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Smouse, P. E. y T. R. Meagher. "Genetic analysis of male reproductive contributions in Chamaelirium luteum (L.) gray (Liliaceae)." Genetics 136, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1994): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/136.1.313.
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Abstract Genealogical analysis is a powerful tool for analysis of reproductive performance in both natural and captive populations, but assignment of paternity has always been a stumbling block for this sort of work. Statistical methods for determining paternity have undergone several phases of development, ranging from straightforward genetic exclusion to assignment of paternity based on genetic likelihood criteria. In the present study, we present a genetic likelihood-based iterative procedure for fractional allocation of paternity within a progeny pool and apply this method to a population of Chamaelirium luteum, a dioecious member of the Liliaceae. Results from this analysis clearly demonstrate that different males make unequal contributions to the overall progeny pool, with many males contributing essentially nothing to the next generation. Furthermore, the distribution of paternal success among males shows a highly significant departure from (Poisson) randomness. The results from the present analysis were compared with earlier results obtained from the same data set, using likelihood-based categorical paternity assignments. The general biological pattern revealed by the two analyses is the same, but the estimates of reproductive success are only modestly (though significantly) correlated. The iterative procedure makes more complete use of the data and generates a more sharply resolved distribution of male reproductive success.
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RYMAN, NILS y RANAJIT CHAKRABORTY. "Evaluation of paternity-testing data from the joint distribution of paternity index and rate of exclusion". Hereditas 96, n.º 1 (14 de febrero de 2008): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1982.tb00032.x.
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Cant y Reeve. "Female Control of the Distribution of Paternity in Cooperative Breeders". American Naturalist 160, n.º 5 (2002): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3079112.
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Cant, Michael A. y Hudson K. Reeve. "Female Control of the Distribution of Paternity in Cooperative Breeders". American Naturalist 160, n.º 5 (noviembre de 2002): 602–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/342820.
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DE J. VIEIRA, L., L. F. DE Q. TAVARES FILHO, F. V. D. SOUZA, A. A. C. ALVES y E. J. DE OLIVEIRA. "Development of interspecific hybrids of cassava and paternity analysis with molecular markers". Journal of Agricultural Science 151, n.º 6 (10 de diciembre de 2012): 849–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859612000871.
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SUMMARYThe present paper demonstrates the development of interspecific hybrids between Manihot esculenta Crantz ssp. esculenta (Mee) and M. esculenta Crantz ssp. flabellifolia (Mef) and paternity analysis using microsatellite markers [simple sequence repeat (SSR)]. Three Mef accessions (FLA005, FLA025V and FLA029V) were used for crosses with varieties of Mee: Saracura, Aipim Bravo, COL 1725, Aipim Rosa, Abóbora, Paraná and PER334. The paternity of the interspecific hybrids was investigated using 24 SSRs. The observed heterozygosity (Ho), polymorphic information content (PIC), probability of identity (PI) and paternity exclusion (PE) were evaluated. The rate of breeding success varied from 17 to 92%, and an average of two pollinations were required for each generated hybrid plant. The Ho value ranged from 0·11 to 0·92, and the PIC value ranged from 0·12 to 0·59. The uneven distribution of allele frequencies was accompanied by a high PI average (0·56). However, the combined PE for 21 loci was 0·99, which allows for the determination of the paternity of the hybrids with good discriminatory power. Of the 74 hybrids evaluated, 0·82 had their paternity confirmed using microsatellite markers. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) indicated the presence of eight clusters, of which, one was composed of only Mef varieties and the supposed hybrid Fla52Sar-H7, which was a product of apomixis. The parent Mee and hybrids were allocated in the other seven clusters. The data obtained demonstrate that SSR markers can be routinely used in breeding programmes to verify the paternity of interspecific crosses of cassava.
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Townsend, Robert, Adam Stow, Maria Asmyhr y Paolo Momigliano. "Multiple paternity in captive grey nurse sharks (Carcharias taurus): implications for the captive breeding of this critically endangered species". Pacific Conservation Biology 21, n.º 2 (2015): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14909.
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The grey nurse shark (Carcharius taurus) is listed as threatened throughout much of its global distribution, and as critically endangered in eastern Australia. Captive breeding programs have thus far been largely unsuccessful and little is known of its mating system in this context. Here we carry out a paternity analysis to determine if the mating system in captivity is characterised by multiple mating, and whether poor offspring survival is associated with a particular male. Tissue samples from grey nurse sharks were collected from three potential sires, the two dams and nine pups housed at Manly SEA LIFE Sanctuary in eastern Australia. Each individual was genotyped at seven microsatellite markers and three cases of multiple paternity were inferred. No paternal link to stillborn (5), or scoliotic (2) pups was indicated. For the first time, we show the natural wild phenomenon of multiple paternity occurring in a captive environment.
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Wudarski, Arkadiusz. "Zaskarżenie domniemania ojcostwa w Szwajcarii – ujęcie komparatystyczne". Studia Iuridica, n.º 89 (2 de mayo de 2022): 433–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-89.22.
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This paper is devoted to questions of contesting the presumption of paternity in Switzerland. The research covers both substantive and procedural issues, in particular the admissibility and the scope of the claim, the group of entitled persons, the time frame, the distribution of the burden of proof, and the consequences of lifting the presumption. Special attention is paid to the legal position of the biological father who is not the legal father. The analysis of Swiss law is accompanied by a Polish-German comparative legal perspective. The research leads to the conclusion that the mother’s marital status cannot absolutely determine the child’s affiliation. The legally imposed affiliation of the child, based on the principle of pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant, should be made more flexible. The biological father should have independent legal instruments to verify the child’s affiliation. In particular, he should be entitled to the challenge of paternity in the prenatal and postnatal periods. Finally, it is necessary to develop uniform and transparent criteria for questioning paternity, which will be created after carefully balancing all the opposing interests.
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Chakraborty, R., T. R. Meagher y P. E. Smouse. "Parentage analysis with genetic markers in natural populations. I. The expected proportion of offspring with unambiguous paternity." Genetics 118, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1988): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/118.3.527.
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Abstract Recent studies indicate that polymorphic genetic markers are potentially helpful in resolving genealogical relationships among individuals in a natural population. Genetic data provide opportunities for paternity exclusion when genotypic incompatibilities are observed among individuals, and the present investigation examines the resolving power of genetic markers in unambiguous positive determination of paternity. Under the assumption that the mother for each offspring in a population is unambiguously known, an analytical expression for the fraction of males excluded from paternity is derived for the case where males and females may be derived from two different gene pools. This theoretical formulation can also be used to predict the fraction of births for each of which all but one male can be excluded from paternity. We show that even when the average probability of exclusion approaches unity, a substantial fraction of births yield equivocal mother-father-offspring determinations. The number of loci needed to increase the frequency of unambiguous determinations to a high level is beyond the scope of current electrophoretic studies in most species. Applications of this theory to electrophoretic data on Chamaelirium luteum (L.) shows that in 2255 offspring derived from 273 males and 70 females, only 57 triplets could be unequivocally determined with eight polymorphic protein loci, even though the average combined exclusionary power of these loci was 73%. The distribution of potentially compatible male parents, based on multilocus genotypes, was reasonably well predicted from the allele frequency data available for these loci. We demonstrate that genetic paternity analysis in natural populations cannot be reliably based on exclusionary principles alone. In order to measure the reproductive contributions of individuals in natural populations, more elaborate likelihood principles must be deployed.
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Guay, P. J. y R. A. Mulder. "Skewed paternity distribution in the extremely size dimorphic Musk Duck (Biziura lobata)". Emu - Austral Ornithology 107, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2007): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu07012.
