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Harris-Waller, Jayne H. J. "Understanding parenting stress and enhancing adoptive parenting." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.589460.
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Parenting stress is a common form of psychological distress, which has negative effects on parents and children. Adoptive parents face additional challenges related to the experience of parenting a child with adverse early experiences. The first paper presents a systematic review which found mixed evidence for the effectiveness of psychological interventions for adoptive parents. The evidence reviewed was found to be subject to multiple potential biases. Therefore, more methodologically sound intervention research is indicated before firm recommendations can be made regarding clinical practice with adoptive parents. Implications for future research are discussed, with reference to the unique contextual challenges of conducting intervention research with adoptive families. The second paper presents an empirical study of relations between parenting stress, parental mind-mindedness, the valence of parental representations of children, and child behaviour variables. The online questionnaire study employed a British community sample of adoptive and biological parents. Results drew attention to the importance of parental cognitions and child behaviour difficulties, particularly insecure attachment- related behaviour, in understanding parenting stress. Theoretical implications for parenting stress and mind-mindedness are discussed, alongside implications for clinical practice and directions for future research
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Langenbrunner, Mary R. "Parenting Schemas: Perceptions of the Parenting Role." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1987. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3515.
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Grove, Foree Lee. "Parenting adolescents." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1991. http://www.tren.com.
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Sung, Suz-Chieh. "Parenting practices : parenting practices across children's temperament and cultures." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2007/s_sung_042607.pdf.
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Strahan, Esther Yodor, Wallace E. Jr Dixon, and J. Burton Banks. "Parenting With Reason: Evidence-Based Approaches To Parenting Dilemmas." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/189.
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Sometimes it feels as though everybody has an opinion on how you should bring up your child – and no two people seem to agree on how it should be done for the best! Parenting with Reason cuts through the masses of confusing and often contradictory advice about parenting by providing hard evidence to back up the tough decisions all parents face. Unlike many self-help guides to parenting which are based on the opinion of one author, this book is based on many findings from scientific research, giving you a trustworthy, ‘evidence-based’ guide to help see your way through parenting dilemmas.
Written by a clinical psychologist, a developmental psychologist and a doctor of family medicine, the book looks at pressing questions such as: 'What should I do when my child acts up?', 'How can I get my baby to sleep through the night?' and 'How do I begin to toilet-train my child?' The authors, who are also parents themselves, debunk common myths about parenting, such as the notion that a healthy baby needs to be able to breastfeed at will throughout the night, or the idea that children who are adopted need specialized counselling. They also cover issues such as how children might be affected by seeing violence on television, how a parent’s psychological health can affect their child, what the scientific evidence is for and against circumcision, and how divorce and adoption affect a child’s development. The end of each chapter gives you 'The Bottom Line', a handy summary of the key points of each issue.
This book is ideal for new or prospective parents, and paediatricians, family health providers and anyone who works with children and their parents will also find the book’s objective, scientific approach useful in their work.<br>https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1208/thumbnail.jpg
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Smith, Elaine. "Parenting from inside out : psychological perspectives on parenting from prison." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711904.
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This systematic literature review: ‘The Effectiveness of Parenting Programmes for Incarcerated Mothers on Parenting Outcomes, Parental Stress and Parental Self-Esteem’ explores the numerous variables impacting on the effectiveness of parenting programmes in the forensic setting. It is evident from the existing literature that research in this area is relatively new and in need of a more rigorous approach. The large scale project: ‘Fathers in Prison: The experience of parenting an Infant from Prison. An IPA Study’ involved interviewing 6 fathers in prison who had parented their infant during their custodial sentence. Analysis of the results revealed that this population invest greatly in their parenting on emotional, practical and cognitive levels. This has links to both psychological pain and psychological growth. Implications for practice are discussed.
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Ferriter, Michael Charles. "Parenting and schizophrenia." Thesis, Swansea University, 1997. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42329.
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The first part of this study reviews the evidence for biological, vulnerability-stress and psycho-social models of Schizophrenia focusing on the latter, particularly on pathogenic parenting models. The reasons why, despite lack of evidence, pathogenic parenting models gained the popularity they did are explored, including mental disorder as a disorder of mind rather than body, the claims of non medical professions to treat mental disorder, issues of therapeutic optimism and pessimism and political and social factors, including the status and societal view of women in general, and mothers in particular. In the second part of the thesis the existing literature on the plight of the parents of people with Schizophrenia is reviewed. The author conducted in depth interviews with parents of thirty persons with Schizophrenia (patients in a forensic or a community setting) looking at three main areas: subjects' views on the aetiology of Schizophrenia, burden and stress, and encounters with mental health care professionals. The subjects discounted pathogenic parenting models. However, significant levels of feelings of "guilt" for causing the disorder were recorded. High levels of stress and burden were found. Levels of contact with professionals were low and professionals were poor at information giving. However, levels of blaming by professionals were lower than expected with almost as many instances of professionals counselling parents not to blame themselves. The seemingly paradoxical results of discounting pathogenic parenting models, low levels of professionals blaming and nearly equal levels of overtly non-blaming, yet high levels of guilt are best explained by Attribution Theory. The author concludes that this may also explain more recent, disappointing, findings on the impact of family psychoeducational programmes and argues that the lessons of Attribution Theory in other contexts should be taken into account when designing such interventions.
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Hess, Carolyn. "The Responsive Parenting Program| A parenting support curriculum for vulnerable families." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10105278.
