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Jordan, Steven. "Who Stole my Methodology? Co-opting PAR". Globalisation, Societies and Education 1, n.º 2 (julio de 2003): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767720303913.
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Gershon, Robyn R. M., Marcie S. Rubin, Kristine A. Qureshi, Allison N. Canton y Frederick J. Matzner. "Participatory Action Research Methodology in Disaster Research: Results From the World Trade Center Evacuation Study". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 2, n.º 3 (octubre de 2008): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e318184b48f.
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ABSTRACTObjective: Participatory action research (PAR) methodology is an effective tool in identifying and implementing risk-reduction interventions. It has been used extensively in occupational health research, but not, to our knowledge, in disaster research. A PAR framework was incorporated into the World Trade Center evacuation study, which was designed to identify the individual, organizational, and structural (environmental) factors that affected evacuation from the World Trade Center Towers 1 and 2 on September 11, 2001. PAR teams—comprising World Trade Center evacuees, study investigators, and expert consultants—worked collaboratively to develop a set of recommendations designed to facilitate evacuation from high-rise office buildings and reduce risk of injury among evacuees.Methods: Two PAR teams worked first separately and then collectively to identify data-driven strategies for improvement of high-rise building evacuation.Results: The teams identified interventions targeting individual, organizational, and structural (environmental) barriers to safe and rapid evacuation.Conclusions: PAR teams were effective in identifying numerous feasible and cost-effective strategies for improvement of high-rise emergency preparedness and evacuation. This approach may have utility in other workplace disaster prevention planning and response programs. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2008;2:142–149)
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Schensul, Daniel. "Mapping the Par Path: Outcome Evaluation of Participatory Action Research Interventions with Youth". Practicing Anthropology 26, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2004): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.26.2.442362017u84j743.
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There is a large and growing number of participatory action research (PAR) programs, both with youth and with the general population. There is significant literature on evaluation methodology, including on making evaluations more participatory (a topic addressed elsewhere in this issue). However, rarely are the two linked: there are very few published works on evaluations of PAR programs or PAR evaluation methodology. The lack of focus on evaluation of PAR is particularly troubling given the shift towards foundation and federal funding of ‘science-based,’ or rigorously evaluated, interventions with youth. Evaluation is becoming increasingly necessary in establishing interventions as legitimate. If PAR is to progress along the path towards prominence and viability with respect to youth-oriented intervention, then evaluation of PAR is the map needed to follow that path.
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Cuttica, Cesare. "Anti-methodology par excellence: Richard Cobb (1917–96) and history-writing". European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 21, n.º 1 (2 de enero de 2014): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2013.857644.
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Sales, Xavier. "A proposed methodology for evaluating the quality of performance management systems". Pacific Accounting Review 31, n.º 3 (5 de agosto de 2019): 376–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-03-2018-0019.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology for evaluating the quality of an organization’s performance management system. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a theoretical development based in extant literature, using a field study to illustrate the application of the methodology in assessing the quality of the performance management system of the case company. Findings The study presents performance management systems as a network of interconnected elements instead of elements that follow a lineal sequence. The more consistently aligned the elements of this network, the more likely it is to be able to influence behaviours and decisions in desirable ways. Research limitations/implications The development requires its use by practitioners and researchers assessing the performance management systems of organizations to assess further implications. It stresses the need to differentiate the purpose of performance management systems from the objectives of the organization. Practical implications The tentative application of the methodology suggests that it provides a helpful tool for practitioners and researchers to assess the functionality of systems in place and to identify opportunities for improvement. Originality/value The methodology overcomes the two limitations of previous studies. First, it uses a holistic approach and does not focus on specific tools; second, it assesses the quality of the system, not from future company results that might be influenced by other variables, but from the consistency and alignment of the elements of the system.
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Bennett, Marlyn. "A Review of the Literature on the Benefits and Drawbacks of Participatory Action Research". First Peoples Child & Family Review 1, n.º 1 (25 de mayo de 2020): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069582ar.
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This paper reviews Participatory Action Research as a methodology. It maps the origins of Participatory Action Research (PAR) and discusses the benefits and challenges that have been identified by other researchers in utilizing PAR approaches in conducting research.
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Payne, Yasser Arafat y Angela Bryant. "Street Participatory Action Research in Prison: A Methodology to Challenge Privilege and Power in Correctional Facilities". Prison Journal 98, n.º 4 (6 de junio de 2018): 449–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885518776378.
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This article presents a prison research model grounded in street participatory action research (Street PAR) methodology but programmatically facilitated in an Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program class. Street PAR’s nine tenets were adapted to a prison setting, and we demonstrate its promise with a brief case study of research projects at one prison location. This article also explores the challenges scholars and incarcerated persons as researchers may face in correctional facilities. Street PAR and Inside-Out can improve prison environments and successful transition to local communities as a function of equipping incarcerated persons with reading, writing, and analytic skill sets.
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Livingston, Wulf y Andrew Perkins. "Participatory action research (PAR) research: critical methodological considerations". Drugs and Alcohol Today 18, n.º 1 (5 de marzo de 2018): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-08-2017-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore a range of key deliberations with regards to adopting participatory action research (PAR) and privileged access interviewer (PAI) approaches and methodologies within research on substance use. Design/methodology/approach This paper is a reflective piece; it adopts a mixture of applied practice and theory considerations. These conceptualisations capture what are still relatively early understandings and uses of such methodologies, acquired across several decades of research and service provision experiences. The paper is structured around some of the sequences of the research process and as such provides a broad framework for such approaches. Findings PAR and PAI approaches utilise several key theoretical considerations. There are many critical issues associated with adopting these approaches, including those of ethics, funding, involvement, language, resources and support. Three key principle reasons (moral, political and research based) help explain why the authors should see more adoption of such approaches in substance use-related research. Research limitations/implications This paper represents authors’ views which are by their nature very subjective. Practical implications Implementation of the key considerations highlighted within this paper can lead to an active adoption of PAR and PAI methodologies within alcohol and drug research. Increasing the use of such methodologies will allow commissioners, researchers and service providers to develop a more nuanced understanding of the experiences of and responses to alcohol and drug use. Originality/value This paper captures critical conversations at a time of increased calls for service user involvement across all aspects of alcohol and other drug provision, including evaluation and research
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Parsons,, Mickey L., Catherine Robichaux, y Carmen Warner-Robbins,. "Empowered Caring: An Ethical Framework for Participatory Action Research". International Journal of Human Caring 12, n.º 3 (abril de 2008): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20467/1091-5710.12.3.74.