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Delgado-Acevedo, Johanna, Angeline Zamorano, Randy W. DeYoung, Tyler A. Campbell, David G. Hewitt y David B. Long. "Promiscuous mating in feral pigs (Sus scrofa) from Texas, USA". Wildlife Research 37, n.º 7 (2010): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10052.
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Context Feral pigs represent a significant threat to agriculture and ecosystems and are disease reservoirs for pathogens affecting humans, livestock and other wildlife. Information on the behavioural ecology of feral pigs might increase the efficiency and effectiveness of management strategies. Aims We assessed the frequency of promiscuous mating in relation to oestrous synchrony in feral pigs from southern Texas, USA, an agroecosystem with a widespread and well established population of feral pigs. An association between multiple paternity of single litters and synchrony of oestrous may indicate alternative mating strategies, such as mate-guarding. Methods We collected gravid sows at nine sites in southern Texas during 2005–07. We used a panel of DNA microsatellite markers to estimate frequency of multiple paternity and the distribution of male mating among litters of feral pigs. Conception dates were determined by fitting average fetal crown–rump measurements within litters to expected fetal development relative to gestation time. Key results We found evidence of multiple paternity in 21 of 64 litters (33%) from seven of nine sites sampled. Synchrony of oestrous did not influence promiscuous mating, as we found multiple paternity at sites with synchronous and asynchronous oestrous. Males sired from 8 to 11 offspring at three sites where >10 litters were sampled. Mean litter size (5.4) was less than the best-fit value for the number of offspring, indicating that some males sired offspring with ≥ 2 females. Key conclusions Feral pigs in Texas appear to be promiscuous under a range of demographic conditions, unlike wild boar and feral pigs in other regions. The ecological and behavioural factors affecting multiple paternity are not clear, but may include male–male competition, harassment avoidance, genetic benefits for offspring, response to macro-habitat conditions, or selection. Implications A high incidence of sexual contact among individuals may increase the opportunity for diseases transmitted by oral or venereal routes, such as swine brucellosis and pseudorabies. In addition, fertility-control methods targeting males only are likely to be inefficient if female promiscuity is high; methods targeting females or both sexes jointly may be more effective.
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Thuman, Katherine A. y Simon C. Griffith. "Genetic similarity and the nonrandom distribution of paternity in a genetically highly polyandrous shorebird". Animal Behaviour 69, n.º 4 (abril de 2005): 765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.10.003.
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Barbaro, G. Falcone y A. La Marca. "Population Data of D6S1043, Penta D and Penta E Loci in Calabria (South of Italy)". Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 16 (2 de noviembre de 2020): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29169/1927-5129.2020.16.10.
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In the present study 200 unrelated healthy natives of Calabria were genetically characterized for D6S1043, Penta D and Penta E STR markers. Allele frequencies distribution and some statistical parameters of forensic interest have been calculated and compared with other published populations data. Results showed Penta E was the most informative locus based on heterozygosity, PIC, PD and TPI, while D6S1043 was the less informative. Our findings confirmed these 3 loci are useful for forensic purposes and paternity tests especially if analyzed in association with other STRs.
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Krauss, Siegfried L. "Patterns of mating in Persoonia mollis (Proteaceae) revealed by an analysis of paternity using AFLP: implications for conservation". Australian Journal of Botany 48, n.º 3 (2000): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt98082.
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A detailed characterisation of mating in natural populations is desirable for the better conservation of rare or threatened taxa. The PCR-based DNA-fingerprinting technique amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a powerful new genetic marker for mating system analysis because it enables the unambiguous assignment of paternity to progeny. Mating patterns following natural pollination were characterised by paternity assignment using AFLP in a natural population of Persoonia mollis subsp. nectens (Proteaceae). This study serves as a comparison for future studies of the mating system of the threatened close relative P. mollis subsp. maxima. Twelve seeds from each of 21 plants (252 seeds in total) were analysed for paternity. Of these, 199 were assigned paternity unambiguously to one of the known potential sires. The remaining 53 seeds were sired by plants outside the known population. Three seeds were presumably selfed as they possessed only maternal alleles, giving a population outcrossing rate of 98.8%. Realised pollen flow distances showed a leptokurtic distribution, with a mean of 24.7 m (s.e. = 2.0; range = 0–137 m). Mean realised pollen dispersal distance to and from each plant varied markedly from 0 to 57.4 m, and was largely influenced by the immediate density of plants. The seeds of all plants had multiple sires, with an average of 5.3 sires for 10 seeds (s.e. = 0.3; range = 2–8). Individual paternal success varied from one to 24 seeds sired (mean = 9.1; s.e. = 1.2). Individual maternal success varied from a percentage fruit set of 5.2 to 37.9 (mean = 18.3; s.e. = 2.1). Male and female reproductive success, measured as the number of seeds sired and percentage fruit set, respectively, was positively correlated. Mean genetic dissimilarity among all seeds (29.1% of 151 loci polymorphic; s.e. = 0.05; n = 30 876) was not significantly different from the mean genetic dissimilarity among all adults (29.5%; s.e. = 0.5; n = 300), and indicates an overall absence of inbreeding. The active management and conservation implications of these more sensitive data include the avoidance of inbreeding in established and new populations and in ex situ collections, as well as the sensitive detection of changes in mating in disturbed populations which may indicate future genetic decline.
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Miño, Carolina I., Ingrid L. Pollet, Christine A. Bishop y Michael A. Russello. "Genetic mating system and population history of the endangered Western Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens auricollis) in British Columbia, Canada". Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, n.º 10 (octubre de 2011): 881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-061.
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The Western Yellow-breasted Chat ( Icteria virens auricollis (Deppe, 1830)) is a Neotropical migrant, with a Canadian distribution restricted to breeding populations in southern British Columbia. Given its small population size and diminishing breeding habitat, Yellow-breasted Chats are federally endangered in Canada. We used genotypic data at eight microsatellite loci to assess genetic diversity, reconstruct population structure and demographic history, and characterize genetic mating system of Yellow-breasted Chats sampled across 60 nesting sites at five locations in the Okanagan Valley (n = 148). Microsatellite-based analyses indicated lack of significant genetic differentiation among breeding sites and no genetic evidence of population decline. Parentage assignments indicated moderate levels of extra-pair paternity, with 30.7% offspring not sired by attending males. Patterns of sibship among nestlings revealed 49.1% of the clutches were composed entirely of full-siblings, with half-siblings and unrelated nestlings present in some broods. These findings suggest that extra-pair paternity is common in Yellow-breasted Chats, similar to other avian species, and present the first evidence of conspecific brood parasitism in warblers. Our findings add to a growing body of research informing the need to establish a national park in the south Okanagan to preserve critical habitat and connect populations of species at risk.
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Young, Andrew J., Goran Spong y Tim Clutton-Brock. "Subordinate male meerkats prospect for extra-group paternity: alternative reproductive tactics in a cooperative mammal". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, n.º 1618 (24 de abril de 2007): 1603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0316.
