Tesis sobre el tema "Ostrih"

The aim of my diploma thesis is to design a local through road in town Uherský Ostroh. The thesis focuses also on a new design of the width layout of the road, consecutive of walkways, creation of a common track for pedestrians and cyclist, design of parking place intended for visitors of the local hockey arena, entrances to particular houses and urban vegetation.

Au sein de cette thèse de doctorat, l’auteur a cherché à appréhender les suburbia d'Ostie (Rome, Latium Italie) au travers d’analyses menées sur différentes échelles, depuis l’étude globale des quartiers de Porta Marina et du Trastevere Ostiense jusqu’à des fouilles stratigraphiques. Les structures qui forment ces deux quartiers ont d’abord été analysés et classés comme « unités topographiques », puis incluses dans un SIG. Les données relatives à chaque structure ont été récoltées aussi bien durant les investigations menées au sein des archives du Parco Archeologico di Ostia Antica qu’au cours de prospections sur le terrain, de l’analyse de photographies aériennes, de relevés, d’observations in situ et des fouilles.Au cours de cette enquête, plusieurs objets mis au jour lors d’anciennes fouilles ont été pris en compte et insérés dans des fiches de catalogues créées ad hoc, intégrées au SIG. Ainsi, le recensement des structures archéologiques du Trastevere Ostiense ont permis de mettre en évidence un territoire densément construit, au moins depuis le Ier siècle ap. J.-C. et ce, jusqu’au Ve siècle ap. J.-C. L'étude globale de l'évolution urbaine du quartier de Porta Marina a permis d'identifier pas moins de 13 phases principales, qui s’étendent du Ier siècle av. J.-C. jusqu'au VIe siècle, en plus de deux phases de spoliations et d’une phase d'érosion marine datée du Moyen Age. Parmi les principales découvertes, il faut d’abord signaler la découverte d'une importante activité de construction entre l'époque Julio-Claudienne et l'époque Flavienne. Cette phase, qui était restée presque inconnue jusqu’à présent, est en partie liée à l’édification de bâtiments funéraires. Si l’on se fie à ces nouveaux éléments, il est très probable qu’une nécropole ait vu le jour à cette époque, au-delà de la Porta Marina. Cette nécropole fut ensuite complètement démantelée lors du développement du quartier maritime voulu par l'empereur Hadrien en personne.L'approche analytique menée à l’échelle d’un quartier, couplée aux bornes chronologiques apportées par les fouilles conduites dans le cadre du projet Ostia Marina, a permis de donner une vision totalement renouvelée du front de mer de la ville. Les recherches menées sur les bâtiments construits contre et par-dessus l’enceinte tardo-républicaine ont permis de mettre en évidence l’abandon rapide de sa fonction défensive, quoique cette structure ait été respectée jusqu'au début du IIe siècle ap. J.-C. Par la suite, le bras oriental a fonctionné comme un aqueduc, tandis que le bras occidental fut rasé pour construire de nouveaux édifices. A la place de la Porta Marina, un arc fut élevé à la place de l’ancienne porte afin de délimiter la ville intra-muros et la ville extra-muros. Le plan d'un grand bâtiment a pu être complétée à partir de photos aériennes. Celui-ci est situé dans la partie orientale du suburbium situé au-delà de Porta Marina, qui n’a pas encore été fouillée.Les phases relatives à l’Antiquité tardive témoignent de la vitalité de ce quartier tout au long du IVe siècle ap. J.-C. et ce, jusqu'au début du Ve siècle. En revanche, des signes importants d'abandon apparaissent au cours de la première moitié du Ve siècle. Cette phase d’abandon trouve probablement son origine dans le tremblement de terre daté au 443 ap. J.-C.Un autre acquis majeur de cette étude a trait aux relations entre ville et mer, ainsi qu’aux changements du littoral au cours des siècles. L'étude des traces d'érosion sur les bâtiments qui se trouvaient près de l'ancienne plage ont permis de confirmer l'hypothèse d'une érosion marine postérieure à la fin de l’Antiquité, datable au XIe siècle, qui a détruit certains bâtiments, conditionnant ainsi notre vision de la ville antique sur le front de mer
