Literatura académica sobre el tema "P. D. Jame"

Elementorių istorija susijusi su mokyklos ir švietimo, pedagoginės, metodinės ir psichologinės minties raida, su vaikų literatūros, literatūrinės kalbos ir rašymo taisyklių vystymosi klusimais. Šiame straipsnyje pateikiama tik bendra nagrinėjamo periodo elementorių apžvalga, siekiant parodyti, kaip su visuomeninių – kultūrinių sąlygų kaita buvo tobulinami ir elementoriai. XIX a. gale esant labai nepalankioms kultūrinio gyvenimo sąlygoms (knygų gimtąja kalba nebuvimas mokyklose) egzistavo elementoriai, sudaryti „silabizavimo“ metodo pagrindu siekiant dvasininkijos tikslų; jie buvo spausdinami užsienyje. Tik 1895 metais pažangios inteligentijos pastangomis buvo išleistas pirmasis A. Kriščiukaičio elementorius, sudarytas sintetinio garsinio metodo pagrindu, jame nebuvo religinio turinio. Po 1905 m. revoliucijos, įvykus kultūrinės padėties pagerėjimui, pastebimas pedagoginės minties pagyvėjimas. Tuo metu išleista daug įvairių elementorių, ypatingo dėmesio jų tarpe nusipelno P. Višinskio (1905 m.) ir K. Skabeikos (1909 m.) elementoriai, kurie padėjo analitinio – sintetinio garsinio metodo mokant skaityti pagrindus. Savo turiniu šie elementoriai labiausiai atitiko 1905 m. revoliucijos iškeltiems reikalavimams: atskirti mokyklą ir bažnyčią, įvesti visuotinį nemokamą mokslą gimtąja kalba ir kt. Šie elementoriai buvo skirti liaudies mokyklai, juose nebuvo ne tik maldų, bet ir religinio turinio straipsnių. Šių elementorių autorių (A. Kriščiukaičio, P. Višinskio, K. Skabeikos) metodinėms paieškoms didelę įtaką darė rusų pedagogų, ypač L. N. Tolstojaus, K. D. Ušinskio, V. A. Flerovo ir kitų pažiūros. Šių pedagogų patirtis buvo kūrybiškai pritaikyta lietuviškos mokyklos sąlygoms.

D. Fernandez-Duque ir I. M. Thornton (2000) tariamai atrado, kad asmuo gali užfiksuoti pakitimą ir be sąmonės įsiterpimo. Tačiau šį atradimą gerokai menkina vienas pačių autorių pripažintas metodologinis trūkumas – kontrolinių bandymų nebuvimas. Siekdami tiksliau nustatyti, ar norint pastebėti pakitimą reikia sąmonės tarpininkavimo, ar jo užfiksavimas gali vykti ir be sąmonės įsiterpimo, dar kartą tyrėme, kaip matomame objekte aptinkamas pasikeitimas, tačiau šį kartą tyrėmė dvejopai: vienu atveju be kontrolinių bandymų, kaip ir D. Fernandez-Duque ir I. M. Thorntonas, o kitu atveju atlikome ir kontrolinius bandymus.Pirmasis tyrimas bendrais bruožais pakartojo D. Fernandez-Duque ir I. M. Thorntono atliktą tyrimą. Norėta pažiūrėti, ar rasis nesąmoningas pasikeitimo pastebėjimas, kaip buvo D. Fernandez-Duque ir I. M. Thorntono tyrime, darant ir kontrolinius bandymus. Kompiuterio ekrane vienas po kito buvo rodomi laikrodžio pavidalo apskritimai, kuriuose vietoj skaičių buvo matyti aštuoni nedideli stačiakampiai, kurių keturi stovėjo stačiomis ir keturi gulėjo gulsčiomis (žr. 1-ą pav.). Per kiekvieną bandymą buvo paeiliui pateikiami trys apskritimai. Pirmas bandymas truko 250 ms, paskui buvo 250 ms tarpelis. Antrame bandyme, irgi trukusiame 250 ms, pasirodžius apskritimui, vieno stačiakampio padėtis buvo pakeista iš stačios į gulsčią ar priešingai. Apskritimui su stačiakampiais pasirodžius trečią kartą, jame ryškumu išsiskyrė du priešiais stovintys stačiakampiai – tas, kuris buvo patyręs pokytį, ir stovintis priešingoje pusėje. Dabar dalyvis pelytės rodykle turėjo nurodyti, kurio iš tų dviejų stačiakampių padėtis buvo pakeista. Tai atlikęs, mygtuko nuspaudimu nurodė, ar vertinamą pokytį buvo suvokęs sąmoningai, ar ne. Atlikus nesuvoktų pasirinkimų įvertinimą paaiškėjo, kad rezultatai nėra vienodi. Viena vertus, grupėje, kurioje buvo pakartojamas tyrimas nedarant kontrolinių bandymų, nesuvoktų pokyčių tikslus pasirinkimas, priešingai D. Fernandez-Duque ir I. M. Thorntono bandymui, neviršijo atsitiktinumo lygio. Kita vertus, grupėje, kurioje kontroliniai bandymai buvo atlikti, nesuvoktų pokyčių tikslus pasirinkimas atsitiktinumo lygį viršijo.