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Participatory action research (PAR), as a “new paradigm” approach, involves additional ethical and political issues beyond those encountered in empirical and interpretive models of science. This paper describes PAR methodology, a comprehensive ethical framework that is inclusive of the ethic of care and virtue, and applications with formerly incarcerated women.
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Meleo-Erwin, Zoë C. "Fat Bodies, Qualitative Research and the Spirit of Participatory Action Research". International Review of Qualitative Research 3, n.º 3 (noviembre de 2010): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/irqr.2010.3.3.335.
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Participatory Action Research (PAR) may be conceived of as a politic or an epistemology rather than a rigid methodology. If this is the case, how can PAR inform other qualitative methodologies? How can qualitative researchers adopt the spirit of PAR without doing PAR work itself? In this work, I seek to explore these questions by reviewing how PAR can guide my future dissertation work on the productive effects of the obesity epidemic. I examine how I might base my research in the ethics and politics of social justice and yet also remain open to and accountable for the ways in which my choice of methods reflects what can be seen as the colonizing approach of traditional social science.
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Thomaidis, Konstantinos. "Dramaturging the I-voicer in A Voice Is. A Voice Has. A Voice Does.: Methodologies of autobiophony". Journal of Interdisciplinary Voice Studies 5, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2020): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jivs_00017_1.
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This practice-research (PaR) piece proposes autobiophony (vocal autobiography in/through voice) as both a new area of research for interdisciplinary voice studies practitioner-scholars and a distinct methodology for probing the interconnections of selfhood, narration, performativity, intersectional positionality and voicing. Using as a point of departure the PaR performance-lecture A Voice Is. A Voice Has. A Voice Does., devised by the author, this Voicing interrogates the makings of the polyvocal self as monophonic chorus. The I-voicer of the PaR piece is examined as both constitutively plural and communicatively dialogic (but never resolved as either), enacting a complex dramaturgy of belonging. Framed by a working manifesto on autobiophony, the Voicing below is itself composed in a way that invites autobiophonic engagement by the reader-listener and proposes suggestions for using autobiophony as pedagogy, performance analysis tool and research methodology.
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Shamrova, Daria P. y Cristy E. Cummings. "Participatory action research (PAR) with children and youth: An integrative review of methodology and PAR outcomes for participants, organizations, and communities". Children and Youth Services Review 81 (octubre de 2017): 400–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.08.022.
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Chaudhury, Sukant Kumar. "Relevance of Methodology of M. N. Srinivas Today: Some Issues". Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India 69, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2020): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277436x20968952.
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This article aims at analysing the methods and techniques used by M. N. Srinivas, the pioneer of Indian sociology and social anthropology. Srinivas was the founder of sociology department at two universities in India: Baroda and Delhi, where his focus was to pursue lengthy fieldwork with participant observation technique by the researcher. He was influenced by Radcliffe-Brown’s structural-functional approach and pursued it in village studies in India. His village studies in Rampura produced many ideas and concepts par excellence: Sanskritisation, Westernisation, Secularisation and Dominant Caste including the concept of vote bank. Further, this article discusses the interface between sociology and social anthropology as advocated by him.
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Doungphummes, Nuntiya y Mark Vicars. "Implementing PAR in a Thai community development context". Qualitative Research Journal 20, n.º 2 (10 de marzo de 2020): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrj-12-2019-0101.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an account of a PAR project in a Thai community and to discuss the methodological implications of implementing a culturally responsive approach.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on the frameworks for PAR conducted as a community development project with rural Thai communities.FindingsThe paper reviews the use of a PAR approach as a culturally responsive approach and presents an experience of culturally situated research practice.Originality/valueThis paper encourages researchers conducting participatory inquiry to engage in deeper critical reflection on the implications of these methods in keeping with PAR's critical ontological, epistemological and axiological orientation.
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Saxton, Kate. "Privileging participation in the Pacific: Researcher reflections". Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 30, n.º 4 (17 de junio de 2019): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol30iss4id606.
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This researcher reflection examines the challenges faced in using participatory action research (PAR) as a methodology when researching social work in Fiji. PAR allows for disadvantaged groups to engage in research and social action as a means to address inequity. However, PAR relies on people’s ability and desire to participate in this process of change. The epistemological roots of PAR are well suited to Western notions of democracy and power, conflicting with how society operates within Fiji. This reflection examines some of the challenges faced in conducting PAR due to this cultural clash. In conducting this research, the researcher was forced to engage in deep and, at times, confronting, reflections about identity and positionality as both a critical social worker and researcher. By using a PAR approach as the starting point for research design and implementation, the research not only failed to empower Fijian social workers but at times replicated a form of neo-colonialism.
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Gibson, Nancy. "Participatory action research approaches and methods". Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement 3 (25 de noviembre de 2010): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijcre.v3i0.1039.
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This book, published as part of Routledge’s Studies in Human Geography, is useful well beyond this discipline, as it provides a welcome review of Participatory Action Research (PAR). In three major sections, beginning and ending with ‘Reflections’ that bracket the ‘Action’ section, this collection provides a timely overview of the current status of this methodology, as well as many useful examples of applying PAR as a research process.
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Ferrera-Cobos, Francisco, Jose M. Vindel y Rita X. Valenzuela. "A New Index Assessing the Viability of PAR Application Projects Used to Validate PAR Models". Agronomy 11, n.º 3 (4 de marzo de 2021): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030470.
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Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is a useful variable to estimate the growth of biomass or microalgae. However, it is not always feasible to access PAR measurements; in this work, two sets of nine hourly PAR models were developed. These models were estimated for mainland Spain from satellite data, using multilinear regressions and artificial neural networks. The variables utilized were combinations of global horizontal irradiance, clearness index, solar zenith angle cosine, relative humidity, and air temperature. The study territory was divided into regions with similar features regarding PAR through clustering of the PAR clearness index (kPAR). This methodology allowed PAR modeling for the two main climatic regions in mainland Spain (Oceanic and Mediterranean). MODIS 3 h data were employed to train the models, and PAR data registered in seven stations across Spain were used for validation. Usual validation indices assess the extent to which the models reproduce the observed data. However, none of those indices considers the exceedance probabilities, which allow the assessment of the viability of projects based on the data to be modeled. In this work, a new validation index based on these probabilities is presented. Hence, its use, along with the other indices, provides a double and thus more complete validation.
