Artículos de revistas: "Oxidative damage"

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Krisko, Anita y Miroslav Radman. "Protein damage, ageing and age-related diseases". Open Biology 9, n.º 3 (marzo de 2019): 180249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.180249.

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Ageing is considered as a snowballing phenotype of the accumulation of damaged dysfunctional or toxic proteins and silent mutations (polymorphisms) that sensitize relevant proteins to oxidative damage as inborn predispositions to age-related diseases. Ageing is not a disease, but it causes (or shares common cause with) age-related diseases as suggested by similar slopes of age-related increase in the incidence of diseases and death. Studies of robust and more standard species revealed that dysfunctional oxidatively damaged proteins are the root cause of radiation-induced morbidity and mortality. Oxidized proteins accumulate with age and cause reversible ageing-like phenotypes with some irreversible consequences (e.g. mutations). Here, we observe in yeast that aggregation rate of damaged proteins follows the Gompertz law of mortality and review arguments for a causal relationship between oxidative protein damage, ageing and disease. Aerobes evolved proteomes remarkably resistant to oxidative damage, but imperfectly folded proteins become sensitive to oxidation. We show that α-synuclein mutations that predispose to early-onset Parkinson's disease bestow an increased intrinsic sensitivity of α-synuclein to in vitro oxidation. Considering how initially silent protein polymorphism becomes phenotypic while causing age-related diseases and how protein damage leads to genome alterations inspires a vision of predictive diagnostic, prognostic, prevention and treatment of degenerative diseases.

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Nunomura, Akihiko, Kazuhiro Honda, Atsushi Takeda, Keisuke Hirai, Xiongwei Zhu, Mark A. Smith y George Perry. "Oxidative Damage to RNA in Neurodegenerative Diseases". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2006 (2006): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/jbb/2006/82323.

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Since 1999, oxidative damage to RNA molecules has been described in several neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Down syndrome, dementia with Lewy bodies, prion disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and xeroderma pigmentosum. An early involvement of RNA oxidation of vulnerable neuronal population in the neurodegenerative diseases has been demonstrated, which is strongly supported by a recent observation of increased RNA oxidation in brains of subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Until recently, little is known about consequences and cellular handling of the RNA damage. However, increasing body of evidence suggests detrimental effects of the RNA damage in protein synthesis and the existence of several coping mechanisms including direct repair and avoiding the incorporation of the damaged ribonucleotides into translational machinery. Further investigations toward understanding of the consequences and cellular handling mechanisms of the oxidative RNA damage may provide significant insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of the neurodegenerative diseases.

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Rice-Evans, C., S. C. Omorphos y E. Baysal. "Sickle cell membranes and oxidative damage". Biochemical Journal 237, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 1986): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2370265.

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Sickle erythrocytes and their membranes are susceptible to endogenous free-radical-mediated oxidative damage which correlates with the proportion of irreversibly sickled cells. The suppression of incubation-induced oxidative stress by antioxidants, free radical scavengers and an iron chelator suggest that oxidation products of membrane-bound haemoglobin contribute towards the pathology of the disease.

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4

Singh, Abhishek Kumar, Sandeep Singh, Geetika Garg y Syed Ibrahim Rizvi. "Rapamycin alleviates oxidative stress-induced damage in rat erythrocytes". Biochemistry and Cell Biology 94, n.º 5 (octubre de 2016): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2016-0048.

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An imbalanced cellular redox system promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may lead to oxidative stress-mediated cell death. Erythrocytes are the best-studied model of antioxidant defense mechanism. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the immunosuppressant drug rapamycin, an inducer of autophagy, on redox balance of erythrocytes and blood plasma of oxidatively challenged rats. Male Wistar rats were oxidatively challenged with HgCl2 (5 mg/kg body mass (b.m.)). A significant (p < 0.05) induction in ROS production, plasma membrane redox system (PMRS), intracellular Ca2+ influx, lipid peroxidation (LPO), osmotic fragility, plasma protein carbonyl (PCO) content, and plasma advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and simultaneously significant reduction in glutathione (GSH) level and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were observed in rats exposed to HgCl2. Furthermore, rapamycin (0.5 mg/kg b.m.) provided significant protection against HgCl2-induced alterations in rat erythrocytes and plasma by reducing ROS production, PMRS activity, intracellular Ca2+ influx, LPO, osmotic fragility, PCO content, and AOPP and also restored the level of antioxidant GSH and FRAP. Our observations provide evidence that rapamycin improves redox status and attenuates oxidative stress in oxidatively challenged rats. Our data also demonstrate that rapamycin is a comparatively safe immunosuppressant drug.

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5

Skrypnyk, N. V. y O. O. Maslova. "Oxidative DNA damage". Biopolymers and Cell 23, n.º 3 (20 de mayo de 2007): 202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.000766.

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Davenport, R. J. "Trash Cache: Secret mitochondrial weapon fights oxidative damage (Oxidative damage)". Science of Aging Knowledge Environment 2002, n.º 12 (27 de marzo de 2002): 41nw—41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sageke.2002.12.nw41.

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7

Sherman, Michael. "Oxidative Damage in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Relevance of Dietary Antioxidants". Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery 2, n.º 5 (20 de noviembre de 2018): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/040.

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DAS, Nilanjana, Rodney L. LEVINE, William C. ORR y Rajindar S. SOHAL. "Selectivity of protein oxidative damage during aging in Drosophila melanogaster". Biochemical Journal 360, n.º 1 (8 de noviembre de 2001): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3600209.

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The purpose of the present study was to determine whether oxidation of various proteins during the aging process occurs selectively or randomly, and whether the same proteins are damaged in different species. Protein oxidative damage to the proteins, present in the matrix of mitochondria in the flight muscles of Drosophila melanogaster and manifested as carbonyl modifications, was detected immunochemically with anti-dinitrophenyl-group antibodies. Aconitase was found to be the only protein in the mitochondrial matrix that exhibited an age-associated increase in carbonylation. The accrual of oxidative damage was accompanied by an approx. 50% loss in aconitase activity. An increase in ambient temperature, which elevates the rate of metabolism and shortens the life span of flies, caused an elevation in the amount of aconitase carbonylation and an accelerated loss in its activity. Exposure to 100% ambient oxygen showed that aconitase was highly susceptible to undergo oxidative damage and loss of activity under oxidative stress. Administration of fluoroacetate, a competitive inhibitor of aconitase activity, resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the life span of the flies. Results of the present study demonstrate that protein oxidative damage during aging is a selective phenomenon, and might constitute a mechanism by which oxidative stress causes age-associated losses in specific biochemical functions.

