 10,9; 10,5; dan 8,8 W. Maka, penggunaan dimensi magnet yang lebih besar dan sesuai dengan ukuran kumparan, serta penggunaan jarak celah udara yang kecil akan menghasilkan nilai tegangan induksi yang lebih baik.
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Xia, Tian, Falong Zhu, Peng Kang, Buyun Sheng, and Yiming Qiu. "An optimal design of the coolant channel across the stator core of the permanent magnet motor." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 68, no. 3 (2022): 347–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-210142.
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For avoiding the damage of the insulation and permanent magnet, the temperature rise of the PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor) should be controlled strictly, it is usually one of the main objectives during improving the output power and torque density beyond the state-of-the-art in motor design. In this research, the coolant channel will be placed within the yoke of the stator core to enhance the heat transfer between the stator core and the coolant. Hydrophobic coating is applied to replace the metal tube for increasing the utilization of the cross area of the coolant channel. The impact of the coolant channel on the performance of the permanent magnet motor is analyzed. A general design method of the coolant channel is presented. The result shows that the change of the stator core loss is within about 10% as the coolant channel is moved away from the slot along the radial direction while the back electromotive force of the motor could keep constant through appropriate design. The impacts of the coolant channels on the magnet performance and the heat dissipation performance could be divided completely with the design method. The method can be applied on various PMSM including SPM (surface-mounted permanent magnet motor) and IPMSM (interior permanent magnet synchronous motor). Sufficient coolant flow could be provide to help conduct the temperature rise of the motor.
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Bai, Gong Ding, Jun Hua Liu, Wei Gang Shan, et al. "Research of PMSM Stator Current Collection System Design Based on C8051F500 and AD7865." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 1458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.1458.
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Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) now is widely used in hybrid vehicle drive area. When the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is used in PMSM control, the stator three phase currents must be collected for its control calculation. In this paper, a PMSM stator current collection system based on C8051F500 and AD7865 is designed, and proved to be effective with experiments.
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Oktaviani, Wiwin A., Taufik Barlian, and Yosi Apriani. "Studi Awal Karakteristik Tegangan Ouput Generator Magnet Permanen dan Generator DC pada Turbin Kubah Masjid Putar." Electrician 14, no. 2 (2020): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/elc.v14n2.2149.
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Intisari — Setiap yang berputar memiliki potensi energi kinetik, tidak terkecuali putaran kubah masjid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi pemanfaatan kubah putar masjid sebagai penghasil energi listrik skala kecil. Generator yang diuji cobakan adalah generator magnet permanen dan generator DC yang dirangkaikan dengan turbin kubah putar. Pengujian dilakukan di dua lokasi, di Jembatan Musi 2 Palembang dan di perairan Sungsang Kabupaten Banyuasin untuk mengukur besaran tegangan dan arus output yang dihasilkan pada berbagai kecepatan angin menggunakan multimeter dan anemometer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tegangan yang dihasilkan oleh putaran kubah masjid menggunakan generator magnet permanen mampu mencapai 14,21 V pada kecepatan angin 3,8 m/det dibandingkan dengan generator DC yang hanya mencapai 3 V pada kecepatan angin 8 m/det. Jika ditinjau dari besaran arus, generator magnet permanen menghasilkan arus konstan sebesar 0,3 A sedangkan pada generator DC arus yang dihasilkan tidak terukur karena nilainya yang amat kecil. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kubah putar masjid dapat dijadikan sebagai turbin angin pada daerah yang memiliki kecepatan angin rendah.
 Kata kunci — kubah masjid putar,generator magnet permanen,generatorDC, turbin angin kecepatan rendah
 
 
 
 Abstract - Every spinning has kinetic energy potential; the mosque dome is no exception. This study aims to determine the potential use of the mosque's turning dome as a producer of small-scale electrical energy. Two types of the generator were tested, which were permanent magnet generator and DC generator, which were coupled with a rotary dome turbine. The test was carried out at two locations, at Palembang Musi 2 Bridge and in the waters of Sungsang, Banyuasin Regency, to measure the amount of voltage and output current generated at various wind speeds using a multimeter and anemometer. The results showed that the voltage generated by the mosque's dome rotation using a permanent magnet generator was able to reach 14.21 V at wind speeds of 3.8 m / sec compared to DC generators, which only reached 3 V at 8 m / s wind speed. When viewed from the amount of current, permanent magnet generators produce a constant current of 0.3 A while in DC generators, the current generated is not measurable because the value is minimal. This research shows that the mosque's rotary dome can be used as a wind turbine in areas that have low wind speeds.
 Keywords - rotary mosque domes, permanent magnet generators, generator DC, low speed wind turbines
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Pang, Da-Chen, Zhen-Jia Shi, Young-Ho Chang, Hua-Chih Huang, and Gia-Thinh Bui. "Investigation of an Interior Micro Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor." Energies 14, no. 14 (2021): 4172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144172.
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This study describes the development of the world’s smallest interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) to increase the torque density of micromotors. The research evaluates the feasibility of the miniaturization of IPMSM since recent studies in this area focus on medium to large size compressor and traction motor applications. The standard-type and spoke-type IPMSM were selected for ease of micro machining. In order to surpass the performance of an inset motor of the same size used in previous research, the interior motors were designed with a different slot pole number, permanent magnet shape and rotor structure. Two types of interior motors were manufactured and tested to compare their performance. It was shown that the spoke-type interior motor had a better output torque, while the standard-type interior motor had a lower torque ripple, and both motors matched the specifications of commercially available motors. To achieve a higher torque density, the IPMSM designs increased the slot pole number from 6 slots 4 poles to 9 slots 6 poles. The torque density of the spoke-type motor was increased by 48% compared to the inset motor. The disadvantage is that the new design has a greater number of parts and smaller size, resulting in difficulties in manufacturing and assembly.
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Ruoff, Chad, Yasemin Tashman, Bernie Miller, et al. "0789 Mask Magnets May Interact with Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators." Sleep 45, Supplement_1 (2022): A342—A343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac079.785.
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Abstract Introduction Placing a magnet over a Permanent Pacemaker (PPM) or Implanted Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) may cause the device to pace asynchronously or inhibit tachyarrhythmia detection, respectively, potentially preventing delivery of electrical shocks. Manufacturers for masks used with positive airway pressure devices have started using magnets in place of more traditional headgear clips to connect the headgear to mask. Mask manufactures do not list presence of a PPM/ICD as a contraindication to use of a mask with magnet but do recommend keeping the mask some distance away from PPM/ICD. A published case series describes two patients with magnet response events captured during PPM/ICD interrogation that correlated with nightly use of CPAP. The authors were able to replicate the response by placing the mask with magnet directly over the patient’s pulse generate site. Although we advise all patients with implanted device to avoid use of masks with magnets, select patients refuse to stop using mask with magnets regardless of our policy. We, therefore, started offering these patients referral for PPM/ICD interrogation to evaluate for an interaction between mask with magnet and PPM/ICD as next best alternative. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients (n=10) referred for routine PPM/ICD interrogation to test whether the mask with magnet interacted with PPM/ICD when mask on face as during normal use (i.e., simulated normal use) or magnetic area of mask placed directly over the PPM/ICD (i.e., direct contact). Results Although no interaction was detected in any patient (n=10) with simulated normal use (0 %), one interaction was documented with direct contact (10 %). Conclusion Although simulated normal use of masks with magnets did not demonstrate any interactions, it is concerning that one patient (10 % of patients) demonstrated an interaction with direct contact of magnetic area of mask over the PPM/ICD. It is not uncommon for patients to remove a mask during the night while sleeping. This preliminary data along with the published case series calls for further research and increased awareness of this potential interaction for both sleep and cardiac health care providers. Support (If Any) None
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Ghani, Noor Syazana Abd, Taib Ibrahim, and Nursyarizal Mohd Nor. "Designing of a generator for wave energy conversion for outdoor activities." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 3 (2020): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i3.pp1415-1422.