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Crowley, Kathleen A., Ronnie Myers, Halley E. M. Riley, Stephen S. Morse, Paul Brandt-Rauf y Robyn R. M. Gershon. "Using Participatory Action Research to Identify Strategies to Improve Pandemic Vaccination". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 7, n.º 4 (7 de junio de 2013): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.72.
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AbstractObjectiveDeveloping and implementing effective strategies to increase influenza vaccination rates among health care personnel is an ongoing challenge, especially during a pandemic. We used participatory action research (PAR) methodology to identify targeted vaccination interventions that could potentially improve vaccine uptake in a medical center.MethodsFront-line medical center personnel were recruited to participate in 2 PAR teams (clinical and nonclinical staff). Data from a recent medical center survey on barriers and facilitators to influenza (seasonal, pandemic, and combination) vaccine uptake were reviewed, and strategies to increase vaccination rates among medical center personnel were identified.ResultsFeasible, creative, and low-cost interventions were identified, including organizational strategies that differed from investigator-identified interventions. The recommended strategies also differed by team. The nonclinical team suggested programs focused on dispelling vaccination-related myths, and the clinical team suggested campaigns emphasizing the importance of vaccination to protect patients.ConclusionsPAR methodology was useful to identify innovative and targeted recommendations for increasing vaccine uptake. By involving representative front-line workers, PAR may help medical centers improve influenza vaccination rates across all work groups. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;0:1–7)
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Stevens, Karen A. y Ruth Folchman. "Using Participatory Action Research to Evaluate Programs Serving People with Severe Disabilities: Reflections from the Field". Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 23, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1998): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2511/rpsd.23.3.203.
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Participatory action research (PAR) is gaining increasing attention as an appropriate evaluation methodology for programs serving people with disabilities. PAR's emphasis on empowering the “subjects” of the research to design and implement the process and analyze the findings is consistent with the field's stance on self-determination, human rights, and self-advocacy. Furthermore, PAR is considered by many professional researchers to be a positive response to the problem of evaluation reports that do not result in substantive change. Because the PAR co-researchers are so integrally involved in the process, it is assumed that they will also be invested in ensuring that recommended changes occur. The Western Massachusetts Training Consortium has conducted four evaluations using the PAR model over the past three years. These experiences have raised questions regarding some of the potential difficulties a researcher might face in conducting PAR evaluations, particularly with people with disabilities. These questions are discussed and suggestions for addressing them are offered.
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Holdaway, Marcelle. "Crossing disciplines". Pacific Accounting Review 31, n.º 1 (4 de febrero de 2019): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-11-2017-0093.
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Purpose Social and environmental accountability by firms can be compromised by a lack of democracy within community engagement and decision-making processes. This is particularly evident in potential conflict situations such as with unconventional gas (UCG) extraction. Dialogic engagement sits within dialogic accounting theory and offers a potentially valuable contribution to democratisation. This study aims to contribute to dialogic engagement as practice through the application of critical futures theory and methodology, causal layered analysis (CLA). Design/methodology/approach CLA was applied in field research firstly in interviews and then in a workshop setting involving participants with diverse perspectives on UCG. The workshop was planned around activities designed to: implement dialogic engagement as practice, critically unpack views on the present and future of UCG and energy needs through CLA; and evaluate the usefulness of the methodology. Findings Findings suggest that CLA enables access to multiple, complex and nuanced perspectives and facilitates, a deeper understanding of participants own views and of other differing views in relation to UCG, 1) a deeper understanding of participants own views, and of other differing views in relation to UCG, 2) a deeper analysis in the identification of key themes in discussions around UCG, and, 3) the identification by participants of “preferred futures” and “uncertainties” concerning energy needs. Practical implications CLA is a valuable tool for undertaking genuine community engagement and has wide-ranging application, one example being with interviews and focus groups. Moreover, with the inclusion of diverse perspectives, options and solutions emerging for consideration are increased. This in turn provides opportunities for creative decision-making through scenario identification and strategic development that potentially give rise to transformative possibilities. Social implications CLA may well assist in moving firms, and indeed civil society, closer to reaching preferable social and environmental outcomes. Originality/value This cross-disciplinary research applies an innovative approach and methodology, taking democratic engagement to new depths.
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Gamboni, Valentina. "Developing academic librarians’ skills in e-book services through Participatory Action Research". Information and Learning Science 118, n.º 9/10 (10 de octubre de 2017): 535–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ils-05-2017-0044.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to understand how to improve librarians’ skills, using an active and reflective participative process, to develop a university e-book service. This research involved librarians who could not participate in a formal learning course and explored the possibility of improving their skills with e-books by means of informal and non-formal learning. Design/methodology/approach Using a qualitative methodology framework, the research was a participatory action research (PAR) study, utilizing a recurrent five-phase cycle – analysis, plan, action, evaluation, reflection/sharing – that joins research and reflective practice in action. Each phase has been discussed by categories defined from the gathered data, highlighting the evidence of participants’ contributions, to analyse the situation, plan and carry out interventions, and evaluate outcomes. Participants suggested and put into action informal and non-formal methods of learning to develop e-book skills that they named and included in broader categories such as technical, content selection, purchase and management and use. Findings Participants increased their awareness of the topic, and the PAR process also contributed to their personal development. PAR is recommended as a research process that fosters learning outcomes, as well as personal and professional development. Originality/value PAR has been applied in the Italian academic setting to understand how librarians can develop skills in e-book services through informal and non-formal learning methods.
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CAMPBELL, ALYSON y STEPHEN FARRIER. "Queer Practice as Research: A Fabulously Messy Business". Theatre Research International 40, n.º 1 (6 de febrero de 2015): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883314000601.
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This short piece highlights a current spurt in queer researcher–practitioners doing practice as research (PaR) in higher education and explores potential reasons why PaR is so vital, appealing, useful and strategic for queer research. As a starting point, we offer the idea of messiness and messing things up as a way of describing the methods of PaR. Queer mess is to do with asserting the value and pleasure of formations of knowledge that sit outside long-standing institutional hierarchies of research. The latter places what Robin Nelson calls ‘hard knowledge’ above tacit, quotidian, haptic and embodied knowledge. The methodological and philosophical impulses of PaR make space for a range of research methods inherently bound up with the researcher as an individual and the materiality of lived experience within research. Yet, in our experience, although each PaR project is individual, PaR projects follow certain shared modes evolving largely from embodied and heuristic research methods adapted from social sciences, such as (auto)ethnography, participant observation, phenomenology and action research. PaR methodology in theatre and performance is composed of a bricolage of these openly embodied methods, which makes PaR, as an embodied resistance to sanitary boundaries, somewhat queer in academic terms already. It is unsurprising, then, that PaR is so attractive to queer practitioner–researchers bent on queering normative hierarchies of knowledge.