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In cooperatively breeding species, subordinates typically suffer strong constraints on within-group reproduction. While numerous studies have highlighted the additional fitness benefits that subordinates might accrue through helping, few have considered the possibility that subordinates may also seek extra-group matings to improve their chances of actually breeding. Here, we show that subordinate males in cooperative meerkat, Suricata suricatta , societies conduct frequent extraterritorial forays, during periods of peak female fertility, which give rise to matings with females in other groups. Genetic analyses reveal that extra-group paternity (EGP) accrued while prospecting contributes substantially to the reproductive success of subordinates: yielding the majority of their offspring (approx. 70%); significantly reducing their age at first reproduction and allowing them to breed without dispersing. We estimate that prospecting subordinates sire 20–25% of all young in the population. While recent studies on cooperative birds indicate that dominant males accrue the majority of EGP, our findings reveal that EGP can also arise from alternative reproductive tactics employed exclusively by subordinates. It is important, therefore, that future attempts to estimate the fitness of subordinate males in animal societies quantify the distribution of extra-group as well as within-group paternity, because a substantial proportion of the reproductive success of subordinates may otherwise go undetected.
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Lombardo, Roberto Carlos, Fumio Takeshita, Syuiti Abe y Seiji Goshima. "Mate choice by males and paternity distribution in offspring of triple-mated females in Neptunea arthritica (Gastropoda: Buccinidae)". Journal of Molluscan Studies 78, n.º 3 (4 de junio de 2012): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eys010.
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Kaplan, Michael, Cathy Hammerman y Ayala Abramov. "104 NEONATAL SCREENING FOR GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE (G-6-PD) DEFICIENCY: Sex Distribution and Role of Paternity". Pediatric Research 36, n.º 1 (julio de 1994): 20A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199407000-00104.
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Walker, R. H. y C. Rajagopalan. "10.1-01 The distribution of HLA PI values in non-exclusion paternity cases involving blanks and antigen sharing". Human Immunology 26 (enero de 1989): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-8859(89)90806-9.
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Larmuseau, Maarten H. D. y Martin Bodner. "The biological relevance of a medieval king's DNA". Biochemical Society Transactions 46, n.º 4 (31 de julio de 2018): 1013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20170173.
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The discovery of the presumably lost grave of the controversial English king Richard III in Leicester (U.K.) was one of the most important archaeological achievements of the last decennium. The skeleton was identified beyond reasonable doubt, mainly by the match of mitochondrial DNA to that of living maternal relatives, along with the specific archaeological context. Since the genetic genealogical analysis only involved the DNA sequences of a single 15th century individual and a few reference persons, biologists might consider this investigation a mere curiosity. This mini-review shows that the unique context of a historical king's DNA also has relevance for biological research per se — in addition to the more obvious historical, societal and educational value. In the first place, the historical identification appeared to be a renewed forensic case realising a conservative statement with statistical power based on genetic and non-genetic data, including discordant elements. Secondly, the observation of historical non-paternity events within Richard III's patrilineage has given rise to new research questions about potential factors influencing the extra-pair paternity rate in humans and the importance of biological relatedness for the legal recognition of a child in the past. Thirdly, the identification of a named and dated skeleton with the known historical context serves as a reference for bioarchaeological investigations and studies on the spatio-temporal distribution of particular genetic variance. Finally, the Richard III case revealed privacy issues for living relatives which appear to be inherent to any publication of genetic genealogical data.
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Cutuli, Giulia, Stefano Cannicci, Marco Vannini y Sara Fratini. "Influence of male courtship intensity and male-male competition on paternity distribution in Hermann's tortoise,Testudo hermanni hermanni(Chelonia: Testudinidae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 111, n.º 3 (21 de febrero de 2014): 656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bij.12243.
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Morris, Jeffrey W., A. I. Sanda y Jeffrey Glassberg. "Biostatistical Evaluation of Evidence from Continuous Allele Frequency Distribution Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Probes in Reference to Disputed Paternity and Identity". Journal of Forensic Sciences 34, n.º 6 (1 de noviembre de 1989): 12771J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs12771j.
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Schwanz, Lisa E., William B. Sherwin, Katherine Ognenovska y Eileen A. Lacey. "Paternity and male mating strategies of a ground squirrel ( Ictidomys parvidens ) with an extended mating season". Journal of Mammalogy 97, n.º 2 (5 de enero de 2016): 576–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv204.
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Abstract Animal mating systems are driven by the temporal and spatial distribution of sexually receptive females. In mammals, ground-dwelling squirrels represent an ideal clade for testing predictions regarding the effects of these parameters on male reproductive strategies. While the majority of ground squirrel species have a short, highly synchronous annual breeding season that occurs immediately after females emerge from hibernation, the Mexican or Rio Grande ground squirrel ( Ictidomys parvidens ) differs markedly in having an extended mating season (2 months) and a long delay between emergence from hibernation and female receptivity (1–2 months). Both traits are expected to favor polygyny by increasing the chances that a male can secure matings with multiple females (e.g., females that come into estrus on different days). To test this prediction, we used microsatellite markers to characterize the mating system of a population of Rio Grande ground squirrels from Carlsbad, New Mexico. Our analyses indicated a high frequency of multiple paternity of litters in this population. Paternity was not related to spatial overlap between known mothers and assigned fathers, suggesting that territory defense is unlikely to be an effective male reproductive strategy in the study population. Dominance interactions among males were frequent, with heavier males typically winning dyadic interactions. Surprisingly, however, males with lower dominance scores appeared to have higher reproductive success, as did males that were active over a greater extent of the study site. Collectively, these results suggest that the mating system of the Rio Grande ground squirrel is best described as scramble competition polygyny, with the primary male reproductive strategy consisting of searching for estrous females. Similar patterns of male–male competition have been reported for a few other ground squirrel species, providing potentially important opportunities for comparative studies of the factors favoring this form of male reproductive strategy.
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Elston, Robert C. "An Accidental Genetic Epidemiologist". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 21, n.º 1 (31 de agosto de 2020): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genom-103119-125052.
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I briefly describe my early life and how, through a series of serendipitous events, I became a genetic epidemiologist. I discuss how the Elston–Stewart algorithm was discovered and its contribution to segregation, linkage, and association analysis. New linkage findings and paternity testing resulted from having a genotyping lab. The different meanings of interaction—statistical and biological—are clarified. The computer package S.A.G.E. (Statistical Analysis for Genetic Epidemiology), based on extensive method development over two decades, was conceived in 1986, flourished for 20 years, and is now freely available for use and further development. Finally, I describe methods to estimate and test hypotheses about familial correlations, and point out that the liability model often used to estimate disease heritability estimates the heritability of that liability, rather than of the disease itself, and so can be highly dependent on the assumed distribution of that liability.
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Jobim, L. F., M. R. Jobim, F. Gamio, G. Ewald, M. Jobim y L. Fernandes. "Paternity testing analysis—allelic distribution, heterozygosity and power of exclusion of commonly used SLPs and STRs in the Brazilian Caucasoid population". International Congress Series 1239 (enero de 2003): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0531-5131(02)00335-7.
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Zeyl, E., J. Aars, D. Ehrich, L. Bachmann y Ø. Wiig. "The mating system of polar bears: a genetic approach". Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2009): 1195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-107.
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Parentage analysis data for 583 individuals genotyped at 27 microsatellite loci were used to study the mating system of polar bears ( Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) in the Barents Sea area. We discriminated statistically between full and half-siblings identified through only one common parent. We document for the first time multiple paternity in polar bears. We demonstrated for both sexes low fidelity to mating partners over time. We did not detect any significant difference between the age distribution of adult males at capture and the age distribution of males siring cubs. This might indicate that the male’s age and size are less indicative of the reproductive success than previously thought. This is further supported by a rather long mean litter interval of 3.9 years for males siring several litters. The mating system of polar bears in the Barents Sea appears to be promiscuous, usually with a single successful father siring full siblings within a year, but with consecutive litters of a mother being fathered by different males. We discuss how population density, landscape characteristics, and adult sex ratio might influence the mating system of polar bears. This is of particular importance for management decisions such as, e.g., implementing sex ratios in hunting quotas.
