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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Parabolic troughs receiver"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 10 de marzo de 2023

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Parabolic troughs receiver"

Almanza, Rafael, Alvaro Lentz y Gustavo Jiménez. "Receiver behavior in direct steam generation with parabolic troughs". Solar Energy 61, n.º 4 (octubre de 1997): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-092x(97)88854-8.

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Shuja, Shahzada Zaman, Bekir Sami Yilbas y Hussain Al-Qahtani. "Thermal Assessment of Selective Solar Troughs". Energies 12, n.º 16 (15 de agosto de 2019): 3130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163130.

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A comparative study was carried out incorporating a novel approach for thermal performance evaluations of commonly used parabolic trough collectors, namely the Euro, Sky, and Helio troughs. In the analysis, pressurized water and therminol-VP1 (eutectic mixture of diphenyl oxide (DPO) and biphenyl) fluid were introduced as working fluids, and the governing equation of energy was simulated for various working fluid mass flow rates and inlet temperatures. The thermal performance of the troughs was assessed by incorporating the first- and second-law efficiencies and by using temperature increases and pressure drops of the working fluid. It was found that the first-law efficiency of the troughs increased with the working fluid mass flow rate, while it decreased with an increasing working fluid inlet temperature. The first-law efficiency remained the highest for the Euro trough, followed by the Sky and Helio troughs. The second-law efficiency reduced with an increasing working fluid mass flow rate, while it increased with an increasing working fluid inlet temperature. The second-law efficiency became the highest for the Helio Trough, followed by the Sky and Euro troughs. The temperature increase remained the highest along the length of the receiver for the Helio Trough compared to that corresponding to the Euro and Sky troughs for the same mass flow rate of the working fluid. The pressure drops in the working fluid became high for the Euro Trough, followed by the Sky and Helio troughs. The pressurized water resulted in higher second-law efficiency than the therminol-VP1 fluid did for all of the troughs considered.

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Al-Oran, O. y F. Lezsovits. "Recent experimental enhancement techniques applied in the receiver part of the parabolic trough collector – A review". International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 11, n.º 3 (12 de noviembre de 2020): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2020.00055.

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AbstractRecently, the thermal performance of the parabolic trough collector (PTC), augmented to be more applicable and efficient, received intensive research. These studies aimed to improve heat transfer in the receiver part, in order to decrease the heat loss, and enhance the heat transfer to the thermal fluid. Many previous review papers focused on the numerical sides rather than the experimental side. Several research papers recommended doing more research in the experimental field; in order to decrease the gap between the numerical and experimental results, as well as increase the confidence level of what has been done in the theoretical field researches. Regarding the recommendations of the recent papers to decrease the gap between numerical and experimental aspects, this review paper focused on the recent experimental research related to thermal enhancement performance in the receiver part of the parabolic solar collector. In this research, different categories of the enhancement methods are discussed in detail through this review, namely nanofluids, surface modifications, and inserts models or the two categories combined together. We discussed these categories for different parabolic troughs considering only the recent experimental research between the period from 2014 up to 2019. Some parameters were discussed, such as the main dimensions of the examined receiver and parabolic collector. Moreover, types of nanoparticle specifications and preparation methods with different base fluids were highlighted. In addition, we discussed different aspects of using inserts models and inlet and outlet surface modification methods. Finally, the main thermal efficiency and thermal performance enhancement results for each work were presented.

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Cygan, David, Hamid Abbasi, Aleksandr Kozlov, Joseph Pondo, Roland Winston, Bennett Widyolar, Lun Jiang et al. "Full Spectrum Solar System: Hybrid Concentrated Photovoltaic/Concentrated Solar Power (CPV-CSP)". MRS Advances 1, n.º 43 (2016): 2941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.512.

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ABSTRACTGas Technology Institute (GTI), together with its partners University of California at Merced (UC Merced) and MicroLink Devices Inc. (MicroLink) are developing a full spectrum solar energy collection system to deliver variable electricity and on-demand heat. The technology uses secondary optics in a solar receiver to achieve high efficiency at high temperature, collects heat in particles for low fire danger, stores heat in particles instead of molten salt for low cost, and uses double junction (2J) photovoltaic (PV) cells with backside infrared (IR) reflectors on the secondary optical element to raise exergy efficiency. The overall goal is to deliver enhancement to established trough technology while exceeding the heliostat power tower molten salt temperature limit. The use of inert particles for heat transfer may make parabolic troughs safer near population centers and may be valuable for industrial facilities.

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Goodman, Joel H. "Architectonic Studies with Selected Reflector Concentrating Solar Collectors". Journal of Green Building 2, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2007): 78–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.2.2.78.

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Solar concentrating collectors with reflectors are a developing technology for thermal applications that can be useful to avoid fossil fuel greenhouse gas emissions, reduce demand for imported fuels and lessen biomass burning. The selected reflector concentrators for building integration studies are: fixed nonimaging compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) E-W line troughs, (building interior with evacuated tubes [ET] for the Temperate Zone, and exterior for the Tropics) with N-S involutes and adjustable end “wall” reflector options; and two-axis tracking small heliostats central receiver tower systems. When these reflector concentrating collector systems are integrated within building form, structure, and site planning, they are one of the main organizing design influences—an essential aspect of conceptual design. Schematic architectonic design studies are presented for mid temperature process heat applications beyond temperatures delivered with typical flat-plate thermal collectors (>≈80°C/176°F). Relations between: solar collector technologies, CPC optical characterization, daylighting, building structure, construction, site planning, and interior space usage are discussed for selected building types. These include CPC solar community and institutional kitchens for the Tropics, and house-size verification facilities with building interior ET and reflectors for the Temperate Zone.