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Wave energy is one of the renewable resources with high availability area of the wave across the world. However, the wave power density in Malaysia is smaller compared to other countries with progressive development in Wave Energy Converter (WEC), which leads to wave energy utilization to produce pico-scale power generation for the benefit of outdoor activities. Thus, this paper is presenting the modeling of a tubular longitudinal permanent magnet linear generator for wave energy conversion for outdoor activities. This research aims to design a pico-scale linear generator with 100 W output power utilizing wave energy. The design is also intended to be a portable design with a weight that less than 20 kg, which compatible with outdoor activities. The generator is proposed by designing the different shapes of permanent magnets with slotless configuration. The designs are simulated using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to obtain the performance of flux distribution, flux linkage, and back EMF performance.
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Andrianto, B., B. H. Iswanto, and W. Indrasari. "Faraday’s Law Teaching Aids Using Magnetometers on Smartphone and Infrared Sensors for Electromagnetic Induction Learning." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019, no. 1 (2021): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2019/1/012024.
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Abstract Faraday’s law is one of the abstract physics materials. This research aims to develop Faraday’s Law teaching aids by combining smartphones and infrared sensors. This study uses the Research and Development method, which refers to the ADDIE model. The teaching aids consist of a 45 cm coil whose area is, a 4000 µT neodymium permanent magnet, an Arduino integrated infrared sensor, and a smartphone’s magnetometer sensor using the Phyphox application. The research trials were carried out by varying the number of coils and the height of the falling magnet. The test results obtained data in a magnetic field, the magnetic time passing through the coils, and voltage. Based on the induced emf obtained from observations and calculation results, there is an increase in the number of coils and the height of the falling magnet. This study concludes that Faraday’s law teaching aids can show the effect of the number of coils and the distance of the magnet falling on the magnitude of the induced emf. The developed Faraday’s law teaching aids can be used in the learning process of Faraday’s law.
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Li, Li, Dong Wang, Zong Wei Niu, Zhi Yong Li, and Guang Ming Yuan. "Ultrasonic Machining Aided Tool Rotation of Sintered NdFeB Magnet." Key Engineering Materials 359-360 (November 2007): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.359-360.420.
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A new kind of ultrasonic machining method named ultrasonic machining aided tool rotation is proposed for sintered NdFeB permanent magnet. In the process abrasive slurry enters the machining area through holes in the rotary tool which can assure the grains easily enter the machining surface slurry. Its machining mechanisms are studied and material removal model is developed. Experimental research was carried out on self-made equipment. Experimental results were accordance with the developed model. It is proved that this new kind of ultrasonic machining technology is suitable to machine deep hole for sintered NdFeB material.
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Liu, Zhi Hua, Yu Feng Huang, Jian Peng Li, and Xin Wei Xu. "The Research of a New Method for Manipulating Magnetic Beads through Multi-Layered Flat Micro-Coils Coupled with Permanent Magnet." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 1571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.1571.
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Magnetic bead droplet's non-contacted manipulation can be realized in Electromagnetic MEMS, but how to achieve magnetic beads manipulation is the major problem. A new method of multi-layered flat coils coupled with permanent magnet was proposed. Firstly, the theory of magnetic bead manipulation was analyzed and the main factors affected the magnetic beads manipulation was identified; then the magnetic field of multi-layered flat coils and Stokes viscous resistance of magnetic beads were analyzed and simulated quantificationally; finally the magnetic bead capture area was got under different flow velocity. Consequently the feasibility and correctness of this method was verified.
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Zhang, Jiacheng, and Baojun Ge. "Design and thermal performance analysis of a new water-cooled structure for permanent magnet synchronous motors for electric vehicles." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2022): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci220613153z.
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In order to solve the problem of severe stator winding heating due to the single cooling structure of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for electric vehicles (EVs), and to further improve the heat transfer capability of the PMSM, a new water-cooled structure is proposed in which cooling pipes are placed at the stator yoke to increase the heat transfer area. In order to evaluate the heat transfer effect of this new water-cooled structure, this paper takes a 50kW PMSM for EVs as the research object. By establishing a three-dimensional full-domain fluid-solid coupled heat transfer model, setting boundary conditions and reasonable assumptions, the full-domain fluid-heat coupled field of the PMSM is calculated numerically, and the fluid flow characteristics and heat transfer variation laws of the new water-cooled structure are analyzed. The results show that compared with the original cooling structure, the maximum temperature drop of stator winding and permanent magnet can reach 5.23% and 11.17% respectively. The results obtained can provide a reference for future research on the thermal performance and water-cooled structure optimization of PMSMs for EVs.
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Skjeltorp, Arne T., Paul Dommersnes, and Henrik Høyer. "New Forceful Magnetic Bioseparation using GIAMAG Magnet Systems." MRS Advances 2, no. 24 (2017): 1297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.113.
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ABSTRACTMagnetic bioseparation is an important area of biotechnology. Various techniques are used with a wide range of possible applications in bioscience research. Magnetic micro- or nanospheres can be functionalized with appropriate ligands, such as antibodies, with a high affinity to the target, like cells, bacteria or DNA/RNA. In order to realize magnets with efficient separation capabilities, it is important to have a strong force FM acting on the magnetic bodies. FM is proportional to the product of the magnetic field and the field gradient. Many permanent magnets on the market have large magnetic fields, but relatively weak field gradients. GIAMAG magnets have unique and patented designs that produce both very large magnetic fields and high field gradients, resulting in the most forceful magnetic separators available on the market.
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Sjölund, Jonathan, Anna E. Frost, Mats Leijon, and Sandra Eriksson. "End Effects and Geometric Compensation in Linear Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators with Different Topologies." Designs 5, no. 4 (2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs5040064.
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Electricity production from ocean waves with different solutions is a topic of major research interest. Many of such designs are based on linear generators that inherently introduce end forces. In this paper, detent force using Maxwell Stress Tensor and induced voltage is initially investigated for two different winding patterns for a generator topology with buried magnets in a finite element software. Two ways of overcoming the end forces are further examined: the first method reduces the magnetic flux variations of the translator between stator and air. The second method aims at countering the end forces at both ends for full active stator area. A comparison is then made between buried and surface-mounted topologies for the second end effect compensation method. Both no-load and load conditions are investigated in the comparison. The end effect compensation shows promising results for both topologies. Some clear similarities of the extended stator used to counter the end forces are also apparent, where the stator extensions completely cover the outer poles of both topologies. The results also indicate a longer full active stator area for the buried topology for the same pole-pitch and stroke length, resulting in a higher average voltage for partial stator overlap.