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Anderson, Andrew P., Xuemei Luo, William Russell y Y. Whitney Yin. "Oxidative damage diminishes mitochondrial DNA polymerase replication fidelity". Nucleic Acids Research 48, n.º 2 (4 de diciembre de 2019): 817–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1018.

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Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) resides in a high ROS environment and suffers more mutations than its nuclear counterpart. Increasing evidence suggests that mtDNA mutations are not the results of direct oxidative damage, rather are caused, at least in part, by DNA replication errors. To understand how the mtDNA replicase, Pol γ, can give rise to elevated mutations, we studied the effect of oxidation of Pol γ on replication errors. Pol γ is a high fidelity polymerase with polymerase (pol) and proofreading exonuclease (exo) activities. We show that Pol γ exo domain is far more sensitive to oxidation than pol; under oxidative conditions, exonuclease activity therefore declines more rapidly than polymerase. The oxidized Pol γ becomes editing-deficient, displaying a 20-fold elevated mutations than the unoxidized enzyme. Mass spectrometry analysis reveals that Pol γ exo domain is a hotspot for oxidation. The oxidized exo residues increase the net negative charge around the active site that should reduce the affinity to mismatched primer/template DNA. Our results suggest that the oxidative stress induced high mutation frequency on mtDNA can be indirectly caused by oxidation of the mitochondrial replicase.

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Huang, Yue, Zhiling Li, En Lin, Pei He y Gaizhen Ru. "Oxidative damage-induced hyperactive ribosome biogenesis participates in tumorigenesis of offspring by cross-interacting with the Wnt and TGF-β1 pathways in IVF embryos". Experimental & Molecular Medicine 53, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2021): 1792–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00700-0.

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AbstractIn vitro fertilization (IVF) increases the risk of tumorigenesis in offspring. The increased oxidative damage during IVF may be involved in tumor formation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely unclear. Using a well-established model of oxidatively damaged IVF mouse embryos, we applied the iTRAQ method to identify proteins differentially expressed between control and oxidatively damaged zygotes and explored the possible tumorigenic mechanisms, especially with regard to the effects of oxidative damage on ribosome biogenesis closely related to tumorigenesis. The iTRAQ results revealed that ribosomal proteins were upregulated by oxidative stress through the Nucleolin/β-Catenin/n-Myc pathway, which stimulated ribosomes to synthesize an abundance of repair proteins to correct the damaged DNA/chromosomes in IVF-derived embryos. However, the increased percentages of γH2AX-positive cells and apoptotic cells in the blastocyst suggested that DNA repair was insufficient, resulting in aberrant ribosome biogenesis. Overexpression of ribosomal proteins, particularly Rpl15, which gradually increased from the 1-cell to 8-cell stages, indicated persistent hyperactivation of ribosome biogenesis, which promoted tumorigenesis in offspring derived from oxidatively damaged IVF embryos by selectively enhancing the translation of β-Catenin and TGF-β1. The antioxidant epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was added to the in vitro culture medium to protect embryos from oxidative damage, and the expression of ribosome-/tumor-related proteins returned to normal after EGCG treatment. This study suggests that regulation of ribosome biogenesis by EGCG may be a means of preventing tumor formation in human IVF-derived offspring, providing a scientific basis for optimizing in vitro culture conditions and improving human-assisted reproductive technology.

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11

Soria-Meneses, Pedro Javier, Alejandro Jurado-Campos, Virgilio Gómez-Rubio, Irene Sánchez-Ajofrín, Ana Josefa Soler, José Julián Garde y María del Rocío Fernández-Santos. "Determination of Ram (Ovis aries) Sperm DNA Damage Due to Oxidative Stress: 8-OHdG Immunodetection Assay vs. SCSA®". Animals 12, n.º 23 (25 de noviembre de 2022): 3286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233286.

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Conventional DNA analysis techniques can hardly detect DNA damage in ruminant spermatozoa due to high DNA compaction in these cells. Furthermore, these techniques cannot discriminate whether the damage is due to oxidative stress. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two techniques for determining DNA damage in ovine sperm when the source of that damage is oxidative stress. Semen samples from twenty Manchega rams (Ovis aries) were collected and cryopreserved. After thawing, the samples were subjected to different levels of oxidative stress, and DNA oxidation was quantified using an 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) immunodetection assay and Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA®). For this purpose, we evaluated five different concentrations of an oxidation solution (H2O2/FeSO4•7H2O) on ram sperm DNA. Our study with the 8-OHdG immunodetection assay shows that there are higher values for DNA oxidation in samples that were subjected to the highest oxidative stress (8 M H2O2/800 µM FeSO4•7H2O) and those that were not exposed to high oxidative stress, but these differences were not significant (p ≥ 0.05). The two SCSA® parameters considered, DNA fragmentation index (DFI %) and high DNA stainability (HDS %), showed significant differences between samples that were subjected to high concentrations of the oxidation agent and those that were not (p < 0.05). We can conclude that the 8-OHdG immunodetection assay and SCSA® detect DNA damage caused by oxidative stress in ovine sperm under high oxidative conditions; SCSA® is a more straightforward method with more accurate results. For these reasons, an oxidative-stress-specific assay such as 8-OHdG immunodetection is not needed to measure DNA damage caused by oxidative stress in ram sperm samples.

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12

Sumner, Edward R., Anupama Shanmuganathan, Theodora C. Sideri, Sylvia A. Willetts, John E. Houghton y Simon V. Avery. "Oxidative protein damage causes chromium toxicity in yeast". Microbiology 151, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2005): 1939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27945-0.