In this thesis the study of the suburbs of Ostia (Rome, Italy) took place at different levels of study, from the macro scale of the entire neighborhoods to the micro scale of the single stratigraphic trench. The archaeological evidence of the porta Marina area and of the “Trastevere Ostiense” have been analyzed and filed as Topographical Units and recorded in a GIS. For each structure data were collected either through the consultation of archives, through field surveys, aerial photography, direct examinations and excavation essays. 148 artifacts from the old excavations were recorded and inserted in a data base created ad hoc. Where possible, spatial data was associated with the objects, with the positioning in the place of discovery within the GIS. The survey of the archaeological evidences of the “Trastevere Ostiense” allowed to recognize a densely built territory, with a chronology that goes from first to at least the fifth century AD. Among the types of buildings identified, the “horreum” seems to be the prevailing. The precise positioning of some excavation trenches of 1957 at the loop of the Tiber has allowed to identify a flood zone of second-third century AD reclaimed and built. At the same time, on the other side, the Via Ostiense was rebuilt further south due to erosion.The overall study of the urbanistic evolution of the suburban area of porta Marina has allowed to identify 13 main phases of life, from the first century BC until the 6th century AD, in addition to two phases of spoliation and a phase of sea erosion of the Middle Age. Among the main novelties there is the discovery of a notable construction activity dating back to the Julio-Claudian age to the Flavia age, previously almost unknown, which can be partially connected to funerary buildings. It is very probable, in the light of the new data, that there was a necropolis outside porta Marina, which was completely dismantled during the Hadrianic urban renovation and the thermal development of the maritime district. The large-scale analytical approach, also thanks to the chronological extremes derived from the excavations carried out with the Ostia Marina Project, has led to a completely renewed vision of the city's maritime sector. The presumed preservation of late Republican funerary monuments in the imperial era turned out to be a not entirely exact theory, the result of the distorted vision created with the E-42 restorations and demolitions. The stratigraphic analysis shows a partial obliteration of the funerary monuments already occurred by the end of the first century. A.D. due to the raising of the walking surfaces. The research on buildings built close to and above the Late-Republic walls made it possible to highlight that they quickly lost the defensive functions, but continued to be respected until the beginning of the second century AD. Subsequently, the eastern part functioned as an aqueduct, while the western part was demolished to build new buildings. An arch was built in place of the porta Marina door, to set the limit between town and suburb. Starting from some aerial photos, the plan of a large building, located in the eastern unexcavated portion of the porta Marina suburban area, was completed. The particular form of the complex allows to hypothesize a link to the “foro ad mare” built by Aureliano, mentioned in the Historia Augusta. The study of the late-antique phases revealed a remarkable vitality of the district throughout the IV until the beginning of the fifth century AD, while during the first half of the 5th century AD strong signs of abandonment appear. The probable effects of the earthquake of 443 AD were found, starting from the traces of collapse found in at least four buildings. Another important acquisition concerns the relationship between the city and the sea and changes in the coastline over the centuries

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Although small, the South African ostrich industry contributes 60% to the total world production of slaughter ostriches. Ostrich leather contributes more than 50% of the R2.1 billion turnover of this industry. This study is the first structured investigation into the characteristics of ostrich leather focussing on factors such as age, nutrition, slaughter weight, and genetics, and the influence thereof on intrinsic leather traits. Large variation in terms of skin quality was found between producers, month of the year and production years. The effect of age suggested that leather thickness and tensile strength increased with age while the number of nodules declined by 2.8 for every month increase in slaughter age. Slit tear strength and tensile strength increased with heavier slaughter weights. Older ostriches had higher values for slit tear strength and skin thickness. Nodule diameter increased at a rate of 0.08mm per month increase in age. Nodules with an average diameter of more than 4.0mm were only obtained in the combination of old heavy birds, while nodule diameter of the other age-weight combinations ranged between 3.3mm and 3.5mm. Subjective assessment of