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<p> The Responsive Parenting Program curriculum combines recent developments in neuroscience, mindfulness, child development and positive parenting to provide vulnerable families with information, guidance and a group experience designed to support them in adopting a responsive approach to parenting. Parents who have experienced adverse conditions in childhood and continue to experience difficulty in getting their needs met as adults, often have adopted a survival approach to living. It is especially important to support these parents in making sense of their own experience so that they may build the capacity to better understand, nurture and protect their own children.</p><p> It is intended that all of the materials for this curriculum will exist in the public domain. In addition to the curriculum handbook, this includes links to recommended video segments, information sheets related to child growth and development, and suggestions for supportive practices to nurture healthy development and relationships.</p>
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Wang, Yun, and 王芸. "General parenting, smoking-specific parenting practices and adolescent smoking in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197510.
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Introduction
Though the associations of general parenting styles and smoking-specific parenting practices with adolescent smoking have received much attention in recent years, important questions remain. Most general parenting studies focused on Caucasian parents but much less in the literature is known about Chinese parents. As for smoking-specific parenting practices in the household, anti-smoking practices have been the focus, with pro-smoking practices seldom being studied.
The objectives of the present study were: 1) to examine general parenting styles of Hong Kong fathers and mothers, and their associations with adolescent current smoking; 2) to explore potential effect modifiers of the above associations—age/sex of the adolescent and parental smoking status; 3) to estimate the prevalence of adolescents’ exposure to smoking-specific parenting practices and the coexistence of pro-smoking and anti-smoking practices within a family; and 4) to examine the associations of smoking-specific parenting practices with adolescent current smoking status and their intention to smoke.
Methods
Data from 2 large-scale school surveys were used. In the Hong Kong Student Obesity Surveillance project (HKSOS), 34,678 secondary students aged 12-17 completed an anonymous questionnaire. Current smoking denoted any smoking in the past 30 days. The parenting style of each parent was classified as authoritative (high care/high control), authoritarian (low care/high control), permissive (high care/low control) or neglectful (low care/low control). Binary logistic regressions generated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of current smoking for parenting styles, and parental care and control.
In the Youth Smoking Survey (YSS) (2003/04), information of adolescent smoking behaviours, their exposure to smoking-specific parenting practices at home and socio-demographic characteristics was collected among 36,612 secondary 1-5 students. Pro-smoking practices included “buy cigarettes/hand cigarettes/light a cigarette/clean the ashtray for family members”, “easily see packages of cigarettes of family members at home”, “exposure to secondhand smoke at home” and “smoking among family members”. Anti-smoking practices were “parent-child communication about harms of smoking” and “anticipated control from father/mother if you were to smoke”. AORs of adolescent current smoking and their intention to smoke for each pro-smoking and anti-smoking practice were calculated.
Results
In HKSOS, over half of the fathers (51.5%) and mothers (66.2%) were authoritative. Current smoking (3.1%) was associated with lower levels of care both from father and mother, lower levels of maternal control, but higher levels of paternal control.
Compared with authoritative fathers, the AORs (95% CI) of adolescent current smoking were 0.74 (0.59-0.93) for permissive, 1.13 (0.87-1.43) for authoritarian, and 0.99 (0.77-1.28) for neglectful. The corresponding AORs for mothers were 1.30 (1.04-1.61), 1.80 (1.34-2.41), and 2.49 (1.90-3.28).
In YSS, 9.7% of adolescents were current smokers and 33.2% had the intention to smoke. About half the students (52.7%) reported pro-smoking practices and 87.8% reported anti-smoking practices at home. Anti-smoking practices were associated with lower odds of adolescent current smoking and intention to smoke, whereas pro-smoking practices were linked to higher odds.
Conclusions
Authoritative mothers and permissive fathers seemed to have protective effects against adolescent smoking. Pro-smoking practices were associated with higher odds of adolescent current smoking and intention to smoke, while anti-smoking practices were protective.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Community Medicine<br>Master<br>Master of Philosophy
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Durling, E. "Parenting with support? : parenting with a learning disability in the Bangladeshi community." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/942828/.
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This thesis focuses on parenting with a learning disability. Part one, the literature review, focuses on a specific area of the literature to date; that of informal support for parents with learning disabilities. It argues that whilst the literature has mainly focused on professional support, it is equally if not more important to address the informal support available to parents. It therefore systematically reviews articles available in this area concluding that whilst there is evidence for a lack of informal support for parents with learning disabilities, a more fine grained understanding of the interactions between all levels of context within parents' lives is needed. Part two, the empirical paper, explores parenting with a learning disability in an ethnic minority community, a hitherto neglected area. Specifically it focuses on the Bangladeshi community in Tower Hamlets and uses in-depth interviews to qualitatively explore how understandings of learning disability and parenthood impact upon the lives of parents with learning disabilities. It concludes that there is an expectation that people with learning disabilities within this community will become parents, stemming partly from an understanding of learning disability that does not focus on disability and an understanding of parenting that does not focus on individual competence. It highlights the numerous tensions this creates when negotiating with others who have different perspectives, particularly professional services. Part three, the critical appraisal, discusses the issues that have preoccupied the researcher during the research process and appraises the method of analysis utilised. It focuses in particular on researching across different contexts and the challenges and opportunities this has presented.
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KRAEMER, LINDA KAREN. "FOSTER PARENTS' INVOLVEMENT IN AUTHORITATIVE PARENTING AND DESIRE FOR FUTURE PARENTING TRAINING." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1027954813.
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Dodsworth, Carmen W. "Association of Mindful Parenting Dimensions, Positive Parenting, Child Reactivity, and Parent Stress." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5852.