Šie rezultatai neteikia aiškios paramos hipotezei, kad galima nesąmoningai pastebėti pakitimą. Todėl ryžtasi antrą kartą tirti nesuvokto pokyčio patyrimo reiškinį, bet šį kartą taikant sudėtingesnio turinio užduočių. Antrame tyrime taip pat norėta įvertinti du galimus nesuvokto pokyčio pasirinkimo aiškinimus: nesuvokto pokyčio užfiksavimo hipotezė ir santykinio sąmonės pasireiškimo hipotezė. Pagal pastarąją, nors pokytis ir nėra pastebimas, jis vis dėlto gali būti pasirinktas sąmoningomis pastangomis. Pavyzdžiui, nurodydamas, kurio stačiakampip padėtis keitėsi, dalyvis gali sąmoningai taikyti atmetimo strategiją. Pagal ją jis renkasi stačiakampį, stovintį priešais tą, kurio padėtis nesikeitė, taip didindamas galimybę atlikti teisingą pasirinkimą.Šios dvi hipotezės buvo tikrintos antrame tyrime. Bendrais bruožais šis tyrimas buvo panašus į pirmąjį, tik sudėtingesnė pasirinkimo užduotis. Šiuo atveju pasirinkimui pateiktos stačiakampių poros apėmė visus galimus derinius: poras, kurių stačiakampiai stovėjo šalimais, per vieną tarpinį stačiakampį, per du ir per tris (priešingos poros). Suvedus rezultatus, ir šį kartą kontrolinių bandymų nedariusiųjų grupės nesuvoktų pokyčių tikslus pasirinkimas neviršijo atsitiktinumo lygio. Tačiau grupės, kurioje buvo atlikti kontroliniai bandymai, rezultatai buvo kiek sudėtingesni. Nustatyta, kad rodant poras su šalimais esančiais stačiakampiais, tikslus pokyčių pasirinkimas vyko atsitiktinumo lygiu. Tačiau rodant tarpines stačiakampių poras jis buvo aukštesnis, pasiekė net statistiškai aukštą lygį, kai poras skyrė vienas ir du stačiakampiai. Autorių nuomone, šiuos rezultatus santykinio sąmonės pasireiškimo hipotezė paaiškina tinkamiau, negu nesuvokto pokyčio užfiksavimo hipotezė.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: pokyčio aptikimas, suvokimas, numanomo pokyčio aptikimas, sąmonė.Implicit detection of change: Can we do without awareness? Norvilas A., Miller J. C. SummaryD. Fernandez-Duque and I. M. Thornton (2000) seemingly demonstrated “unconscious detection of change” (p. 338), i.e. a person being able to register stimulus change without being aware of it. However, as the authors themselves point out, their experiment might harbor a potential flaw: the failure to include a control condition. In a series of two experiments, we tested participants’ ability to detect change, while not being aware of it, both in the absence and in the presence of a control condition. With the control condition absent, both experiments failed to replicate D. Fernandez-Duque and I. M. Thornton’s finding of an increase in change detection for unaware trials. With the control condition present, change detection did exceed the chance level. We argue that a correlated conscious strategy hypothesis offers a better account of the change detection results for unaware trials than the unconscious change detection hypothesis.Keywords: change detection, awareness, implicit change detection, conscious strategy.