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Oxidative damage in microbial cells occurs during exposure to the toxic metal chromium, but it is not certain whether such oxidation accounts for the toxicity of Cr. Here, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae sod1Δ mutant (defective for the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase) was found to be hypersensitive to Cr(VI) toxicity under aerobic conditions, but this phenotype was suppressed under anaerobic conditions. Studies with cells expressing a Sod1p variant (Sod1H46C) showed that the superoxide dismutase activity rather than the metal-binding function of Sod1p was required for Cr resistance. To help identify the macromolecular target(s) of Cr-dependent oxidative damage, cells deficient for the reduction of phospholipid hydroperoxides (gpx3Δ and gpx1Δ/gpx2Δ/gpx3Δ) and for the repair of DNA oxidation (ogg1Δ and rad30Δ/ogg1Δ) were tested, but were found not to be Cr-sensitive. In contrast, S. cerevisiae msraΔ (mxr1Δ) and msrbΔ (ycl033cΔ) mutants defective for peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR) activity exhibited a Cr sensitivity phenotype, and cells overexpressing these enzymes were Cr-resistant. Overexpression of MSRs also suppressed the Cr sensitivity of sod1Δ cells. The inference that protein oxidation is a primary mechanism of Cr toxicity was corroborated by an observed ∼20-fold increase in the cellular levels of protein carbonyls within 30 min of Cr exposure. Carbonylation was not distributed evenly among the expressed proteins of the cells; certain glycolytic enzymes and heat-shock proteins were specifically targeted by Cr-dependent oxidative damage. This study establishes an oxidative mode of Cr toxicity in S. cerevisiae, which primarily involves oxidative damage to cellular proteins.

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13

Jeshan, Milad, Fatemeh Yousefbeyk, Hiva Rahmati, Amir Hosein Shoormeij, Mitra Rezazadeh y Ehsan Zamani. "Salvia spinosa L. Protects against Diabetes-Induced Nephropathy by Attenuation of Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage in Mice". Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2021 (26 de diciembre de 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4657514.

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Mitochondrial oxidative damage is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is among the most prevalent problems of diabetes, and there hasn’t been an effective treatment for DN yet. This study planned to investigate the effects of Salvia spinosa L. on mitochondrial function along with its protection against streptozotocin-induced nephropathy in diabetic mice. After the injection of streptozotocin (STZ) and verification of the establishment of diabetes, mice (n = 30) were randomly divided into the following groups: control group, diabetic-control, S. spinosa-treated diabetic (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg), and metformin-treated diabetic group (500 mg/kg). After four weeks of treatment, the mice were weighed. Blood and kidney tissues were examined for biochemical and histological evaluation. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for evaluating renal pathologic damage. Oxidative damage in the kidney was assessed by the evaluation of lipid peroxidation and glutathione oxidation. Furthermore, differential centrifugation was used to obtain the isolated mitochondria, and mitochondrial toxicity endpoints (mitochondrial function and mitochondrial oxidative markers) were determined in them. S. spinosa remarkably reduced the blood urea and creatinine concentrations, and also normalized kidney weight/body weight coefficient in the diabetic mice. S. spinosa ameliorated the incidence of glomerular and tubular pathological changes in histological analyses. Moreover, the oxidative and mitochondrial damages were notably attenuated in renal tissues of S. spinosa-treated mice. These results indicate that the methanolic extract of S. spinosa modulates the nephropathy in the diabetic mice by the amelioration of oxidatively induced mitochondrial damage and provides a reliable scientific base, suggesting S. spinosa as a promising alternative remedy against DN.

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Lozano-Picazo, Carmen María y Francisco Fernández-Belda. "Especies reactivas de oxígeno y su implicación en Biomedicina". Anales de Veterinaria de Murcia 34 (16 de diciembre de 2020): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesvet.332621.

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Las especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS) actúan como regulador intracelular cuando se generan de forma controlada en puntos concretos de la célula. Modifican la función de proteínas mediante la oxidación reversible de cisteínas. Hay quinasas y fosfatasas de proteínas, factores de transcripción y canales iónicos que están regulados por ROS. Estrés oxidativo y daño celular aparecen cuando los mecanismos antioxidantes de protección son incapaces de mantener bajo el nivel intracelular de ROS. En estas condiciones, ROS inducen pérdida de viabilidad celular en patologías degenerativas de corazón y cerebro y promueven proliferación celular ilimitada en procesos tumorales. La alteración de la función mitocondrial juega un papel clave en la generación del estrés oxidativo y por tanto es una diana terapéutica preferente para evitar o aminorar los daños oxidativos producidos por ROS. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as intracellular regulator when they are generated under control in specific cell spots. They modify proteins function by cysteine reversible oxidation. There are protein kinases and phosphatases, transcription factors and ionic channels that are regulated by ROS. Oxidative stress and cell damage arise when the protection antioxidant mechanisms are unable to keep low the intracellular ROS level. Under these conditions, ROS induce cell viability loss in heart and brain degenerative pathologies and promote unlimited cell proliferation in tumor processes. Alteration of the mitochondrial function is a key player in the oxidative stress generation and therefore it is preferential therapeutic target for prevention or attenuation of the ROS-induced oxidative damage.

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15

Klaunig, James E., Lisa M. Kamendulis y Barbara A. Hocevar. "Oxidative Stress and Oxidative Damage in Carcinogenesis". Toxicologic Pathology 38, n.º 1 (17 de diciembre de 2009): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623309356453.

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16

Strzelczyk, Joanna Katarzyna y Andrzej Wiczkowski. "Oxidative damage and carcinogenesis". Współczesna Onkologia 3 (2012): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/wo.2012.29290.

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17

Yao, Jeffrey K., Ravinder D. Reddy y Daniel P. van Kammen. "Oxidative Damage and Schizophrenia". CNS Drugs 15, n.º 4 (2001): 287–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200115040-00004.

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Imlay, James A. "Pathways of Oxidative Damage". Annual Review of Microbiology 57, n.º 1 (octubre de 2003): 395–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090938.

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Smith, M. A., G. Perry, P. L. Richey, L. M. Sayrec, V. E. Anderson, M. F. Beal y N. Kowall. "Oxidative damage in Alzheimer's". Nature 382, n.º 6587 (julio de 1996): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/382120b0.

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20

Jacob, R. A. y B. J. Burri. "Oxidative damage and defense". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 1996): 985S—990S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/63.6.985.

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21

Poli, Giuseppe y Maurizio Parola. "Oxidative damage and fibrogenesis". Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22, n.º 1-2 (enero de 1997): 287–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00327-9.