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Nallusamy, Nallusamy, Panneerselvam Malathi Sivaram y Mariappan Suresh. "Numerical Modelling of Solar Parabolic Trough Receiver Employed for Thermal Energy Storage System". Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 5, n.º 2 (2017): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2017.5.2.353.

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Liang, Jun Ming, Jian Feng Lu, Jing Ding y Jian Ping Yang. "Heat Efficiency of Trough Solar Vacuum Receiver". Applied Mechanics and Materials 521 (febrero de 2014): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.521.23.

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The heat loss and thermal performance of solar parabolic trough vacuum receiver were experimentally measured and analyzed by heat transfer model. According to the present experiments, the heat loss of solar parabolic trough vacuum receiver has good agreement with the heat loss of vacuum receiver from Solel company. As the wall temperature increase from 108°C to 158°C, the heat loss of solar parabolic trough vacuum receiver remarkably increases from 35 Wm-2to 57 Wm-2. The heat transfer model of parabolic trough solar receiver is then theoretically investigated due to the energy balances between the heat transfer fluid, absorber tube, glass envelope and surroundings. When solar radiation flux is constant, the heat efficiency of solar parabolic trough system decreases with the wall temperature and oil temperature. When solar radiation flux or solar concentration ratio increases, the heat efficiency of solar parabolic trough system increases.

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Wettermark, Gunnar. "Performance of the SSPS Solar Power Plants at Almeria". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 110, n.º 4 (1 de noviembre de 1988): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268263.

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The article summarizes the results of the operation of the two solar power plants of the SSPS project (Small Solar Power Systems) at Almeria, carried out within the framework of the International Energy Agency. The two power plants were built side by side in order to compare two thermal-electric techniques, one being a distributed collector system (DCS) with arrays of parabolic troughs and the other a central receiver system (CRS) with heliostats concentrating the sunlight onto the top of a tower. Each plant was constructed with a nominal capacity of 500 kWel and was expected to have a net yearly output on the order of 1 GWh.—Only the DCS plant was in operation sufficiently to enable an assessment of possible annual production of electricity. Through extrapolation one finds that the gross output of the built plant was maximal 0.25 GWh with an overall efficiency of 2.3 percent for a plant with 100 percent availability and no malfunctions. Internal electricity consumption correspondingly calculated amounts to 0.11 GWh resulting in only 0.14 GWh yearly net output. Using the experimental values from the CRS plant, it appears that its yearly gross output could have been similar to that of the DCS plant but at higher internal electricity consumption, particularly due to the trace heating of the heat transfer medium (sodium).—The technical reasons for the poor efficiency of the SSPS installation were largely that the solar climate was less favorable then assumed, dirt accumulated on the mirrors at a more rapid rate than foreseen, the nonsolar specific components were badly matched and yielded low efficiencies, and thermal inertia was crucial and almost overlooked in the planning stage.—A detailed loss analysis is presented in the article.

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Sangotayo, Emmanuel Olayimika, Goodness Temitayo Opatola, Azeez Abdulraheem y Taye Adeyemo. "Exergetic Analysis of a Parabolic Trough Solar Collector Water Heater". European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 7, n.º 1 (18 de enero de 2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ej-eng.2022.7.1.2696.

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Heat exchange mechanisms involved in the conversion of solar energy to heat were determined using a parabolic trough collector. This study's goal is to examine the impact of operational and environmental factors on the energetic, performance of three different Parabolic Trough Collector receivers used to generate hot water. The collectors used uncoated, grey, and black receiver tubes. The parabolic trough concentrator is built of mild steel as the mainframe support with a segmented mirror reflector. Reflectivity is 0.85, rim angle is 90, an aperture area is 2.42 m2, and concentration ratio is 11.7. The parabolic trough concentrator's focal point has galvanized iron receiving tubes. The receiver tubes were fitted individually via the parabolic reflector's focal point. The thermal exergy of each absorber tube was determined while water flowed at 0.003 kg/s. During the investigation, solar radiation, and water temperatures at the absorber tube's input and outflow were all measured. The results show that both the temperature of the heat transfer fluid and the amount of solar radiation have a substantial effect on thermal energetic performance. This concentrator reduces dependency on electric power while minimizing fossil-fuel emissions, reducing pollution.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Parabolic troughs receiver"

Nation, Deju Denton. "A conceptual electrical energy storage (EES) receiver for solar parabolic trough collector (PTC) power plants". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5331/.

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This work outlines the conceptualization, modelling and design of a novel electrical energy storage (EES) receiver for use in solar parabolic trough collector (PTC) power plants. A hybridization of sodium sulphur (NaS) battery and parabolic trough collector (PTC) Technologies, the EES receiver concept could one day enable PTC power plants to operate 24 hrs using solar energy only, while simultaneously providing them significant ancillary power benefits. Modelling of the EES receiver operation is achieved using of a system of ten steady state (algebraic) equations and two transient (partial differential) temperature dependent equations. The method of solving the system consisted of precedence ordering and back substituting of the steady state equations to develop a single complex and highly non-linear algebraic equation, in terms of the main process heat flux ݍ′̇ ௖௢௡ௗ,௔௧,. This equation was solved with the assistance of the Microsoft Excel goalseek tool. For the partial differential equations, a one dimensional finite difference approximation, consisting of a forward difference predictor, and a modified central difference corrector was used in discretization. Visual Basic code was then written to solve the system at each increment, each time utilizing the solution obtained for the complex non-linear algebraic equation in ݍ′̇ ௖௢௡ௗ,௔௧. This allowed investigation of the initial heat-up and charge/discharge function of the conceptual solar field. Results of simulations indicate the concept is both promising and implementable and that the slightly higher heat losses in the order of 400 – 600 W/m (a direct result of the unavoidably larger size of the conceptual receiver), are seen to be insignificant when compared to the possible energy storage and power support benefits. Though NaS batteries are currently expensive, this condition is thought to be ephemeral, since cells are made from low cost and widely available materials. Thus falling battery prices (with future mass production) could make this novel energy storage concept worthy of evaluation in a prototype PTC power plant.