AbstractAn identification key to 128 macrolichen species from Tasmanian rainforest is presented. Additional data on the flora are also included. Five new species, Menegazzia caesiopruinosa P. James, M. confusa P. James, M. inactiva P. James & Kantvilas, M. minuta P. James & Kantvilas and M. subbullata P. James & Kantvilas, are described, and the new combination Leioderma amphibolum (Knight) P. M. Jørgensen & D. Galloway is made.

AbstractDegelia cyanoloma (Schaer.) H. H. Blom & L. Lindblom is resurrected from synonymy and elevated from varietal rank to species. The taxon was earlier referred to D. plumbea (Lightf.) P. M. Jørg. & P. James, however, several discontinuous character states distinguish the two species. Degelia cyanoloma is characterized morphologically by having a large thallus that is pale greyish when dry, lobes that are composed of consecutive trough-shaped segments with an upper surface without squamules, no isidia or soredia, and apothecia discs that are dark reddish brown to blackish. Degelia cyanoloma has a euoceanic distribution and is known from western Europe (Norway, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Portugal, Spain). Based on results from studies of morphology, we hypothesize that D. atlantica (Degel.) P. M. Jørg. & P. James is the closest relative of D. cyanoloma among the European species of the genus whereas D. plumbea is closely related to D. ligulata P. M. Jørg. & P. James.

P. D. James is the successor to Agatha Christie as the queen of contemporary crime fiction. She is also a writer whose work is imbued with deep Christian convictions. Her novels are concerned to declare not merely who “done” it, but also why. She probes human motives with an unusually keen eye for the mystery of iniquity, especially the desire to murder in the name of good. James's novels also wrestle with the very largest moral and social questions, and her fiction suggests answers that are deeply incarnational.

This thesis places P. D. James's detective novels within the historical and critical framework of the detective genre, and explores her particular contributions to it. James's awareness of the implications of a police investigation, coupled with her strikingly bleak and moralistic representation of our contemporary world are two of the main reasons she has achieved such widespread critical acclaim. Her novels also have a didactic dimension that ranges from an assertion of morally-correct modes of behaviour in an age without religion, to the constant reminder that, although they provide entertainment, murder mysteries must never be taken too lightly. These signature features of James's fiction have become more pronounced over the years, and reached their apotheosis in such novels as Death of an Expert Witness, A Taste for Death, and Devices and Desires. As a result, these texts are the principal analytic focus of this thesis.

P. D. James décrit souvent son oeuvre comme autant de variations autour d'une recette. Elle place un intérêt prépondérant sur la technique de construction, ce qui a déterminé son choix d'écrire des romans romans policiers. Le roman à énigme avait, au moment où elle a entrepris la rédaction de 'Cover Her Face' (1962), une qualité importante : la nécessité qui est faite à son auteur de bien échafauder l'intrigue, avec un début, un milieu et une fin, des indices clairement exposés et judicieusement parsemés dans le récit. Elle prend alors un plaisir malin à pervertir les attendus du genre et à jouer sur les pulsions les plus noires de son lectorat. Fondée sur les douze romans à énigme de cet auteur, cette étude se propose de démonter les thèmes et les techniques de P. D. James. La première partie analyse la perversion des lieux et les divers protagonistes, dont les victimes, les meurtriers et les détectives. La seconde partie démonte la façon dont l'auteur leurre le lecteur et ses attentes, souvent liées à une longue expérience des romans policiers
P. D. James often describes her work as "formula writing". She stresses the importance of construction, which partly explains her choice to write detective fiction. .