nodule traits by participants with or without prior knowledge of age suggested that slaughter age accounted for 46% of the variation in estimated slaughter age. Nodule acceptability scores generally increased with an increase in slaughter age. Moderately acceptable scores were found in skins from birds 11 months and older. The effect of energy and protein concentrations of ostrich diets suggested that raw skin areas were 19.4% and 21.8% larger at slaughter for birds receiving a diet containing 10.5 MJ/ME and 12.0 MJ ME/kg DM respectively, compared to that of birds receiving a 9.0 MJ ME/kg DM diet. Leather thickness taken parallel to the spine was increased by 13% when birds were fed the higher energy diet. Dietary protein concentrations failed to influence skin weight, skin area or any physical leather properties. The genetic variation in nodule size measured at different sampling sites on the skin suggested that nodule size increased chronologically with age at the neck, back, upper leg, and flank and butt areas. Estimates of h² for nodule size ranged from 0.09 ± 0.07 on the flank region to 0.24 ± 0.10 on the upper leg region. Preliminary results seem to suggest that nodule size on different locations of the skin is not necessarily the same genetic trait. It was concluded that measurements at any specific site is unlikely to predict measurements at other sites with a high degree of accuracy due to the large variation that exists between measurement sites. This dissertation provides an insight into the complexity of ostrich leather quality, and the interaction of leather traits, such as nodule size and shape, leather thickness and tensile strength, that determine ostrich leather quality.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alhoewel klein, produseer die Suid-Afrikaanse volstruisbedryf 60% van die totale wêreldproduksie van slagvolstruise. Volstruisleer is verantwoordelik vir meer as 50% van die R 2.1 biljoen omset van die bedryf. Hierdie studie is die eerste gestruktureerde ondersoek na die intrinsieke eienskappe van volstruisleer en die invloed van ouderdom, voeding, slagmassa en genetika op hierdie eienskappe. Groot variasie t.o.v. leerkwaliteit is waargeneem tussen produsente, maande van die jaar en produksiejare. Die effek van ouderdom toon dat leerdikte en treksterkte verhoog het met toename in ouderdom, terwyl die aantal knoppies afneem met 2.8 vir elke maand toename in slagouderdom. Skeur- en treksterkte het verhoog met ʼn swaarder slagmassa (64kg vs. 99kg). Hoër waardes vir skeursterkte en veldikte is vir ouer voëls (384 dae vs. 234 dae ouderdom) verkry. Knoppie deursnit het teen ʼn tempo van 0.08mm per maand toename in ouderdom verhoog. Knoppies met ʼn gemiddelde deursit van groter as 4.0mm is slegs waargeneem in swaar-ou voëls, terwyl die knoppie deursnit van die ander massa-ouderdom kombinasies tussen 3.3mm en 3.5mm gewissel het. Die subjektiewe waarneming van 28 respondente, ingelig of oningelig oor die betrokke slagouderdom, dui daarop dat die werklike slagouderdom verantwoordelik is vir 46% van die variasie in geskatte slagouderdom. Die puntetoekenning vir knoppie-aanvaarbaarheid het verhoog met ‘n toename in slagouderdom. Aanvaarbare puntetoekenning vir knoppie-ontwikkeling is verkry vir voëls vanaf 11 maande en ouer. Die effek van energie- en proteïenkonsentrasies in volstruisdiëte toon dat die rouveloppervlakte onderskeidelik 19.4% en 21.8 % groter was met slagting vir voëls wat onderskeidelik ‘n 10.5 MJ/ME en 12.0 MJ ME/kg DM diëte gevoer is, in vergelyking met voëls wat ‘n 9.0 MJ ME/kg DM dieet ontvang het. Leerdikte, geneem parallel met die ruggraat, het met 13% toegeneem wanneer die hoër energie dieet gevoer is. Dieetproteïen konsentrasies het geen invloed op velmassa, veloppervlakte of enige fisiese leerkwaliteitseienskappe gehad nie. Die genetiese variasie in knoppiegrootte geneem op verskillende lokaliteite op die vel toon ʼn chronologiese toename met ouderdom in die nek-, rug-, boud-, sy- en stuitjie gebiede. Beraamde h² vir knoppiegrootte wissel vanaf 0.09±0.07 op die sye tot 0.24±0.10 op die boudgedeelte. Voorlopige resultate dui aan dat knoppiegrootte op verskillende lokaliteite nie noodwendig dieselfde genetiese basis het nie. Die gebruik van een lokaliteit vir die voorspelling van die eienskappe van ʼn ander, blyk nie sinvol te wees nie a.g.v. die groot variasie wat tussen verskillende lokaliteite bestaan. Hierdie studie verskaf insig oor die kompleksiteit van volstruisleerkwaliteit en die interaksie van leereienskappe soos knoppiegrootte en –deursnit, veldikte en treksterkte, in die bepaling van leerkwaliteit.