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Li, Jun, Jia Jun Yu, and Zhenxing Chen. "A Review of Control Strategies for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Used in Electric Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 1679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.1679.
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This paper mainly reviews the development of permanent magnet synchronous motor drive system. It presents several approaches of PMSM control strategies, including control strategies based on classical control, modern control and intelligent control. Theoretical background briefly describes the properties of these control techniques. Among these control strategies, vector control and direct torque control are considered as the mature methods for PMSM motors control currently. Advanced control strategies, with adaptive control, variable structure control and intelligent control included, improve the performance of PMSM in some respects, such as variations of plant parameters sensitivity, external disturbance and so on. It shows that the researches in this area are still a popular research topic. Finally, this paper prospected the foreground of the control strategies for PMSM.
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Lin, Lian Dong, and Xue Bing Han. "The Research of Adaptive Robust Predictive Current Control Algorithm of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 1099–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.1099.
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Predictive current control algorithm which based on deadbeat theory is studied in this paper which can improve the current control performance of PMSM. In order to obtain high control effect, on-line access to accurate motor parameters such as fault diagnosis, condition monitoring is important in many areas, especially to improve the traditional deadbeat predictive current control algorithm sensitivity to inductance error, this paper presents an inductor-based parameter identification current predictive control algorithm of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on least mean square (LMS) theory. By Simulation the identified inductance will be feed back to the control model to improve the system tolerance of inductance error. A 0.75KW PMSM is involved to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm, then present and analyse the simulation and experiment results.
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Lu, Hang, Jiawen Xu, and Ruqiang Yan. "A high-efficient piezoelectric wireless energy transmission system based on magnetic force coupling." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 2 (2023): 025007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0103915.
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This research reports an acoustic wireless energy transmission system featuring high efficiency and robustness. The proposed energy transmission system is composed of a piezoelectric cantilever-based transmitter and receiver that are coupled using the forces of permanent magnets. Taking advantage of the strong coupling effect of magnet force, we can transfer mechanical energy wirelessly through mediums of the air and metal plate. The experimental studies show that the voltage transmission efficiencies reach 55.59% and 51.58% in cases of energy transfer through mediums of the air and the air–metal–air, respectively. In addition, the maximum power transmission reaches 42.73 mW at an operational frequency of 104.2 Hz. This wireless energy transmission system can be used for powering devices in enclosed, electrically shielded, and biomedical areas.
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Thampi, Parvathy, and Chitra Kiran. "A Review on Controlling Techniques for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) and Current State of the Art in the Research Area." Communications on Applied Electronics 7, no. 25 (2019): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/cae2019652808.
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Крячок, Александр Степанович, and Андрей Николаевич Красноголовец. "Research of magnetic field in the working area of electric motor with permanent magnets." Technology audit and production reserves 2, no. 5(22) (2015): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2015.41348.
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Ouamara, Daoud, and Frédéric Dubas. "Permanent-Magnet Eddy-Current Losses: A Global Revision of Calculation and Analysis." Mathematical and Computational Applications 24, no. 3 (2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mca24030067.
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Eddy-current analysis is an important research field. This phenomenon occurs in multiple areas and has several applications: electromagnetic braking, repulsive effects, levitation, etc. Thereby, this paper is limited to eddy-current study in rotating electrical machines. In the design process, if the permanent-magnet (PM) loss calculation is very important, the overheating due to eddy-currents must be taken into account. The content of this paper includes sources, calculation methods, reduction techniques, and thermal analysis of PM eddy-current losses. This review aims to act as a guide for the reader to learn about the different aspects and points to consider in studying the eddy-current.
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Lv, Kangfei, Xinwei Dong, and Cong Zhu. "Research on Fault-Tolerant Operation Strategy of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Common DC Bus Open Winding Phase-Breaking Fault." Energies 15, no. 8 (2022): 2927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082927.
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In some key areas, fault-tolerant control is usually needed in order to enable the motor to operate continuously in fault mode. Given that it is difficult to detect the zero-sequence current of the open winding permanent magnet synchronous motor after the phase break fault occurs, the traditional zero-sequence current suppression strategy is no longer applicable after the phase break fault occurs. Therefore, a zero-sequence current suppression strategy for a common DC bus under a phase break fault is proposed in this paper. By establishing the mathematical model between the current component in the synchronous coordinate system and the current component and the zero-sequence current in the static coordinate system, the relationship between the non-fault phase current and the zero-sequence current in the open phase fault is analyzed. A method of suppressing the zero-sequence current by using proportional integral double resonance in a zero-sequence current control loop is proposed. In addition, according to the large number of calculations in traditional space vector modulation (SVPWM)—such as sector judgment and coordinate transformation—a decoupling modulation algorithm is proposed to modulate the reference voltage vector. Finally, the experimental platform for the common DC bus open winding permanent magnet synchronous motor is built, and the zero-sequence current suppression method for the common DC bus OW-PMSM under phase break fault is verified experimentally.
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Lee, Chung-Hui, Hui-Seong Shin, Hong-Rae Noh, and Ki-Chan Kim. "A Study on The Electromagnetic Multi-Step Transmission Characteristics of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors." Energies 15, no. 24 (2022): 9615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249615.
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In this paper, electromagnetic multi-step transmissions are introduced as a method for increasing the torque and efficiency of electric vehicle driving motors. Motors using permanent magnets have a limited ability in increasing the speed as the back electromotive force increases as the speed increases. The electric vehicle driving motor performs field-weakening controls to increase the speed after the rated point. Field-weakening control increases the rotor’s speed by weakening the magnetic flux of the field. At this time, the output is constant as the speed increases. Motors have voltage limits, which also affect the maximum speed of the motor. In order to improve these constraints, there is a case study of electromagnetic shifting phenomena. Examples of the research include the wye-delta method and the method of changing the number of equivalent serial turns. As in the case of previous studies, the problem of increasing back electromotive forces as the speed increases is solved. In this paper, we propose a method to increase the maximum speed by changing the number of parallel paths. In order to lower the back electromotive force at high speeds, the number of parallel paths of the stator windings changed via the thyristor. As the number of stator parallel paths increases, the back electromotive force decreases. When the back electromotive force is lowered, the torque that can be output is reduced, but the maximum speed can increase as the voltage is also lowered. Before shifting, the number of parallel paths is set to two to satisfy high torque at low speeds. After shifting, the maximum speed can be increased to 4 with the number of parallel paths, which can broaden the operating range of the motor. In addition, the resistance of the stator windings is reduced by increasing the number of parallel paths in the high-speed region. The loss that accounts for the largest proportion of the electromagnetic loss of the motor is copper loss, and by reducing it, the efficiency increased. As a result, it increases the operating area and simultaneously increases the high-efficiency area. In order to analyze the electromagnetic characteristic, a finite-element-method-based simulation was used.