This by-practice project is the first to provide an extensive investigation of the marginalisation of era appropriate science (EAS) and professional investigators by detective and historical detective fiction authors. The purpose of the thesis is to analyse specific detective fiction authors from the earliest formats of the nineteenth century through to the 1990s and contemporary, selected historical detective fiction authors. Its aim is to examine the creation, development and perpetuation of the marginalisation tradition. This generic trend can be read as the authors privileging their detective’s innate skillset, metonymic connectivity and deductive abilities, while underplaying and belittling EAS and professional investigators. Chapter One establishes the project’s critique of the generic trend by considering parental authors, E. T. A Hoffmann, Edgar Allan Poe, Émile Gaboriau and Wilkie Collins. Reading how these authors instigated and purposed the downplaying demonstrates its founding within detective fiction at the earliest point. By comparing how the authors sidelined and omitted specific EAS and professional investigators, alongside science available at the time, this thesis provides a framework for examining how it continued in detective fiction. In following chapters, the framework established in Chapter One and the theoretical views of Charles Rzepka, Lee Horsley, Stephen Knight and Martin Priestman, are used to discuss how minimising EAS and professional investigators developed into a tradition; and became a generic trend in the recognised detective fiction formula that was used by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Freeman Wills Crofts, H. C. Bailey, R. Austin Freeman, Agatha Christie, Ruth Rendell and P. D. James. I then examine how the device transferred to historical detective fiction, using the framework to consider Ellis Peters, Umberto Eco and other selected contemporary authors of historical detective fiction. Throughout, the critical aspect considers how the trivialisation developed and perpetuated through a generic trend. The research concludes that there is a trend embedded within detective and historical detective fiction. One that was created, developed and perpetuated by authors to augment their fictional detective’s innate skillset and to help produce narratives using it is a creative process. It further concludes that the trend can be reimagined to plausibly use EAS and professional investigators in detective and historical detective fiction. The aim of the creative aspect of the project is to employ the research and demonstrate how the tradition can be successfully reinterpreted. To do so, the historical detective fiction novel A Hidden Life uses traditional features of the detective fiction formula to support and strengthen plausible EAS and professional investigators within the narrative. The end result is a historical detective fiction novel. One that proves the thesis conclusion and is fundamentally crafted by the critical research.

Con la presente analisi si intende focalizzare l’attenzione critica sullo sviluppo dell’interrelazione tra i concetti di equità e giustizia in un preciso genere letterario contemporaneo, il legal thriller, esaminando sia il contesto culturale che quello giuridico. Tale approccio interdisciplinare implica perciò un attento esame di differenti ambiti di ricerca per permettere un fertile confronto tra sviluppi paralleli e intersezioni di dottrine ed idee fondanti. La prima parte della presente analisi offre un excursus dettagliato del movimento “diritto e letteratura”, che codificò e conferì valore paradigmatico all’interesse delle discipline umanistiche per il diritto e le sue rappresentazioni culturali. Tale movimento percorse una parabola evolutiva che comportò un graduale ampliamento della propria prospettiva da “diritto e letteratura” a “diritto e cultura”: da un iniziale interesse alle pure corrispondenze letterarie e retoriche tra i due ambiti si focalizzò, infatti, in seguito sull’aspetto “umanistico” e sugli effetti del diritto sulla società. Naturale conseguenza di questo sviluppo è stata la proliferazione delle rappresentazioni del diritto nella cultura popolare in un’ottica di postmodernismo autoconsapevole. E’ importante focalizzare l’attenzione critica anche sulla “percezione della giustizia”, che induce l’uomo comune da un lato a rivolgersi al diritto e dall’altro a rifiutare lo stesso nel momento in cui crede di aver subito un torto. La ragione dell’inadeguatezza del diritto e della generale insoddisfazione e disillusione nei confronti dell’autorità e delle istituzioni legali può essere ricondotta ad un profondo divario ripetutamente posto in luce nella presente analisi: quello tra legalità e moralità. In tale ambito l’equità diviene lo strumento correttivo supplementare per sancire una soluzione “più giusta” nel caso in cui le regole sovra menzionate siano troppo rigide o limitate per assicurarla. Tali considerazioni iniziali sono seguite da un esame storico volto a porre in luce come il legal thriller, sin dalle sue origini, abbia sperimentato alterne fortune determinate dalla percezione comune, sentita nel preciso momento temporale, della professione giuridica. Gli autori inglesi scelti (P. D. James, Tim Parks, Frances Fyfield e Sarah Caudwell) differiscono molto l’uno dall’altro; permettendo cosí di osservare come la giustizia e l’equità possano essere rappresentate differentemente e di far risaltare le diverse