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Cserhati, Matthew. "Calculation of Fetal Fraction for Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing". BioTech 10, n.º 3 (9 de agosto de 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biotech10030017.
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Estimating the fetal fraction of DNA in a pregnant mother’s blood is a risk-free, non-invasive way of predicting fetal aneuploidy. It is a rapidly developing field of study, offering researchers a plethora of different complementary methods. Such methods include examining the differences in methylation profiles between the fetus and the mother. Others include calculating the average allele frequency based on the difference in genotype of a number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Differences in the length distribution of DNA fragments between the mother and the fetus as well as measuring the proportion of DNA reads mapping to the Y chromosome also constitute fetal fraction estimation methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these main method types are discussed. Moreover, several well-known fetal fraction estimation methods, such as SeqFF, are described and compared with other methods. These methods are amenable to not only the estimation of fetal fraction but also paternity, cancer, and transplantation monitoring studies. NIPT is safe, and should aneuploidy be detected, this information can help parents prepare mentally and emotionally for the birth of a special needs child.
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Latta, Robert G. y Jeffry B. Mitton. "A Comparison of Population Differentiation Across Four Classes of Gene Marker in Limber Pine (Pinus flexilis James)". Genetics 146, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 1997): 1153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.3.1153.
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We examined genetic differentiation among seven populations of limber pine using four classes of gene marker. Among-population differentiation was much higher for maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms than for paternally inherited chloroplast DNA, indicating that wind-dispersed pollen is the main agent of gene flow. Chloroplast DNA differentiation is consistent with gene flow estimated in a prior paternity analysis. Using the estimates of seed and pollen flow derived from mtDNA and cpDNA differentiation, we predicted the value of Fst expected at nuclear loci. Allelic frequency differentiation at seven allozyme loci was relatively homogeneous across loci and consistent with the level of differentiation predicted from the organellar haplotypes. By contrast four of the nine randomly applied polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers we examined were more strongly differentiated than this prediction, suggesting the action of diversifying selection. However, the differentiated RAPDs and mtDNA were concordant in dividing the populations into two groups, suggesting some historical division. Simulations show that such historical division can increase the interlocus variance in Fst but neither a historical nor an equilibrium model could account for the joint distribution of Fst estimates across both allozyme and RAPD loci. Thus at least one group of loci appears to be experiencing natural selection.
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Du, Weian, Chunlei Feng, Ting Yao, Cheng Xiao, Hongyan Huang, Weibin Wu, Linnan Zhu, Honghua Qiao, Chao Liu y Ling Chen. "Genetic variation and forensic efficiency of 30 indels for three ethnic groups in Guangxi: relationships with other populations". PeerJ 7 (3 de mayo de 2019): e6861. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6861.
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Aim In this study, we used a series of diallelic genetic marker insertion/deletion polymorphism (indel) to investigate three populations of Yao, Kelao, and Zhuang groups in the Guangxi region of China and to evaluate their efficiency in forensic application. Result No deviations for all 30 loci were observed from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction (p > 0.05/30 = 0.0017). The allele frequencies of the short allele (DIP-) for the above three populations were in the range of 0.0520–0.9480, 0.0950–0.8780, and 0.0850–0.915, respectively. The observed heterozygosity of the 30 loci for the three populations was in the ranges 0.0802–0.5802, 0.1908–0.6053, and 0.1400–0.5600, respectively. The cumulative power of exclusion and combined discrimination power for Yao, Kelao, and Zhuang groups were (0.9843 and 0.9999999999433), (0.9972 and 0.9999999999184), and (0.9845 and 0.9999999999608), respectively. The DA distance, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis indicated a clear regional distribution. In addition, Zhuang groups had close genetic relationships with the Yao and Kelao populations in the Guangxi region. Conclusion This study indicated that the 30 loci were qualified for personal identification; moreover, they could be used as complementary genetic markers for paternity testing in forensic cases for the studied populations.
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Pope, L. C., K. Vernes, A. W. Goldizen y C. N. Johnson. "Mating system and local dispersal patterns of an endangered potoroid, the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica)". Australian Journal of Zoology 60, n.º 4 (2012): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12071.
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The northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) (Potoroidae), is an endangered macropod with a restricted distribution. We combined radio-tracking and trapping data with microsatellite genotypes to infer the mating system and local dispersal patterns of this species, and discuss their relevance to translocations. We defined the mating system as ‘overlap promiscuity’ (sensu Wittenberger 1979), though we cannot rule out serial monogamy. We found significant effects of proximity (average distance between parents = 190 m) and male weight, but not size, on the likelihood of paternity, suggesting that closer, heavier males have greater mating success. The average distance between putative pairs of relatives suggested that most dispersal occurred over short distances, with the distance between ‘related’ females significantly lower than that between related males (0.9 km versus 1.3 km). A spatial autocorrelation analysis showed high female relatedness across distances of up to 435 m, equivalent to half an average home range width. Conversely, male pairs had low relatedness across 0 to 870 m. These results suggested that female young often settle next to their mother, while males avoid nesting within their father’s home range. Both limited natal and ‘mating’ dispersal may have contributed to the strong genetic structure previously reported for this species.
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Isvaran, Kavita y Sumithra Sankaran. "Do extra-group fertilizations increase the potential for sexual selection in male mammals?" Biology Letters 13, n.º 10 (octubre de 2017): 20170313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0313.
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Fertilizations by males outside the social breeding group (extra-group paternity, EGP) are widespread in birds and mammals. EGP is generally proposed to increase male reproductive skew and thereby increase the potential for sexual selection, but the generality of this relationship is unclear. We extracted data from 27 mammals in seven orders and used phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the influence of EGP and social mating system on measures of inequality in male fertilization success, which are indices of the potential for sexual selection. We find that EGP and social mating system can predict the potential for sexual selection in mammalian populations, but only when considered jointly and not individually. EGP appears to increase the potential for sexual selection but only when the degree of social polygyny is relatively low. When social polygyny is high, EGP appears to result in a more uniform distribution of reproduction and a decrease in the potential for sexual selection. A possible explanation to be investigated is that the phenotype of extra-group fathers differs systematically across social mating systems. Our findings have implications for the use of EGP and social mating system as indices of sexual selection in comparative analyses of trait evolution under sexual selection.
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Juola, Frans A. y Donald C. Dearborn. "Sequence-based evidence for major histocompatibility complex-disassortative mating in a colonial seabird". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, n.º 1726 (25 de mayo de 2011): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0562.
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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a polymorphic gene family associated with immune defence, and it can play a role in mate choice. Under the genetic compatibility hypothesis, females choose mates that differ genetically from their own MHC genotypes, avoiding inbreeding and/or enhancing the immunocompetence of their offspring. We tested this hypothesis of disassortative mating based on MHC genotypes in a population of great frigatebirds ( Fregata minor ) by sequencing the second exon of MHC class II B. Extensive haploid cloning yielded two to four alleles per individual, suggesting the amplification of two genes. MHC similarity between mates was not significantly different between pairs that did ( n = 4) or did not ( n = 42) exhibit extra-pair paternity. Comparing all 46 mated pairs to a distribution based on randomized re-pairings, we observed the following (i): no evidence for mate choice based on maximal or intermediate levels of MHC allele sharing (ii), significantly disassortative mating based on similarity of MHC amino acid sequences, and (iii) no evidence for mate choice based on microsatellite alleles, as measured by either allele sharing or similarity in allele size. This suggests that females choose mates that differ genetically from themselves at MHC loci, but not as an inbreeding-avoidance mechanism.