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Bai, Gong Ding, Jiang Tao Gai, and Tian Ma. "Research of PMSM Rotor Absolute Position Detection System Based on AU6802N1." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 1195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.1195.
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Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has the advantages such as high power density, simple structure and easy to maintain in the field of hybrid vehicle drive, and has been widely used in many areas. PMSM control methods include Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM), Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Maximum Torque per Current (MTPA) and so on. In these control methods, speed and accuracy of PMSM rotor absolute position detection is the key of its perfect control. The rotor absolute position information is more accurate, the amplitude of its torque ripple will be lower, which means better performance of PMSM control. In this paper, a PMSM rotor absolute position detection system based on AU6802N1 has been designed and produced, and laid a solid foundation for its calibration and improvement.
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Dölker, Eva-Maria, Bojana Petković, Reinhard Schmidt, Marek Ziolkowski, Hartmut Brauer, and Jens Haueisen. "Single voxel approach for Lorentz force evaluation." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, no. 3 (2019): 943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-09-2018-0354.
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Purpose Lorentz force evaluation is a non-destructive evaluation method for conducting specimens. The movement of a specimen relative to a permanent magnet leads to Lorentz forces that are perturbed in the presence of a defect. This defect response signal (DRS) is used for defect reconstruction. To solve a linear inverse problem for defect reconstruction, an accurate and fast forward computation method is required. As existing forward methods are either too slow or too inaccurate, the purpose of this paper is to propose the single voxel approach (SVA) as a novel method. Design/methodology/approach In SVA, the DRS is computed as a superposition of DRSs from single defect voxels, which are calculated in advance, by applying the boundary element source method. This research uses a setup of an isotropic conducting specimen, a spherical permanent magnet and defects of different shapes at different depths. With the help of simulations, this study compares the SVA to the previously proposed approximate forward solution (AFS) and the extended area approach (EAA) using the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE). Simulated data using the finite element method serve as the reference solution. Findings SVA shows across all simulations NRMSE values <2.5 per cent compared to <8 per cent for EAA and <12 per cent for AFS. Originality/value The superposition principle of SVA allows for the application of linear inverse methods for defect reconstruction while providing sufficient accuracy of the forward method.
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Frolov, Ilya Aleksandrovich, Andrei Aleksandrovich Vorotnikov, Semyon Viktorovich Bushuev, Elena Alekseevna Melnichenko та Yuri Viktorovich Poduraev. "Influence of Permanent Magnets Installation Approach on the Torque of а Magneto-Rheological Disk Brake". Advances in Science and Technology 105 (квітень 2021): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.105.184.
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Magnetorheological braking devices function due to the organization of domain structures between liquid and solid magnetic materials under the action of an electromagnetic or magnetic field. The disc is most widely used as a rotating braking element that made of a solid magnetic material due to the large area of contact with a magnetorheological fluid. Many factors affect the braking characteristics of the magnetorheological disc brake. Specifically, the value of the magnetic field and how the field is distributed across the work element is significantly affected at the braking torque. There are different ways to generate a magnetic field. In this study, the method of installation of permanent magnets into the construction, allowing to increase the braking torque of the magnetorheological disc brake is proposed. Simulation modelling showing the distribution of the magnetic field across the disk depending on the installation of permanent magnets with different pole orientations were carried out. The model takes into account the possibility of increasing the gap between solid magnetic materials of the structure, inside them which the magnetorheological fluid is placed. Comparative estimation of the distribution of the magnetic fields depending on the chosen method of installation of permanent magnets with different orientations of their poles is carried out. Further research is planned to focus on a comparative assessment of the distribution of magnetic fields depending on the selected material of the braking chamber.
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Bharati, Servesh, and Mrs Madhu Upadhyay. "Review on Electric Traction Systems Driving Induction Motor and Associated Power Quality Issues." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 6, no. 3 (2020): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v6i3.278.
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The traction systems for electric vehicles have advanced considerably over recent years, with the application of different topologies of power converters for the control of various types of electric induction motors and permanent magnet. Furthermore, the evolution of power semiconductor elements of Si to SiC wideband have opened up lines of research and development in this area. The trend of manufacturer’s traction systems is to reach compact systems where the power dissipation is high and the reduction of losses is minimal, for it the implementation of topologies of converters with SiC devices seems to be a good alternative of use to improve the performance of these systems. This paper studies the basic topologies of back to back converter in traction systems als well as the powr quality issues arriving in these systems.
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Bharati, Servesh, and Mrs Madhu Upadhyay. "Review On Electric Traction Systems Driving Induction Motor and Associated Power Quality Issues." IJOSTHE 7, no. 1 (2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ojssports.v7i1.120.
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The traction systems for electric vehicles have advanced considerably over recent years, with the application of different topologies of power converters for the control of various types of electric induction motors and permanent magnet. Furthermore, the evolution of power semiconductor elements of Si to SiC wideband have opened up lines of research and development in this area. The trend of manufacturer’s traction systems is to reach compact systems where the power dissipation is high and the reduction of losses is minimal, for it the implementation of topologies of converters with SiC devices seems to be a good alternative of use to improve the performance of these systems. This paper studies the basic topologies of back to back converter in traction systems als well as the powr quality issues arriving in these systems.
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Brescia, Elia, Donatello Costantino, Federico Marzo, Paolo Roberto Massenio, Giuseppe Leonardo Cascella, and David Naso. "Automated Multistep Parameter Identification of SPMSMs in Large-Scale Applications Using Cloud Computing Resources." Sensors 21, no. 14 (2021): 4699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144699.
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Parameter identification of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) represents a well-established research area. However, parameter estimation of multiple running machines in large-scale applications has not yet been investigated. In this context, a flexible and automated approach is required to minimize complexity, costs, and human interventions without requiring machine information. This paper proposes a novel identification strategy for surface PMSMs (SPMSMs), highly suitable for large-scale systems. A novel multistep approach using measurement data at different operating conditions of the SPMSM is proposed to perform the parameter identification without requiring signal injection, extra sensors, machine information, and human interventions. Thus, the proposed method overcomes numerous issues of the existing parameter identification schemes. An IoT/cloud architecture is designed to implement the proposed multistep procedure and massively perform SPMSM parameter identifications. Finally, hardware-in-the-loop results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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Shvedchykova, Iryna, Inna Melkonova, and Julia Romanchenko. "RESEARCH OF MAGNETIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION IN THE WORKING AREA OF DISK SEPARATOR, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT AN INFLUENCE OF MATERIALS OF PERMANENT MAGNETS." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 1 (January 31, 2020): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2020.001106.