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22

Oberley, Terry D. "Oxidative Damage and Cancer". American Journal of Pathology 160, n.º 2 (febrero de 2002): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64857-2.

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23

Cruz-Guilloty, Fernando y Victor L. Perez. "Defence against oxidative damage". Nature 478, n.º 7367 (octubre de 2011): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/478042a.

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24

Hayes, Robert C., Lynn A. Petrullo, Haimei Huang, Susan S. Wallace y J. Eugene LeClerc. "Oxidative damage in DNA". Journal of Molecular Biology 201, n.º 2 (mayo de 1988): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(88)90135-0.

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25

Vissers, Margret C. M. y Christine C. Winterbourn. "Oxidative damage to fibronectin". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 285, n.º 1 (febrero de 1991): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(91)90327-f.

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Vissers, Margret C. M. y Christine C. Winterbourn. "Oxidative damage to fibronectin". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 285, n.º 2 (marzo de 1991): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(91)90372-p.

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NAGAKI, M. y H. MORIWAKI. "Hepatoprotection against oxidative damage". Hepatology Research 32, n.º 1 (mayo de 2005): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hepres.2005.03.003.

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Perry, G., D. A. Zelasko, L. M. Sayre y M. A. Smith. "Oxidative Damage to Axonal Cytoskeletal Proteins". Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (agosto de 1997): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600007108.

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Proteins of the axonal cytoskeleton, particularly neurofilament and microtubule-associated protein τ, should be particularly sensitive to the effects of oxidative modification due to their high content of lysine, an amino acid that is particularly susceptible to direct oxidization as well as adduction by carbonyls produced from lipid and sugar oxidation. To understand the susceptibility of the cytoskeleton to oxidative modification and whether such modification is related to the physiological function of the cytoskeleton, we undertook a cytological analysis of motor neurons isolated from mouse spinal cord. These neurons contain an abundant axonal cytoskeleton that can be readily analyzed distinct from the cell body. Immunocytochemistry, using antibodies against protein-adducts of the highly reactive lipid peroxidation product, hydroxynonenal (HNE), representing Michael addition or pyrrole formation, revealed that HNE-immunoreactive adducts are found in all axons. This in situ distribution of HNE-adducts is consistent with immunoblots prepared from axons which show selective HNE modification of neurofilament heavy subunit (NFH) but not of other cytoskeletal proteins.

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Toomey, Lillian M., Melissa G. Papini, Thomas O. Clarke, Alexander J. Wright, Eleanor Denham, Andrew Warnock, Terry McGonigle, Carole A. Bartlett, Melinda Fitzgerald y Chidozie C. Anyaegbu. "Secondary Degeneration of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Occurs as Early as 24 h after Optic Nerve Injury in Rats". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n.º 4 (9 de febrero de 2023): 3463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043463.

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Optic nerve injury causes secondary degeneration, a sequela that spreads damage from the primary injury to adjacent tissue, through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), a key component of the BBB and oligodendrogenesis, are vulnerable to oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage by 3 days post-injury. However, it is unclear whether oxidative damage in OPCs occurs earlier at 1 day post-injury, or whether a critical ‘window-of-opportunity’ exists for therapeutic intervention. Here, a partial optic nerve transection rat model of secondary degeneration was used with immunohistochemistry to assess BBB dysfunction, oxidative stress, and proliferation in OPCs vulnerable to secondary degeneration. At 1 day post-injury, BBB breach and oxidative DNA damage were observed, alongside increased density of DNA-damaged proliferating cells. DNA-damaged cells underwent apoptosis (cleaved caspase3+), and apoptosis was associated with BBB breach. OPCs experienced DNA damage and apoptosis and were the major proliferating cell type with DNA damage. However, the majority of caspase3+ cells were not OPCs. These results provide novel insights into acute secondary degeneration mechanisms in the optic nerve, highlighting the need to consider early oxidative damage to OPCs in therapeutic efforts to limit degeneration following optic nerve injury.

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Sestili, Piero, Maurizio Brigotti, Cinzia Calcabrini, Eleonora Turrini, Valentina Arfilli, Domenica Carnicelli, Marco Lucarini et al. "Deuterium Incorporation Protects Cells from Oxidative Damage". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (18 de julio de 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6528106.

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In the cold environments of the interstellar medium, a variety of molecules in which a hydrogen (H) atom has been replaced by its heavier isotope deuterium (D) can be found. From its emergence, life had to counteract the toxic action of many agents, which posed a constant threat to its development and propagation. Oxygen-reactive species are archaic toxicants that lead to protein damage and genomic instability. Most of the oxidative lesions involve cleavage of C-H bonds and H abstraction. According to free radical chemistry principles, the substitution of D for H in oxidation-sensitive positions of cellular components should confer protection against the oxidative attack without compromising the chemical identity of the compounds. Here, we show that deuterated nucleosides and proteins protect from oxidative damage. Our data suggest a new, subtle but likely role of D in terrestrial life’s evolution in that its inclusion in critical biomolecules might have facilitated their resistance during the infinite generations of life entities, cells, and organisms.

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Rosenmund, A., C. Kuyas y A. Haeberli. "Oxidative radioiodination damage to human lactoferrin". Biochemical Journal 240, n.º 1 (15 de noviembre de 1986): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2400239.

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Oxidative iodination of human lactoferrin (Lf) as commonly performed by using the chloramine-T, the Iodogen or the lactoperoxidase method produces an unreliable tracer protein because of excessive and heterogeneous polymer formation. Before iodination a minor tetramer fraction may be demonstrable in iron-saturated Lf only. Iodination-induced polymerization of iron-poor as well as iron-saturated Lf occurs independently of the presence or absence of 10 mM-EDTA and the 125I-/Lf molar ratio used for iodination. 125I-Lf polymers are mainly covalently linked, as suggested by the lack of substantial dissociation in SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Damage to the 125I-Lf monomer may be another consequence of oxidative iodination. This is demonstrated in SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis where 50% of the radioactivity of apparently normal monomer (Mr 75,000) is displaced to a lower-Mr region (30,000-67,000) after reduction with dithiothreitol. Non-oxidative iodination by the Bolton-Hunter technique produces an antigenetically stable tracer that is not being subjected to polymerization and monomer degradation as judged by high-performance gel chromatography and SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with and without dithiothreitol treatment. It is concluded that oxidation in itself leads to covalent non-disulphide cross-linking between human Lf molecules and, possibly, to intramolecular peptide-bond breaking becoming unmasked under reducing conditions. In biological experiments with human 125I-Lf this problem should be carefully considered.