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Agatay, Оtkirbay. "An Analysis of Joči’s Debated Paternity and His Role in the Altan Uruġ Royal Lineage of Činggis Khan". Golden Horde Review 9, n.º 4 (29 de diciembre de 2021): 684–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-4.684-714.
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Research objectives: This article discusses Joči’s military-political role and status in the Mongol Empire (Yeke Mongol Ulus), beginning in the early thirteenth century and within the intra-dynastic relations of Činggis Khan’s chief sons. In particular, the article seeks to answer questions about Joči’s birth. Discrepancies between the Secret History of the Mongols and other written sources cast doubt on whether Joči was even a legitimate son of Činggis Khan, let alone his eldest one. In addition, this article includes an analysis of Joči’s place within the family and the traditional legal system of the medieval Mongols based on the principles of majorat succession outlined in the Mongol Empire. It establishes evidence of his legitimacy within the Činggisid dynasty’s imperial lineage (altan uruġ) – a point of view supported by his military-political career, his pivotal role in the western campaigns, his leadership at the siege of Khwārazm, and the process of division of the ulus of Činggis Khan. Research materials: This article makes use of Russian, English, and Turkic (Kazakh, Tatar, etc.) translations of key primary sources including the Secret History of the Mongols and works of authors from the thirteenth to seventeenth centuries, including Al-Nasawī, Shіhāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn ’Aṭā-Malik Juvāynī, Minhāj al-Dīn Jūzjānī, Zhao Hong, Peng Daya, John of Plano Carpini, William of Rubruck, Jamāl al-Qarshī, Rashīd al-Dīn, Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, Uluġbeg, Ötämiš Hājī, Lubsan Danzan, Abu’l-Ghāzī, and Saγang Sečen. New secondary works regarding Joči published by modern Kazakh, Russian, Tatar, American, French, Chinese, Korean and other scholars were also consulted. Results and novelty of the research: Taking into consideration certain economic and legal traits of the medieval Mongols, their traditional practices, military-political events, and longterm developments in the Mongol Empire’s history, descriptions of Joči being no more than a “Merkit bastard” are clearly not consistent. The persisting claims can be traced to doubts about Joči’s birth included in the Secret History of the Mongols, the first extensive written record of the medieval Mongols which had a great impact on the work of later historians, including modern scholars. Some researchers suspect this allegation may have been an indirect result of Möngke Khan inserting it into the Secret History. This article argues that the main motivation was Batu’s high military-political position and prestige in the Yeke Mongol Ulus. After Ögödei Khan’s death, sons and grandsons of Ögödei and Ča’adai made various attempts to erode Batu’s significant position in the altan uruġ by raising questions regarding his genealogical origin. This explains why doubts about Joči’s status in the imperial lineage appeared so widely following his death in an intra-dynastic propaganda struggle waged between the houses of Joči and Тolui and the opposing houses of Ča’adai and Ögödei’s sons. This conflict over the narrative was engendered by the struggle for supreme power in the Mongol Empire and the distribution of conquered lands and property.
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V Vaghela, Kalpesh y Shalibhadra V Shah. "Distribution of ABO And Rh Blood Groups in Blood Donors at the Tertiary Care Centre, Dahod". Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 15, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2022): 1133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2449.
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Introduction When it comes to blood transfusion and transplant medicine, the ABO as well as Rh blood group system are significant. There have been 700 RBC antigens found so far, and they've been divided into 30 blood groups as a result. For example, blood transfusion reaction, paternity testing, legal medicine, as well as associations with different illnesses are all medicolegally relevant when looking at ABO and Rh. Aim: The objective was to find out how much demand there is for a specific blood type compared to how much supply there is in society, to lower death rates caused by a shortage of that kind of blood. Compare the results with those from another comparable research performed in India and across the globe. Material and Methods: Between August 2018 to July 2021, researchers conducted a study on 7820 blood donors who visited the Zydus blood Centre. Tube agglutination testing and the Gel card method were used to find the patient's ABO as well as Rh blood groups. Both reverse as well as forward blood grouping methods are performed and confirmed only if both are identical. The age and sex groups as well as frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups were reported in percentages. Result The male-to-female ratio in our research was 30:1. The greatest number of male and female donors were between the ages of 18 to 30 years. For blood donation, it has been found that "O" blood donors are the most predominant, then those with B>A>AB blood groups. According to voluntary and replacement blood donors, AB & A blood groups are more (%) in replacement blood donors as compare to O and B blood groups. Voluntary donors are 33.67% and replacement donors were 66.64%. Distribution of Rh+ve and Rh-ve blood groups in our study was 98.78% and 1.22% respectively. Conclusion It is essential to have a thorough understanding of the distinct blood groups distribution for ensuring that blood as well as its components are always available to recipients in a particular area. The present work will provide insight on a deficiency of particular blood groups, in a particular area, like A and AB blood group are more in replacement donor showing deficiency of that blood groups in this area in our study.
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Vichinsartvichai, Patsama, Pawan Limvorapitux y Khanitta Traipak. "What Took You So Long? A Public Health Approach to Mitigate the Delayed Childbearing". Fertility & Reproduction 01, n.º 04 (diciembre de 2019): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661318219500208.
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Background: The delayed childbearing has doubled in prevalence during the last decade. It affects reproductive health, population distribution and economy. We use the public health approach to survey among women aged at least 35 years seeking fertility treatment. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire-based survey was conducted in women aged at least 35 years attending an infertility clinic in a university hospital. The questionnaire consisted of background information and three domains: (1) reasons for delayed childbearing, (2) required social policy incentives, and (3) acceptability toward infertility treatment. Each domain was scored from ‘5 — most important’ to ‘1 — least important’. Results: A total of 590 women (median age 38.0 years) were recruited; 86.4% of them held at least a bachelor degree and 93.2% had higher income than Thailand’s GDP per capita. They thought that the most appropriate age to have the first child was 28.7 years. The top three reasons for delayed childbearing were “I need more financial security”, “no spouse”, and “I need progress on my career”. The participants thought that “paid paternity leave”, “increase paid maternity leave”, and “good quality childcare” were essential for them to make an earlier fertility decision. The most acceptable infertility treatments were IUI, IVF/ICSI, and social oocyte banking. Conclusions: Women who delayed childbearing focus on financial and career security or finding the proper partner before fertility decision making. However, they have greater concerns over family welfare than money when it comes to domestic issues. The social policy and the related fertility treatment should adapt to serve the needs of the people and promote national fertility rate.
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Cunliffe, K. V., A. C. Vecchies, E. S. Jones, G. A. Kearney, J. W. Forster, G. C. Spangenberg y K. F. Smith. "Assessment of gene flow using tetraploid genotypes of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, n.º 4 (2004): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03156.
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Ryegrass species are among the most important species in sown pastures, turf settings, and weed populations worldwide. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is an outcrossing, wind-pollinated grass. Recent research has demonstrated the feasibility of developing transgenic perennial ryegrass varieties. In order to model the consequences of gene flow from transgenic grass genotypes in a field situation, the model non-transgenic trait of fertility among autotetraploid genotypes was chosen. Gene flow over distance and direction from a donor plot to surrounding sexually compatible recipient plants was studied. Reproductive isolation was achieved through the fertility barrier that arises between tetraploid and diploid ryegrass genotypes, despite the presence of diploid plants in a meadow situation. Fertility was used as an indication of effective gene flow over distance and direction. Measures of the fertility of recipient plants included total seed production (TSP), floret site utilisation (FSU), and relative fertility of recipient plants as a percentage of those within the donor plot (RF%). A leptokurtic distribution for gene flow was identified, with differences in the rate of decline over distance depending on direction. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphism was used to identify the paternity of progeny plants. The proportional representation of parents among the progeny was not significantly different from that expected due to the numerical representation of the different donor parent genotypes. The results of this research will have important implications for risk analysis prior to the field release of transgenic ryegrasses, fescues, and other pasture grass species, and for seed production in terms of cultivar purity and optimum isolation distance.