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Based on the results of a numerical-field analysis of the distribution of the magnetic force field in the working area of the disk magnetic separator, designed to clean bulk substances from ferromagnetic inclusions, the influence of the magnetic material of the poles of the magnetic system on the field distribution is determined. A consistent study of two magnetic systems assembled on the basis of magnetic materials of different classes is carried out. The finite element method implemented in the COMSOL Multiphysics software environment is used to calculate the distribution of magnetic induction in a disk magnetic separator with rare-earth and ferrite magnets. Due to the complexity of the spatial geometry of the force field in the working area of the disk magnetic separator, a three-dimensional model of the magnetic system is developed. A comparative analysis of the distribution of the magnetic force field in the working area of the disk separator with a highly coercive magnetic system and with a magnetic system based on ferrite blocks is carried out. As a result of the analysis, it is found that the indicators of the intensity and heterogeneity of the magnetic field for a highly coercive magnetic system significantly exceed the corresponding parameters of a ferrite magnetic system. It is proved that when choosing magnets for the magnetic system of a disk separator, preference should be given to highly coercive alloys, the magnetic properties of which significantly exceed the magnetic properties of ferrite magnets. To reduce the cost of the magnetic system of the disk separator, the use of a combined magnetic system assembled from magnetic materials of different classes is proposed. Studies of combined magnetic systems with various mass fractions of magnetic materials are done. The ratio of the mass fractions of magnets of various properties in the poles of the magnetic system is determined, at which sufficiently high magnetic characteristics are provided in the working area. It is shown that the presence of a ferrite fraction in the magnetic poles not only reduces the cost of the magnetic system of the separator, but also reduces the mass of the system. The tasks of further research are justified
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Englbrecht, Franz, Felix Balling, Thomas Federico Rösch, et al. "Characterization of online high dynamic range imaging for laser-driven ion beam diagnostics using visible light." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 3, no. 2 (2017): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2017-0070.
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AbstractLaser-driven acceleration of particle beams is an emerging modality under research for biomedical applications. The spatially resolved diagnostics of laser-accelerated proton bunches is crucial for their application. The RadEye detector, featuring up to 10 cm x 5 cm area of online complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) detector made of 48 μm pixels, is established for x-ray, proton and ion beam diagnostics. We exploit the usually undesired ‘Image lag’ phenomenon of incomplete pixel reset to generate 2D-images with a larger dynamic range than the single frame range of 12-bit. Using 532 nm laser pulses and computer simulations for single-slit diffraction, calibration factors to stack multiple readouts were successfully derived to quantitatively reconstruct spatial information about an optical beam and hence extend the dynamic range of the detector compared to a single frame. The final goal is focus quantification for a permanent magnet quadrupole system for protons and terawatt (TW-class) laser focus diagnostics.
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Sidorkin, D. I., and K. S. Kupavykh. "Justification on Choosing Screw Pumping Units as Energy Efficient Artificial Lift Technology." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 64, no. 2 (2021): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2021-64-2-143-151.
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The paper analyzes the main techniques and technologies of oil fluid recovery in the context of energy consumption, significantly rising over the latest decade. It is recognized that the number of publications in the area of energy efficiency is growing steadily. Currently Russian oil and gas industry are facing the task of accelerating reduction of energy consumption while preserving, or even increasing, production rates. The task is complicated by the fact that the majority of deposits in Russia either have already entered (primarily, Volga-Ural region) or are now entering (West Siberia) their last stage of exploration, whereas new deposits in East Siberia are only being brought into production. Furthermore, a lot of new deposits, which provide for high recovery rates, are profitable a priori as at the first stage of exploration they do not need any artificial lift due to their free flow production without any oil well pumps. However, there is a significant share of new deposits with low-permeability reservoirs, which require either a system of reservoir pressure maintenance or periodic hydraulic fracturing. At the same time deposits at the late stages of exploration, apart from the use of pump units, systems of reservoir pressure maintenance and hydraulic fracturing, require regular repair and restoration, measures against salt and heavy oil sediments, mechanical impurities, flooding, etc., which all has a negative effect on well profitability. In order to solve these problems, the authors review existing methods and calculate specific energy consumption using various pump systems for hypothetical wells, varying in yield. According to the research results, it has been revealed that from the point of view of energy efficiency, it is desirable to equip low- and low-yield wells with sucker rod progressive cavity pump units, medium-yield ones – with electric progressive cavity pumps driven by permanent magnet motor, medium- and high-yield wells – with electric progressive cavity pumps or electric submersible pumps driven by permanent magnet motor, depending on the characteristics of the pumpedout oil fluid.
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Mohd Zaihidee, Fardila, Saad Mekhilef, and Marizan Mubin. "Robust Speed Control of PMSM Using Sliding Mode Control (SMC)—A Review." Energies 12, no. 9 (2019): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091669.
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Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are known as highly efficient motors and are slowly replacing induction motors in diverse industries. PMSM systems are nonlinear and consist of time-varying parameters with high-order complex dynamics. High performance applications of PMSMs require their speed controllers to provide a fast response, precise tracking, small overshoot and strong disturbance rejection ability. Sliding mode control (SMC) is well known as a robust control method for systems with parameter variations and external disturbances. This paper investigates the current status of implementation of sliding mode control speed control of PMSMs. Our aim is to highlight various designs of sliding surface and composite controller designs with SMC implementation, which purpose is to improve controller’s robustness and/or to reduce SMC chattering. SMC enhancement using fractional order sliding surface design is elaborated and verified by simulation results presented. Remarkable features as well as disadvantages of previous works are summarized. Ideas on possible future works are also discussed, which emphasize on current gaps in this area of research.
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Alkorta, Patxi, Oscar Barambones, José Cortajarena, Itziar Martija, and Fco Maseda. "Effective Position Control for a Three-Phase Motor." Electronics 9, no. 2 (2020): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020241.
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This document presents an efficient proportional derivative (PD) position controller for three-phase motor drives. The regulator has been designed in frequency domain, employing the direct–quadrature (d–q) synchronous rotating reference frame and the indirect vector control. The presented position regulator is easy to tune and incorporates a feed forward (FF) term to compensate effectively the effect of the load disturbance. This position controller has been validated experimentally by using two industrial three-phase motors: an induction motor (IM) of 7.5 kW and a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) of 3.83 kW. The inner proportional integral (PI) current loops of both machines have also been designed in the frequency domain. Each machine has connected in its shaft an incremental encoder of 4096 pulses per revolution, to measure the position. Several simulations and experimental tests have been carried out with both motors, in favorable conditions and also with various types of adversities (parametric uncertainties, unknown load disturbance and measurement noise in the position and current loops), getting very good results and suggesting that this controller could be used in the research area and also in the industry.
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Suherman, Yudha, and Tajuddin Nur. "Pengaruh Kombinasi Pemangkasan Ujung Magnet Permanen dan Axial Channel pada inti rotor terhadap Torka Cogging pada Generator Tipe Fractional Slot Number." Jurnal Elektro 13, no. 2 (2021): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25170/jurnalelektro.v13i2.1973.