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Kunt, Zeynep. "Art-based methods for Participatory Action Research (PAR)". Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture 11, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2020): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/iscc_00008_1.
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By reflecting on alternative forms of knowledge co-production through art-based methods, the article discusses the potential of Participatory Action Research (PAR) as a responsive research praxis. Art-based methods have widely been used in research engaging communities through giving access to the worlds of participants. At the intersections of disciplines, benefiting from a range of art forms from photography to theatre, this approach provides the space and tools for the exploration of multiple perspectives about shared problems or questions. In this respect, PAR is a significant methodology for communication studies with its alternative ways of knowledge production by positioning ‘dialogue’ and ‘participation’ at the centre.
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Pham, Huy N. A., Vikash Ramiah, Imad Moosa y Justin Hung Nguyen. "The effects of regulatory announcements on risk and return: the Vietnamese experience". Pacific Accounting Review 29, n.º 2 (3 de abril de 2017): 152–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-08-2016-0077.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the effects of financial regulatory announcements on risk and return in the Vietnamese equity market. Design/methodology/approach The event study methodology is used for the return analysis, and asset pricing models are adjusted for the risk analysis. Various robustness tests are used, including the Corrado non-parametric ranking test and the Chesney et al. non-parametric conditional distribution test, as well as GARCH, TARCH, EGARCH and PARCH specifications for the risk models. Findings The authors find evidence for both negative and positive reactions as well as risk shifting behaviour in the form of a diamond risk structure. Originality/value This paper fills a major gap in the literature by investigating the market’s reaction to bank regulatory announcements across financial and non-financial sectors in the Vietnamese equity market.
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Almaguer-Kalixto, Patricia E., Margarita Maass Moreno y José Antonio Amozurrutia. "Sociocybernetics and action research: Analysis and intervention in complex social problems". Current Sociology 67, n.º 4 (24 de abril de 2019): 544–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392119837576.
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Participatory action research (PAR) has been used as a methodology for social intervention that combines research enquiry and action in the analysis of and intervention in complex social problems. However, a better systematization of complex social research processes is required to enable reflexivity at a participatory level and second-order observation of the full research system constructed. This article proposes a PAR model using conceptual and methodological elements of sociocybernetics, which is the application of first- and second-order cybernetics and general systems theory to social sciences. The authors see this model as able to reinforce the systematization of PAR, enabling a second-order reflexivity and feedback process through information analysis and communication strategies. The first part of the article explains how sociocybernetics concepts can contribute to this sociological methodology and discusses points of similarity between the two approaches and the basis of the proposed model. The second part addresses an empirical case of PAR developed in the context of the High Atlas in Morocco using the proposed model. By reinforcing a systems perspective, internal and external elements of the research system can be defined better to understand its relevance to optimal fulfilment of the research purpose. The value that sociocybernetics adds may be the comprehension of processes of change through the assimilation, accommodation and adaptation of the components and limits of the system, the feedback process and other interactions within the system and its environment, in order to analyse how social changes occur in complex settings.
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Gragg, Richard Schulterbrandt, M. Miaisha Mitchell, Kareem M. Usher, Stephen Schensul y Jean Schensul. "Collaboration of Community and University Scholars: Training in the Transformation of Research for Community Development". Practicing Anthropology 37, n.º 4 (1 de septiembre de 2015): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0888-4552-37.4.44.
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Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR) provides a methodology that creates mutually beneficial and equitable partnerships between researchers and community people involved in positive change. Participatory Action Research (PAR) is rooted in trust, connectivity, and reciprocity to address issues and actions that remedy inequitable social, economic, and environmental problems arising from racism rooted in structural/political imbalances. In this paper, we discuss the Health Equity Alliance of Tallahassee (HEAT) and its affiliated six week Ethnographic Field School that trains graduate students in CBPR methodology by bringing faculty, local community activists and stakeholders, and students together for mutual learning in dynamic classroom, community, and social settings. The paper offers reflections on the experience by a student, HEAT activist, local and visiting faculty, and demonstrate how a model field school based on PAR offers an empirical approach to building capacity to address power inequities in local settings and beyond.
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Chiron, Pierre. "Relative Dating of the Rhetoric to Alexander and Aristotle's Rhetoric: A Methodology and Hypothesis". Rhetorica 29, n.º 3 (2011): 236–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2011.29.3.236.
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Les données externes permettent de situer la Rh. Al. entre 340 et 300, tandis que la Rhétorique émane probablement de plusieurs périodes de la carrière d'Aristote, dont la période académique (années 350) et le second séjour à Athènes (années 330). Ces données font supposer une composition ≪en sandwich≫ et donc des influences réciproques. Le problème est de localiser précisément les similitudes entre les deux traités, de déterminer le sens de l'influence et de discriminer les influences réciproques d'une commune dépendance par rapport à un ou plusieurs même(s) modèle(s). Nous proposons ici un cadre méthodologique pour ce type d'investigation.
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Berkman, Henk y Vidura Galpoththage. "Political connections and firm value: an analysis of listed firms in Sri Lanka". Pacific Accounting Review 28, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2016): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-06-2014-0020.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to use a portfolio-time-series approach to examine the impact of five important political events on the value of politically connected firms in Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach – This study examines five major political events to test if political connections affect market value of listed companies in Sri Lanka. Results show that despite numerous news articles and public perception suggesting otherwise, there is no convincing evidence which indicate that political connections increase firm value in Sri Lanka. Findings – The empirical results provide no evidence that political connections increase firm value in Sri Lanka. Further tests indicate that the government is not biased towards politically connected firms when granting major projects. The authors also fail to find a relation between Tobin’s Q and the level of political connection after including several common control variables. Originality/value – This study contributes to the literature on the value of political connections by using a robust event study methodology and a novel setting: Sri Lanka in the period around the end of the civil war.