The aim of this study was to determine the quality of slaughtered ostrich meat and to evaluate the ostrich slaughter process, to determine whether ostrich meat are contaminated by the in-house slaughtering practices and if prevalence of microorganisms increase with the succession of the slaughter process. Furthermore, the presence of specific foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms was explored by means of molecular and conventional methods to determine whether ostrich meat is a source of these microorganisms. Data obtained from this study provides some baseline information that could be used in future studies on system contamination and the extent of downstream processing steps in the production of ostrich meat. Antimicrobial resistance has become a growing area of concern in both human and veterinary medicine, it is therefore necessary that another aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistant pattern of Staphylococcus aureus in ostrich meat in order to establish whether Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from ostrich meat samples show resistance to antibiotics

Thesis (PhD(Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The ostrich industry experiences high rates of embryonic mortalities during artificial incubation of eggs. Studies have been carried out to investigate factors influencing hatchability, as well as determining genotypic effects for commercial production. Eggs from the combination of South African Black (SAB) male ostriches crossed with Zimbabwean Blue (ZB) female ostriches had embryonic losses of 45.7%. The embryonic mortality of eggs produced by pure bred SAB or ZB breeding birds subjected to pure breeding was similar at around 33 - 34%, but embryonic mortality was improved in eggs produced by ZB males and SAB female crosses (27%). Female age had a significant effect on the proportion of chicks pipped, as well as on early and late the embryonic mortalities. Chicks from eggs stored for intermediate periods, i.e. 3, 4 and 6 days prior to being set, were more likely to pip than chicks from those eggs set directly after collection without storage. Embryonic mortality was increased in eggs that were set directly (32.0%) or subjected to longer than 6 days of storage (43.5%). Chicks that pipped in the correct position had a higher probability of successfully hatching than those pipping in the incorrect position. Transfer of eggs between setters (i.e. disturbance of eggs) during incubation reduced the number of ostrich chicks pipping in the correct position. Incubated ostrich eggs with intermediate levels of water loss, i.e. between 9.0 and 19% of fresh egg weight, were more likely to pip in the correct position than those with higher or lower levels of water loss. Such eggs were also less likely to sustain early, late or overall embryonic mortalities. To optimise hatching success it is important to understand embryonic development. After 2 days of incubation the blastoderm area in eggs from the SAB x ZB crosses (104.5 mm) was lower (P < 0.05) compared to the pure SAB (141.0 mm), pure ZB (161.7 mm) and ZB x SAB crosses (166.1 mm). For embryos incubated for 7 to 42 days, both embryonic and leg growth during the 42 days of incubation was similar and approximately linear, more or less doubling in size up to 35 days of incubation. The embryo eye size increased more rapidly than beak length and reached full size of approximately 16.2 mm by 28 days of incubation, whereas the beak length continued to increase until the chick hatched at 42 days. Incubation position, vertical or horizontal, did not affect any of the measurements of the developing embryo throughout the 42-day incubation period. Air cell volume at 29 day of incubation for infertile eggs (19.3%) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher when compared to dead-in-shell eggs (14.3%) and eggs that hatched successfully (13.8%). Air cell volume was largely independent of strain (SAB or ZB) and whether chicks were assisted to hatch or not. After 41 days of incubation there was a significantly greater (P < 0.05) air cell volume in eggs that hatched normally compared to dead-in-shell eggs (28.3% vs. 21.7%, respectively, suggesting that insufficient water loss contributed to reduced survival. This study provides an insight into the complexity of embryo development and all the factors playing a role in successful hatching of ostrich eggs. Data from a pair-mated ostrich flock were used to estimate genetic parameters for egg weight (EWT), weight of day-old chicks (CWT), water loss to 21 (WL21) and 35 (WL35) days of incubation, and pipping time (PT). Single-trait estimates of heritability (h2) were high and