soluzioni adottate dai protagonisti per raggiungere i propri risultati. I romanzi sono stati tutti scritti in un periodo che spazia dagli anni ottanta fino ai giorni nostri: questo periodo è, infatti, caratterizzato da un “postmodernismo affermativo”, che implica una consapevolezza da parte dell’uomo comune dell’imperfezione del diritto e della incapacità dello stesso di assicurare la giustizia, ma allo stesso tempo la volontà di riconoscere che un sistema fallace è sempre meglio di nessun sistema. Inoltre, il legal thriller sostiene che la situazione potrebbe essere migliorata grazie all’intervento di professionisti disposti a lottare in prima persona per assicurare giustizia a coloro che ne hanno necessità. La giustizia perfetta non appartiene a questo mondo; le dottrine legali e di equità possono, tuttavia, avvicinarsi molto al raggiungimento di tale perfezione ideale. Queste idee sono elementi costitutive del legal thriller contemporaneo, caratterizzato, in questo periodo storico, da un intenso e autorevole revival. Gli eroi e le eroine del legal thriller percepiscono la difficoltà che si origina dalla coesistenza dei concetti di “diritto” ed “equità”: coloro che riescono a conciliarli, contravvenendo al diritto solo quando questo impedisce loro di fare “la giusta cosa”, sono dipinti come professionisti equi ed imparziali che garantirebbero una maggior sicurezza del sistema legale rispetto a quella derivante dall’esercizio dei loro più materialisti colleghi. Nella analisi ampio spazio viene anche donato alla descrizione dettagliata delle caratteristiche peculiari di avvocati, di pubblici ministeri, di avvocati difensori, delle donne avvocato e dei giudici. Le dottrine conformi alle regole di equità, esplicate nella presente analisi, sono fondamentalmente analizzate da un punto di vista umanistico e letterario; viene, tuttavia, preso in considerazione anche il contesto storico e legale al fine di non perdere traccia delle specificità tecniche dell’attuale valore morale di tali dottrine. In tal modo, si accresce la presenza dell’equità nella ricerca della giustizia – ricondotta, nel caso specifico, agli scenari ipotetici offerti dalla letteratura. La coscienza è la prima dottrina legale a dover essere presa in considerazione: l’equità, infatti, era originalmente percepita come la “coscienza del Re”: in seguito, tuttavia, si trasformò da elemento collettivo in percezione individuale e tale cambiamento comportò un graduale allontanamento della stessa dalle leggi umane in favore di un più potente codice morale. Per questa ragione l’equità è sempre stata materia privilegiata di molti romanzi, che hanno scandagliato tali decisioni “secondo equità”. La discrezione giuridica rappresenta il margine di flessibilità offerto inizialmente dall’equità quale mezzo correttivo atto ad adeguare una sentenza al caso specifico; affondava anch’essa le proprie radici nella moralità e, più precisamente, nell’idea che essa potesse compensare una mancanza di chiarezza nell’applicazione di una legge attraverso i giudici. Di conseguenza, il ragionevole dubbio e la funzione dello stesso di assicurare che l’imputato sia giudicato colpevole solo nel caso in cui il giudice e la giuria possano proclamare in coscienza la sua colpevolezza richiamano alla mente i concetti di coscienza e discrezione, come anche una doverosa e attenta considerazione delle circostanze particolari caratteristiche di ogni processo. La giustizia poetica, infine, è uno strumento letterario attraverso il quale viene perseguita una “giustizia correttiva” all’interno di un romanzo quando il diritto, ostacolato dal suo obbligo di intervenire solo nei casi di trasgressione legale, non può punire il colpevole con mezzi propri, ma lo fa presentando un “equo intreccio” di soluzioni finali e di giudizi sotto forma di punizioni che rimandano all’atto illecito originario. La lettura critica dei romanzi attraverso queste dottrine morali e legali, perciò, avvalora la tesi secondo la quale l’equità è un concetto fondante del genere legal thriller e rappresenta la componente più duttile e soggettiva della ricerca di giustizia da parte dell’umanità. Le osservazioni conclusive del presente studio reiterano l’assoluta necessità di ricercare la giustizia attraverso mezzi sia legali che equi e l’esigenza che tale ricerca sia condotta da persone interessate al raggiungimento della giustizia. Questo intento può essere conseguito attraverso “l’etica della critica” in quanto strumento epistemologico attraverso il quale si possono dibattere idee e proposte sulla giustizia e sul suo sostenimento, non compromettendo, al contempo, idee consolidate di comprovata utilità. In un mondo cosmopolita quale quello attuale, infatti, la fusione e l’intreccio di usanze, di culture e di legislazioni rende sempre più incalzante la necessità di riconciliare multiple percezioni di giustizia e ingiustizia e di promuovere una presa di coscienza dell’esistenza di nuove categorie, assicurando, al tempo stesso, un sistema legale stabile e affidabile in grado di mantenere l’ordine. Questa ricerca di equilibrio è presente nel legal thriller, ed è riconducibile al tentativo del genere stesso di conciliare la fiducia e l’affidamento riposto dal diritto negli esiti confortanti e inoppugnabili dei propri testi con l’abilità della letteratura di discutere e confutare concezioni obsolete attraverso narrazioni di ordine, di caos e di reintegrazione dell’ordine tramite soluzioni alternative e schemi di pensiero innovativi.