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Longbottom, Joshua, Charles Wamboga, Paul R. Bessell, Steve J. Torr y Michelle C. Stanton. "Optimising passive surveillance of a neglected tropical disease in the era of elimination: A modelling study". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, n.º 3 (2 de marzo de 2021): e0008599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008599.
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Background Surveillance is an essential component of global programs to eliminate infectious diseases and avert epidemics of (re-)emerging diseases. As the numbers of cases decline, costs of treatment and control diminish but those for surveillance remain high even after the ‘last’ case. Reducing surveillance may risk missing persistent or (re-)emerging foci of disease. Here, we use a simulation-based approach to determine the minimal number of passive surveillance sites required to ensure maximum coverage of a population at-risk (PAR) of an infectious disease. Methodology and principal findings For this study, we use Gambian human African trypanosomiasis (g-HAT) in north-western Uganda, a neglected tropical disease (NTD) which has been reduced to historically low levels (<1000 cases/year globally), as an example. To quantify travel time to diagnostic facilities, a proxy for surveillance coverage, we produced a high spatial-resolution resistance surface and performed cost-distance analyses. We simulated travel time for the PAR with different numbers (1–170) and locations (170,000 total placement combinations) of diagnostic facilities, quantifying the percentage of the PAR within 1h and 5h travel of the facilities, as per in-country targets. Our simulations indicate that a 70% reduction (51/170) in diagnostic centres still exceeded minimal targets of coverage even for remote populations, with >95% of a total PAR of ~3million individuals living ≤1h from a diagnostic centre, and we demonstrate an approach to best place these facilities, informing a minimal impact scale back. Conclusions Our results highlight that surveillance of g-HAT in north-western Uganda can be scaled back without substantially reducing coverage of the PAR. The methodology described can contribute to cost-effective and equable strategies for the surveillance of NTDs and other infectious diseases approaching elimination or (re-)emergence.
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Reinert, par Max. "Classification Descendante Hierarchique et Analvse Lexicale par Contexte - Application au Corpus des Poesies D'A. Rihbaud". Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 13, n.º 1 (enero de 1987): 53–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/075910638701300107.
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Hierarchically descending classification and lexical analysis by context: application to the corpus of A. Ri baud's poetry. Using a lexical analysis by context and a hierarchically descending classification method, the author examines the corpus of Rimbaud's poetry. Two different codings of the corpus with the use cf the same method of analysis, plus other methods also, furnish a means of judging the stability of the results obtained. Lexical analysis, Arthur Rimbaud, methodology, hierarchically descending classification analysis, coding. Employant une analyse lexicale par contexte et une methode de classification descendante hierarchique, l'auteur examine Ie corpus de la poese de Rimbaud. Deux codages differents de ce corpus et l'application de la meme methode d'analyse, plus l'utilisation d'autres methodes, permettent de juger la stabilite des resultats obtenus. Analyse lexicale, Arthur Rimbaud, methodologie, classificton descendante hierarchique, codage.
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Beyko, E. y M. M. Bernitsas. "Reliability of Complex Structures by Large Admissible Perturbations". Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 115, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 1993): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920109.
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The perturbation approach to reliability (PAR) is a powerful methodology for reliability analysis and design of large structures. Its main features are: F1) PAR provides the exact global failure equation for any failure criterion for which the corresponding structural analysis can be performed by finite elements. F2) Geometry, material, and loads appear explicitly in the global failure equations and are treated as random variables. No need arises for load path selection or load pattern specification. F3) PAR introduces an invariant and consistent redundancy definition as an injective mapping restricted on the failure surface. Thus, the redundancy/reliability of the structure is expressed in terms of the redundancy/reliability of its structural components. F4) The norm of the Rosenblatt transformed reliability injection is the reliability index. F5) For each global failure equation or combination of failure equations, PAR computes the individual or joint design points without enumerating paths to failure, trial and error, or repeated finite element analyses. F6) Serviceability or ultimate global structural failure is defined by specifying a threshold value of any quantity that can be computed by finite elements: natural frequencies, dynamic normal modes, static deflections, static stresses, buckling loads, and buckling modes are implemented in PAR. Stress failure equations are used along with linearized plasticity surfaces to identify element failure. Several applications are presented to assess PAR.
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Muchlashin, Anif, Widya Astika Putri, Nispia Asya’bani y Siti Nurfajrin. "Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat Nelayan di Kampung Mumes Raja Ampat Papua Barat". Amalee: Indonesian Journal of Community Research and Engagement 3, n.º 2 (28 de junio de 2022): 235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37680/amalee.v3i1.1562.
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This study focuses on discussing empowerment activities carried out in eastern Indonesia, West Papua to be exact. Researchers found a problem that occurred, namely the lack of strength of human resources which then became the focus in carrying out empowerment activities in this study. This is inversely proportional to the state of natural resources which are very rich and abundant which should be one of the forces to improve the welfare of the people of Kampung Mumes. The researcher uses the PAR (Participatory Action Research) methodology as a research method. The systematics of PAR are to know, to understand, to plan and to action. The PAR methodology is oriented towards community empowerment, namely efforts to create community independence. Through the research approach used, it is known that the root of the problem is the lack of community competence in processing natural resources in the form of fish obtained from the sea around them. Through this empowerment activity, capacity building has been carried out by conducting fish processing training, making noken and making meatballs and nuggets to improve the welfare of the community in Mumes Village.
Keywords: community empowerment, economic improvement, fisherman.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini berfokus membahas tentang kegiatan pemberdayaan yang dilakukan di Indonesia bagian timur, tepatnya Papua Barat. Peneliti menemukan masalah yang terjadi yakni kurangnya kekuatan sumber daya manusia yang kemudian menjadi fokus dalam melakukan kegiatan pemberdayaan pada penelitian ini. Hal ini berbanding terbalik dengan keadaan sumber daya alam yang sangat kaya dan melimpah ruah yang seharusnya dapat menjadi salah satu kekuatan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat Kampung Mumes. Peneliti menggunakan metodologi PAR (Participatory Action Research) sebagai metode penelitian. Sistematika dari PAR adalah to know, to understand, to plan dan to action. Metodologi PAR berorientasi untuk pemberdayaan masyarakat yakni upaya untuk menciptakan kemandirian masyarakat. Melalui pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan diketahui akar permasalahannya adalah kurangnya kompetensi masyarakat dalam mengolah sumber daya alam berupa ikan yang didapatkan dari laut yang berada di sekitaran mereka. Melalui kegiatan pemberdayaan ini telah dilakukan peningkatan kemampuan dengan melakukan pelatihan pengolahan ikan, melakukan pembuatan noken dan pembuatan bakso serta nugget untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat di Kampung Mumes.