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The quality of caregiver-child interactions influences child, parent, and family wellness. Although the existing body of literature links mindfulness to positive outcomes within the family, little is known about how specific dimensions of mindful parenting are associated with parenting practices or child behavior reactivity. Based on a mindful parenting model and differential susceptibility model, this quantitative study used an online survey method to examine how specific dimensions of mindful parenting are associated with parenting practices and child behavior reactivity among a sample of 152 parents of elementary-age children. This study also explored how parent life stress modifies the relationship between mindful parenting dimensions and parenting practices and child reactivity. A model estimation was calculated using least squares regression-based path analysis to test the strength and direction of the association between the 5 dimensions of mindfulness and child behavioral reactivity through mediation and moderated mediation models. Results revealed that the mindful parenting dimensions of acceptance and attention had significant positive associations with child behavior reactivity. Emotional awareness and attention were mediated by positive parenting; however, no moderated mediation of any dimension of mindfulness and child behavior reactivity was found. The results from this study may be used to promote positive social change by helping service providers develop effective parenting programs and properly identify parents who might benefit from mindfulness interventions and stress reduction techniques.
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Nuttycombe, Rachael Eileen. "Parenting children with epilepsy." Thesis, University of Hull, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440230.
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Ball, Lisa. "Parenting and peer victimisation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275241.
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Gunnarsson, Nina Veetnisha. "Parenting Children with Allergy." Doctoral thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ. Forskningsplattformen socialt arbete, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-21104.
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GORIN, MICHELLE CHRISTOF. "PARENTING IN POST-DIVORCE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=26096@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>Esta dissertação de mestrado pretende discutir a parentalidade após o divórcio e suas repercussões na vida dos filhos. A partir das transformações nas configurações da família contemporânea, investigaram-se as consequências psíquicas do fim da conjugalidade no sujeito, em relação ao seu narcisismo e à possibilidade de elaboração da separação. Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa qualitativa com quatro pais e quatro mães separados, baseada na realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados foram analisados de acordo com o método de análise de conteúdo. Verificou-se que a separação pode ser uma grande ferida no amor próprio dos membros do ex-casal, dificultando a vivência do luto pelo fim do casamento. Nesse contexto, as fronteiras entre a conjugalidade e a parentalidade ficam pouco delimitadas, afetando a relação com os filhos. Evidenciou-se que a forma na qual o divórcio foi vivido, individualmente, impacta as possibilidades de reorganização familiar após a ruptura. Nesse sentido, a coparentalidade se mostrou potencialmente difícil de ser exercida, implicando em grandes transformações na vida dos filhos.<br>The purpose of this master s thesis is to discuss parenting after divorce and its repercussions in the children s lives. Taking into account the transformations in contemporary family settings, the study investigates the psychic consequences of the end of marital relations upon the subject, regarding his/her narcissism and the possibility of elaborating the separation. The author conducted a qualitative research with four fathers and four mothers, performing semi-structured interviews and studying the results using the content analysis method. Findings indicate that the separation may inflict a major wound in the self-love of former members of the couple, hindering the grieving process caused by the end of marriage. In this context, the boundaries between marital relations and parenting became unclear, affecting parent-child relations. Evidence shows that the way in which subjects experience divorce, individually, has an impact on the possibilities of family reorganization after the breakup. In this sense, co-parenting seemed potentially difficult, involving major transformations in the children s lives.
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NAVARRO, PAULA DE MELLO. "CHILDREN OF LATE PARENTING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=34453@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTITUIÇÕES COMUNITÁRIAS DE ENSINO PARTICULARES<br>A presente dissertação teve como objetivo investigar as repercussões da parentalidade tardia na vida dos filhos, sob a perspectiva dos mesmos, estudando sua infância, adolescência e vida adulta. Está sendo apresentada em formato de dois artigos; no primeiro são discutidos os resultados referentes à infância e à
adolescência, e, no segundo, aqueles relacionados à idade adulta. Participaram seis sujeitos, entre 25 e 29 anos, sendo dois casados e quatro solteiros, sem filhos, que nasceram quando ao menos um de seus pais tinha mais de 40 anos. Para a avaliação das entrevistas, foi utilizado método de análise de conteúdo, proposto por Bardin (2011), na sua vertente categorial. Do material obtido, emergiram as categorias: convivência familiar; desencontros geracionais; liberdade e autonomia; conflitos; saída de casa; preocupações filiais e expectativas parentais; planejamento de futuro. Constatou-se que, os filhos tardios valorizam a história de vida dos pais mais velhos, porém reconhecem que a diferença geracional pode se traduzir em conflitos e em uma relação de mais respeito e distância afetiva, em dificuldade de compreensão cultural e em práticas educativas distintas da tendência atual. A metade dos entrevistados afirma ter tido na infância e adolescência maior convivência com o grupo familiar do que com amigos de sua idade e percebia-se como muito maduro em relação a seus pares. O envolvimento nos litígios conjugais dos pais também se fez presente em mais da metade dos relatos. Todos os participantes relataram dificuldade na saída da casa dos pais, seja por parte deles ou de seus progenitores. As preocupações dos filhos tardios configuram-se em torno da saúde e solidão dos pais, e o relacionamento e a felicidade dos mesmos. Nos planejamentos futuros, há a marca de um adiamento quanto a possíveis afastamentos; aparece o desejo de formar família e de ter mais de um filho; e a vontade de que os pais participem de rituais de passagem como o casamento e convivam com os futuros netos.<br>The aim of this dissertation was to investigate the repercussions of late parenting on the children s lives, from their perspective, studying their childhood, adolescence and adult life. It is being presented in two articles format; the first one discusses the results referring to childhood and adolescence, and the second
those related to adulthood. Six subjects, between 25 and 29 years old, two of them married and four unmarried, who were born when at least one of their parents was over 40 years old. To evaluate the interviews, it was used the method of content analysis, proposed by Bardin (2011), in its categorical aspect. From the material obtained, the categories emerged: family living; generational mismatches;
freedom and autonomy; conflicts; leaving home; filial concerns and parental expectations; future planning. It was found that late children value the life history of older parents, but recognize that the generational difference can be translated into conflicts and a relationship of more respect and affective distance, difficulty in cultural understanding and in different educational practices of the current trend. Half of the interviewees affirm that they had, on their childhood and adolescence, more time with the family group than with friends their age, and perceived themselves as very mature in relation to their peers. Involvement in marital disputes of their parents was also present in more than half of the stories.