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Breusing, Nicolle y Tilman Grune. "Regulation of proteasome-mediated protein degradation during oxidative stress and aging". Biological Chemistry 389, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2008): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.2008.029.

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Abstract Protein degradation is a physiological process required to maintain cellular functions. There are distinct proteolytic systems for different physiological tasks under changing environmental and pathophysiological conditions. The proteasome is responsible for the removal of oxidatively damaged proteins in the cytosol and nucleus. It has been demonstrated that proteasomal degradation increases due to mild oxidation, whereas at higher oxidant levels proteasomal degradation decreases. Moreover, the proteasome itself is affected by oxidative stress to varying degrees. The ATP-stimulated 26S proteasome is sensitive to oxidative stress, whereas the 20S form seems to be resistant. Non-degradable protein aggregates and cross-linked proteins are able to bind to the proteasome, which makes the degradation of other misfolded and damaged proteins less efficient. Consequently, inhibition of the proteasome has dramatic effects on cellular aging processes and cell viability. It seems likely that during oxidative stress cells are able to keep the nuclear protein pool free of damage, while cytosolic proteins may accumulate. This is because of the high proteasome content in the nucleus, which protects the nucleus from the formation and accumulation of non-degradable proteins. In this review we highlight the regulation of the proteasome during oxidative stress and aging.

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Zhang, Weiran, Ranwei Zhong, Xiangping Qu, Yang Xiang y Ming Ji. "Effect of 8-Hydroxyguanine DNA Glycosylase 1 on the Function of Immune Cells". Antioxidants 12, n.º 6 (19 de junio de 2023): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061300.

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Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause an imbalance between oxidation and anti-oxidation, leading to the occurrence of oxidative stress in the body. The most common product of ROS-induced base damage is 8-hydroxyguanine (8-oxoG). Failure to promptly remove 8-oxoG often causes mutations during DNA replication. 8-oxoG is cleared from cells by the 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1)-mediated oxidative damage base excision repair pathway so as to prevent cells from suffering dysfunction due to oxidative stress. Physiological immune homeostasis and, in particular, immune cell function are vulnerable to oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that inflammation, aging, cancer, and other diseases are related to an imbalance in immune homeostasis caused by oxidative stress. However, the role of the OGG1-mediated oxidative damage repair pathway in the activation and maintenance of immune cell function is unknown. This review summarizes the current understanding of the effect of OGG1 on immune cell function.

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Oliveira, Rodrigo Assunção, Ana Paula Rennó Sierra, Marino Benetti, Nabil Ghorayeb, Carlos A. Sierra, Maria Augusta Peduti Dal Molin Kiss y Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura. "Impact of Hot Environment on Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance, Renal Damage, Hemolysis, and Immune Activation Postmarathon". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9824192.

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Previous studies have demonstrated the physiological changes induced by exercise exposure in hot environments. We investigated the hematological and oxidative changes and tissue damage induced by marathon race in different thermal conditions. Twenty-six male runners completed the São Paulo International Marathon both in hot environment (HE) and in temperate environment (TE). Blood and urine samples were collected 1 day before, immediately after, 1 day after, and 3 days after the marathon to analyze the hematological parameters, electrolytes, markers of tissue damage, and oxidative status. In both environments, the marathon race promotes fluid and electrolyte imbalance, hemolysis, oxidative stress, immune activation, and tissue damage. The marathon runner’s performance was approximately 13.5% lower in HE compared to TE; however, in HE, our results demonstrated more pronounced fluid and electrolyte imbalance, renal damage, hemolysis, and immune activation. Moreover, oxidative stress induced by marathon in HE is presumed to be related to protein/purine oxidation instead of other oxidative sources. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance and protein/purine oxidation may be important factors responsible for hemolysis, renal damage, immune activation, and impaired performance after long-term exercise in HE. Nonetheless, we suggested that the impairment on performance in HE was not associated to the muscle damage and lipoperoxidation.

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Sun, Yi, Wen-Jia Zhang, Xin Zhao, Ren-Pei Yuan, Hui Jiang y Xiao-Ping Pu. "PARK7 protein translocating into spermatozoa mitochondria in Chinese asthenozoospermia". REPRODUCTION 148, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2014): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-14-0222.

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PARK7 (DJ1) is a multifunctional oxidative stress response protein that protects cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial damage. PARK7 defects are known to cause various physiological dysfunctions, including infertility. Asthenozoospermia (AS), i.e. low-motile spermatozoa in the ejaculate, is a common cause of human male infertility. In this study, we found that downregulation of PARK7 resulted in increased levels of lipid peroxide and ROS, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduced mitochondrial complex I enzyme activity in the spermatozoa from AS patients. Furthermore, it was observed that PARK7 was translocated into the mitochondria of damaged spermatozoa in AS. Finally, we examined the oxidative state of PARK7 and the results demonstrated the enhancement of oxidation, expressed by increased sulfonic acid residues, the highest form of oxidation, as the sperm motility decreased. Taken together, these results revealed that PARK7 deficiency may increase the oxidative stress damage to spermatozoa. Our present findings open new avenues of therapeutic intervention targeting PARK7 for the treatment of AS.

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Hanna, Bishoy M. F., Maurice Michel, Thomas Helleday y Oliver Mortusewicz. "NEIL1 and NEIL2 Are Recruited as Potential Backup for OGG1 upon OGG1 Depletion or Inhibition by TH5487". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n.º 9 (27 de abril de 2021): 4542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094542.