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Tuskan, Gerald A., Lee E. Gunter, Zamin K. Yang, TongMing Yin, Mitchell M. Sewell y Stephen P. DiFazio. "Characterization of microsatellites revealed by genomic sequencing of Populus trichocarpa". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2004): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-283.
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Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are highly polymorphic, codominant markers that have great value for the construction of genetic maps, comparative mapping, population genetic surveys, and paternity analyses. Here, we report the development and testing of a set of SSR markers derived from shotgun sequencing from Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray, a nonenriched genomic DNA library, and bacterial artificial chromosomes. Approximately 23% of the 1536 genomic clones and 48% of the 768 bacterial artificial chromosome subclones contained an SSR. Of the sequences containing an SSR, 72.4% contained a dinucleotide, 19.5% a trinucleotide, and 8.1% a tetranucleotide repeat unit; 26.6% of the sequences contained multiple SSR motifs in a complex or compound repeat structures. A survey of the genome sequence database revealed very similar proportional distribution, indicating that our limited rapid, shallow sequencing effort is representative of genome-wide patterns. In total, 492 primer pairs were designed and these yielded 77 markers that were mapped in an F2 pedigree, including 26 that were sufficiently informative to be included in a Populus framework map. SSRs with GC-rich motifs mapped at a significantly higher frequency than expected, although AT-rich SSRs accounted for the majority of mapped markers due to their higher representation in the genome. SSR markers developed from P. trichocarpa showed high utility throughout the genus, with amplification rates in excess of 70% for all Populus species tested. Finally, at least 30% of the markers amplified in several willow species, suggesting that some of these SSRs will be transferable across genera.
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HODGINS, KATHRYN A. y SPENCER C. H. BARRETT. "Asymmetrical mating patterns and the evolution of biased style-morph ratios in a tristylous daffodil". Genetics Research 90, n.º 1 (febrero de 2008): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672307008956.
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SummaryNon-random mating in plant populations can be influenced by numerous reproductive and demographic factors, including floral morphology and inter-plant distance. Here, we investigate patterns of outcrossed mating through male function in Narcissus triandrus, a tristylous, bee-pollinated wild daffodil from the Iberian Peninsula, to test pollen transfer models which predict that floral morphology promotes asymmetrical mating and biased morph ratios. Unlike other tristylous species, N. triandrus has an incompatibility system that permits intra-morph mating and long-level rather than mid-level stamens in the L-morph. Incomplete sex-organ reciprocity should result in significant intra-morph mating in the L-morph. We measured mating patterns in two L-biased populations – dimorphic (two style morphs) and trimorphic (three style morphs) – using multilocus genotyping and maximum-likelihood-based paternity analysis. We also examined the spatial distribution of style morphs and neutral markers to investigate the potential consequence of spatially restricted mating on morph ratios. As predicted, we detected significant amounts of intra-morph mating in the L-morph in both populations. Pollen transfer coefficients generally supported predictions based on the Darwinian hypothesis that anthers and stigmas of equivalent level promote pollinator-mediated cross-pollination in heterostylous populations. There was evidence of significant spatial aggregation of both style morphs and neutral markers in populations of N. triandrus, probably as a result of restricted pollen and seed dispersal. Our results provide empirical support for theoretical models of pollen transfer, which indicate that the commonly observed L-biased morph ratios in Narcissus species result from significant intra-morph mating in the L-morph because of its atypical floral morphology.
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LALLIAS, D., N. TARIS, P. BOUDRY, F. BONHOMME y S. LAPÈGUE. "Variance in the reproductive success of flat oyster Ostrea edulis L. assessed by parentage analyses in natural and experimental conditions". Genetics Research 92, n.º 3 (junio de 2010): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672310000248.
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SummaryIn order to document further the phenomena of variance in reproductive success in natural populations of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis, two complementary studies based on natural and experimental populations were conducted. The first part of this work was focused on paternity analyses using a set of four microsatellite markers for larvae collected from 13 brooding females sampled in Quiberon Bay (Brittany, France). The number of individuals contributing as the male parent to each progeny assay was highly variable, ranging from 2 to more than 40. Moreover, paternal contributions showed a much skewed distribution, with some males contributing to 50–100% of the progeny assay. The second part of this work consisted of the analysis of six successive cohorts experimentally produced from an acclimated broodstock (62 wild oysters sampled in the Quiberon Bay). Allelic richness was significantly higher in the adult population than in the temporal cohorts collected. Genetic differentiation (Fst estimates) was computed for each pair of samples and all significant values ranged from 0·7 to 11·9%. A limited effective number of breeders (generally below 25) was estimated in the six temporal cohorts. The study gives first indications of the high variance in reproductive success as well as a reduced effective size, not only under experimental conditions but also in the wild. Surprisingly, the pool of the successive cohorts, based on the low number of loci used, appeared to depict a random and representative set of alleles of the progenitor population, indicating that the detection of patterns of temporal genetic differentiation at a local scale most likely depends on the sampling window.
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Galbraith, David A., Brad N. White, Ronald J. Brooks y Peter T. Boag. "Multiple paternity in clutches of snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) detected using DNA fingerprints". Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 1993): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-044.
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Female common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) are capable of storing viable sperm for at least several months and are likely to be inseminated by more than one male. Consequently, we tested the hypothesis that multiple paternity occurred within individual clutches of three common snapping turtles from Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, by examining DNA fingerprints. Positive evidence of multiple paternity was detected among samples of offspring from two of the three clutches. In these clutches, the distributions of both paternal DNA fingerprint bands and band-sharing coefficients deviated from those expected under the assumption of a single father, suggesting that paternity was distributed between two or more males in each clutch. Multiple paternity and the ability of females to store sperm make turtles good animals in which to study sperm competition. The mating systems and life-history features of turtles should be studied with the consequences of sperm storage and multiple paternity in mind.
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Song, Wenqian, Nan Xiao, Shihang Zhou, Weijian Yu, Ni Wang, Linnan Shao, Ying Duan et al. "Non-invasive prenatal paternity testing by analysis of Y-chromosome mini-STR haplotype using next-generation sequencing". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2022): e0266332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266332.
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Objectives To assess the efficacy of Y-chromosome mini-STR-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) for non-invasive prenatal paternity testing (NIPPT). Methods DNA was extracted from the plasma of 24 pregnant women, and cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) haplotyping was performed at 12 Y-chromosome mini-STR loci using the Illumina NextSeq 500 system. The cffDNA haplotype was validated by the paternal haplotype. Subsequentlly, the paternity testing parameters were attributed to each case quantitatively. Results The biological relationship between the alleged fathers and infants in all 24 family cases were confirmed by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The Y-chromosome mini-STR haplotypes of all 14 male cffDNA were obtained by NGS without any missing loci. The alleles of cffDNA and paternal genomic DNA were matched in 13 cases, and a mismatched allele was detected at the DYS393 locus in one case and considered as mutation. No allele was detected in the 10 female cffDNA. The combined paternity index (CPI) and probability of paternity calculation was based on 6 loci Y-haplotype distributions of a local population. The probability of paternity was 98.2699–99.8828% for the cases without mutation, and 14.8719% for the case harboring mutation. Conclusions Our proof-of-concept study demonstrated that Y-chromosome mini-STR can be used for NGS-based NIPPT with high accuracy in real cases, and is a promising tool for familial searching, paternity exclusion and sex selection in forensic and medical applications.