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Nolte, Henriette C. "Analysis and Optimisation of a Receiver Tube for Direct Steam Generation in a Solar Parabolic Trough Collector". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45965.

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This study focused on a numerical second law analysis and optimisation of a receiver tube op- erating in a parabolic trough solar collector for small-scale application. The receiver functioned in a Rankine cycle. The focus was on entropy generation minimisation in the receiver due to the high quality exergy losses in this component. Water functioned as the working uid and was heated from ambient conditions (liquid) to a superheated state (vapour), consequently, the receiver tube was subject to both single phase as well as two-phase ow. Entropy generation in the receiver tube was mainly due to nite temperature di erences as well as uid friction. The contribution of each of these components was investigated. Geometrical as well as operating conditions were investigated to obtain good guidelines for receiver tube and plant design. An operating pressure in the range of 1 MPa (Tsat = 180 C) to 10 MPa (Tsat = 311 C) was considered. Furthermore a mass ow range of 0:15 kg=s to 0:4 kg=s was investigated. Results showed that beyond a diameter of 20 mm, the main contributor to the entropy generation was the nite temperature di erences for most conditions. Generally, operating pressures below 3 MPa showed bad performance since the uid friction component was too large for small operating pressures. This phenomenon was due to long two-phase lengths and high pressure drops in this region. The nite temperature di erence component increased linearly when the tube diameter was increased (due to the increase in exposed area) if the focused heat ux was kept constant. However, the uid friction component increased quadratically when the diameter was reduced. In general when the concentration ratio was increased, the entropy generation was decreased. This was due to more focused heat on each section of the receiver pipe and, in general, resulted in shorter receiver lengths. Unfortunately, there is a limit to the highest concentration ratio that can be achieved and in this study, it was assumed to be 45 for two-dimensional trough technology. A Simulated Annealing (SA) optimisation algorithm was implemented to obtain certain optimum parameters. The optimisation showed that increasing the diameter could result in a decrease in entropy generation, provided that the concentration ratio is kept constant. However, beyond a certain point gains in minimising the entropy generation became negligible. Optimal operating pressure would generally increase if the mass ow rate was increased. Finally, it was seen that the highest operating pressure under consideration (10 MPa) showed the best performance when considering the minimisation of entropy in conjunction with the maximisation of the thermodynamic work output.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
MEng
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Pernpeintner, Johannes [Verfasser], Robert [Akademischer Betreuer] Pitz-Paal y Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Kabelac. "Optical efficiency measurement of receivers for parabolic trough solar thermal power plants in solar simulators / Johannes Pernpeintner ; Robert Pitz-Paal, Stephan Kabelac". Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1191375315/34.

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Hosouli, Sahand. "Experimental and Computational Analysis of Small-Size Solar Receiver for Industrial and Residential Application". Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1238638.

