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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Oxides transparents conducteurs"
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Tesis sobre el tema "Oxides transparents conducteurs"
Habis, Christelle. "Development of ZnO-FTO nanocomposites for the use in transparent conductive thin films". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0192.
Texto completoMy thesis work entitled “Development of ZnO-FTO nanocomposites for the use in transparent conductive thin films” is supervised by Professor Michel Aillerie at University of Lorraine. This work was mainly made at the “Laboratoire des Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes” LMOPS in Centrale Supélec, Metz. Although this work forms a whole in the elaboration of transparent conductive oxides, it is divided into two parts. The first part consists on identifying the properties of bulk materials (ZnO and FTO) deposited in the form of thin film. Whereas, the second part is about the elaboration and characterization of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Aluminum doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) nanofibers, then associated to FTO thin films to form nanocomposite. The main objective of this work is to make flexible electrodes using low cost and abundant material, but also improving the optical properties and more specifically the haze factor of the nanocomposite layers.Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are technologically significant class of materials extensively used in thin film solar cells due to their ability to transmit light and collect charge carriers. In addition to the fundamental qualities of transparency and conductivity, the TCOs are frequently desired to have a certain degree of surface roughness (i.e., texture) in order to effectively scatter transmitted light into the active materials, therefore lengthen the optical path and, as a result, enhance the performance of the cell and light absorption. This thesis focuses on the development of low-cost fabrication techniques for transparent oxide layers using non-polluting materials to enable the functionalization of operational devices with high efficiency for renewable energy production. The choice was made to study tin-based TCO layers doped with fluorine, F:SnO2, known as FTOs for "Fluor Tin Oxides". FTOs are wide band gap oxides, like ZnO, TiO2, Al2O3, pure or doped. In principle, these layers have a high scattering factor, as defined above, in order to improve the optical path and absorption. In addition, the optical texture of TCOs can be easily controlled by depositing suspensions of nanostructures before the film deposition. Generally, these nanostructures are nanoparticles or even carbon nanowires or metallic nanowires (silver, copper, ...) and more recently nanowires of TiO2 (presenting the disadvantage of the titanium element) or of undoped ZnO which unfortunately decrease the conductivity due to the increase of the interface resistance with the concentration of the nanoparticles.Therefore, we propose the study of FTO thin films, pure and also in the presence of ZnO and AZO nanofibers by electrospinning from a PVA-based solution in order to have a nanostructured layer with improved transparency and electrical conductivity properties to be integrated as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic cells, meeting the performance criteria defined above. With the characterization techniques available in the LMOPS laboratory and the University of Lorraine (SEM, Raman, EDX, DRX, UV-vis Spectro, ATG, AFM, profilometer) the growth will be followed by morphological and structural studies of the layers. Finally, electrical and optical properties, in particular absorption and scattering factor, will also be extensively investigated on selected layers with the best structural and morphological properties and the minimum of interface defects when deposited on a PV structure
Gageot, Tristan. "Diminution de la quantité d'Indium dans les cellules SHJ en vue d’améliorer la performance, la durabilité et la dépendance aux éléments rares". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALI032.