significant (P < 0.05) at 0.46 for EWT, 0.34 for CWT, 0.34 for WL21, 0.27 for WL35 and 0.16 for pipping time. Genetic correlations with EWT amounted to -0.21 for WL21 and to -0.12 for WL35. Corresponding correlations of CWT with WL were highly significant (P < 0.05) at -0.43 and -0.54. Physical characteristics of the eggshell were found to affect water loss and hatchability. Estimates of genetic parameters of 14 146 ostrich eggs for eggshell traits showed that heritability was 0.42 for pore count (PC), 0.33 for shell thickness (ST) and 0.22 for permeability (PERM). PC was negatively correlated with average pore diameter (-0.58) and ST (-0.23), while PC was positively correlated with total pore area (0.58), WL21 (0.24) and WL35 (0.34). The correlations of PC with total pore area and PERM were high and significant. ST was negatively correlated to WL21 and WL35. Additive genetic parameters strongly indicate that it should be possible to alter evaporative water loss and eggshell quality of ostrich eggs through genetic selection. When assessed as a trait of the individual egg or chick, embryonic mortalities exhibited moderate levels of genetic variation both on the normal scale (h2 = 0.16 - 0.22) and the underlying liability scale (h2 = 0.21 - 0.31). Early embryonic survival and late embryonic survival was governed mostly by the same genes (rg = 0.78). Late embryonic survival was genetically correlated to WL35, at -0.22. It was concluded that embryonic survival could be improved by using husbandry measures, a knowledge of the stage when incubation mortalities occur, and by genetic selection, using an integrated approach. Findings from this study will help to understand the mechanisms involved in hatching from artificial incubation better to improve hatchability and also implement selective breeding programs.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die volstruisbedryf ondervind tans ‘n baie hoë voorkoms van embrionale mortaliteite tydens die kunsmatige uitbroei van eiers. Studies is uitgevoer om die faktore wat uitbroeibaarheid beinvloed te ondersoek en om genotipiese effekte te bepaal vir kommersiële produsente. Eiers van die kombinasie van Suid-Afrikaanse swart (SAB) mannetjie volstruise, met Zimbabwean blou (ZB) wyfies, het embrionale mortaliteite van 45.7% gehad. Embrionale mortaliteite van eiers gelê deur suiwer SAB of ZB volstruise was dieselfde op omtrent 33 - 34%, maar embrionale mortaliteite was laer vir eiers geproduseer deur SAB wyfies wat gekruis was met ZB mannetjies (27%). Wyfie ouderdom het ‘n betekenisvolle effek gehad op die proporsie van kuikens wat gepik het, asook die aantal vroeë- en laat embrionale mortaliteite. Kuikens vanuit eiers wat vir die periode 3, 4 dae en 6 dae voor pak in die broeikaste gestoor is, was meer geneig om te pik as kuikens vanaf eiers wat direk na kolleksie gepak is. Embrionale mortalitiete het verhoog vir eiers wat direk na kolleksie gepak was (32.0%) of vir eiers wat langer as 6 dae gestoor was (43.5%). Kuikens wat in die korrekte posisie pik het ‘n hoër kans op uitbroei gehad as kuikens wat in die verkeerde posisie gepik het. Die skuif van eiers tussen verskillende broeikaste (of enige steurnisse) gedurende die broeiproses het ‘n verlaging in die aantal kuikens wat in die korrekte posisie pik, gehad. Volstruiseiers met ‘n gemiddelde vogverlies van tussen 9.0 en 19% van die vars eier massa, was meer geneig om in die korrekte posisie te pik as eiers met laer of hoër vlakke van vogverlies. Sulke eiers was ook minder geneig tot vroeë, laat en totale embrionale mortaliteite. Vir optimale uitbroeisukses is dit belangrik om die ontwikkeling van die embrio te verstaan. Na 2 dae van broei was die blastoderm area in eiers van SAB x ZB kruisings (104.5 mm) kleiner (P < 0.05) as die blastoderm area van suiwer SAB (141.0 mm), suiwer ZB (161.7 mm) en ZB x SAB kruise (166.1 mm). Beide embrionale- en beengroei tydens die 42 dae broeiproses was dieselfde en nagenoeg lineêr, met ‘n verdubbeling in grootte tot en met 35 dae broei. Die embrio se oog vergroot vinniger as wat die snawel verleng en bereik reeds volle grootte van ongeveer 16.2 mm op 28 dae van broei, terwyl die snawel aanhou groei tot uitbroei van die kuiken op 42 dae. Nie die vertikale of horisontale broeiposisie het enige invloed op die metings van die ontwikkelende embrio tot op 42 dae gehad nie. Lugsakvolume vir geil eiers (19.3%) op 29 dae van broei was groter (P < 0.05) as beide die lugsakke van eiers wat dood-in-dop (14.3%) en eiers wat suksesvol uitgebroei het (13.8%). Die lugsakvolume was onafhanklik van beide genotype en of die kuiken met of sonder hulp uitgebroei het. Na 41 dae broei was lugsakvolume groter (P < 0.05) vir eiers