The present research intends to analyse the interrelation between the concepts of justice and equity within a precise contemporary literary genre, i.e., the legal thriller by looking into the cultural and juridical contexts that have contributed to the development and representation of such concepts. Such an interdisciplinary task will therefore imply the perusal of different fields of research in order to compare the parallel development and intersections of fundamental doctrines and ideas. It will begin by presenting a detailed excursus into the law and literature movement, from where the humanities’ interest in the law and its cultural representations derived in their first official and authoritative form. The gradual progression of the law and literature movement’s interest from the purely literary and rhetoric resemblances of the two fields towards a consideration of the “humane” aspect and the effects of the law on society broadened the perspective from “law and literature” to “law and culture.” As a result, there has been an increasing proliferation of representations of the law in popular culture in the light of a more self-conscious form of postmodernism. This context provides the ideal background for humanistic considerations on justice and the tools that have been employed in time to uphold it (and more specifically here, law and equity). In particular, it will be important to focus on the “perception of justice” which motivates people’s recourse to the law and their reactions when they feel they have been wronged. The reason for law’s insufficiency and for the public’s general dissatisfaction with legal authorities and institutions may be explained by a deeper divergence that recurs throughout the study: that between legality and morality. Equity fits into this equation as a corrective and supplementary means to ordain a more justly felt solution when the above mentioned rules were too strict or limited to do so. It is therefore analysed at this point in its juridical, ethical, and moral implications and tied with both law, as a starting point that it could adjust according to the situation, and justice, which is its ultimate goal. Other attributes characterizing justice are flexibility, mercy and individuality and its original role was to judge appeal cases that were not satisfactorily regulated according to the law. The division between law and equity is still perceived today, as is that between legality and morality, legal justice and moral justice, and law and revenge. Both law and equity are considered crucial for society’s well-being, especially in an international and cosmopolitan context such as the one we live in today. As it is illustrated in the historical perusal following this consideration, the legal thriller’s fortune has alternated since its origins according to the public’s relation with the legal profession. The selected English authors (P.D. James, Tim Parks, Frances Fyfield, and Sarah Caudwell) are very different from one another in order to observe how differently justice and equity can be portrayed and the diverse solutions that different protagonists adopt to reach their results. Their works were all written from the 1980’s to the present day: this period is in fact characterized by an attitude of “affirmative postmodernism,” in which people were aware of the law’s imperfections and inability to distribute justice but still willing to acknowledge that this is better than no system at all. Furthermore, the legal thriller sustains that the situation could be improved thanks to the intervention of professionals who are “willing to go the extra mile” to attain justice for those in need. Perfect justice is not of this world, but legal and equitable doctrines can go a far way to reaching the “next best” result. These ideas are all part of the contemporary legal thriller, which has been living its latest and strongest revival ever since. The heroes and heroines in the legal thriller feel the difficulty rising from the coexistence of the two: those who manage in some way to reconcile the two by disobeying the law only when it prevents them from doing the ‘right thing’ are portrayed as equitable professionals in whose hands the legal system would no doubt be safer than in those of their more materialistic colleagues. Particular features of lawyers, prosecutors, defending lawyers, practising women, and judges will also be listed and described in detail. The equitable doctrines that will be explained are analysed from a humanistic and literary point of view, although the historical and legal context is also considered in order to not lose track of their technicality and of their present moral charge. In this manner, the presence of equity in the pursuit of justice – in this case in hypothetical scenarios such as those provided by literature – is