All participants reported difficulty in leaving their parents home, either by themselves or their parents. The preoccupations of the later children are based around the health and loneliness of the parents, and the relationship and the happiness of the same. In future planning, there is the mark of a postponement
regarding possible departures; the desire to form a family and to have more than one child appears; and the willingness of parents to participate in rituals of passage such as marriage and cohabit with future grandchildren.
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Nixon, Hayley. "Families, parenting and asthma." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/families-parenting-and-asthma(ec22c654-4909-48da-8e76-db297a4917cf).html.
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This thesis follows the paper based format in that Papers One and Two are stand-alone papers prepared for submission for Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review and the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology respectively. The relevant submission guidelines are included in the appendix (Appendix 1). Asthma is the most common childhood chronic illness affecting an estimated 1.1 million children in the UK. A substantial body of research has shown that asthma prevalence and morbidity rates are associated not only with physiological factors but also with environmental and psychosocial factors. Identifying modifiable psychosocial variables involved in the expression and outcome of asthma in children enables identification of how and where interventions could be targeted. Two papers are presented in this thesis, which aims at contribute to research in this area followed by a critical evaluation of the research process, relevance and implications of the presented papers.Paper One is a review of the literature highlighting the biopsychosocial variables involved in the onset and development of childhood asthma. A model is proposed which aims at demonstrate the bidirectional influence of many variables thought to be involved in paediatric asthma expression. One significant area within the literature highlights the extent to which behaviour problems are elevated in asthmatic children. The prognosis for children who develop significant behaviour difficulties is poor.Research has shown that the quality of parenting a child receives has a significant impact on both the child's well-being and development. Literature included in Paper One highlights the relationship between asthma and parenting. Caregivers of asthmatic children have been shown to be more hostile and critical compared with caregivers of non-asthmatic children.Intervening early with families to promote warm, consistent and positive parenting is considered one of the most effective ways to treat behaviour difficulties. Parent training programmes have emerged as the most efficacious method of intervening with and treating child behaviour difficulties and enhancing parenting skills. In spite of their demonstrated effectiveness, engagement with programmes is often poor. As a result researchers have developed self-directed and web-based interventions. Despite their apparent benefits, uptake and continued engagement remains low.Paper Two aimed at examine whether providing asthma specific information enhanced engagement with a Triple P web-based intervention and identify any pre-treatment variables that predicted engagement. The final section, the Critical Evaluation, aimed at place the research in the wider context, consider the findings from both papers, highlight additional and unexpected outcomes and discuss the implications for future studies and limitations of the thesis.
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Nnadede, Ibiyemi Kate Ibitayo. "Parenting in Pakistani families." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4070/.
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This thesis reports findings arising from the question: ‘How do socio-cultural characteristics and maternal health influence the parenting patterns of families of Pakistani origin living in Bradford?’ Parents play a significant role in the lives of their children and a number of studies have been conducted on parenting and child development and factors that influence parenting practices, among white indigenous groups; but little is known about those of Pakistani families, and the influencing factors. There is a particularly high concentration of Pakistani families in Bradford, and the available BIB cohort database was important in selecting participants for this study, which was attached to the Maternal and Child Health theme of the BIB Research Cohort study and funded by CLARCH. Using a qualitative methodology, including face-to-face interviews and ethnographic observations the study explores the impact of health, level of education, religion, acculturation and social support on Pakistani families’ parenting patterns. The data was analysed by an initial coding, identifying themes, grouping of patterns, and arriving at meaningful explanations. The findings show that length of stay in the UK did not determine either the choice of language spoken at home or the level of acculturation. Higher levels of education were observed in the mothers who came to the UK than in those born in Bradford. Participants with a high level of education were more likely to be in work and able to provide robust, mentally stimulating learning environments. Most of the participants reported having experienced or currently experiencing depression, the majority do not seek professional help, but that of their family. Family support, particularly with childcare and religion, strongly shape Pakistani families’ parenting patterns. The study concludes that the sacred-secular bridge should be minimised by getting religious leaders involved in teaching key aspects of change or behaviour, in order to better secure the Pakistani communities’ attention and interest. A range of educational opportunities should be made available for Pakistani women who wish to access higher education, and institutions should engage with the community to know how they can best serve them.
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Disque, J. Graham, and Mary R. Langenbrunner. "Experiential Approaches to Parenting." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2004. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2813.
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Marley, Michelle Y. "Foster Parenting...Why Not?" CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/388.
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Every day, children are removed from their homes of origin by Children & Family Services and placed into foster care. When the county foster homes become full, private foster family agencies are relied upon to take in the overflow. For a variety of reasons, private agencies are finding it increasingly difficult to recruit and retain sufficient numbers of foster parents to house all of these children. This is a pressing problem in the social work field as, without proper placement options, many children will simply fall through the cracks in the system. The purpose of this research was to explore and address the many concerns surrounding foster parenting, thereby improving foster parent recruitment and retention. Surveys were completed by foster family agency staff (both private and county), current and former foster parents, and people who have considered foster parenting but later changed their minds. Qualitative data gleaned from these surveys revealed improvement that could be made in foster parent recruitment and retention for both private and county agencies. This research has the potential to increase the pool of available foster homes and save the lives of many children.