wat uitgebroei het teenoor eiers wat dood-in-dop was (28.3% vs. 21.7%, onderskeidelik), wat impliseer dat onvoldoende vogverlies moontlik kan bydrae tot ‘n verlaging in embrionale oorlewing. Hierdie studie gee ‘n insig in die kompleksiteit van embrionale ontwikkeling en al die faktore wat ‘n rol speel in die suksesvolle uitbroei van volstruiseiers. Tydens die bepaling van genetiese parameters vir spesifieke uitbroei-eienskappe in volstruise, is data gebruik afkomend van ‘n teelkudde in ‘n enkelparing stelsel om genetiese waardes vir eiermassa (EWT), dagoud kuikenmassa (CWT), vogverlies tot 21 dae broei (WL21), vogverlies tot 35 dae broei (WL35) en piktyd (PT) gebruik. Enkeleienskap-beraming vir oorerflikheid (h2) was hoog en betekenisvol teen 0.46 vir EWT, 0.34 vir CWT, 0.34 vir WL21, 0.27 vir WL35 en 0.16 vir piktyd. Genetiese korrelasies met EWT was -0.21 vir WL21 en -0.12 vir WL35. Ooreenkomstig was korrelasies van CWT met WL21 en WL35 hoog (P < 0.05) met -0.43 en -0.54 onderskeidelik. Fisiese eienskappe van die eiers het beide vogverlies en uitbroeibaarheid beinvloed. Beramings van genetiese parameters vir 14 146 volstruiseiers se dopeienskappe het gewys dat oorerflikehid 0.42 was vir die aantal porieë (PC), 0.33 vir dopdikte (ST) en 0.22 vir deurlaatbaarheid (PERM). PC was negatief gekorreleerd met gemiddelde porieë deursnee (-0.58) en ST (-0.23), terwyl PC positief gekorreleerd was met totale porieë area (0.58), WL21 (0.24) en WL35 (0.34). Die korrelasie van PC met totale porieë area en deurlaatbaarheid was hoog en betekenisvol. ST was negatief gekorreleerd met WL21 en WL35. Additiewe genetiese parameters het sterk daarop gedui dat dit moontlik sou wees om vogverlies en eierkwaliteit (bv. dopkwaliteit en poreusiteit) van volstruiseiers te verander deur genetiese seleksie. Indien embrionale mortaliteit geevalueer word as ‘n kenmerk van die eier of kuiken, toon dit matige vlakke van genetiese variasie op beide die normale (h2 = 0.16 - 0.22) en die onderliggende skale (h2 = 0.21 - 0.31). Beide vroeë- en laat embrionale oorlewing word deur dieselfde stel gene beheer (rg = 0.78). Laat embrionale oorlewing was geneties gekorreleerd met WL35 teen -0.22. Die gevolgtrekking was dat embrionale oorlewing verbeter kan word deur verbeterde broeikamerpraktyke, kennis van op watter stadium van ontwikkelings embrionale mortaliteite plaasvind en deur genetiese seleksie. Bevindinge vanuit hierdie studies sal help om die meganismes betrokke by die kunsmatige uitbroei van volstruiskuikens beter te verstaan om sodoende uitbroeibaarheid te verbeter en ook suksesvolle seleksie programme te implementeer.

Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 1985.
The domestication of ostriches and commercial ostrich breeding has a long and interesting history. Orstriches were successfully domesticated in Algeria during 1857 and also successfully bred in Italy during 1859. In South Africa the domestication of wild ostriches started in the Cape Colony with 80 tame birds during 1865. This number increased to 32 247 birds within ten years (De Mosenthal, 1877). Ostrich farming reached a peak during 1913 with 757 000 birds (De Jager, 1985, personal communication). Currently (1985) there are approximately 120 000 domesticated ostriches in South Africa. The commercial production of ostrich meat started in 1958 and the first abattoir was built in 1964. At the present moment 85 000 birds are slaughtered anually. Although the income from the carcass of a 14 month old ostrich comprise only 15% of the total income of a 14 month old bird (With the hide comprising 65% and, the first harvest feathers 20%), the subjects of carcass characteristics and meat quality has long been neglected. Very little is known about the anatomy of the skeleton and muscles of the ostrich, the post mortem reactions of these muscles and the effects of different slaughtering, chilling and deboning practices. The necessity of the above mentioned have proved very usefull in the beef, sheep, pork and poultry industries. With this present study we described the essential skeletal and muscular anatomy and included well known practices to the meat industry, such as electrical stimulation of the carcasses, post mortem pH monotoring of certain muscles, different deboning practices and vacuum packed ageing of selected cuts of ostrich meat. The obtained results are in agreement with general meat science, with expected inter-species variation, e.g. where the final pH-values of pork is relatively low at approximately 5,5; that of beef is higher at 5,7 and ostrich meat even higher at 6,0. Certain other fields of essential research are pointed out in this study, such as the growth and development of the ostrich, as well as certain basic biochemical research on the meat of the ostrich.