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Shil, Nittyananda, Nahid Sultana y Sonia Sormin. "Study of Rhesus Genotype and Phenotype in Bangladeshi Population Attended in a Tertiary Care Hospital Transfusion Medicine". Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 7, n.º 2 (18 de febrero de 2017): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v7i2.31642.
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Background: The Rhesus Blood Group is one of the most important Blood Group like ABO. Exposure of Rhesus Negative individuals to Rhesus Positive Red Cells by Transfusion and/or Pregnancy is most likely to stimulate the production of Rhesus antibodies. These Antibodies may cause Haemolytic Diseases of Newborn (HDN) and Delayed Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction (DHTR.) Rh-antigens, mainly D, C ,E, e and small c are well developed before birth. d is not present or used hypothetically. The frequency of these antigens can be determined by using five different antisera; anti-D,-C, small c, -E and small e. Based on these Phenotype and Gene frequencies in a particular Population, the most probable Rh Genotype can be determined.Methodology: This cross sectional comparative study was carried out with 1,000 randomized samples of both patient and donors in the department of Transfusion Medicine of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). The eventual objective of the study was to determine the actual Rhesus phenotype-genotype frequency of Bangladeshi Native population. Sample was collected from both donor and patient. For each Test Saline and Anti Human Globulin Test (AHGT) were employed. Result: The most common genotype, we found, CDe/CDe i.e R1R1 (38.60%) which is the most vulnerable genotype to be immunized, the next group in our study was CDe/cde R1r(29.20%) and next category was CDe/Cde i.e. R1R2 (22.20%). Very rare genotype in our study detected was cDE/cde i.e. R2R (1.90%), cDE/cDE i.e. R2R2 (1.50%) CDE/cDE i.e.R1Rz (0.60%), cde/cde i.e. R0R0 (0.60%). Among Rh (D) Negative samples genotypes found is cde/cde i.e. rr (4.50%, and cde/cde i.e.r'r(0.8%) and Cde/cdE i.e. rr" (0.10%). Frequency distribution of genotype among male and female was also determined.Conclusion: The findings may be used in formulating Clinical Transfusion Practice and to fourmule strategies to prevent Rh Sensitization, may thus also be useful in disputed paternity and genetic study in Bangladesh.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 7, No. 2: Jul 2016, P 25-28
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Friedl, Thomas W. P. y Georg M. Klump. "Extrapair Fertilizations in Red Bishops (Euplectes Orix): Do Females Follow Conditional Extrapair Strategies?" Auk 122, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2005): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/122.1.57.
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Abstract Although many studies have revealed differences in patterns of extrapair paternity between species and between populations of the same species, possible differences in female extrapair behavior within populations have received far less attention. Here, we propose and test the hypothesis that females of the highly polygynous Red Bishop (Euplectes orix) follow two different extrapair strategies, with benefits of extrapair copulations depending on the quality of their social mate (”conditional-extrapair-strategy hypothesis”). In particular, we propose that females mated to low-quality males enhance the genetic quality of their offspring by performing extrapair copulations with males of higher quality than their social mate (in accordance with the good-genes hypothesis), whereas females mated to high-quality males perform extrapair copulations as insurance against temporary infertility of their social mate caused by sperm depletion due to frequent copulations (in accordance with the fertility-insurance hypothesis). Several predictions derived from our hypothesis, regarding differences in frequency and distribution of both unhatched eggs and extrapair young between high-quality and low-quality males, are tested and shown to be supported. Most importantly, hatching failures occurred more often in territories of high-quality males than in those of low-quality males, and the proportion of unhatched eggs within the territory was positively correlated to breeding synchrony for high-quality males only. Those results suggest that sperm depletion is a risk for females mated to high-quality males with many mating opportunities. The fact that broods of high-quality males without unhatched eggs had a significantly higher proportion of extrapair young than broods of high-quality males with unhatched eggs is consistent with the hypothesis that females mated to high-quality males were successful in performing EPCs as insurance against temporary infertility of their social mates. Furthermore, genetic fathers of extrapair young hatched in territories of low-quality males were found to be of higher quality than the corresponding social fathers, whereas no difference in quality was found between genetic and social fathers of extrapair young hatched in territories of high-quality males. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that the observed pattern was a result of females mating randomly from within the available pool of extrapair males, it is in accordance with our prediction that females mated to low-quality males perform extrapair copulations with males of higher quality than their social mate to enhance offspring fitness. Overall, the data presented here suggest that females within our study colony adjusted their extrapair behavior to the quality of their social mate, even if we cannot entirely rule out alternative explanations for some of the results obtained. Thus, the study provides support for the conditional-extrapair-strategy hypothesis, which states that within populations, females may follow different extrapair strategies to gain different benefits. Fertilizaciones Extra-pareja en Euplectes orix: ¿Siguen las Hembras Estrategias Extra-pareja Condicionales?
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Manee, Manee M., Abdulmalek T. Algarni, Sultan N. Alharbi, Badr M. Al-Shomrani, Mohanad A. Ibrahim, Sarah A. Binghadir y Mohamed B. Al-Fageeh. "Genome-wide characterization and analysis of microsatellite sequences in camelid species". Mammal Research 65, n.º 2 (14 de noviembre de 2019): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13364-019-00458-x.
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AbstractMicrosatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are among the genetic markers most widely utilized in research. This includes applications in numerous fields such as genetic conservation, paternity testing, and molecular breeding. Though ordered draft genome assemblies of camels have been announced, including for the Arabian camel, systemic analysis of camel SSRs is still limited. The identification and development of informative and robust molecular SSR markers are essential for marker assisted breeding programs and paternity testing. Here we searched and compared perfect SSRs with 1–6 bp nucleotide motifs to characterize microsatellites for draft genome sequences of the Camelidae. We analyzed and compared the occurrence, relative abundance, relative density, and guanine-cytosine (GC) content in four taxonomically different camelid species: Camelus dromedarius, C. bactrianus, C. ferus, and Vicugna pacos. A total of 546762, 544494, 547974, and 437815 SSRs were mined, respectively. Mononucleotide SSRs were the most frequent in the four genomes, followed in descending order by di-, tetra-, tri-, penta-, and hexanucleotide SSRs. GC content was highest in dinucleotide SSRs and lowest in mononucleotide SSRs. Our results provide further evidence that SSRs are more abundant in noncoding regions than in coding regions. Similar distributions of microsatellites were found in all four species, which indicates that the pattern of microsatellites is conserved in family Camelidae.
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Tursun, Serkan, Zeynep Arslan, Ayşegül Alpcan, Serdar Gül y Yaşar Kandur. "Clinical Patterns and Seasonal Distribution of Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing Bacteria in Children". Flora the Journal of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology 26, n.º 1 (24 de marzo de 2021): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/flora.20219919.
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Yurchenko, Andrey A., Hans Recknagel y Kathryn R. Elmer. "Chromosome-Level Assembly of the Common Lizard (Zootoca vivipara) Genome". Genome Biology and Evolution 12, n.º 11 (24 de agosto de 2020): 1953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa161.