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This paper is about to discuss the effect of combining a magnetic shaping technique with an axial channel in the rotor core to reduce the cogging torque of a permanent magnet synchronous generator. Computation process is performed by using the optimization response surface method. In this case, this research is done by employing two types of axial channel systems, namely circular and hexagonal. The axial channel area at the core of the engine rotor is 0.000279683 m2. Determination of magnetic shaping was carried out with an angle of 10 and a surface angle of 530. The effect of the combination of the cogging torque reduction technique with magnetic shaping and axal channel was analyzed by numerical method based on the finite element method (FEMM). Based on the analysis, it is found that the combination shows a decrease in cogging torque by 98% when compared with the cogging torque in the initial design (initial structure). Another advantage of the combination of the two cogging torque reduction techniques is that there is no significant increase in the magnetic flux density of the engine core. It can be said that the combination of the cogging torque reduction technique and the axial channel at the core of the engine rotor can significantly reduce the cogging torque.
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Gonzalez, Emmanuel A., Ivo Petráš, and Manuel D. Ortigueira. "Novel polarization index evaluation formula and fractional-order dynamics in electric motor insulation resistance." Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis 21, no. 3 (2018): 613–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fca-2018-0033.
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Abstract One of the common test metrics prescribed by IEEE Std 43 for testing motor insulation is the Polarization Index (P.I.) which evaluates the “goodness” of the machine’s insulation resistance by getting the ratio of the insulation resistance measured upon reaching t2 > 0 minutes (IRt2) from t1 > 0 minutes (IRt2) for t2 > t1 > 0, after applying a DC step voltage. However, such definition varies from different manufacturers and operators despite of decades of research in this area because the values of t1 and t2 remain to be uncertain. It is hypothesized in this paper that the main cause of having various P.I. definitions in literature is due to the lack of understanding of the electric motor’s dynamics at a systems level which is usually assumed to follow the dynamics of the exponential function. As a result, we introduce in this paper the fractional dynamics of an electric motor insulation resistance that could be represented by fractional-order model and where the resistance follows the property of a Mittag-Leffler function rather than an exponential function as observed on the tests done on a 415-V permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). As a result, a new PMSM health measure called the Three-Point Polarization Index (3PPI) is proposed.
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Patoding, Hestikah Eirene, Yolgi Jaya Octaf, Ezriel Dukku, Yulianus Songli, and Musa B. Palungan. "Design of wind power plant with a turbine capacity of 300 Watt." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2394, no. 1 (2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2394/1/012026.
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Abstract Wind is a renewable energy source that is abundant and can be used for areas that have not been reached by electricity. Wind power plants can be used to meet household-scale electricity needs. The purpose of this study is to design, test, and analyze wind power plants as an alternative power source for home lighting. This research method uses a horizontal type wind turbine that has 3 blades, a three-phase AC permanent magnet generator type wind turbine that can generate electricity up to 300-310 Watts. The results of the wind turbine design have worked well. Testing the voltage and current from the controller to the battery produces the highest voltage of 14 Volts, with a current of 1.38 Ampere at a wind speed of 4.1 m/s. The higher the wind speed, the higher the voltage and current. The magnitude of the DC and AC voltages is determined by the wind speed and also when it is loaded.
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Lykhohub, Anna, Mykhayl Kovalenko, Igor Tkachuk, and Anton Goncharyk. "Parametric optimization of magnetoelectric generator with double stator." Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice, no. 1 (5) (May 28, 2021): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-3944.2021.1.06.
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A methodology for the optimization-parametric calculation of geometric parameters of the design of an axial-flux permanent magnet generator has been developed. The developed methodology can be used to calculate and optimize geometric parameters in an automated mode for almost any type of electromechanical energy converter. The operation of the developed system is based on the interconnections between the computer-aided design system, software package, and numerical calculation of the electromagnetic field with the possibility of feedback and parameterization and a computing environment such as Matlab. The parameterized geometric model is constructed on the example of an axial-flux permanent magnet generator with a double stator. Subsequently, parametric optimization of geometric parameters was performed using the developed algorithm. The use of the developed solution reduces the time spent by the researcher on the calculation of geometry and optimization. Parameterization is performed at all stages of construction of a single part, the geometry of which is planned to change, and in each part of the assemblies if any in a particular case. That is, with the help of the developed model, it is possible to program the optimization of both a separate structural element of the studied system and the object as a whole. In the process of optimization, the main geometrical parameters of the investigated end generator with double side changed: stator yoke, air gap, gear-groove zone of the stator, housing elements. As a result of parametric optimization of the geometry of the prototype, it was possible to reduce the geometric dimensions by optimizing the magnitude of the magnetic induction in some areas of the magnetic core of the studied generator. Due to the application of the developed algorithm, it was possible to reduce the cost of the generator, as well as the volume of the magnetic circuit by 18.1% and 24.3%, respectively. This indicates the effectiveness of the developed algorithm and the possibility of using this algorithm in further research
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Białek, Marcin, and Cezary Jędryczka. "Design and Optimization of a Magnetic Field Exciter for Controlling Magnetorheological Fluid in a Hybrid Soft-Rigid Jaw Gripper." Energies 16, no. 5 (2023): 2299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052299.
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The paper deals with an optimization of a magnetic circuit of the field exciter designed to control magnetorheological fluid (MRF) in a hybrid soft–rigid jaw gripper. The case discussed includes sealing of the MRF inside a cushion made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The shear stress distributions in the MRF upon magnetic field excitation have been analyzed for various permanent magnet, yoke, and air gap dimensions. In the developed numerical model of the magnetic field exciter, the geometry of the considered domain was parameterized. As part of the simulation study, more than 4600 variants of the magnetic circuit were analyzed, for which the shear stress distribution in the MRF inside the cushion was determined. The numerical model has been implemented in the Ansys Electronics Desktop 2020 finite element method (FEM) package. Research was focused on finding dimensions of the magnetic circuit that ensure the desired distribution of the shear stress in the MRF inside the cushion. The undeformed and deformed by axial plunging of the pin cushions geometries have been analyzed. The evaluation criteria were the achievement of the highest possible value of the shear stress and the uniformity of its distribution in the given cross-sectional area of the MRF inside the cushion. The main objective of the analysis was to design the magnetic field exciter for application in the jaw pads of a gripper using MRF cushions. Through research, a suitable configuration tailored to the needs of the application was proposed.
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Juma, Mwaka I., Bakari M. M. Mwinyiwiwa, Consalva J. Msigwa, and Aviti T. Mushi. "Design of a Hybrid Energy System with Energy Storage for Standalone DC Microgrid Application." Energies 14, no. 18 (2021): 5994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185994.
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This paper presents microgrid-distributed energy resources (DERs) for a rural standalone system. It is made up of a solar photovoltaic (solar PV) system, battery energy storage system (BESS), and a wind turbine coupled to a permanent magnet synchronous generator (WT-PMSG). The DERs are controlled by maximum power point tracking (MPPT)-based proportional integral (PI) controllers for both maximum power tracking and error feedback compensation. The MPPT uses the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm for tracking the maximum power point of the DERs. The PI gains are tuned using the Ziegler–Nichols method. The developed system was built and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink under two conditions—constant load, and step-load changes. The controllers enabled the BESS to charge even during conditions of varying load and other environmental factors such as change of irradiance and wind speed. The reference was tracked extremely well by the output voltage of the DC microgrid. This is useful research for electrifying the rural islanded areas which are too far from the grid.