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were threefold: (i) to investigate the effect of the replacement of pork fat with olive oil on the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of ostrich polony; (ii) to investigate the effect of replacement of sodium tri-polyphosphate (STPP) with iota-carrageenan (CGN) on the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of restructured cooked ostrich ham; and (iii) to investigate the effect of salt (NaCl) reduction on the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of ostrich bacon. Five levels of olive oil were added to a polony formulation in 5% increments from 0 to 20%. Hardness, gumminess and shear force values decreased (P≤0.05) with increased levels of olive oil. The L* and b* values decreased (P≤0.05) with increased levels of olive oil producing lighter and more yellow products. Ostrich polony proved to have a favourable fatty acid profile in line with international recommended standards. A trained sensory panel found that the effect of increased levels of olive oil on had an effect (P≤0.05) on the sensory characteristics of colour; processed meat aroma and flavour; ostrich aroma; olive oil aroma; firmness and juiciness. A consumer panel found all the olive oil treatments to be acceptable. It can be concluded that olive oil can be used successfully for the production of low fat ostrich meat polony. In a restructured ostrich ham five decreasing levels of phosphate (0.7, 0.53, 0.35, 0.18 and 0%) were substituted with five increasing levels of carrageenan (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%). The cooked yield of the restructured ostrich ham decreased significantly (P≤0.05) with decreased levels of phosphate. No tendencies in instrumental colour measurements with relation to decreased levels of phosphate were revealed. Hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess increased with decreased levels of phosphate. Ostrich ham had a favourable fatty acid profile and the latter is in line with international recommended standards. The trained sensory panel found that decreased levels of phosphate had a significant effect on the ham sensory characteristics of meat aroma and flavour; ostrich meat aroma and flavour and mealiness, but no significant effect on the spicy aroma and flavour. Three ham treatments with different levels of phosphate (0.7, 0.35 and 0%) were presented to a consumer panel. The consumer panel found the ham treatments with levels of 0.7 and 0.35% most acceptable. Carrageenan can be used to substitute phosphate at a level of 0.35% phosphate and 0.2% carrageenan in ostrich ham. Ostrich bacon was produces with five targeted salt (NaCl) levels of 3.5, 2.75, 2.0, 1.25, and 0.5%. Decreased salt levels had no significant effect on the L*, a* and b* values of the five treatments. Ostrich bacon had a favourible fatty acid profile. A trained sensory panel found that the effect of increased levels of salt had a significant effect on bacon sensory characteristics of ostrich aroma and flavour smoky bacon aroma and flavour and saltiness. A consumer panel found all the bacon treatments acceptable, with 2.75 and 2.0% being most likable. It can be concluded that, from a technical point of view, the salt content in ostrich bacon can be reduced successfully to produce ostrich bacon with low salt levels, although consumer preference for salt remains high.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelstellings van hierdie studie was drievoudig: (i) om die effek van die vervanging van varkvet met olyfolie op die fisiko-chemiese en sensoriese eienskappe van volstruispolonie te bestudeer; (ii) om die effek van die vervanging van natriumtripolifosfaat met iotakarrageenan op die fisikochemiese en sonsoriese eienskappe op die van hergestruktureerde volstruisham te bestudeer; en (iii) om die effek van sout (NaCl) vermindering op die fisiko-chemiese en sensoriese eienskappe van volstruisspek te bestudeer. Die polonie behandelings het uit vyf vlakke olyfolie bestaan wat by die polonie formulasie in 5% inkremente 0% tot 20% gevoeg is. Hardheid, taaiheid en skeurkrag het afgeneem (P≤0.05) met verhoogde vlakke van olyfolie. Die L*- en b*-waardes het afgeneem (P≤0.05) met verhoogde vlakke van olyfolie en uiteibdelik ‘n ligter en geler produk geproduseer. Die betrokke volstruispolonie behandelings het ‘n gunstige vetsuurprofiel wat in lyn is met internasionale aanbevole standaarde. ‘n Opgeleide sensoriese paneel het gevind dat die verhoogde vlakke van olyfolie ‘n betekenisvolle (P≤0.05) effek het op die kleur, geprossesseerde vleisgeur en -aroma, volstruis