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Use of solar thermal energy in residential and industrial applications has to be sustained to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gas in atmosphere due to the exploitation of fossil fuels in producing energy. In this context, the renewable energies play an important role. The energy request in industrial and residential sector involves a noticeable fraction (more than 50%) of the total requested supply for human activities. Concentrating collectors could be the right technology to produce heat at medium temperature (between 85 and 250°C) to provide thermal energy to users with high consumption rates and low-temperature heat demand like domestic hot water and space heating in addition to the industrial process heat applications. Thus, in this study UF-RT01 receiver (University of Florence Receiver Tube 01) of small size parabolic trough collector called m-PTC were investigated experimentally by indoor and outdoor tests and computationally by 3D heat transfer FEM model. The m-PTC suitable to be integrated in the roof of industrial environments where the space for installation of solar collectors is in general limited and the heat demand temperature is below than 200°C. The UF-RT01 receiver has a specific design, being formed by two coaxial tubes so that the fluid inlet and output are at the same side. It was properly developed to scale the PTC technology toward smaller size (chord length from 6-8 meters to around 0.5 m): the purpose is the installation in urban context and the application in industrial process. The outer absorber tube is made of steel and has a diameter of 10 mm (1 mm thickness) for a length of 1860 mm; the smaller coaxial tube is made of steel and has an internal diameter of 6 mm (0.5 mm thickness). Furthermore, a selective coating has been selected to reduce the emission in infrared range and increase the energy absorption in solar spectral range. Inside, a vacuum level is fixed at 10-4 mbar to reduce the heat losses to the radiative ones. In order to study the thermal losses of the receiver, two different indoor test stand have been realized. The thermal loss measurement is set up under indoor test without Sun irradiance, imposing a controlled internal heating. This process is based on the Joule effect, feeding electric heaters with current to obtain a steady state condition at different reference temperatures. In preliminary test stand by removing the inner coaxial steel tube, two nickel-chrome wire heaters are inserted along the length of absorber tube. An additional external heater is also placed before the Kovar part to meet the adiabatic condition and minimizing the temperature gradient. The UF-RT01 has been analyzed experimentally and performances are evaluated as a function of different operating temperatures, reaching up to 180°C. A maximum value for heat loss amounts at about 24 W when ΔT is 161°C (receiver average temperature of 180°C). In order to obtain more uniformity of temperature along the absorber tube the second test set up has been developed for thermal loss measurement and instead of nickel-chrome wire heater, an industrial cartridge heater made of resistance wire (NiCr20/80) as a core covered with stainless steel 304 as a sleeve (sheath) has been used. Three different tube from same type (UF-RT01) have been tested in the range of interest and the procedure was repeated for about 150 cases. In comparison to preliminary test stand, results showed more uniformity in temperature distribution along the tube. A maximum value of 17.89 W is found when ΔT is 163°C (receiver average temperature of 190°C). In order to achieve production assurance and have more clear vision about the results due to the different results obtained from test on RT03 in comparison to the RT01 and RT02 with higher thermal loss, new tests have been conducted on additional tubes. Similar setup and test procedure have been conducted in order to evaluate the uniformity of temperature along the tube and estimate the heating supplier parameters in additional tubes. Seven different tube from same type have been tested and labeled as RT04-RT10. Results from tests on RT01 and RT02 are in accordance with new results obtained from heat loss test on RT04-RT10. Therefore, the different results related to the RT03 are to be expected as a result of variation in production quality by manufacturer of receiver tube. The Finite Element Method (FEM) has been used in order to predict the thermal performance and analyze the relevant physical characteristics of the receiver tube (specially the value of emissivity at higher temperature). Heat transfer model using FEM simulation method has been realized with Comsol Multiphysics software. An adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) with different mesh configurations has been conducted in order to increase storage and computational savings. By using a parametric sweep to vary the maximum element size, the model solved using meshes with different mesh density in order to study how it affects the solution. The heat transfer model is able to precisely predict the heat losses at low temperature of the absorber tube with constant value of emissivity reported by manufacturer. The estimation of emissivity at the higher temperature obtained by solving the model with various emissivity values for each test at specific input power until the average temperature inside the absorber tube obtained by simulation were in agreement with experimental value. The obtained emissivity function has been used in model in order to solve the model for various input power values and the results showed that the model and emissivity function are able to predict the thermal loss with high accuracy. In order to perform the out-door test according the designed and assembled test rig platform at first phase has been slightly modified to reduce the heat losses and reach stable inlet temperature . The reliability of implemented test bench and output power and efficiency of a novel small size parabolic trough collector have been evaluated by preliminary test. For this purpose an out-door tests at ambient temperature on the designed small size PTC test rig is carried out during clear sky day. Furthermore, the peak optical efficiency test has been conducted based on introduced requirements at quasi-steady condition. The general point of the outdoor efficiency test is extracting the efficiency curve of the collector for normal incidence based on the efficiency curve coefficients. 24 tests have been done under various inlet temperature and irradiance under clear sky condition and the exemplary performance measurement data for present research stems from 153 experimental points. The preliminary out-door experimental test on the collectors showed that the test rig meets the initial design expectations in order to control the system in stable condition. The peak optical efficiency test has been conducted at quasi-steady condition and the average peak optical efficiency of the collector is 61.8% with total absolute error of 1.4%. With regard to the peak optical efficiency and for assuring that experimental results from the outdoor testing are valid, a cross check with the efficiency curve of the collector by weighted least squares (WLS) fitting shows almost similar values. The obtained value for peak optical efficiency from efficiency curve is 62.1%. Efficiency measurement of solar collector have been conducted from inlet temperature of 28 °C up to 123°C for various DNI values. A Maximum of 63.1% for thermal efficiency is found when the inlet temperature is 28.41°C and a minimum of 54.6% corresponds at 122.90°C. The total standard absolute uncertainty of thermal efficiency for test at inlet temperature of 28.41°C and 122.90°C are 0.7% and 0.8%, respectively. The efficiency curve of the collector by WLS fitting were also obtained from outdoor test results.

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Orvalho, Helena Mafalda de Sousa Reis. "Hydrogen permeation in parabolic trough receivers". Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/13739.

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The continued economic and population development puts additional pressure on the already scarce energetic sources. Thus there is a growing urge to adopt a sustainable plan able to meet the present and future energetic demands. Since the last two decades, solar trough technology has been demonstrating to be a reliable alternative to fossil fuels. Currently, the trough industry seeks, by optimizing energy conversion, to drive the cost of electricity down and therefore to place itself as main player in the next energetic age. One of the issues that lately have gained considerable relevance came from the observation of significant heat losses in a large number of receiver modules. These heat losses were attributed to slow permeation of traces of hydrogen gas through the steel tube wall into the vacuum annulus. The presence of hydrogen gas in the absorber tube results from the decomposition of heat transfer fluid due to the long-term exposure to 400°C. The permeated hydrogen acts as heat conduction mean leading to a decrease in the receivers performance and thus its lifetime. In order to prevent hydrogen accumulation, it has been common practice to incorporate hydrogen getters in the vacuum annulus of the receivers. Nevertheless these materials are not only expensive but their gas absorbing capacity can be insufficient to assure the required level of vacuum for the receivers to function. In this work the building of a permeation measurement device, vulnerabilities detected in the construction process and its overcome are described. Furthermore an experimental procedure was optimized and the obtained permeability results, of different samples were evaluated. The data was compared to measurements performed by an external entity. The reliability of the comparative data was also addressed. In the end conclusions on the permeability results for the different samples characteristics, feasibility of the measurement device are drawn and recommendations on future line of work were made.

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Mwesigye, Aggrey. "Thermal performance and heat transfer enhancement of parabolic trough receivers – numerical investigation, thermodynamic and multi-objective optimisation". Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45963.