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Nyman, Anneli, Stina Rutberg, Margareta Lilja y Gunilla Isaksson. "The Process of Using Participatory Action Research when Trying out an ICT Solution in Home-Based Rehabilitation". International Journal of Qualitative Methods 21 (enero de 2022): 160940692210847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16094069221084791.
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This article describes the process of using PAR and discusses the strengths and challenges of adopting it as a methodology. With a pilot project “the rehabilitation journey” as a showcase, we share experiences of how we co-created knowledge and illustrate the actions taken and participants’ involvement in the process. This pilot project aimed to explore how ICT solutions can create new ways to deliver home-based rehabilitation that meet the needs of the organization, rehabilitation professionals, and older persons. Our experience is that using PAR as a research method had several strengths. Our project stemmed from demographic and epidemiological trends in society viewed as a “real life problem” experienced on different levels in the organization of home-based rehabilitation. At the same time, PAR was a challenging research method to use, as it was time-consuming and required the commitment and contribution over time of the different participants involved. There were also specific challenges that had to be considered regarding routines and regulations, as the pilot project was conducted in a health care context. This article aspires to offer methodological guidelines by using a six-step method to illustrate a PAR process. We propose that these guidelines can act as a tool to guide researchers in carrying out PAR.
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Luisier, Joëlle. "Une éducation sur les droits, par les droits et pour les droits". Didactica Historica 6, n.º 1 (2020): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/didacticahistorica.2020.006.01.141.
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This article exposes the international legal foundations of human rights education (HRE), as well as its specific methodology. HRE is thus presented as a complex process through which teachers and learners exchange ideas and points of view in order to promote a culture of human rights. The author discloses here various examples of tools, projects and training developed by Amnesty International to support teachers in this process.
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Jia, Fansheng, Yilin Zhang, Kam C. Chan y Sujuan Xie. "The impact of religiosity on corporate loans and maturity structure: evidence from China". Pacific Accounting Review 29, n.º 3 (7 de agosto de 2017): 307–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-02-2017-0012.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the relation between religiosity and formal financing in the context of long- and short-term corporate loans. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses archival methodology to conduct a multiple regression analysis with the amount of long- and short-term corporate loans as the dependent variable and a measure of religiosity as the key explanatory variable. Findings This paper offers four findings. First, when a private firm locates in a high religiosity region, it is more likely to get more corporate loans and the amount of corporate loans is positively correlated with the extent of religiosity. Second, religiosity drives a private firm getting more (less) short-term (long-term) loans. Third, a private firm in a high religiosity region is able to incur lower interest cost associated with more short-term loans. Finally, the results are confined to Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity. Practical implications Overall, the findings are consistent with the notion that religiosity shapes the local culture so that individuals, some of them are borrowers and lenders, show the religious traits in the formal lending and borrowing relationship. Originality/value Overall, findings of this paper are consistent with the notion that religiosity shapes the local culture so that individuals, some of them being borrowers and lenders, show religious traits in the formal lending and borrowing relationship.
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Ehalaiye, Dimu, Nives Botica-Redmayne y Fawzi Laswad. "Financial determinants of local government debt in New Zealand". Pacific Accounting Review 29, n.º 4 (6 de noviembre de 2017): 512–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-11-2016-0104.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the financial determinants of local government debt in New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach To investigate the financial determinants of local government debt in New Zealand, the authors analyse the relationship between key financial variables with local government debt in New Zealand based on the theories of fiscal accountability and moral hazard using a panel data methodology, specifically the pooled ordinary least squares regression model. Findings The findings suggest that council income is the major financial determinant of local government borrowing in New Zealand rather than infrastructural spending and that during the global financial crises (GFC) borrowing levels of New Zealand local councils was not significantly impacted. However, the findings indicate that post the GFC, low interest rates have stimulated increased borrowing activity by New Zealand local governments to fund infrastructure. Originality/value This paper is the first to examine the determinants of local government debt in New Zealand. The findings of this study contribute to better understanding of local government/municipality debt in New Zealand and internationally by providing evidence on the financial determinants of debt of local governments and the indirect use of government policy to control local government borrowing. The findings of this study are anticipated to affect local government practices and national government policies in relation to local government finances.
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York, Leanne, Alison MacKenzie y Noel Purdy. "The challenges and opportunities of conducting PhD participatory action research on sensitive issues: Young people and sexting". Citizenship, Social and Economics Education 20, n.º 2 (3 de mayo de 2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20471734211014454.
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This paper presents the challenges and opportunities of using a participatory action research (PAR) methodology in a social science PhD exploring young people’s attitudes to sexting in Northern Ireland. Based upon a children’s rights approach, a Young People’s Advisory Group (YPAG) was created to seek advice on data collection activities and resources to be used with the participants of the research. Single-sex and mixed-sex focus group interviews were conducted in one youth club with 17 young people. PAR provides opportunities for young people to voice their views on matters affecting their lives, and supports the development of interpersonal, teamworking and research skills. Challenges of PAR included recruiting young people, gaining consent from young people and parents. This study highlights the importance of including young people as co-researchers. As a result of the method used, young people confirmed that Relationships and Sexuality Education (RSE) is inadequate.
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Coulibaly, Paulin, François Anctil y Bernard Bobée. "Prévision hydrologique par réseaux de neurones artificiels : état de l'art". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 26, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 1999): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l98-069.
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Artificial neural networks (ANN) are a novel approximation method for complex systems especially useful when the well-known statistical methods are not efficient. The multilayer perceptrons have been mainly used for hydrological forecasting over the last years. However, the connectionist theory and language are not much known to the hydrologist communauty. This paper aims to make up this gap. The ANN architectures and learning rules are presented to allow the best choice of their application. Stochastic methods and the neural network approach are compared in terms of methodology steps in the context of hydrological forecasting. Recent applications in hydrology are documented and discussed in the conclusion.Key words: artificial neural networks, hydrological forecasting, stochastic models, multilayer perceptrons.
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Ramanathan, Chaitra. "Evaluation of the Stability After Orthodontic Treatment Using PAR Index". Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 49, n.º 4 (2006): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2017.134.