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Gülzau, Fabian. "Cultural Patterns in Parenting." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/20119.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht kulturelle Vorstellungen und Praktiken von Elternschaft in Deutschland. Wie Familien ihre Kinder erziehen ruft ein steigendes Interesse von Seiten der Politik, Wissenschaft und weiterer (Bildungs-)Professionen hervor. Gegenwärtig wird von Eltern erwartet, dass sie sich mit Expertenwissen auseinandersetzen, welches oftmals kostspielige und zeitaufwändige Praktiken nahelegt. Zur gleichen Zeit nehmen staatliche Akteure verstärkt Einfluss auf das familiale Leben und insbesondere die Kindererziehung. Als Folge dieser Entwicklung haben sich die kulturellen Vorstellungen von Elternschaft in Deutschland gewandelt.
Mit diesen Entwicklungen beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit in drei Aufsätzen. Im Einzelnen betrachten die Artikel: (1) die Bedingungen von familienpolitischen Reformen, (2) die elterlichen Diskussionen um sich wandelnde Erwartungen sowie (3) die Auswirkung der elterlichen Klassenposition auf deren Erziehungspraktiken. Um diese Fragen zu beantworten greifen die Artikel sowohl auf Umfragedaten als auch digitale Daten zurück, die mit neuen Methoden der computergestützten Sozialforschung analysiert werden.
Insgesamt erweitert die vorliegende Dissertation unser Wissen um den aktuellen Wandel von Elternschaft in Deutschland. Zudem werden innovative Methoden der computergestützten Sozialforschung in die Familiensoziologie eingeführt. Zuletzt wurde mit kulturellen Leitbildern von Elternschaft ein Zugang vorgeschlagen, der es erlaubt den gegenwärtigen Wandel von Elternschaft zu untersuchen.<br>The thesis at hand investigates conceptions and practices of parenthood in Germany. How families approach their childrearing has attracted growing interest in politics, science, and by (education) professionals. Today, parents are encouraged to seek expert advice to inform their childrearing. Such advice often involves the expenditure of considerable amounts of time and money. At the same time, the state has become increasingly active in the intimate life of families and, in particular, their parenting practices. As a result, the cultural models of parenthood in Germany have been changed.
At the background of these changes, I designed three papers that analyze (1) the conditions of family policy change, (2) the way parents adopt changing expectations and demands, and (3) the relationship between parenting practices and social class. In order to address these questions, the respective articles use survey and digital data as well as methods from the computational social sciences (CSS).
In sum, the dissertation expands our knowledge on the current recalibration of parenthood in Germany. It also introduces innovative methods from CSS to family sociology. Finally, cultural models of parenthood are proposed as a way to organize the research on changing standards and norms of parenthood.
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Human-Hendricks, Anja. "A case study for intergenerational transference of parenting in genadendal: Developing guidelines." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8026.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>Parenting practices are known to influence the development of children and family functioning. However, the extent to which these generational influences stretch, and the continuities brought forth between generations has not been adequately studied. Therefore, this study aimed to explore intergenerational parenting in Genadendal for the purpose of developing guidelines for parents and practitioners. The concept of parenting was extensively unpacked to understand the intergenerational transmitted parenting factors being transferred from one generation to the next, in order to examine the parenting styles, parenting practices, parenting traits, and how these are transmitted over generations.
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Bitter, James. "Perfect Parenting and Other Myths: The “Perfect Parenting and Other Myths Study Group." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1996. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6075.
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Marin, Pilar. "The influence of maternal socialization factors and parenting program participation on parenting behaviors." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/5914.
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Goddard, H. Wallace. "The Effect of an Attribution-Based Parenting Program on Perceptions of Parenting Behavior." DigitalCommons@USU, 1990. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2316.
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Attribution theory has become increasingly prominent in social psychology in the last few decades. Insights from attribution theory were used to guide the development of a parenting program . The program was delivered to a group of mothers and fathers of middle-school children in a 5-week parenting program. Parents who volunteered for the program were randomly assigned to treatment and control (delayed treatment) conditions. The program emphasized the dangers of biases in perception and encouraged empathic communication. Parents were encouraged to discuss their own parenting dilemmas in the class. Handouts and reminders were used to help parents understand and remember the pOints of the sessions. Both the parents and their middle-school children gave reports on parent behavior before the program began and after its conclusion. While there were no differences between treated and untreated parents on most child-report measures, children consistently rated parents in the experimental group more favorably than those in the control group when asked to indicate changes in the parents' behavior. Apparently the parenting program made some improvements in parents' nurturing behaviors as perceived by themselves and their middle-school children. It was concluded that the insights of attribution theory can help parents improve their nurturing behavior. Difficult methodological issues about measuring changes in behavior remain unresolved. The implications of this project for practice include the recommendation that parenting programs account for cognitive as well as behavioral processes. Applications for parenting programs and the methodology of their evaluation are discussed.
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Vlach, Jennifer L. "Meta-Parenting in Parents of Infants and Toddlers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5566/.
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Meta-parenting, defined as parents thinking about their parenting, has been identified and is a new field of research. The purposes of this study were to add to the existing knowledge of meta-parenting and to compare the influences of gender, work status, and parenting experience on meta-parenting occurring in parents of infants and toddlers. Sixty parents participated either electronically or by completing a written survey and reported engaging from "sometimes" to "usually" in four domains of meta-parenting: anticipating, assessing, reflecting, and problem-solving. Gender, work status, and parenting experience did not significantly influence participants' meta-parenting scores. Parents were found to have a higher sense of satisfaction and overall sense of competence when they engaged in higher levels of meta-parenting.