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DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species may result in genetic mutations or cell death. Base excision repair (BER) is the major pathway that repairs DNA oxidative damage in order to maintain genomic integrity. In mammals, eleven DNA glycosylases have been reported to initiate BER, where each recognizes a few related DNA substrate lesions with some degree of overlapping specificity. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), one of the most abundant DNA oxidative lesions, is recognized and excised mainly by 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1). Further oxidation of 8-oxoG generates hydantoin lesions, which are recognized by NEIL glycosylases. Here, we demonstrate that NEIL1, and to a lesser extent NEIL2, can potentially function as backup BER enzymes for OGG1 upon pharmacological inhibition or depletion of OGG1. NEIL1 recruitment kinetics and chromatin binding after DNA damage induction increase in cells treated with OGG1 inhibitor TH5487 in a dose-dependent manner, whereas NEIL2 accumulation at DNA damage sites is prolonged following OGG1 inhibition. Furthermore, depletion of OGG1 results in increased retention of NEIL1 and NEIL2 at damaged chromatin. Importantly, oxidatively stressed NEIL1- or NEIL2-depleted cells show excessive genomic 8-oxoG lesions accumulation upon OGG1 inhibition, suggesting a prospective compensatory role for NEIL1 and NEIL2. Our study thus exemplifies possible backup mechanisms within the base excision repair pathway.

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Kino, Katsuhito, Taishu Kawada, Masayo Hirao-Suzuki, Masayuki Morikawa y Hiroshi Miyazawa. "Products of Oxidative Guanine Damage Form Base Pairs with Guanine". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 20 (15 de octubre de 2020): 7645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207645.

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Among the natural bases, guanine is the most oxidizable base. The damage caused by oxidation of guanine, commonly referred to as oxidative guanine damage, results in the formation of several products, including 2,5-diamino-4H-imidazol-4-one (Iz), 2,2,4-triamino-5(2H)-oxazolone (Oz), guanidinoformimine (Gf), guanidinohydantoin/iminoallantoin (Gh/Ia), spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp), 5-carboxamido-5-formamido-2-iminohydantoin (2Ih), urea (Ua), 5-guanidino-4-nitroimidazole (NI), spirodi(iminohydantoin) (5-Si and 8-Si), triazine, the M+7 product, other products by peroxynitrite, alkylated guanines, and 8,5′-cyclo-2′-deoxyguanosine (cG). Herein, we summarize the present knowledge about base pairs containing the products of oxidative guanine damage and guanine. Of these products, Iz is involved in G-C transversions. Oz, Gh/Ia, and Sp form preferably Oz:G, Gh/Ia:G, and Sp:G base pairs in some cases. An involvement of Gf, 2Ih, Ua, 5-Si, 8-Si, triazine, the M+7 product, and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (HICA) in G-C transversions requires further experiments. In addition, we describe base pairs that target the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of RNA viruses and describe implications for the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): When products of oxidative guanine damage are adapted for the ribonucleoside analogs, mimics of oxidative guanine damages, which can form base pairs, may become antiviral agents for SARS-CoV-2.

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Chen, Zhigang, Qiaoling Yuan, Guangren Xu, Huiyu Chen, Hongyu Lei y Jianming Su. "Effects of Quercetin on Proliferation and H2O2-Induced Apoptosis of Intestinal Porcine Enterocyte Cells". Molecules 23, n.º 8 (12 de agosto de 2018): 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082012.

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Weanling stress and toxicosis, which are harmful to the health of pigs’ intestines, are associated with oxidative stress. Quercetin (Que) is a polyphenolic compound that shows good anti-cancer, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effects. This study aimed to elaborate whether or not Que promotes IPEC-J2 (intestinal porcine enterocyte cells) proliferation and protects IPEC-J2 from oxidative damage. Thus, we examined the effects of Que on proliferation and H2O2-induced apoptosis in IPEC-J2. The results showed that Que increased IPEC-J2 viabililty, propelled cells from G1 phase into S phase and down-regulated gene levels of P27 and P21, respectively. Besides, H2O2-induced cell damage was alleviated by Que after different exposure times, and Que depressed apoptosis rate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and percentage of G1 phase cells and elevated the percentage of cells in G2 phase and S phase and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) after IPEC-J2 exposure to H2O2. Meanwhile, Que reduced the value of Bax/Bcl-2 in H2O2 exposed cells. In low-degree oxidative damage cells, lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were increased. In turn, Que could reverse the change of MDA content and SOD activity in low-degree damage cells. Nevertheless, catalase (CAT) activity was not changed in IPEC-J2 incubated with Que under low-degree damage conditions. Interestingly, relative expressive levels of the proteins claudin-1 and occludin were not altered under low-degree damage conditions, but Que could improve claudin-1 and occludin levels, slightly. This research indicates that Que can be greatly beneficial for intestinal porcine enterocyte cell proliferation and it protects intestinal porcine enterocyte cells from oxidation-induced apoptosis, and could be used as a potential feed additive for porcine intestinal health against pathogenic factor-induced oxidative damages and apoptosis.

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Wang, Wan-Xia, Shun-Bin Luo, Ping Jiang, Meng-Ming Xia, Ai-lian Hei, Yong-Hui Mao, Chuan-Bao Li, Guo-Xin Hu y Jian-Ping Cai. "Increased Oxidative Damage of RNA in Early-Stage Nephropathy in db/db Mice". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2353729.

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To evaluate RNA oxidation in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy, we applied an accurate method based on isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry to analyze the oxidatively generated guanine nucleosides in renal tissue and urine from db/db mice of different ages. We further investigated the relationship between these oxidative stress markers, microalbumin excretion, and histological changes. We found that the levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) were increased in the urine and renal tissue of db/db mice and db/db mice with early symptoms of diabetic nephropathy suffered from more extensive oxidative damage than lean littermate control db/m mice. Importantly, in contrast to the findings in db/m mice, the 8-oxoGuo levels in the urine and renal tissue of db/db mice were higher than those of 8-oxodGuo at four weeks. These results indicate that RNA oxidation is more apparent than DNA oxidation in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy. RNA oxidation may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, and urinary 8-oxoGuo may represent a novel, noninvasive, and easily detected biomarker of diabetic kidney diseases if further study could clarify its source and confirm these results in a large population study.

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Bruckbauer, Steven T., Benjamin B. Minkoff, Michael R. Sussman y Michael M. Cox. "Proteome Damage Inflicted by Ionizing Radiation: Advancing a Theme in the Research of Miroslav Radman". Cells 10, n.º 4 (20 de abril de 2021): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10040954.