Texto completoSilicon heterojunction cells are currently the silicon-based single junction cells with the highest conversion efficiency, with record of 27.09%. SHJ cells are very attractive for industrial production, and many companies are announcing/building new SHJ capacities for an estimated overall nameplate capacity > 218 GW worldwide. However, with such volumes, SHJ cell manufacturing could be limited to 37-95 GW/year due to the indium (In) supply, considering the actual material consumption. Indium is used in TCO (Transparent Conductive Oxides) layers, deposited on both sides of the cells, commonly in the form of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) for its excellent opto-electrical properties (transparent andconductive). With the rapid upscaling of SHJ and other In-rich technologies, we can expect increase in In prices, or even material shortage. Thus, in order to have a more sustainable SHJ cell production, it is necessary to find solutions to decrease indium usage.Hence, this thesis aims at finding solutions to decrease indium usage in SHJ cells, without efficiency or reliability losses in a module environment, with processes compatible with industrial production. Two solutions will be investigated here.First, ultrathin ITO layers (< 15 nm against the 100 nm commonly used) coupled with a SiN:H layer will be experimented. We will see that, thanks to alternative selective layers on the front side ((n) nc-Si:H), it is possible to use ITO layers as thin as 15 nm on the front side without efficiency loses (-85% In on front side), with an enhanced UV reliability and a resistance against humidity comparable with reference cells at module level. However, this solution showed its limitations on the rear side, due to resistive losses. The development of p doped nc-Si:H layers could potentially allow a better integration of those ultrathin ITO layers on the rear side.The second solution explored in this work is the use of an In-free TCO: AZO (aluminum doped zinc oxide). We will see that the lower transparency of AZO was shown to be problematic, but thanks to the use of thinner layers on the front side (30 nm) coupled with an SiN:H layer, we reached efficiency comparable to that of the reference cells (-100% In on the front side). On the rear side, the lower transparency of AZO was also shown to be troublesome, and decreasing the AZO layer thickness led to resistive losses. Moreover, AZO is know to suffer from severe degradations when exposed to humidity. We showed here that when used on the rear side of SHJ cells, AZO layer only led to minor degradation increase upon damp heat (DH) tests and that when an ultrathin 10 nm ITO layer is deposited on top ofthe AZO layers, the reliability against humidity is improved. However, the cells using thin AZO layers coupled with SiN:H layers on the front side showed important FF losses after 500 h of DH tests, attributed to an interaction between the AZO and SiN:H layers. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the use of alternative dielectric layers, or to change the module architecture to solve this issue
Cheikh, Aimane. "Etudes des hétérostructures à bases d'oxydes complexes pour de potentielles utilisations en cellules solaires". Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC208.
Texto completoDue to their promising functional properties, ternary oxide thin films based on Vanadium have gained much research interest in photovoltaic technologies.During this work, we first studied the possibility to use the strongly correlated metal SrVO3 as a transparent conducting oxide (TCO). For this reason, we have studied the optoelectronic properties of SrVO3 under different growth conditions. Second, our study was focused on making band gap-graded design solar cells based on oxide heterostructures. LaVO3 is particularly interesting due to its optical band gap localized in the optimal range for harvesting solar light. Accordingly, the LaVO3 was synthetized on SrTiO3 substrate under different growth conditions. Optical measurements reveal that LaVO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure grown at low oxygen pressure possess a band gap of 1.18 eV in the ideal energy range for photovoltaic. Electrical properties show that the interface LaVO3/ SrTiO3 is conducting, serving as an electrical contact for solar cells. Another interest of LaVO3 is its crystalline structure offering the possibility to combine it with other structurally compatible transition metal oxides with larger band gap such as LaFeO3 (2.2 eV) in order to enhance the optical absorption at high energy. Once the optoelectronic properties have been established, the LFO/LVO heterostructure was synthetized on SrTiO3 substrate at low oxygen pressure. The physical properties of our system have been also investigated for different LaFeO3 thickness but, to date, no photoconductivity was obtained
Trenque, Isabelle. "Synthèse et caractérisation d’oxydes métalliques ZnO au bénéfice de nouvelles stratégies d’élaboration d’absorbeurs IR". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14905/document.
Texto completoThanks to its absorption / reflexion properties limited to the UV and the IR range, n-doped zinc oxide is a promising candidate for the elaboration of transparent and insulating films in smart windows. Nanostructured particles of Ga-doped zinc oxide were elaborated by polyol process. Polyol process was used in order to control the size and the morphology of the particles. Both experimental and theoretical data show that a maximum of IR absorption efficiency is obtained for a doping rate of 2.6 molar percent. Colloidal suspensions with high transmission in the visible range combined with significant absorption of the near infrared range were obtained using two strategies. The first one is the encapsulation of the Ga-doped ZnO particles by a fluoride shells with an intermediate refractive index between ZnO and the dispersion medium. The second one is the optimization of the dispersion state of nano-colloidal suspensions thanks to the adsorption of thioalkanes on the Ga-doped ZnO crystallite surfaces
Le, Boulbar Emmanuel. "Croissance par ablation laser pulsé de nouvelles phases d'oxyde de titane pour l'électronique transparente et la conversion de photons". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00667730.