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Yip, Yuk-pui, and 葉玉珮. "Chinese traditional value and parenting styles of parent-participants in a parenting education program." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31250774.
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Holliday, Monica J. "Authoritative parenting and outcomes of positive discipline parent training| Parenting style and perceived efficacy." Thesis, Adler School of Professional Psychology, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3662133.
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<p> This study was designed to investigate the impact of Adlerian parent trainings on parenting style and perceived competence, in order to determine if Positive Discipline parent training courses promote the <i> authoritative parenting style.</i> It was hypothesized that an Adlerian parent training would both promote the authoritative style and reduce authoritarian style and permissive style. It was also hypothesized that after attending a parent training, parents would note an increase in their sense of competence as parents. The central constructs were assessed through an online survey that included a measure of parenting style (Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire; PSDQ) and a measure of parenting competence (Parent Sense of Competence; PSOC). The sample consisted of 101 parents who attended one of 26 distinct Positive Discipline parent training group classes offered in cities across the United States. For the study, parents were assessed for parenting style and competence before the start of the course, after they completed the course, and at a 3-month follow-up period. Results indicated that parents experienced significant increases in both authoritativeness and sense of competence from pre-test to post-test. There was an even stronger significance associated with the increase in authoritativeness from pre-test to the three-month follow-up. Results also confirmed the hypothesis that attendance at the parent training would lead to reduced levels of authoritarian and permissive parenting styles. The study provides emperical support for the theoretical link between the Adlerian parenting model and the authoritative parenting model.</p>
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McCaffrey, Stacey. "Mindfulness In Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ): Development and validation of a measure of mindful parenting." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/81.
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Mindful parenting has been defined as “paying attention to your child and your parenting in a particular way: intentionally, here and now, and non-judgmentally” (Kabat-Zinn & Kabat-Zinn, 1997). Although it is hypothesized that increasing mindful parenting improves parent and child functioning, the development of a measure of mindful parenting is needed to support this assumption. The aim of the present study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate a measure of mindful parenting (the Mindfulness In Parenting Questionnaire: MIPQ) for use with mothers and fathers of both children and adolescents, ranging in age from 2- to 16-years-old. The current study contained three phases. First, content experts in the area of mindfulness and parenting provided content for preliminary items. Second, parents participated in cognitive interviewing in order to reduce measurement error and increase the psychometrics of the measure. The third and final phase consisted of large-scale data collection to explore the psychometrics of the new MIPQ. Two-hundred and three parents recruited from academic and after-school programs in South Florida completed the MIPQ, along with measures of intrapersonal mindfulness, parenting behavior, parenting style, and a demographics questionnaire. The Partial Credit Model, which evidenced significantly better fit than the Rating Scale Model, was used to evaluate the MIPQ using WINSTEPS 3.74.01. The MIPQ was iteratively refined based on statistical and clinical considerations, resulting in a 28-item measure with 4 response categories. Further, results supported a 2 factor mindful parenting construct. The first factor (Parental Self-Efficacy) reflects a parent’s self-efficacy, as well as nonreactivity and awareness within the parenting role, while the second factor (Being in the Moment with the Child) pertains to the child, and reflects present-centered attention, empathic understanding, and acceptance of the child. Factors were correlated (r = .67) and explained 42.3% and 43.4% of the variance, respectively. Correlations between the MIPQ and parenting style, parenting practices, practice of mindfulness, and participant demographics provided support for convergent and discriminant validity. The MIPQ exhibited a positive and weak correlation with the MAAS, indicating that interpersonal and intrapersonal mindfulness are related, but separate and distinct constructs. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
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Molitor, Joseph G. "Parenting Emotions and Goals: Explaining the Link Between Maternal Anxiety and Controlling Parenting Behaviors." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1478530292371291.
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Nichols, Linda Adams. "Single and Married Mothers: A Comparison of Parenting Stress, Parenting Skills, and Self-Esteem." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332035/.
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This study compared divorced custodial mothers and mothers married to the biological fathers of their children on parenting stress, parenting skills, and self-esteem. The relationship between parenting stress, parenting skills, self-esteem, marital status, and life satisfaction was also examined. A total of 63 subjects, including 31 married mothers and 32 single mothers, was administered the Parenting Stress Index, the Parenting Skills Inventory, and the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. Subjects also completed a Demographic Data Sheet that included a Likert-type scale designed by the researcher to measure current life satisfaction. All subjects either attended church or lived in a geographic area of North Central Texas that is generally recognized as being somewhat affluent.
No significant differences were found on the t-tests comparing the mean total scores of the married and divorced mothers on levels of parenting stress, parenting skills, and self-esteem. A post hoc t-test revealed, however, that the group of married mothers had significantly higher mean total scores on the life satisfaction measure than the group of divorced mothers. Additionally, life satisfaction was found to be associated with parenting stress, parenting skills, self-esteem, and marital status. Specificallly, (a) as parenting stress increases, life satisfaction decreases, (b) as parenting skills increase, life satisfaction increases, (c) as self-esteem increases, life satisfaction increases, and (d) being married is associated with increased life satisfaction.
The results of this study would seem to indicate that single mothers have no more difficulty in overall coping than their married counterparts although they are less satisfied with their current life circumstances than the group of married mothers. Additional comparisons of the data suggested that neither group of mothers regarded their children as interfering with their social lives in a major way. Like most previous research, the data also indicated that the single mothers worked longer hours and had less money available for their families' use than the married mothers.