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The aim of the present study is to establish the results using the scores obtained from the methodology that was applied for assessing the stability after 2 years post orthodontic treatment and stability in a sample of 69 individuals. After applying PAR index to the collected group of patients, a series of scores were obtained, which were then needed to be evaluated further to establish the results. The scores were evaluated using the nomogram. A comparison was done between the post treatment and the 2 years post treatment PAR weighting scores to determine if the results were stable after orthodontic treatment. The majority of the orthodontic patients were treated to a good standard and that the results appeared to be stable.
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Ongsakul, Viput, Pornsit Jiraporn y Young Sang Kim. "The effect of earnings management on shareholder value and the role of board gender diversity". Pacific Accounting Review 32, n.º 3 (18 de abril de 2020): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-09-2019-0110.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate whether shareholders are convinced by earnings management. This study also explores how board gender diversity (the presence of female directors on the board) may influence the extent to which shareholders are convinced by earnings management. Design/methodology/approach The authors estimate the stock market reactions to the September 11 terrorist attack using the standard event study methodology. The authors then run a cross-sectional analysis to investigate whether the market reactions are influenced by the extent of earnings management. Furthermore, the authors test how board gender diversity affects the degree to which earnings management influences the stock market reactions. Findings The study results show that the market reactions to the attack are substantially mitigated for firms that exercise more upward discretionary accruals, implying that earnings management is successful in convincing shareholders. Additional analysis corroborates the results, including propensity score matching, instrumental variable analysis and using Oster’s (2019) method for testing coefficient stability. Crucially, the authors find that board gender diversity helps shareholders see through earnings management better. The presence of female directors significantly weakens the extent to which shareholders are persuaded by earnings management. Originality/value This study is the first to explore the effect of earnings management on shareholder wealth using the September 11 terrorist attack. The research design is less vulnerable to endogeneity and is thus much more likely to show a causal effect of accounting accruals on shareholder wealth.
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Yong, Sue. "Pride or prejudice: accounting and Polynesian entrepreneurs". Pacific Accounting Review 31, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2019): 182–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-10-2017-0084.
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PurposeThis paper aims to discuss the role of accounting, accountants and the cash management processes of indigenous Māori and Pacific (collectively referred as Polynesian) entrepreneurs in New Zealand.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative research methodology was used; 43 in-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted with Polynesian entrepreneurs, key informants, business experts and accountants to align with the oral Polynesian traditions and protocols.FindingsThe paper highlights the influence of cultural values on Polynesians’ accounting decision-making processes. It also provides some unique insights into the interrelationships of the cultural, economic and social dynamics that sculpt Polynesians’ decisions towards accounting, cash management and their accountants.Research limitations/implicationsPurposive sampling of a small sample was drawn from Auckland, New Zealand. Though statistical generalisability is not possible, in-depth interview data provided rich and contextual evidence which are often missing from a quantitative research approach.Practical implicationsIt highlights the need for contextualised accounting services to Polynesian entrepreneurs by the accounting profession. It also calls for more cultural sensitivity when servicing and regulating Polynesian entrepreneurs.Originality/valueThis study identifies some unique insights into the interrelationships of culture, economic and social dynamics in Polynesian entrepreneurs. In particular, the cultural values of communality, reciprocity and “gift-giving” and respect for authority are important factors in shaping the Polynesians’ approach to accounting disposition and business cash management. It also identifies the power differentials between Polynesian entrepreneurs and their accountants, in which the former takes on a subordinate role to the latter.
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Syam, Nur. "Metodologi Kajian Ilmu Dakwah: Analisis Karya Ilmiah pada Fakultas Dakwah dan Komunikasi 1985 – 2015". Jurnal Komunikasi Islam 9, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2019): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jki.2019.9.1.21-35.
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This article examines the study design and methodology applied in proselytizing science at the Faculty of Proselytizing (Da'wah) and Communication UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya during the period 1985 to 2015. This study analysed the scientific works of the faculty academic staff and students between 1985 and 2003 through the qualitative methodology. The data collected by observation and documentation and analysed through coding, categorizing, and theming procedure. The study found that the methodology used for studying da'wah science can be categorized into five approaches: factor approach, system model or interpretive approaches or understanding the meaning of da'wah for individuals, communities or society, the developmental approach and participatory approach or Participatory Action Research (PAR).
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Habib, Ahsan. "Publishing literature reviews". Pacific Accounting Review 34, n.º 3 (8 de marzo de 2022): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-02-2022-0024.
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Purpose The author discusses his views on writing good, structured literature reviews (SLRs), meta-analyses and bibliometric articles with the aim of encouraging the audience to engage with this research approach. Design/methodology/approach The author adopts a descriptive approach for sharing his views. Findings The author provides some examples where SLRs might be useful. Originality/value Although conducting SLRs is quite laborious, the eventual publication is highly rewarding both in terms of relatively high citation counts and of offering many early career researchers with a handy scholarly resource for initiating new research.
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Marx, Johan y Ronald Henry Mynhardt. "Towards an implementation framework for governance in the Ghanaian securities trading industry". Qualitative Research in Financial Markets 13, n.º 3 (11 de abril de 2021): 342–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrfm-04-2020-0061.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose an implementation framework for governance in the Ghanaian securities trading industry. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative research approach was followed, using participatory action research (PAR) by involving stakeholders from the Ghanaian securities trading industry. Findings A governance framework for the Ghanaian securities trading industry is proposed, taking into account the regulatory environment of Ghana, the role of ethical leadership, boards of directors, audit committees, the governance of risk, information technology and internal audit. Research limitations/implications This study used PAR because it is a recognised research methodology aimed at problem resolution, knowledge creation and improving professional practice, through the involvement of the interest group. This paper provides a starting point – a practical solution for the securities industry of Ghana, but not generalisable results. Practical implications Applying the governance framework will create safeguards against corruption and mismanagement, promote transparency in economic life and assist Ghana in attracting investment, ultimately lowering its cost of capital and contributing to economic growth and development in the country. Social implications The implementation of the governance framework will benefit all stakeholders (employees, suppliers and the community at large) as a result of a culture conducive to influencing behaviour, strategy planning and implementation, as well as corporate results and financial sustainability. Originality/value The use of PAR assists the practitioners from the Ghanaian securities trading industry in improving their competencies (knowledge, skills, values and attributes) whilst generating a workable solution for their current governance challenges.
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Ragan, Doug y Clarissa Wilkinson. "Growing Up with Expectations. Better Understanding the Expectations of Community Partners in Participatory Action Research Projects". Les ateliers de l'éthique 4, n.º 1 (11 de abril de 2018): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1044589ar.