Texto completoBergerot, Laurent. "Etude de l'élaboration d'oxyde transparent conducteur de type-p en couches minces pour des applications à l'électronique transparente ou au photovoltaïque". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GRENI003/document.
Texto completoTransparent electronic is currently limited by the lack of a really performant p-type transparent conducting oxide (TCO), which makes the elaboration of a transparent p-n junction challenging. Cuprous oxide Cu2O is a promising p-type TCO, but its optical transmittance in the visible spectrum is limited by its relatively low band gap (2.1 eV). In this thesis, we aim at increasing this value. To achieve that, we explore MOCVD as the growth method for strontium and calcium doping of cuprous oxide. According to ab-initio calculations performed at Tyndall Institute in Cork, doping with these elements is supposed to increase the band gap of Cu2O. In chapter I, we introduce the context of this thesis. After explaining the required conditions that a material must fulfil to be a p-type TCO, we present the state of the art of Cu2O. In chapter II, we present all the techniques used in this work, from the elaboration (MOCVD, thermal annealing) to characterization (SEM, TEM, AFM, XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, 4 point probe and Hall effect measurement). In chapter III, our objective is to synthesize pure, undoped Cu2O thin films. We explore the influence of the MOCVD parameters on the films composition and morphology. We get homogenous films on Si/SiO2 substrates, while we get heterogeneous films with un-deposited parts on silicon substrate. In addition, we show the risk to get the metallic copper phase when precursor concentration is high, oxygen partial pressure is low, and/or temperature is high. This enables us to determine the optimal deposition conditions. Starting from those optimal conditions, we study the influence of strontium doping on the functional properties of the films (resistivity, band gap and visible light transmittance) in chapter IV. A decrease of resistivity was observed with strontium doping. While undoped films show resistivity values of 103 Ω.cm or more, films doped from 6 to 15% strontium show resistivity values of about 10 Ω.cm. P-type conductivity was confirmed through Hall effect measurements, with a mobility close to 10 cm2.V-1.s-1 and a charge carrier density of about 1016 cm-3. The large difference between this carrier density and the Sr concentration can be linked with the presence of a strontium carbonate and fluoride contamination that was detected by FTIR and XPS. The exact influence of those impurities is not well known. In addition, no significant variation of optical properties was observed, the band gap remained close to 2.4 eV and average transmittance in the 500-1000 nm range was about 55%. Similar tendencies were observed for calcium doping, addressed in chapter V. Calcium doping showed the particularity of leading to the presence of cavities localized at the substrate/Cu2O interface, for a high dopant concentration and under UV assistance. Eventually, we performed thermal annealing on some samples, doped and undoped, in chapter VI. For undoped samples, it allowed to decrease resistivity in the 10-100 Ω.cm range. For doped samples, it allows samples showing initial resistivity of about 10 Ω.cm to decrease it to 1 Ω.cm. No impact of thermal annealing on sample morphology or composition was observed. In this thesis, we successfully established the effects of Sr or Ca doping, which lead to a significant decrease of the resistivity without impact on the optical properties, unlike what was predicted by the ab initio calculations. We were thus able to improve the p-type transparent Cu2O thin films properties
Khan, Afzal. "Growth and characterization of P-type transparent conducting oxide thin films by MOCVD". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00582901.
Texto completoTsin, Fabien. "Développement d'un procédé sur grande surface d'électrodépôt d'oxyde de zinc comme contact avant transparent et conducteur de cellules solaires à base de Cu(In,Ga)Se2". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066311/document.
Texto completoCu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) thin films based solar cells are a promising technology for high efficiency energy conversion. A window layer completes the stack of the cell. It is commonly constituted by an intrinsic and aluminum doped bi-layer of zinc oxide (ZnO) deposited by magnetron sputtering, an expensive vacuum process. Alternative processes, using low cost and atmospheric techniques, have been developed in order to reduce the costs. The aim of this work was to achieve a functional window layer of ZnO by a photo-assisted electrodeposition process on large scale substrates of CIGS/CdS in aqueous medium and replace the sputtered one. For this purpose, several studies have been carried out in order to determine the optoelectronic properties such as doping level and mobilities of the electrodeposited ZnO and optimize the deposition process. Firstly, the effect of three different electrolytes on the zinc oxide properties and doping has been studied on metallic substrate: chloride medium (Cl-), perchlorate medium (ClO4-) and a mixed medium of perchlorate with boric acid (H3BO3). Then, electrochemical synthesis of zinc oxide as window layer has been performed on CIGS/ CdS substrates. This study allowed to establish the need to synthesize an in situ seed layer which promotes the growth and the compactness of the final layer of zinc oxide. This two-step method has led to the achievement of high photovoltaic performances on large scale with promising efficiencies up to 14.3 % for a solar cell made entirely by atmospheric processes
Dugrenil, Benoit. "Réalisation d’un micro-écran OLED haute luminance". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT116.