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Parabolic trough systems are one of the most commercially and technically developed technologies for concentrated solar power. With the current research and development efforts, the cost of electricity from these systems is approaching the cost of electricity from medium-sized coal-fired power plants. Some of the cost-cutting options for parabolic trough systems include: (i) increasing the sizes of the concentrators to improve the system’s concentration ratio and to reduce the number of drives and controls and (ii) improving the system’s optical efficiency. However, the increase in the concentration ratios of these systems requires improved performance of receiver tubes to minimise the absorber tube circumferential temperature difference, receiver thermal loss and entropy generation rates in the receiver. As such, the prediction of the absorber tube’s circumferential temperature difference, receiver thermal performance and entropy generation rates in parabolic trough receivers therefore, becomes very important as concentration ratios increase. In this study, the thermal and thermodynamic performance of parabolic trough receivers at different Reynolds numbers, inlet temperatures and rim angles as concentration ratios increase are investigated. The potential for improved receiver thermal and thermodynamic performance with heat transfer enhancement using wall-detached twisted tape inserts, perforated plate inserts and perforated conical inserts is also evaluated. In this work, the heat transfer, fluid flow and thermodynamic performance of a parabolic trough receiver were analysed numerically by solving the governing equations using a general purpose computational fluid dynamics code. SolTrace, an optical modelling tool that uses Monte-Carlo ray tracing techniques was used to obtain the heat flux profiles on the receiver’s absorber tube. These heat flux profiles were then coupled to the CFD code by means of user-defined functions for the subsequent analysis of the thermal and thermodynamic performance of the receiver. With this approach, actual non-uniform heat flux profiles and actual non-uniform temperature distribution in the receiver different from constant heat flux profiles and constant temperature distribution often used in other studies were obtained. Both thermodynamic and multi-objective optimisation approaches were used to obtain optimal configurations of the proposed heat transfer enhancement techniques. For thermodynamic optimisation, the entropy generation minimisation method was used. Whereas, the multi-objective optimisation approach was implemented in ANSYS DesignXplorer to obtain Pareto solutions for maximum heat transfer and minimum fluid friction for each of the heat transfer enhancement techniques. Results showed that rim angles lower than 60o gave high absorber tube circumferential temperature differences, higher receiver thermal loss and higher entropy generation rates, especially for flow rates lower than 43 m3/h. The entropy generation rates reduced as the inlet temperature increased, increased as the rim angles reduced and as concentration ratios increased. Existence of an optimal Reynolds number at which entropy generation is a minimum for any given inlet temperature, rim angle and concentration ratio is demonstrated. In addition, for the heat transfer enhancement techniques considered, correlations for the Nusselt number and fluid friction were obtained and presented. With heat transfer enhancement, the thermal efficiency of the receiver increased in the range 5% – 10%, 3% – 8% and 1.2% – 8% with twisted tape inserts, perforated conical inserts and perforated plate inserts respectively. Results also show that with heat transfer enhancement, the absorber tube’s circumferential temperature differences reduce in the range 4% – 68%, 3.4 – 56% and up to 67% with twisted tape inserts, perforated conical inserts and perforated plate inserts respectively. Furthermore, the entropy generation rates were reduced by up to 59%, 45% and 53% with twisted tape inserts, perforated conical inserts and perforated plate inserts respectively. Moreover, using multi-objective optimisation, Pareto optimal solutions were obtained and presented for each heat transfer enhancement technique. In summary, results from this study demonstrate that for a parabolic trough system, rim angles, concentration ratios, flow rates and inlet temperatures have a strong influence on the thermal and thermodynamic performance of the parabolic trough receiver. The potential for improved receiver thermal and thermodynamic performance with heat transfer enhancement has also been demonstrated. Overall, this study provides useful knowledge for improved design and efficient operation of parabolic trough systems.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2015
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
PhD
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Ashith, Shyam R. Babu. "Design and Development of a Three-degree-of-freedom Parallel Manipulator to Track the Sun for Concentrated Solar Power Towers". Thesis, 2017. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3561.

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In concentrated solar power (CSP) stations, large arrays of mirrors which are capable of changing its orientation are used to reflect the incident solar energy to a stationary receiver kept at a distance. Such mirrors are often called as heliostats. The receiver contains a heat absorbing medium like molten salt. By absorbing the thermal energy reflected from thousands of heliostats, the temperature would reach around 6000C and the heat can be used in thermal power plants to generate steam and thus run a turbine to produce electricity. One of the biggest advantages of CSP over conventional energy harvesting from Sun is that it can generate electricity during night for long hours of time from the thermal energy stored during daytime. This eliminates the usage of batteries or any other energy storing methods. The conversion efficiency is also high in CSP due to the high temperature achieved. With prior knowledge of the station coordinates, viz., the latitude and longitude, the day of the year and time, the direction or the path of sun can be fully determined. Typically, the sun's motion is tracked by the azimuth-elevation (Az-El) or the target-aligned configuration heliostats. In both these approaches, the mirror needs to be moved about two axes independently using two actuators in series with the mirror effectively mounted at a single point at the centre. This arrangement causes the mirror to deform in presence of gusty winds in a solar field which results in loss of pointing accuracy. Typically a beam error of less than 2-3 mrad is desirable in a large solar field and this value also includes other sources of loss of pointing accuracy like gravity and wind loading. In order to prevent this, a rigid support frame is required for each of the heliostats. In this work, two three degree-of-freedom parallel manipulators, viz., the 3-UPU wrist and 3-RPS, have been proposed to track the sun in central receiver systems. The main reasons for choosing a parallel manipulator as heliostat are its desirable characteristics like large load carrying capacity, high accuracy in positioning the mirror and easy to obtain the inverse kinematics and convenient for real time control. The proposed parallel manipulators support the load of the mirror, structure and wind loading at three points resulting in less deflection and thus a much larger mirror can be moved with the required tracking accuracy and without increasing the weight of the support structure. The algorithm for sun tracking is developed, extensive simulation study with respect to actuations required, variation of joint angles, spillage loss and leg intersection has been carried out. Using FEA, it is shown that for same sized mirror, wind loading of 22 m/s and maximum deflection requirement (2 mrad), the weight of the support structure is between 15% and 60% less with the parallel manipulators when compared to azimuth-elevation or the target-aligned configurations. A comprehensive study on stroke minimization of prismatic joints is carried out. It is found that a stroke of 700 mm is required for a 2 m x 2 m heliostat at Bangalore when the farthest heliostat is at a distance of 300 m from the tower. Although, there is an extra motor required to track the sun, the 3-RPS manipulator is better than the conventional methods if the mirror area per actuator criteria is taken into consideration. Prototypes of the Az-El and 3-RPS heliostats were made with a mirror size of 1 m x 1 m. A PID controller implemented using MATLAB-Simulink and a low cost, custom made motor driver circuit is used to control the motion of the 3-RPS heliostat. The algorithm developed is tested on the prototype by tracking a point marked on the wall of the lab space and is found to have a tracking error of only 7.1 mrad. Finally, the actual sun tracking is carried out on the roof of a building reflecting the sun-light to a wall situated 6.72 m above and a distance of 15.87 m from the heliostats. The images are captured at various instances of time from 11:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. on October 15th and November 10th, 2016, tracking errors are quantified and it is demonstrated that the proposed 3-RPS parallel manipulator can indeed work as a heliostat in concentrated solar power plants.