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This paper challenges the assumption that youth and youth agencies are in a condition of equality when entering a participatory action research (PAR). By asserting that it is not a state of equality that practitioners nor youth should assume nor be immediately striving for, but a consistently equitable process, this article draws from and reflects on the relationship between young people and researchers who have used a PAR methodology in action oriented projects. Using the UNESCO Growing up in Cities Canada project as a case example, this review extrapolates from and reflects on challenges faced by the project as a whole. Using semi-structured interviews to explore the roles of adults and youth, a number of strategies are highlighted as the techniques used to overcome these challenges. The discussion concludes with further reflection on the complexities of equality and equity, recommending a number of actions that have the potential to create an equitable environment in PAR projects similar to the one examined.
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Achard, par Pierre. "On the Metho Dology of Discourse Analysis and Content Analysis". Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 13, n.º 1 (enero de 1987): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/075910638701300104.
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Sur la methodologie de l'analyse de discours et de l'analyse de contenu. A travers des e xemples d'analyse de t e xtes economiques par une methode formelle d'analyse sociolingu ist iq ue, l 'auteur revel e non seulement des relations entre les econo mistes et Ie pouvoir d'Etat, mais aussi que ces exemples eu x-me mes fo nt p a r t i e de ces relations. Analyse de disc ours, analyse de contenu, methodologie, sociolinguistique, economie, education, pouvoi r d'Etat. Through examples of analysis of econom ic t ex t s by method of sociolinguistics, the author reveals not relations between economists and state power, but also these examples themselves are part of the relations. analysis, content analysis, methodology, soci ol i economy, educatio n, state power.
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Castillo-Ramírez, Alejandra, Eduardo Santamaría-del-Ángel, Adriana González-Silvera, Robert Frouin, María-Teresa Sebastiá-Frasquet, Jing Tan, Jorge Lopez-Calderon, Laura Sánchez-Velasco y Luis Enríquez-Paredes. "A New Algorithm to Estimate Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient from Secchi Disk Depth". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, n.º 8 (25 de julio de 2020): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080558.
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The vertical diffuse attenuation coefficient Kd (PAR) is used for calculating the euphotic zone, the first optical depth that is important for primary productivity models. Currently, Kd (PAR) can be estimated using an irradiometer or a Secchi disk (SD). The main objective of this work is to define a model that can be applied to a wide range of optical marine conditions to estimate Kd (PAR) by SD. We used irradiance profiles and SD depth (ZSD) from 679 stations in various marine regions. Three parametric models were developed, and their statistical performance was evaluated in view of previous approaches reported and remote sensing data. The best results were obtained with an adaptive model representing three cases: clear-water, turbid-water, and a transition zone (R2 = 0.965, MAE = 0.083, RMSD = 0.239, BIAS = 0.01, and MPI = 0.854). Previous models considering a single optical depth figure at which the SD disappears did not capture the marine optical complexity. Our classification of 113 stations with spectral absorption data into Jerlov water types indicated that no unique correspondence existed between estimated Kd (PAR) and water type, making it ambiguous to associate compatible inherent optical properties and chlorophyll with ZSD. Although obtaining Kd (PAR) from ZSD is simple/low-cost, care should be taken in the methodology used to measure ZSD to ensure consistent results across different optical marine conditions.
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Hsiao, Daniel F., Yan Hu y Jerry W. Lin. "The earnings management opportunity for US oil and gas firms during the 2011 Arab Spring event". Pacific Accounting Review 28, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2016): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-03-2014-0013.
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Purpose – This study aims to examine whether US oil and gas companies engaged in earnings management during the 2011 Arab Spring, which resulted in significant increases in both crude oil and gasoline prices. Design/methodology/approach – Following a similar research methodology from prior research, this study tests the existence of earnings management based on discretionary total accruals, current accruals and non-current accruals to determine whether both large petroleum refining firms and relatively small oil and gas-producing firms, jointly and separately, lowered reported earnings. Findings – The results show that, overall, US oil and gas companies as a group engaged in income-decreasing earnings management during the Arab Spring. The results seem to support the political cost hypothesis. However, further analyses indicate that the results are driven by abnormal income-decreasing accruals of the relatively small oil and gas-producing firms, which are politically less sensitive. Research limitations/implications – The findings suggest that there may be other non-political cost incentives, such as income smoothing, for the relatively small oil and gas-producing firms managing earnings downward during periods of large oil price increases. However, the possibility for firms with reversals of income-increasing activity from other quarters is not ruled out. Originality/value – This study not only is the first empirical study of earnings management by oil and gas companies during the Arab Spring, but also contributes to extant earnings management literature regarding political cost hypothesis, which still remains a major concern for US oil and gas companies.
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Irina, Yu Aksarina y V. Mosina Natalia. "Pedagogical aspects of training future specialists in physical culture and sport". Yugra State University Bulletin 11, n.º 1 (15 de diciembre de 2015): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/byusu201511163-65.
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Interrelation of the basic disciplines of the theory and methodology of physical education, sports and educational medico-biological and psychological disciplines is fundamental training.Nowadays a growing need for highly qualified professionals that are on par with methodical preparedness in their activity must have fundamental training in the humanities, natural sciences and basic types of physical activity.
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Uteng, Stig, Thomas Haugland Johansen, Jose Ignacio Zaballos, Samuel Ortega, Lasse Holmström, Gustavo M. Callico, Himar Fabelo y Fred Godtliebsen. "Early Detection of Change by Applying Scale-Space Methodology to Hyperspectral Images". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 7 (27 de marzo de 2020): 2298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072298.
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Given an object of interest that evolves in time, one often wants to detect possible changes in its properties. The first changes may be small and occur in different scales and it may be crucial to detect them as early as possible. Examples include identification of potentially malignant changes in skin moles or the gradual onset of food quality deterioration. Statistical scale-space methodologies can be very useful in such situations since exploring the measurements in multiple resolutions can help identify even subtle changes. We extend a recently proposed scale-space methodology to a technique that successfully detects such small changes and at the same time keeps false alarms at a very low level. The potential of the novel methodology is first demonstrated with hyperspectral skin mole data artificially distorted to include a very small change. Our real data application considers hyperspectral images used for food quality detection. In these experiments the performance of the proposed method is either superior or on par with a standard approach such as principal component analysis.