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Oxidative proteome damage has been implicated as a major contributor to cell death and aging. Protein damage and aging has been a particular theme of the recent research of Miroslav Radman. However, the study of how cellular proteins are damaged by oxidative processes is still in its infancy. Here we examine oxidative changes in the proteomes of four bacterial populations—wild type E. coli, two isolates from E. coli populations evolved for high levels of ionizing radiation (IR) resistance, and D. radiodurans—immediately following exposure to 3000 Gy of ionizing radiation. By a substantial margin, the most prominent intracellular oxidation events involve hydroxylation of methionine residues. Significant but much less frequent are carbonylation events on tyrosine and dioxidation events on tryptophan. A few proteins are exquisitely sensitive to targeted oxidation events, notably the active site of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in E. coli. Extensive experimental evolution of E. coli for IR resistance has decreased overall proteome sensitivity to oxidation but not to the level seen in D. radiodurans. Many observed oxidation events may reflect aspects of protein structure and/or exposure of protein surfaces to water. Proteins such as GAPDH and possibly Ef-Tu may have an evolved sensitivity to oxidation by H2O2.

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Collins, A. R. y E. Horváthová. "Oxidative DNA damage, antioxidants and DNA repair: applications of the comet assay". Biochemical Society Transactions 29, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2001): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0290337.

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Estimates of background levels of oxidative base damage in human white blood cells vary enormously, from 300 down to 0.4 molecules of 8-oxoguanine per 106 guanines. An EC-funded Concerted Action, the European Standards Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage, is currently attempting to resolve the discrepancy and to agree a realistic estimate of basal endogenous oxidation. Oxidation of lymphocyte DNA is a useful marker of oxidative stress, and this can be decreased by supplementation with pure antioxidants or with foods rich in antioxidants. The steady-state level of DNA oxidation is ultimately controlled by the process of DNA repair; the extent to which this varies between individuals has yet to be established.

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Klaunig, James E., Zemin Wang, Xinzhu Pu y Shaoyu Zhou. "Oxidative stress and oxidative damage in chemical carcinogenesis". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 254, n.º 2 (julio de 2011): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.11.028.

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43

Kanvah, Sriram y Gary B. Schuster. "Oxidative damage to DNA: Inhibition of guanine damage". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, n.º 12 (1 de enero de 2006): 2297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200678122297.

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One-electron oxidation of DNA results in chemical damage to nucleobases, particularly guanine in multiple G sequences. Oxidation may be triggered by numerous events, including photosensitization. We describe studies of photoinduced oxidations of DNA triggered by irradiation of covalently linked anthraquinone derivatives under various conditions that affect the global structure of the DNA. These structural changes have subtle effects on the result of the one-electron oxidation.

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Shen, Mingyue, Ruixin Cai, Zhedong Li, Xiaodie Chen y Jianhua Xie. "The Molecular Mechanism of Yam Polysaccharide Protected H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage in IEC-6 Cells". Foods 12, n.º 2 (6 de enero de 2023): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12020262.

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Oxidative stress is involved in maintaining homeostasis of the body, and an in-depth study of its mechanism of action is beneficial for the prevention of chronic illnesses. This study aimed to investigate the protective mechanism of yam polysaccharide (CYP) against H2O2-induced oxidative damage by an RNA-seq technique. The expression of genes and the function of the genome in the process of oxidative damage by H2O2 in IEC-6 cells were explored through transcriptomic analysis. The results illustrated that H2O2 damaged cells by promoting cell differentiation and affecting tight junction proteins, and CYP could achieve cell protection via restraining the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. RNA-seq analysis revealed that H2O2 may damage cells by promoting the IL-17 signaling pathway and the MAPK signaling pathway and so forth. The Western blot showed that the pretreatment of CYP could restrain the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. In summary, this study demonstrates that the efficacy of CYP in modulating the MAPK signaling pathway against excessive oxidative stress, with a corresponding preventive role against injury to the intestinal barrier. It provides a new perspective for the understanding of the preventive role of CYP on intestinal damage. These findings suggest that CYP could be used as oxidation protectant and may have potential application prospects in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

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45

Hirota, Yuko, Dongchon Kang y Tomotake Kanki. "The Physiological Role of Mitophagy: New Insights into Phosphorylation Events". International Journal of Cell Biology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/354914.

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Mitochondria play an essential role in oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, and the regulation of apoptosis. However, this organelle also produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that continually inflict oxidative damage on mitochondrial DNA, proteins, and lipids, which causes further production of ROS. To oppose this oxidative stress, mitochondria possess quality control systems that include antioxidant enzymes and the repair or degradation of damaged mitochondrial DNA and proteins. If the oxidative stress exceeds the capacity of the mitochondrial quality control system, it seems that autophagy degrades the damaged mitochondria to maintain cellular homeostasis. Indeed, recent evidence from yeast to mammals indicates that the autophagy-dependent degradation of mitochondria (mitophagy) contributes to eliminate dysfunctional, aged, or excess mitochondria. In this paper, we describe the molecular processes and regulatory mechanisms of mitophagy in yeast and mammalian cells.

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Kong, Qingjun, Qingzhi Zeng, Jia Yu, Hongxi Xiao, Jun Lu y Xueyan Ren. "Mechanism of Resveratrol Dimers Isolated from Grape Inhibiting 1O2 Induced DNA Damage by UHPLC-QTOF-MS2 and UHPLC-QQQ-MS2 Analyses". Biomedicines 9, n.º 3 (8 de marzo de 2021): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9030271.

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Resveratrol dimers have been extensively reported on due to their antioxidative activity. Previous studies revealed that resveratrol dimer has been shown to selectively quench singlet oxygen (1O2), and could protect DNA from oxidative damage. The mechanism of resveratrol dimers protecting DNA against oxidative damage is still not clear. Therefore, in this project, the reactants and products of resveratrol dimers protecting guanine from oxidative damage were qualitatively monitored and quantitatively analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS2 and UHPLC-QQQ-MS2. Results showed that when guanine and resveratrol dimers were attacked by 1O2, mostly resveratrol dimers were oxidized, which protected guanine from oxidation. Resveratrol dimers’ oxidation products were identified and quantified at m/z 467.1134 [M-H]− and 467.1118 [M-H]−, respectively. The resorcinol of resveratrol dimers reacted with singlet oxygen to produce p-benzoquinone, protecting guanine from 1O2 damage. Therefore, it is hereby reported for the first time that the resorcinol ring is the characteristic structure in stilbenes inhibiting 1O2 induced-DNA damage, which provides a theoretical basis for preventing and treating DNA damage-mediated diseases.