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Wu, Shi-Hua, Gui-Ping Zhu, and Hu-Lin Huang. "Numerical Investigation on Magnetically Actuated Tunable Micro Liquid Lens." MATEC Web of Conferences 306 (2020): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030602007.
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In this paper, magnetically actuated tunable liquid lens is fundamentally studied to have further potential application scope in research, industrial, aeronautical and astronautical areas. The magnetic field, which is generated by a magnetic potential applied to the permanent magnet domain, distributes non-uniformly in the computational domain and generates magnetic field force to obtain the deformation of the ferrofluid droplet. Consequently, the light-transmitting droplet deforms due to direct contact with the ferrofluid droplet by a connecting channel. The combined effects of gravitational, frictional, interfacial and pressure-driven force make light-transmissive droplet to be a programmable liquid lens. The light-transmissive droplet exhibits changes in the curvature of the contour, which results in different focal lengths for realizing the variable-focus liquid lens. This work focus on the driven mechanism by the magnetic force for a better understanding. The performance is numerically studied for a magnetically actuated varifocal liquid lens by finite element method. The results are presented individually for the distribution of magnetic and flow field, and light refraction.
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Buinovskiy, Aleksander, Vladimir Sofronov, Evgenii Kartashov, and Mikhail Kalaev. "Hydrogenation of Nd-Fe Alloys under Conditions of Different Pressure and Hydrogen Concentration." Key Engineering Materials 683 (February 2016): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.683.44.
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The paper presents the research results of the process of hydride grinding of Nd-Fe alloys, which are used for solid-phase alloying of base magnetic alloys having Nd-Fe-B system in order to improve magnetic characteristics of rare-earth permanent magnets. Alloys having rare-earth metals including Nd-Fe can be produced with the help of the out-of-furnace fluoride technology designed by the authors of this article. Hydrogenation of Nd-Fe alloys is used at the stage of their grinding. It is determined by complexity of mechanical grinding of these alloys because of their tensility and high strength. The thermodynamics of the process of alloy hydrogenation is considered. The effects of hydrogen surplus, the process scale and the surface area of alloys on their hydrogenation rate are investigated. The paper also presents the results of metallographic and roentgen-phase analyses of the sample surfaces of alloys which were hydrogenated. The analysis of the specific surface area of the materials is given.
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Ustun, Ozgur, Omer Cihan Kivanc, and Mert Safa Mokukcu. "A Linear Brushless Direct Current Motor Design Approach for Seismic Shake Tables." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (2020): 7618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217618.
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The progress in material and manufacturing technologies enables the emergence of new research areas in electromagnetic actuator applications. Permanent magnet (PM) linear motors are preferred to achieve precise position control and to meet the need for high dynamic forces in the seismic shake tables that are used in analyzing reactions of structure models. The design approaches on the linear motors used in the seismic shake tables may vary depending on the desired force, stroke and acceleration values. Especially, the maximum width, the maximum depth, the maximum linear motor length in longitudinal direction and the maximum travelling distance parameters are the primary design criteria in seismic shake table drive systems. In this paper, a design approach for a linear PM brushless direct current (BLDC) motor with high force/volume, force/weight and force/input power ratios is developed. The design was analyzed using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) finite element method (FEM) approaches through the ANSYS Maxwell software. The mathematically designed linear BLDC motor was manufactured and subjected to displacement, acceleration and force tests that are used in seismic analyses. The results of the experimental tests validate the convenience of the proposed design approach and the selected parameters.
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Romanyshyn, Taras, Vasyl Sheketa, Liubomyr Romanyshyn, and Myroslav Buchynskyi. "Study of the efficiency of the large-diameter fishing tools with the moving magnetic systems." New Trends in Production Engineering 2, no. 1 (2019): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0021.
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Abstract The variety of accidents which happen during the construction of oil and gas wells causes the expansion in the use of magnetic fishing tools. However, the known tools based on permanent magnets have a significant drawback involving the flat working surface of the magnetic system that does not permit to achieve a considerable attraction force to a fished object of complex geometric shape. Therefore, the aim of the research is to increase the efficiency of removalthe objects of irregular geometric shape from the wells by enlarging the area of contacting them. For that purpose, it has been developed a fundamentally new design of the large-diameter fishing tool with the moving magnetic systems capable of copying the shape of the objects to be fished. Each magnetic system, which is compound of permanent rare-earth neodymium magnets and concentrically placed magnetic cores, shall be held by the magnetic field of adjacent systems with opposite polarity. There were conducted theoretical studies using the finite element method to determine the working capacity of the designed tool. As a result, it has been found the valueof hoisting capacity during the interaction of magnetic systems with the roller cone of the drill bit; this fact confirms the capability of fishing the objects of irregular geometric shape. In addition, it has been explored the influence of the material of the fished object on the power characteristics of magnetic systems. The application of the designed magnetic tool allowsremoving the ferromagnetic objects from the well regardless of their shape, weight and position onthe bottom hole. Apart from that, the given tool may be used in the areas where the technology of work is related to drilling wells.
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Antonov, Yuri F. "Calculation, design and manufacture of heteropolar magnetic levitation and linear drive systems of maglev transport." Transportation Systems and Technology 7, no. 2 (2021): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst202172119-129.
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Background: The methods of calculation and elements of the technology for creating heteropolar magnetic systems of levitation, lateral stabilization and a rotor-runner of a traction linear synchronous motor for the development of the transport technology "Russian Maglev" in order to achieve an increased levitation gap of 0.2 m, reduce the threshold speed of the exit vehicle in levitation mode up to 10 km/h.
 Aim: to develop methods for calculating and designing heteropolar poles from elementary permanent magnets, coils of the same type based on composite low-temperature superconductors and high-temperature tape superconductors of the second generation and a step-by-step technology for their production.
 Tasks:
 
 Creation of an on-board magnetic system of levitation and lateral stabilization, allowing to provide a levitation gap of 0.2 m, a threshold value of vehicle speed of 10 km/h when transition to levitation mode, to reduce stray magnetic fields to the level of the natural field of terrestrial magnetism of 50 T;
 Creation of a rotor-runner of a linear synchronous motor with an ironless stator with a power of 10 MW.
 
 Methods: outlines the main calculation methodologies: "analysis" and "synthesis". The "analysis" methodology is adopted in solving the "direct" calculation problem, when the configuration of the magnetic system is set and the magnetic field in the working area is calculated, and, if necessary, the stray magnetic fields. This methodology can be effectively applied if there is experience in creating magnetic systems. Otherwise, the "synthesis" methodology is applied, which is used in solving the "inverse" calculation problem, in which the picture of the distribution of the magnetic field in the working zone is set and the configuration of the magnetic system is found (synthesized).