broadened. Conscience is the first legal doctrine to be taken into consideration: equity in fact was originally known as the “King’s conscience” but then became more individualized, leading to its distancing from human laws, in favour of a more powerful moral code. For this reason it has often been the subject of novels, where such ‘equitable’ decisions could be reflected upon. Judicial discretion represents the margin of flexibility that equity initially provided as a corrective means in order to adjust a sentence to the case. It too was rooted in morality, and more precisely in the idea that judges spoke in the Lord’s place and in modern times that it could compensate lack of clarity when applying a law. Following that, reasonable doubt and its goal to ensure that the defendant is sentenced only if the judge and jury can conscientiously proclaim him or her guilty of the charge recalls conscience and discretion, as well as the careful consideration of individual circumstances in each trial. Finally, poetic justice is a literary instrument with which a “corrective justice” is pursued in novels when the law, hindered by its obligation to intervene only in cases of legal transgressions cannot punish the culprit through its own means. It does so by presenting an “equitable tailoring” of final solutions and judgments, in the guise of punishments that recall the original injury. The analysis of the novels through these legal and moral doctrines therefore sustains the argument that equity is a founding concept of the legal thriller genre and represents the more flexible and personal part of humanity’s search for justice. It also demonstrates the complexity of the relationship between equity and law and of its negotiations in literature, here considered as a neutral ground on which hypothetical cases and stories can be experimented. What is reiterated in the concluding remarks of the study is the dire necessity for justice to be pursued both through legal and equitable means and in particular by people who have justice’s interests at heart. This can be accomplished through “ethics of criticism,” an epistemological means through which ideas and proposals about justice and its upholding can be debated while not necessarily compromising the consolidated ideas that have been proven useful. In a cosmopolitan world like the present one in fact, the mingling of customs, cultures, and legislations is currently prompting the need to reconcile multiple perceptions of justice and injustice and take many new categories’ voices into account while providing a stable and reliable legal system capable of maintaining order. This search for equilibrium is strongly present in the legal thriller genre, for it seeks to reconcile the law’s reliance on comforting and conclusive texts and results with literature’s ability to question and prod obsolete conceptions and by narrating of order, chaos, and the restoration of order through alternative solutions and innovative thought patterns.

El capítulo describe y analiza el estado de la producción científica sobre bioeconomics, mediante un análisis bibliométrico de los artículos publicados durante el periodo 1976-2017, en la base de datos Scopus. Se recolectó información de 407 documentos, de los cuales 335 son artículos, siendo el Journal of Bioeconomics, con 46 artículos y 494 citas, la revista preferida de los autores para enviar los resultados de sus investigaciones. Casi el total de los artículos se encuentran firmados por uno o dos autores; los autores más productivos son Horan Richard D., con 16 documentos; Landa Janet T., con 13; Smith Martin D., con 12; Fenichel Eli P., con 11; Sanchirico, James N., y Cacho Oscar con 10 cada uno. Los contenidos más comunes en los recientes 20 años versan sobre gestión, enfermedades, pesquería y modelación matemática.

The first wormhole chapter uses a speculative engagement with Alfonso Cuarón’s 2006 film Children of Men to link disparate times and spaces in the book: the history of no future shown by feminist, eugenic, imperial narratives in part 1 and the affirmative prospects for queer of color futures in part 2. The major studio film, filmed in London by the Mexican director, highlights the presence in twenty-first-century transnational popular culture of tropes from the fictional futures examined in the previous pages. Cuarón’s adaptation of the 1992 novel by P. D. James underlines the ways in which hopeful futurity is unevenly distributed along the same lines of race, gender, sexuality, capital, and globalization that determine who gets to be seen as fully human. The contradictions surrounding the character of Kee—a black woman pregnant with the first child to be born in decades whose representation in the film leaves much to be desired—become a point of possibility opening on to different worlds and futures.