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Libros sobre el tema "Parabolic troughs receiver"

Forristall, R. Heat transfer analysis and modeling of a parabolic trough solar receiver implemented in Engineering Equation Solver. Golden, Colo: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2003.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Parabolic troughs receiver"

Zerrik, El Hassan y Nihale El Boukhari. "Optimal Control of a Parabolic Trough Receiver Distributed Model". En Recent Advances in Modeling, Analysis and Systems Control: Theoretical Aspects and Applications, 205–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26149-8_16.

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Hemrom, Bilkan John, Uttam Rana y Aritra Ganguly. "Enhancement of Thermal Performance of Parabolic Trough Collector Using Cavity Receiver". En Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 363–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7831-1_33.

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Lei, Dongqiang, Zhifeng Wang y Fengli Du. "The Glass-To-Metal Sealing Process in Parabolic Trough Solar Receivers". En Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007 (Vol. I – Vol. V), 740–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75997-3_139.

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Ghomrassi, Anissa, Hatem Mhiri y Philippe Bournot. "CFD Modeling of a Parabolic Trough Receiver of Different Cross Section Shapes". En CFD Techniques and Thermo-Mechanics Applications, 53–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70945-1_4.

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Aher, Satish, Atul Sagade y Narayani Sagade. "Investigation of Thermal Performance of FRP Parabolic Trough Collector Using Different Receivers". En Techno-Societal 2016, 879–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53556-2_89.

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Zhan, Dongdong, Hong Zhang, Yun Liu, Sihai Li y Jun Zhuang. "Investigation on Medium Temperature Heat Pipe Receiver used in Parabolic Trough Solar Collector". En Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007 (Vol. I – Vol. V), 1823–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75997-3_372.

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Al-Rabeeah, Asaad Yasseen, Istvan Seres y Istvan Farkas. "Thermal Improvement in Parabolic Trough Solar Collector Using Receiver Tube Design and Nanofluid". En Proceedings of I4SDG Workshop 2021, 30–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87383-7_4.

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Motwani, Karan y Jatin Patel. "Experimental Investigation of Parabolic Trough Collector Using Cut Tube Receiver and Chronological Tracking". En Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 683–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4684-0_69.

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Chandra, Yogender Pal, Arashdeep Singh, S. K. Mohapatra y J. P. Kesari. "Circumferential Temperature Analysis of One Sided Thermally Insulated Parabolic Trough Receiver Using Computational Fluid Dynamics". En Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 119–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3325-4_12.

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Naved, Mohd Mubashshir, Sandeep S. Joshi y Nikhil A. Bhave. "Performance Analysis of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector with ‘U’-Tube and Helical Coil Receivers". En Advances in Energy Research, Vol. 2, 59–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2662-6_6.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Parabolic troughs receiver"

Al-Ansary, Hany y Obida Zeitoun. "Experimental Tests on Parabolic Trough Receivers Employing Bifurcated, Air-Filled Annuli". En ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54187.

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A new parabolic trough receiver design is tested. In this design, the annulus of the receiver is bifurcated such that the half facing away from the parabolic mirror, and receives minimal concentrated sunlight, is filled with an insulating material, whereas the half receiving the majority of the concentrated sunlight is allowed to be filled with air. By insulating the outward facing half of the annulus, heat loss by radiation is minimized. In the mean time, heat loss by natural convection due to the presence of air in the lower half of the annulus is expected to be significantly subdued, since the hotter air will be closer to the heat collection element, which is at a generally higher position than the glass envelope. Experimental tests were performed on roof-mounted troughs which utilize receivers with air-filled annuli. The system consists of two identical but independent rows. The receivers in the first row have normally air-filled annuli, while the receivers in the second row have annuli that are half-filled with an insulating material and half-filled with air. The results have shown that the thermal performance of the modified receiver was indeed superior to conventional receivers with air-filled annuli.

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Gajadhar, Ahiliah y Raffie Hosein. "Design of a Solar Parabolic Trough Capable of Producing Steam for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Trinidad and Tobago". En SPE Canadian Energy Technology Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208903-ms.