 Results of the study performed:
 
 The parameters and characteristics of high-energy permanent magnets made of rare-earth metals, low-temperature and high-temperature superconducting winding materials have been analyzed, the choice of permanent magnets and superconducting winding material has been made;
 Calculations of the magnetic system of permanent magnets in the "Halbach assembly" and in the traditional assembly in a toothed ferromagnetic core have been carried out;
 Calculations of a track coil with a rectangular cross-section of the winding are performed;
 Methods for calculating and optimizing superconducting magnetic systems from a set of similar track modules have been developed;
 
 Conclusions: The results of the performed fundamental research will allow starting the calculation, design and construction of conveyor-main passenger and freight lines of maglev transport, as well as urban public transport.
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Ancuti, Mihaela-Codruta, Sorin Musuroi, Ciprian Sorandaru, Marian Dordescu, and Geza Mihai Erdodi. "Wind Turbines Optimal Operation at Time Variable Wind Speeds." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (2020): 4232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124232.
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The wind turbine’s operation is affected by the wind speed variations, which cannot be followed by the wind turbine due to the large moment of the power plant’s inertia. The method proposed in this paper belongs to the wind turbine power curves (WTPC) approach, which expresses the power curve of the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) by a set of mathematical equations. The WTPC research papers published before now have not taken into consideration the total power plant inertia at time-variable wind speeds, when the wind turbine’s optimal operation is very difficult to be reached, and its efficiency is thus threatened. The study is based on a wind turbine having a large moment of total inertia, and demonstrates, through extensive simulation results, that the optimal values of the PMSG’s power can be determined based on the kinetic motion equation. This PMSG’s optimal power represents an ideal time-varying curve, and the wind turbine should be controlled so as to closely follow it. For this purpose, proportional integral (PI) and proportional integral derivative (PID) type-based control methods were implemented and analyzed, so that the PMSG’s power oscillations could be reduced, and the PMSG’s angular speed value made comparable to the optimal one, meaning that the wind turbine operates within the optimal operation area, and is efficient. The simulations are actually the numerical solutions obtained by using the Scientific Workplace simulation environment, and they are based on the wind speed measurements collected from a wind farm located in Dobrogea, Romania.
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Frederick, J. R., and M. S. Darlow. "Operation of an Electromagnetic Eddy-Current Damper with a Supercritical Shaft." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 116, no. 4 (1994): 578–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930467.
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A basic problem inherent with the operation of supercritical shafting is the application of appropriate external damping, which is generally necessary to suppress nonsynchronous instabilities and limit the synchronous response of even a well-balanced shaft. Typically, coulomb or squeeze film-type dampers are used, in which case the damping properties tend to change with temperature, and the necessary contact results in additional torque loading and wear. An alternative damping method currently under investigation is the application of a noncontact electromagnetic damper that dissipates energy through induced eddy-currents generated in a small disk mounted to, and rotating with the shaft (Frederick, 1990). Research is underway on the design and development of a damper of this type that could eventually lend itself to active control applications. The objectives of this investigation are the initial design of a magnetic circuit, an appropriate d-c power supply, and the characterization of preliminary performance experiments on a composite shaft. Damper operation was evaluated during rotating shaft tests and compared to prior tests which involved the use of a permanent magnet eddy-current damper. This Note concerns some interesting results obtained from these preliminary tests. The damper worked well at low speeds, but some high-speed stability problems were encountered. Potential solutions to these problems as well as areas of future research are discussed.
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Soomro, Abid, Mustafa E. Amiryar, Daniel Nankoo, and Keith R. Pullen. "Performance and Loss Analysis of Squirrel Cage Induction Machine Based Flywheel Energy Storage System." Applied Sciences 9, no. 21 (2019): 4537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9214537.
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Flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) are one of the earliest forms of energy storage technologies with several benefits of long service time, high power density, low maintenance, and insensitivity to environmental conditions being important areas of research in recent years. This paper focusses on the electrical machine and power electronics, an important part of a flywheel system, the electrical machine rotating with the flywheel inertia in order to perform charge-discharge cycles. The type of machine used in the electrical drive plays an important role in the characteristics governing electrical losses as well as standby losses. Permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) and induction machines (IM) are the two most common types of electric machines used in FESS applications where the latter has negligible standby losses due to its lower rotor magnetic field until energised by the stator. This paper describes research in which the operational and standby losses of a squirrel-cage induction machine-based flywheel storage system (SCIM-FESS) are modelled as a system developed in MATLAB/Simulink environment inclusive of the control system for the power electronics converters. Using the proposed control algorithm and in-depth analysis of the system losses, a detailed assessment of the dynamic performance of the SCIM-FESS is performed for different states of charging, discharging, and standby modes. The results of the analysis show that, in presence of system losses including aerodynamic and bearing friction losses, the SCIM-FESS has satisfactory characteristics in energy regulation and dynamic response during load torque variations. The compliance of FESS and its conversion between the generating and motoring mode within milliseconds show the responsiveness of the proposed control system.
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Liu, Luo Ren, and Jin Ling Luo. "Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Servo System Design and Algorithm Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 157-158 (February 2012): 1465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.157-158.1465.
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This article starting from the real engineering, have a deep search on permanent magnet synchronous motor servo system, analyzed the main research focus on permanent magnet synchronous motor control, focused on the mathematical model of permanent magnet synchronous motor, made some meaningful results. Basing on modular design principles, this article have a deep application research on design of permanent magnet synchronous motor DSP conducted, proposed DPS design, has a detailed analysis of permanent magnet synchronous motor servo system software design.
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Ibrahima, Dauda Sh, Asan G. A. Muthalif, and Tanveer Saleh. "A Piezoelectric Based Energy Harvester with Magnetic Interactions: Modelling and Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.549.
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In recent years, utilizing kinetic energy in mechanical vibrations has become an interesting area of research. This is due to ubiquitous sources of vibration energy, coupled with the ever increasing demands to power wireless sensing electronics and Microelectromechanical (MEMs) devices with low energy requirements. Thus, researchers have ventured into developing different system configurations with the aim of harvesting vibration energy to power these devices. Cantilever beam systems with piezoelectric layer have been used as vibration energy scavengers due to their abilities of converting kinetic energy in vibrating bodies into electrical energy, whereas permanent magnets have been used to improve their performance. The only unresolved challenge is to develop energy harvesters that can produce optimum energy at a wider bandwidth. In this study, a mathematical model of a system of cantilever beams with piezoelectric layers having a magnetic coupled tip mass is proposed. The lumped parameter model of the harvester is developed to estimate the power output of the proposed harvester, and to visualise the effect of magnetic coupled tip mass in widening the frequency bandwidth of the energy harvester. Preliminary Simulation results using MATLAB have however shown the effectiveness of the proposed system.
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Yin, Shao Hui, Yong Qiang Wang, Gao Jian Deng, Hu Luo, Feng Jun Chen, and Zhao Cheng Lu. "Effects of Permanent Magnet Excitation on Material Removal Rate in Area Taking Magnetorhelogical Finishing." Advanced Materials Research 797 (September 2013): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.797.401.
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In this paper, a novel area taking MRF process using permanent magnet as excitation was proposed. Four types of permanent magnet configurations were considered. Polishing experiment was conducted. Effects of different permanent magnet configurations on material removal rate (MRR) were discussed.