Jake was enjoying his first few months of piano lessons and eager to make musical connections with all he was learning. At his last lesson, he learned the pattern of whole steps and half steps of a major scale, discovering the joy of playing his first black key in the G major scale. The teacher was hesitant to venture farther than C major and G major during that first introduction to scale structure. Jake couldn’t wait to share the discovery he had made “all by himself” during his week of piano exploration. He began his journey from the bottom C of the keyboard. He played the scale he had learned last week, jumping up five keys to G and playing that scale. Then with a wry smile, he ventured five more keys up to D, A, E, B, and so on, playing each discovered scale with imaginative fingering but accurate notes! Jake had discovered the basic scale relationship of the “circle of fifths” on his own. Jake’s curiosity and ability to find and solve a musical problem exemplifies a student who demonstrates musical intelligence. This term describes the process of developmental learning through music, which distinguishes it from music aptitude, which is based primarily on natural musical capacities. The concept of musical intelligence most likely dates back to the early Chinese and Greek theories of music and most decidedly is included in the texts of Carl Seashore. The renaissance of the term can be credited to Howard Gardner, a leading cognitive psychologist at the Graduate School of Education of Harvard University, who included musical intelligence as one of seven multiple intelligences in Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (1983). The publication of Gardner’s theory broadened the concept of intelligence from a single factor of general intelligence, or “g,” to seven separate intelligences, each unique to a specific domain. Actually, the idea of multiple intelligences is not new or novel. J. P. Guilford’s Structure of Intellect (1959,1967) includes over 120 different ways of knowing. Tests and curricular models based on this theory are prevalent in the field of gifted education.

Abstract Human’s motion and its mechanisms had become interesting in the last years, where the medecine’s field search for rehabilitation methods for handicapped persons. Other fields, like sport sciences, professional or military world, search to distinguish profiles and ways to train them with specific purposes. Besides, recent findings in neuroscience try to describe these mechanisms from an organic point of view. Until now, different researchs had given a model about control motor that describes how the union between the senses’s information allows adaptable movements. One of this sense is the proprioception, the sense which has a quite big factor in the orientation and position of the body, its members and joints. For this reason, research for new strategies to explore proprioception and improve the theories of human motion could be done by three different vias. At first, the sense is analysed in a case-study where three groups of persons are compared in a controlled enviroment with three experimental tasks. The subjects belong to each group by the kind of sport they do: sedentary, normal sportsmen (e.g. athletics, swimming) and martial sportmen (e.g. karate, judo). They are compared thinking about the following hypothesis: “Martial Sportmen have a better proprioception than of the other groups’s subjects: It could be due to the type of exercises they do in their sports as empirically, a contact sportsman shows significantly superior motor skills to the members of the other two groups. The second via are records from encephalogram (EEG) while the experimental tasks are doing. These records are analised a posteriori with a set of processing algorithms to extract characteristics about brain’s activity of the proprioception and motion control. 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El 23 de julio del 2020, en el marco de la celebración del aniversario treinta y ocho de la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada y en medio de las vicisitudes propias que se despliegan al enfrentar una pandemia como la que ha aquejado al mundo durante más de un año, se desarrolló el Foro Internacional Neogranadino: ¿gobernanza global o gobierno globalista?, con la participación de panelistas de alto nivel tales como el TG (r) Frederick Rudesheim, director del Centro de Estudios Hemisféricos de Defensa William J. Perry; el Dr. Alexis Osvaldo López Tapia, investigador y director de radio y TV; el señor Rafael Nieto Loaiza, abogado, columnista y analista político; el Dr. Joseph Humire Cubides, director del Centro para una Socie- dad Libre Segura (SFS); el Dr. Jaime García Covarrubias, analista internacional; el Dr. Omar Bula Escobar, analista internacional; y la Dra. Celina B. Realuyo, profesora del Centro William J Perry. Además, contó con intervenciones magistrales por parte del Dr. Carlos Holmes Trujillo García (Q. E. P. D.), ministro de Defensa Nacional; el señor BG Adolfo Clavijo Ardila, exrector de la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada; y el señor BG Luis Fernando Puentes Torres, actual rector de este claustro universitario. Entre los temas más relevantes tratados durante el foro se encuentran la pandemia generada por el COVID-19, los desafíos de la gobernanza nacional frente a las amenazas externas, el debilitamiento integral de las Fuerzas Armadas, la política exterior de los Estados Unidos con respecto a elementos de seguridad nacional y cooperación internacional, y la revolución molecular disipada como una explicación a la generalización de la violencia urbana y el anarquismo que, derivados de fenómenos globalizadores, ponen en riesgo a los Estados.