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Abstract Enhanced oil recovery by steam injection requires the burning of natural gas, a finite and expensive resource for steam production. However, solar energy can be harnessed for steam production via solar parabolic troughs. In this study, the design and application of a solar parabolic trough, in tandem with a heat exchanger for producing steam for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in Trinidad and Tobago is presented. Excel spreadsheets were developed to perform the calculations and to optimize the size and design of the parabolic trough collector for maximum heating efficiency. The parabolic trough designed was 36 m in length and consisted of a parabolic aluminum reflector, stainless steel receiver tube, and a glass envelope that surrounded the receiver tube. The heat transfer fluid used was Therminol VP-1, a synthetic oil, which was heated up to 403 °C. Once heated, the heat transfer fluid was then transferred to a heat exchanger whereby steam was produced at 300°C. Overall, 4 of the parabolic trough collector systems were required to heat enough fluid to fill the calculated 343 tubes of the heat exchanger, which were 0.091 m in diameter and 4.9m in length. The total cost of the parabolic troughs and the heat exchanger tubes was calculated to be USD 119,562. By having a mass flow rate of 46 kg/s for the water within the heat exchanger, approximately 1630 barrels of oil were economically produced at a maximum steam oil ratio of 4.5 after one day of steam injection. A cash flow projection was completed using both operational and capital expenditure of the parabolic trough collector. From this study, the parabolic trough system was shown to generate a profit of USD 1.8 MM after six months of steam injection. Profit calculation considered both capital and operating expenditure as well as the income gained from oil recovery due to the parabolic trough collector. The spreadsheet developed can be used to design similar systems of steam generation for enhanced oil recovery projects of different scales.

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Sallaberry, Fabienne, Loreto Valenzuela, Rafael López-Martín, Alberto García de Jalón y David Perez. "Heat losses model for standardized testing of receiver tubes for parabolic-troughs". En SolarPACES 2017: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5067032.

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Glatzmaier, Greg C. y Craig S. Turchi. "Supercritical CO2 as a Heat Transfer and Power Cycle Fluid for CSP Systems". En ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90332.

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Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) utilizes solar thermal energy to drive a thermal power cycle for the generation of electricity. CSP technologies include parabolic trough, linear Fresnel, central receiver or “power tower,” and dish/engine systems. The parabolic trough is the most common system with nine Solar Electric Generating Stations (SEGS) operating in southern California for over two decades and new plants online in Nevada and Spain. The resurgent interest in CSP has been driven by renewable portfolio standards in southwestern states and renewable energy feed-in tariffs in Spain. CSP has cost advantages versus solar photovoltaic systems for large, centralized power plants. Certain CSP systems, in particular parabolic troughs and power towers, are also amenable to the incorporation of thermal energy storage. Thermal energy storage is much less expensive than electric storage and allows CSP plants to increase capacity factor and dispatch power as needed — for example, to cover an evening demand peak.

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Li, Lifang, Bin Guo, Zongquan Deng y Pengzhen Guo. "A New Concept to Form Arc Cylinders to Parabolic Troughs Using Optimal Forces". En ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46144.

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Large parabolic concentrating mirrors are an important component of many solar energy systems. They need to be relatively precise against disturbances as gravity, thermal gradients, wind loading, etc. Here, a new method is proposed to transform a cylindrical reflector surface that is easy to manufacture into a parabolic surface for use in large solar concentrators. This is achieved by applying a finite number of optimal point loads using actuators along the back of the cylindrical reflector surface. The paper details a finite element optimization method used to obtain the optimal force magnitudes to transform an arc cylinder into a parabolic trough. It also presents an analysis of the power boost realized at the receiver in going from a circular to parabolic cross-section. The proposed method is analyzed using theoretical derivations, numerical calculations and finite element model calculated in the finite element software ADINA. FEA shape results are optically ray-traced and focal errors are to evaluate the deformed shape. The mechanics can also be used to control other deformable optical surfaces. This concept has potentials to provide precision large parabolic trough concentrators at a substantially lower cost than conventional methods.

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Kalathakis, C., N. Aretakis, I. Roumeliotis, A. Alexiou y K. Mathioudakis. "Assessment of Solar Steam Injection in Gas Turbines". En ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57272.

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The concept of solar steam production for injection in a gas turbine combustion chamber is studied for both nominal and part load engine operation. First, a 5MW single shaft engine is considered which is then retrofitted for solar steam injection using either a tower receiver or a parabolic troughs scheme. Next, solar thermal power is used to augment steam production of an already steam injected single shaft engine without any modification of the existing HRSG by placing the solar receiver/evaporator in parallel with the conventional one. For the case examined in this paper, solar steam injection results to an increase of annual power production (∼15%) and annual fuel efficiency (∼6%) compared to the fuel-only engine. It is also shown that the tower receiver scheme has a more stable behavior throughout the year compared to the troughs scheme that has better performance at summer than at winter. In the case of doubling the steam-to-air ratio of an already steam injected gas turbine through the use of a solar evaporator, annual power production and fuel efficiency increase by 5% and 2% respectively.

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Burkholder, Frank, Michael Brandemuehl, Henry Price, Judy Netter, Chuck Kutscher y Ed Wolfrum. "Parabolic Trough Receiver Thermal Testing". En ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36129.

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NREL has fabricated a parabolic trough receiver thermal loss test stand to quantify parabolic receiver off-sun steadystate heat loss. At an operating temperature of 400°C, measurements on Solel UVAC2 and Schott PTR70 receivers suggest off-sun thermal losses of approximately 370 W/m receiver length. For comparison, a receiver from the field with hydrogen in its annulus loses approximately 1000 W/m receiver length. The UVAC2 heat loss results agree within measurement uncertainty to previously published data, while the PTR70 results are somewhat higher than previously published data. The sensitivity of several receiver performance parameters is considered and it is concluded that differences in indoor and outdoor testing cannot account for the difference in PTR70 thermal loss results.

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Price, Henry, Mary Jane Hale, Rod Mahoney, Carin Gummo, Robert Fimbres y Robert Cipriani. "Developments in High Temperature Parabolic Trough Receiver Technology". En ASME 2004 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2004-65178.

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The parabolic trough linear receiver is one of the primary reasons for the high efficiency of the Luz parabolic trough collector design used at the Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) plants. Experience from the SEGS plants has shown that the reliability and lifetime of the parabolic trough receiver tube is the most significant issue for existing and future parabolic trough plants. Although highly efficient, the original Luz receiver tubes experienced high failure rates (approximately 4% to 5% per year). Failures included vacuum loss, glass envelope breakage, and degradation of the selective coating. This paper reviews receiver failure rates, the primary failure causes at two of the SEGS plants, and discusses receiver technology developments during the last several years that focus on improving the reliability of parabolic trough receivers. Data are provided on the performance and reliability of a new commercially available trough receiver.