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Abstract Squamate reptiles exhibit high variation in their phenotypic traits and geographical distributions and are therefore fascinating taxa for evolutionary and ecological research. However, genomic resources are very limited for this group of species, consequently inhibiting research efforts. To address this gap, we assembled a high-quality genome of the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara (Lacertidae), using a combination of high coverage Illumina (shotgun and mate-pair) and PacBio sequencing data, coupled with RNAseq data and genetic linkage map generation. The 1.46-Gb genome assembly has a scaffold N50 of 11.52 Mb with N50 contig size of 220.4 kb and only 2.96% gaps. A BUSCO analysis indicates that 97.7% of the single-copy Tetrapoda orthologs were recovered in the assembly. In total, 19,829 gene models were annotated to the genome using a combination of ab initio and homology-based methods. To improve the chromosome-level assembly, we generated a high-density linkage map from wild-caught families and developed a novel analytical pipeline to accommodate multiple paternity and unknown father genotypes. We successfully anchored and oriented almost 90% of the genome on 19 linkage groups. This annotated and oriented chromosome-level reference genome represents a valuable resource to facilitate evolutionary studies in squamate reptiles.
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Staadig, Adam y Andreas Tillmar. "Evaluation of microhaplotypes in forensic kinship analysis from a Swedish population perspective". International Journal of Legal Medicine 135, n.º 4 (28 de enero de 2021): 1151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-021-02509-y.
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AbstractThe development of massively parallel sequencing (MPS) technology has enabled the discovery of several new types of forensic markers where microhaplotypes are one of these promising novel genetic markers. Microhaplotypes are, commonly, less than 300 nucleotides in length and consist of two or more closely linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In this study, we have examined a custom-made QIAseq Microhaplotype panel (Qiagen), including 45 different microhaplotype loci. DNA libraries were prepared according to the GeneRead DNAseq Targeted Panels V2 library preparation workflow (Qiagen) and sequenced on a MiSeq FGx instrument (Verogen). We evaluated the performance of the panel based on 75 samples of Swedish origin and haplotype frequencies were established. We performed sensitivity studies and could detect haplotypes at input amounts down to 0.8 ng. We also studied mixture samples with two contributors for which haplotypes, for the minor contributor, were detectable down to the level of 1:100. Furthermore, we executed kinship simulations to evaluate the usefulness of this panel in kinship analysis. The results showed that both paternity and full sibling cases can clearly be solved. When simulating a half sibling versus unrelated case scenario, there were, however, some overlap of the likelihood ratio distributions potentially resulting in inconclusiveness. To conclude, the results of this initial study are promising for further implementation of this microhaplotype assay into the forensic field, although we noticed some primer design issues that could be optimized, which possibly would increase the power of the assay.
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Pastore, Lucio, Emilia Vuttariello, Claudia Sarrantonio, Iolanda Coto, Silvana Roviello, Giuliana Fortunato, Francesco Salvatore y Lucia Sacchetti. "Allele frequency distributions at several variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) and short tandem repeat (STR) loci in a restricted Caucasian population from South Italy and their evaluation for paternity and forensic use". Molecular and Cellular Probes 10, n.º 4 (agosto de 1996): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mcpr.1996.0039.
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SOUZA, Everaldo B. de, Mary T. KAYANO, Julio TOTA, Luciano PEZZI, Gilberto FISCH y Carlos NOBRE. "On the influences of the El Niño, La niña and Atlantic Dipole Paterni on the Amazonian Rainfall during 1960-1998". Acta Amazonica 30, n.º 2 (junio de 2000): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43922000302318.
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The influence of the large-scale climatic variability dominant modes in the Pacific and in the Atlantic on Amazonian rainfall is investigated. The composite technique of the Amazon precipitation anomalies is used in this work. The basis years for these composites arc those in the period 1960-1998 with occurrences of extremes in the Southern Oscillation (El Niño or La Niña) and the north/south warm (or cold) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies dipole pattern in the tropical Atlantic. Warm (cold) dipole means positive (negative) anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic and negative (positive) anomalies in the tropical South Atlantic. Austral summer and autumn composites for extremes in the Southern Oscillation (El Niño or La Niña) and independently for north/south dipole pattern (warm or cold) of the SST anomalies in the tropical Atlantic present values (magnitude and sign) consistent with those found in previous works on the relationship between Amazon rainfall variations and the SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic. However, austral summer and autumn composites for the years with simultaneous occurrences of El Niño and warm north/south dipole of the SST anomalies in the tropical Atlantic show negative precipitation anomalies extending eastward over the center-eastern Amazon. This result indicates the important role played by the tropical Atlantic in the Amazon anomalous rainfall distribution.
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Xiang, Wen-Qian, Pastor L. Malabrigo, Liang Tang y Ming-Xun Ren. "Limited-Distance Pollen Dispersal and Low Paternal Diversity in a Bird-Pollinated Self-Incompatible Tree". Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (25 de febrero de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.806217.
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Bird pollination in Asia is regarded as an uncommon phenomenon and, therefore, only a few investigations on mating pattern and paternity in fruits of Asian bird-pollinated plants have been conducted. Here, we examined spatial genetic structure, pollen dispersal, and multiple paternity in a natural population of Bombax ceiba (B. ceiba) (Malvaceae) in Hainan Island, South China, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A low genetic diversity (He = 0.351 ± 0.0341 and 0.389 ± 0.043, respectively, for adults and offspring) and bottleneck effects were observed. Genetic kinship was significant within 400 m or in 1,800–3,800 m. Both the mating pattern and paternity analysis confirmed obligate xenogamy and a low multiple paternity in B. ceiba. There was a strongly negative relationship between the frequency of matings and the distance between mating pairs. The average pollen dispersal distance was 202.89 ± 41.01 m (mean ± SE) and the farthest distance of > 1 km was recorded. Realized mating events showed an extremely leptokurtic distribution within 1,200 m, suggesting that the pollen dispersal distance was consistent with the optimal foraging theory of generalist birds such as Zosterops spp. and Pycnonotus spp. Paternity per tree ranged from two to six and the average effective number of pollen donors per maternal plant was 3.773, suggesting a low level of paternity diversity as compared to other bird-pollinated plants. We concluded that optimal foraging behavior by generalist birds could explain the leptokurtic pollen dispersal distribution and predominantly near-neighbor matings in B. ceiba. The limited pollen dispersal distance and low multiple paternity were consistent with low fruit setting rate (3.27 ± 0.93%) in this self-incompatible tree, which was caused mainly by the restricted flight distance of birds and human disturbances. Low genetic diversity and significant spatial genetic structure might have largely resulted from logging and human collection of fruits.
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Meil, Gerardo, Jesús Rogero-García, Pedro Romero-Balsas y Vicente Díaz-Gandasegui. "The Impact of Paternity Leave Compared to Unemployment on Child Care and Housework Distribution in Spain". Journal of Family Issues, 1 de noviembre de 2021, 0192513X2110544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x211054469.
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Paternity leave has been introduced in many countries as a way to foster father´s co-responsibility in family obligations. This study aims \to analyse, for the Spanish case, if (1) the positive effects of the paternity leave are not only limited to the short term, but are maintained at medium and long term; (2) if a similar effect applies in the case of unemployment periods. Based on a subsample of 3388 cases derived from the Spanish Fertility Survey 2018, we perform OLS regression analysis of father´s involvement in childcare and housework. Our analysis shows that longer leaves are related to a greater involvement in care and housework activities, although only in the former, the effect is maintained in the long term. Regarding unemployed fathers, these individuals show more involvement in childcare during the first year, but the effect vanishes later and there is no significant relationship with housework.