Texto completoThis study focuses on the development of high brightness OLED microdisplays based on active matrix (AMOLED). Because these devices are used into near-to-eye (NTE) applications and more precisely « see through » optical systems, high luminances are required. Compared to conventional microdisplays, the high luminances expected are around ten times higher.In order to emit a white spectrum from a top-emitting OLED (TE-OLED), color filters are mandatory to generate the RGB primaries. Nevertheless, by using these filters, the luminance is dramatically reduced because of the light absorption. Therefore, to be free of the filters, a first study is dedicated to the modulation of the optical cavity of the OLED. In this case, the direct generation of the colors is provided by the variation of the TCO anode thickness.The cavity effect observed into the TE-OLED depends on the semi-transparent cathode. The selectivity of the related cavity represents the bottleneck for emitting broad white spectra. To improve the white emission, a second approach deals with the realization of a TCO cathode coupled with a metallic grid.The appropriated materials and deposition techniques were firstly investigated before the characterization of OLED using a transparent anode to modulate the cavity in one hand and a transparent cathode to increase the light emission in another hand. Optical simulations and electrical modelling were employed to highlight the main behaviors driving these OLED. Following a discussion about the strength and the weakness of each structure, some hints of improvement were given
Lachaume, Raphaël. "Contribution à la caractérisation électrique et à la simulation numérique des cellules photovoltaïques silicium à hétérojonction". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT028/document.
Texto completoBy combining the advantages of thin-films and crystalline silicon (c-Si), the silicon heterojunction solar cell technology (HET) achieves a better cost-performance compromise than the technology based only on c-Si. The aim of this thesis is to improve the understanding of the physical mechanisms which govern the performance of these cells by taking advantage of specific characterization and simulation skills taken from microelectronics. Our study focuses on the front-stack of the n type cell composed of thin layers of indium tin oxide (ITO) and hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). We begin with a theoretical and experimental study of the conductivity of a-Si:H layers as a function of temperature, doping concentration and bulk defects density. It is important to properly take into account the dopant/defect equilibrium of these layers but we also show that the work function of the electrodes in contact, such as the ITO, can strongly influence the Fermi level in the nano-films of a-Si:H. Then, we evaluate seven characterization techniques dedicated to the work function extraction in order to identify the most suitable one for studying degenerate semiconductors such as the ITO. We particularly show the interest of using original microelectronics techniques such as capacitance C(V), leakage current I(V) and internal photoemission (IPE) measurements on ITO/bevel oxide/silicon test structures. We clearly demonstrate that the ITO bulk properties can be optimized, yet the interfaces have a major influence on the extracted values of the effective work function (EWF). A good overall consistency has been obtained for C(V), I(V) and IPE measurements on a silicon dioxide bevel (SiO2) ; the extracted values enabled us to explain experimental results concerning the optimization of HET cells. We show that the open circuit voltage (Voc) of these devices is finally barely sensitive to work function, unlike the Fill Factor (FF). This is due to the a-Si:H layer. The more it is doped, defective and thick, the more it is able to screen the electrostatic variations of EWF. Thus, EWF must be sufficiently high to be able to reduce the p a-Si:H layer thickness and, in turn, to gain in short-circuit current (Jsc) without losing either in FF or Voc. Finally, we successfully applied this methodology to other types of transparent conductive oxides (TCO) differing from ITO. The best candidate to replace ITO must not only have a high optical transparency, be a good conductor and have a high EWF, but we must also pay close attention to the possible interface degradations caused by the deposition techniques