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Kusterer, Karsten, René Braun, Norbert Moritz, Gang Lin y Dieter Bohn. "Helium Brayton Cycles With Solar Central Receivers: Thermodynamic and Design Considerations". En ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68407.

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Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies are considered to provide a major contribution for the electric power production in the future. Several technologies for such kind of power plants are already in operation. Parabolic troughs, parabolic dishes, Fresnel multi-facet reflectors or heliostats in combination with a central receiver are applied for concentration of the solar irradiation. The energy conversion cycles usually are water/steam cycles (Rankine cycles), but also open gas turbine cycles (Brayton cycle) or combined cycles are possible. One option is to apply closed Brayton cycles using fluids like carbon dioxide or helium. With respect to commercial considerations, the main parameter driving the decision on which cycle to apply for energy conversion is the thermal efficiency of the process. This is due to the fact, that in case of a power plant without additional fuel supply, no fuel costs have to be considered to determine the levelized electricity costs (LEC). Thus, in the first place the capital costs determine the LEC. In CSP plants one main driver for the capital costs are the heliostats and the mirror size, which are necessary to generate the desired amount of electric power. The necessary solar aperture area directly depends on the thermal efficiency of the energy conversion cycle. In this paper different closed Helium Brayton Cycles for application with solar central receivers are analyzed thermodynamically. The thermodynamic calculations are performed by application of a self-developed thermodynamic calculation software, which considers the real gas properties of the fluid. The software calculates the cycle’s thermodynamic diagrams (e.g. T-s-, h-s-diagrams) and determines its efficiency. The results show that thermal efficiencies of approximately 46.6% (and higher) can be reached with a Helium Brayton Cycle. One important parameter is the turbine inlet gas temperature, which is not less than 900 °C. This means that the pressurized receiver for this technology has to bear even higher temperatures. Furthermore, the paper deals with design considerations for compressor and turbine within the closed Helium Brayton Cycle. Based on dimensionless parameters, the major parameters like stage types, number of stages, rotational speed etc. are determined and discussed.

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Kusterer, Karsten, René Braun, Linda Köllen, Takao Sugimoto, Kazuhiko Tanimura y Dieter Bohn. "Combined Solar Thermal Gas Turbine and Organic Rankine Cycle Application for Improved Cycle Efficiencies". En ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94713.

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Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies are considered to provide a significant contribution for the electric power production in the future. Different kinds of CSP technologies are presently in operation or under development, e.g. parabolic troughs, central receivers, solar dish systems and Fresnel reflectors. In such applications, electricity is produced by thermal energy conversion cycles. For high MW-class CSP applications usually water/steam cycles (Rankine cycles) are used. Alternative technologies, especially for central receiver applications, are open and closed gas turbine cycles (Brayton cycles), where higher receiver fluid outlet temperatures can be applied. Therefore, there is the potential of higher cycle efficiencies and the advantage of reduced water consumption. The paper presents the results for design considerations to improve a gas turbine cycle of a 2 MWel class industrial gas turbine for solar-thermal application, where solar heat is fed in by a central receiver technology. The reference process is improved significantly by application of an intercooler between the two radial compressor stages and a recuperator, which recovers heat from the exhaust gases to the compressed air before the air is further pre-heated by the solar receiver. Hybrid operation of the gas turbine is considered. In order to further improve the overall cycle efficiency, the combined operation of the gas turbine and an Organic Rankine Cycle is investigated. The ORC can be coupled to the solar-thermal gas turbine cycle at the intercooler and after the recuperator. Therefore, waste heat from different cycle positions can be transferred to the ORC for additional production of electricity. The investigations have been performed by application of improved thermodynamic and process analysis tools, which consider real gas behavior of fluids and a huge number of organic fluids for application in ORCs. The results show that by choice of a suitable organic fluid the waste heat recovery can be further improved for the investigated gas turbine cycle. The major result of the study is that by combined operation of the solar thermal gas turbine and the ORC, the combined cycle efficiency is approximately 4%-points higher than in the solar-thermal gas turbine cycle.

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Informes sobre el tema "Parabolic troughs receiver"

Stettenheim, Joel, Troy O. McBride, Oliver J. Brambles y Emil A. Cashin. Norwich Technologies' Advanced Low-Cost Receivers for Parabolic Troughs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), diciembre de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1113252.

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Burkholder, F. y C. Kutscher. Heat-Loss Testing of Solel's UVAC3 Parabolic Trough Receiver. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), enero de 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/922153.

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Burkholder, Frank y Chuck Kutscher. Heat Loss Testing of Schott's 2008 PTR70 Parabolic Trough Receiver. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mayo de 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1369635.

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Moens, L. y D. Blake. Mechanism of Hydrogen Formation in Solar Paraboic Trough Receivers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febrero de 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/924987.

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Stettenheim, Joel, Troy McBride, Oliver Brambles y Leif Johnson. Design and Field Testing of Manufacturable Advanced Low-Cost Receiver for Parabolic Trough Solar Power. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), enero de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1508360.

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Forristall, R. Heat Transfer Analysis and Modeling of a Parabolic Trough Solar Receiver Implemented in Engineering Equation Solver. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), octubre de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15004820.

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Stettenheim, Joel. Second Generation Novel High Temperature Commercial Receiver & Low Cost High Performance Mirror Collector for Parabolic Solar Trough. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febrero de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1332248.

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Advanced Low-Cost Receivers for Parabolic Troughs (Fact Sheet). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septiembre de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1053312.

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