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Cookston, Jeffrey Travis. "Responsive parenting behavior : its relation to role quality, the parenting alliance, and interpersonal context /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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LeRoy, Michelle A. "The role of sancitification of parenting in married couples' perceptions of coparenting." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1237605161.
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Persson, Stefan. "Adolescents' role in democratic "parenting" /." Örebro : Örebro University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-8737.
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Irving, Robyn Lee. "Intergenerational transitions in parenting practices." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0001/NQ27964.pdf.
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Folsom, James D. "A Biblical philosophy of parenting." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1986. http://www.tren.com.
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O'Riordan, Elizabeth. "Parenting a child with cancer /." View thesis View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030505.165158/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2002.<br>"A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy - Health and Nursing from the University of Western Sydney" Bibliography : leaves 254-265.
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Tripp, Tedd. "Parenting shepherding the child's heart /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1990. http://www.tren.com.
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Driscoll, Lucy C. "Parenting Styles and Self-Esteem." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/155.
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Data from 183 participants were collected through an online survey focusing on the relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem across a specific age range. Parenting styles were assessed using a four-factor model while self-esteem was evaluated using two different scales. Multiple analyses were completed to find that self-esteem changed across the age range, and across parenting styles. The study looks at the ways in which these two variables changed. Implications, limitations and future research opportunities are discussed.
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Ritchie, Charlotte. "Parenting and adolescent well-being." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270469.
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Harris, Elizabeth Caroline. "Mexican origin parenting in Sunnyside." Thesis, Washington State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3715223.
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<p> Over the last several decades, Mexican origin immigrants have dispersed across the United States (Massey, Durand and Malone 2002). One community that has experienced particular growth in its Mexican origin population is Sunnyside, an agricultural city in the Yakima Valley. In this new destination community, Mexican origin families confront problems of gangs, violence, concentrated poverty and drug abuse, along with the challenges of surviving in a community that offers few pathways for mobility to Latinos. </p><p> In this study, I draw on 43 qualitative interviews and participant observer data to consider how Mexican origin parents, in two parent homes, go about the act of parenting in the context of Sunnyside. I query couples' parenting styles, with attention to how they develop aspirations for their children and to what models they use to inform their parenting. I look at how the structure of the community helps to perpetuate gendered parenting practices. Finally, I explore how these parenting approaches operate in the school system. </p><p> I argue that while much of the parenting that I observed deviates from that advocated by child development specialists (e.g. Baumrind 1968; 2012), the parenting was well designed to protect children from the particular forms of risk that were prominent in Sunnyside. The parenting was typically authoritarian and drew on models that families brought with them from Mexico. Other research on immigrant acculturation suggests this was probably an effective way to keep children safe by promoting selective acculturation (Portes and Rumbaut 2001; Zhou 1997). The parenting, however, was ill-designed to help the children to succeed educationally. Although parents wanted their children to get an education, they could offer little direct help to their children around educational tasks. Instead, they used discipline and engaged their children in physical labor to encourage the children to want to do well in school. This descriptive study helps to demonstrate how the characteristics of one particular new immigrant destination shape family life, parenting styles and children's life chances. </p>
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Johnson, Matthew. "Parenting stress in recent fathers." Thesis, Keele University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392157.
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Taylor, Amethyst Reyes. "Parenting in Filipino Transnational Families." UNF Digital Commons, 2008. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/265.
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This qualitative study analyzed the experience of parenting within Filipino Overseas families as perceived by adult children. The impact of overseas workers is invaluable to the Philippine economy. The current study explored the dimensions of having a parent, mother or father, who is an overseas worker, acknowledging that there are clear challenges of parenting children with the barriers of geographical distance. International long distance telephone interviews were conducted with adult children of Filipino overseas workers. Results from consensual qualitative research analysis (C. E. Hill et al., 2005; C. E. Hill, B. J. Thompson, & E. N. Williams, 1997) indicated two significant themes: parental work overseas was for the family benefit and the communal nature of childrearing.
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Cable, Glenda. "Fathers experiences of single parenting." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6160.
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Magister Social Work -MSW<br>Fathers, specifically in South Africa, are generally stereotyped as either absent, deadbeat
fathers who do not play an active role in their children's lives or as being present traditional
breadwinners and authoritative fathers. The latter has given rise to the ideology that fathers
are unable to construct nurturing and care giving roles normally associated with the mother's
role. This study documents the unique lived experiences of six single fathers residing in the
Cape Metropole area, and their roles as primary care givers to their children. Social
Constructionism Theory and Hegemonic Masculinity Theory were applied as theoretical
frameworks against which these fathers views and experiences were analysed.
The aim of this qualitative study was to explore and describe the lived parenting experiences
of single fathers solely rearing their children. In-depth interviews, using a semi-structured
interview guide, were conducted with six single fathers, who met the eligibility criteria of the
study. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. Four themes emanated from this study,
namely single fathers' definition of being a father; single fathers' parenting experiences;
parenting roles taken on by single fathers; and personal perceptions about being a single
father.
Furthermore, according to the findings, it is suggested that these single fathers faced many
challenges and stresses in their roles as single parents, including adverse social and personal
struggles when going against traditional masculine roles and fulfilling a more nurturing
motherly role. Despite all these barriers and challenges, they were able to construct an
alternative masculinity when taking on untraditional roles. This research will be valuable to
future researchers and practitioners working in the field of fatherhood as it will provide
guidance in developing understanding and interventions for this population group.
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Merriman, Carolyn S. "Parenting the Medically Fragile Child." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8422.