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Ulaş, Mustafa. "Valproic Acid Attenuates Oxidative Damage in Rat Spleen Tissue Induced By Spinal Cord Damage". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, sp2 (30 de diciembre de 2022): 3054–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10isp2.3054-3056.5802.

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Events such as oxidative stress caused by spinal cord injury (SCI) are a serious condition because they negatively affect many organs. Alternative treatment options for this type of injury are quite limited. In this study, we planned to investigate the effect of oxidative damage on the spleen tissue of rats with spinal cord damage and the protective role of valproic acid (VPA) in this damage. Sixteen Wistar albino rats were divided into two equal groups. No treatment was administered to the rats in Group 1 (SCI-(Control), but a single dose of 300 mg/kg intraperitoneally VPA was administered to the rats in Group 2 (SCI-VPA). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels were examined as markers of oxidative stress in spleen tissues taken after decapitation of rats. VPA treatment increased the SOD and TAS level but decreased the TOS level, indicating improved oxidative damage and impaired enzymatic antioxidant levels in spleen tissue homogenate damaged by SCI. We have observed that VPA, which has many beneficial properties, has a significant healing effect on spleen tissue affected by SCI-induced oxidative stress.

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Čolak, Emina. "New Markers of Oxidative Damage to Macromolecules". Journal of Medical Biochemistry 27, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2008): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10011-007-0049-x.

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New Markers of Oxidative Damage to Macromolecules The presence of free radicals in biological material has been discovered some 50 years ago. In physiological conditions, free radicals, in the first place the ones of oxygen and nitrogen, are continuously synthesized and involved in the regulation of a series of physiological processes. The excess of free radicals is efficiently eliminated from the body in order to prevent their toxic effects. Toxic effects of free radicals may be classified into three groups: a) change of intracellular redox potential, b) oxidative modification of lipids, proteins and DNA, and c) gene activation. Lipid peroxidation involving cell membranes, lipoproteins and other molecules leads to the production of primary high-reactive intermediaries (alkyl radicals, conjugated dienes, peroxy- and alkoxyl radicals and lipid hydroperoxide), whose further breakdown generates the secondary products of lipid peroxidation: short-chain evaporable hydrocarbons, aldehydes and final products of lipid peroxidation: isoprostanes, MDA, 4-hydroxy-2, 3-transnonenal and 4,5-dihydroxydecenal which are important mediators of atherosclerosis, coronary disease, acute myocardial infarction, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis and lupus erythematodes. Oxidative modification of proteins is manifested by changes in their primary, secondary and tertiary structures. Proteins have a specific biological function, and therefore their modification results in unique functional consequences. The nature of protein modification may provide valid information on the type of oxidants causing the damage. Chlorotyrosyl is a specific marker of oxidative damage to tyrosine caused by HOCl action, which most commonly reflects the involvement of neutrophils and monocytes in oxidative stress, while nitrotyrosyl indicates the presence of higher peroxy-nitrite synthesis. Methyonin and cysteine are the amino acids most sensitive to oxidative stress, carbonyl groups are markers of severe damage caused by free radicals, and di-tyrosyl is the most significant and sensitive marker of oxidative modification made by γ rays. >Carbonyl stress< is an important form of the secondary oxidation of proteins, where reducing sugars non-enzymatically react with amino groups of proteins and lipids and give rise to the production of covalent compounds known as advanced glycosylated end products (AGE-products). A hydroxyl radical damages the DNA, leading to a loss of base and the formation of abasic sites (AP sites), break of DNA chain and sugar modification. Final lipid peroxidation products (MDA) may covalently bind to DNA, producing the >DNA radicals< which are responsible for mutations. Measurement of an adequate oxidative stress biomarker may not only point to an early onset of disease, its progression and assessment of therapy effectiveness, but can also help in the clarification of the pathophysiological mechanisms of tissue damage caused by oxidative stress, prediction of disease prognosis and choice of appropriate treatment in the early stages of disease.

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Fejfer, Katarzyna, Piotr Buczko, Marek Niczyporuk, Jerzy R. Ładny, Hady R. Hady, Małgorzata Knaś, Danuta Waszkiel, Anna Klimiuk, Anna Zalewska y Mateusz Maciejczyk. "Oxidative Modification of Biomolecules in the Nonstimulated and Stimulated Saliva of Patients with Morbid Obesity Treated with Bariatric Surgery". BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4923769.

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Morbid obesity leads to progressive failure of many human organs and systems; however, the role of oxidative damage to salivary composition is still unknown in the obese patients. In this study, we assessed the effect of bariatric surgery on oxidative damage in nonstimulated (NS) and stimulated (S) whole saliva. The study included 47 subjects with morbid obesity as well as 47 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Oxidative modifications to lipids (4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and 8-isoprostanes (8-isoP)), proteins (advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and protein carbonyl groups (PC)), and DNA (8-hydroxy-D-guanosine (8-OHdG)) were analyzed in morbidly obese patients before and after bariatric surgery as well as in the healthy controls. The concentrations of 8-isoP, AOPP, PC, and 8-OHdG were significantly higher in both NS and S of patients with morbid obesity than in the control patients and compared to the results obtained 6 months after bariatric surgery. The levels of oxidative damage markers were also higher in S versus NS of morbidly obese patients. In summary, morbid obesity is associated with oxidative damage to salivary proteins, lipids, and DNA, while bariatric treatment generally lowers the levels of salivary oxidative damage.

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50

Beal, M. Flint. "Oxidative Damage in Neurodegenerative Diseases". Neuroscientist 3, n.º 1 (enero de 1997): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107385849700300112.

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Increasing evidence has implicated oxidative damage in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The major source of free radicals in the cell is the mitochondria. Peroxynitrite is formed by the reaction of superoxide with nitric oxide, and it produces both oxidative damage and protein nitration. Mutations in CuZn superoxide dismutase associated with familial ALS may result in increased −OH radical generation or in increased reactivity with peroxynitrite to nitrate proteins. There is evidence for increased oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease in neurons undergoing neurodegenerative changes. A role for oxidative damage in Parkinson's disease toxicity and in Huntington's disease is supported by studies in animal models. Improved antioxidant therapies may prove useful in slowing or halting the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

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