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Sheshko, Dana. "Parenting Support for Diverse Populations." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41860.
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The overarching goal of this dissertation is to inform evidence-based supports for diverse parents. Past meta-analyses (e.g., Dimitrova, Chasiotis, & van de Vijver, 2016; Porter & Haslam, 2005) have examined adjustment in migrant children, adolescents, and adults. To date, reviews have often examined only immigrants or refugees, with few quantitative comparisons between groups. Further, few include information on parenting or parental adjustment (e.g., van Os, Kalverboer, Zijlstra, Post, & Knorth, 2016). To fill this gap, I conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that used psychometrically strong measures of adjustment and parenting with newcomer immigrant and refugee families to update the literature and to provide a quantitative comparison between migrant groups. Database searches yielded 18,139 abstracts for screening; 4,626 full text articles were reviewed; 31 independent samples 25 of which have not been included in previous reviews met inclusion criteria. Results highlight important differences between migrant groups and informants: parent reports of youth adjustment generally reported greater problems among both immigrant and refugee youth compared to normative samples, whereas youth self-reports varied by migrant group (with refugee youth reporting greater problems than immigrant youth) and adjustment construct. In my second study, I developed and evaluated a self-report measure of adherence to an evidence-based parenting program that is used with diverse families. This tool, the Practitioner Session Reflection Tool (PSRT; Sheshko, Lee, & Gagné, 2015), was designed to support practitioners’ adherence to both the session content and to the primary process of self-regulation theorized to underpin the Triple P – Positive Parenting Program (Sanders, 1999, 2012). Fifty-two practitioners from 12 community agencies submitted 361 self-reports; a subset of 23 practitioners submitted 63 audio-recordings to permit additional ratings by a coding team providing a multi-informant and multimethod evaluation of adherence. Results provided preliminary evidence of good levels of reliability and validity for scores on the adherence measures. Consistent with previous research there were low correlations between informants: practitioners reported both higher content (84.6% compared to 49.9%) and process (80.0 – 95.0% compared to 30 – 55%) adherence than that rated by coders. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed. Taken together, the results of these two studies highlight both the importance of offering supports that can be delivered flexibly to suit the needs of diverse families, and the need to support practitioners’ self-reflection on adherence to program content and underlying processes in delivering those supports.
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Bitter, James. "Parenting for the 21st Century." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6115.
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Bryant, Kenneth. "Parenting styles and spiritual maturity." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3062/.
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Relationships between parenting styles practiced in individuals' families of origin and the measurement of individuals' spiritual maturity in adulthood were studied. Relationships between gender and the authoritative (facilitative) parenting style comprised the main focus of the study. Participants for this study were recruited from a large, non-denominational Christian church located in north Texas. A total of 300 individuals were randomly selected. A total of 160 individuals filled out the demographic sheet, the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), and the Spiritual Assessment Inventory (SAI). Canonical correlation procedures were performed among the set of SAI scales measuring individuals' spiritual maturity (awareness, instability, grandiosity, realistic acceptance, disappointment, and impression management) and the set of PAQ scales that measure parenting styles (authoritative or facilitative, authoritarian, and permissive) of mothers and fathers. Conclusions about female and male students raised in homes characterized by fathers and mothers with an authoritative (facilitative) parenting style were varied. Female adults raised in homes characterized by fathers and mothers with an authoritative (facilitative) parenting style were not correlated in a positive manner with spiritual maturity. Male adults raised in homes characterized by fathers with an authoritative (facilitative) parenting style demonstrated significance at only a large observed p value and therefore, could not be reported. Male students raised in homes characterized by mothers with an authoritative (facilitative) parenting style were correlated significantly with spiritual maturity in one correlation at the .04 level of significance. In another correlation, at the .003 level of significance, male adults raised in homes characterized by mothers with an authoritative (facilitative) parenting style were not correlated. Some cautions were discussed regarding the findings, and directions for future research on parenting styles and spiritual maturity were discussed.
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Barker, Richard W. "Lone fathers, parenting and masculinities." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19904.
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This thesis examines lone fathering, parenting and masculinities drawing on data from a study of 35 lone parent fathers who had responsibility for dependent children in households where there was no woman resident. The sample was drawn from child benefit records, and thus is a more representative sample than those used in previous similar studies. Quantitative and qualitative data was obtained via an in-depth interview with the sample members, 19 divorcees and 16 widowers, who were all resident in the North of England. The research explores the impacts of interactionist and structural factors on the experiences of the lone fathers studied. The study has indicated that there was no single pattern of lone fatherhood, it is suggested that differences can be best understood as the expression of different forms of masculinities operating within the different patriarchal structures of society. This research argues for a six fold division of the social construction of patriarchy into the patriarchal relations of the domestic setting, the economic setting, community and neighbourhood, sexuality, the state and culture. On the basis of orientations to gender roles, two forms of masculinities have been established. 'Traditional patriarchs' tended to have experienced lone fatherhood as a gender and parenting crisis to be resolved via minimal change. They were more likely to have developed routines for managing housework than traditional patriarchs, they tended not to regret the additional responsibilities of lone fatherhood, and had an orientation to masculinities which placed child care and parenting as important for men as well as for women. The results of this study suggest that the commonly held assumption that therre has been no recent significant restructuring of male gender roles is an oversimplification. Whilst the members of this sample should not be seen to be New Men, both traditional patriarchs and gender pioneers were more involved with their children and with the management of the household than they had been prior to lone fatherhood, and virtually all the men in the study were more 'active' as fathers and as workers in the domestic setting than men have generally been found to be in studies of two parent families. The study concludes with a discussion of some issues that arise from these findings, and with suggestions for further research.