aroma, olyfolie aroma, fermheid en sappigheid. ‘n Verbruikerspaneel het gevind dat al vyf polonie behandelings aanvaarbaar is. Olyfolie kan dus suksesvol gebruik word in die produksie van laevet volstruispolonie. Hergestruktureerde volstruisham het bestaan uit vyf afnemende fosfaat vlakke (0.7, 0.53, 0.35, 0.18 and 0%) en vyf toenemende vlakke van karrageenan (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%). Die opbrengs van gaar hergestruktureerde volstruisham het afgeneem (P≤0.05) met verlaagde vlakke van fosfaat. Geen betekenisvolle patroon is in instrumentele kleurmeting gevind nie. Hardheid, binding en taaiheid het toegeneem met afnemende fosfaat vlakke. Daar is bewys dat volstruisham ‘n gunstige vetsuurprofiel het wat in lyn is met internasionale aanbevole standaarde het. ‘n Opgeleide sensoriese paneel het gevind dat afnemende fosfaatvlakke ‘n betekenisvolle effek op die sensoriese eienskappe van volstruisvleis geur en aroma asook melerigheid, maar geen betekenisvolle effek op die speserygeur en -aroma gehad nie. Drie behandelings met verskillende fosfaat vlakke (0.7, 0.35 and 0%) is deur ‘n verbruikerspaneel vir aanvaaraarheid getoets. Die verbruikerspaneel het gevind dat die behandelings met 0.7 en 0.35% fosfaat aanvaarbaar was. Karrageenan kan dus gebruik word om fosfaat te vervang by ‘n vlak van 0.35% fosfaat en 0.2% karrageenan in volstruisham. Volstruisspek is geproduseet met vyf soutvlakke (NaCl), nl 3.5, 2.75, 2.0, 1.25 en 0.5%. Verlaagde soutvlakke het geen beteknisvolle effek op die L*-, a*- en b*-waardes van die vyf behandelings gehad nie. Volstruisspek het ook ‘n besonder gunstige vetsuurprofiel. ‘n Opgeleide sensoriese paneel het gevind dat die effek van verhoogde soutvlakke ‘n betekenisvolle effek het op die volgende sensoriese eienskappe: geur en aroma van volstruisvleis; geur en aroma van gerookte spek; en southeid. ‘n Verbruikerspaneel het gevind dat al die behandelings aanvaarbaar was, met die monsters met 2.75 and 2.0% sout as mees aanvaarbaar. In opsomming, die soutinhoud van volstruisspek kan uit ‘n tegniese oogpunt suksesvol verlaag word om ‘n produk met ‘n laer soutinhoud te produseer, alhoewel verbruikersvoorkeur vir sout hoog bly.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-130).
Production in farming of ostriches (Struthio camelus) is limited by the high mortality rate of ostrich chicks. Chicks which lack a well established microbiota are more susceptible to potentially fatal pathogenic infections. Therefore, the mortality rate may be decreased by establishing the correct gut microbiota by the use of ostrich specific probiotic strains. Five selected strains were conclusively identified and their mucin adhesion abilities characterised: Strain P1.2 was identified as Enterococcus faecalis; the identity of strain 5934.3.1 was confirmed to be Lactobacillus oris; Strains Lactobacillus brevis 512.3.1 and Lactobacillus oris 5934.3.1. The five selected strains were included in an in vivo probiotic feeding trial, where ostriches were treated with an encapsulated mixture of the five strains and/or the antibiotic tylosin.

Thesis (PhD (Food Sc))--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ostrich meat has become increasingly popular in South Africa and abroad, driven by the health conscious trend and ostrich meat’s natural low intramuscular fat, high polyunsaturated fatty acid and low cholesterol content. This increased demand led to the investigation of novel packaging regimes to improve its attractiveness and shelf-life. Different modified atmospheric packaging regimes were studied for fresh and frozenthawed ostrich M.iIliofibularis steaks stored at ±4°C for 10 days. Oxygen MAP (30 CO2:70 O2) was applied with great success to fresh steaks, and resulted in significantly improved colour stability, decreased drip loss and a 10-day shelf-life. Oxygen MAP of frozen-thawed ostrich steaks was not successful as the colour deteriorated within 3 days, coupled with high lipid and protein oxidation. The microbial shelf-life was not influenced by freezing and thawing. The use of nitrogen MAP (30 CO2:70 N2) as an alternative to vacuum packaging for fresh and frozen-thawed ostrich meat was inconclusive due to trace amounts of residual oxygen in the headspace accelerating myoglobin oxidation by depleting the metmyoglobin reducing activity. The differences in oxidative stability of the fresh and frozen-thawed ostrich meat led to the investigation of the source of these differences and a system that would allow control over the freezing and thawing practice. This was supported by the industry that is under increasing pressure to reduce the excessive (15-20%) thaw weight loss that is continually reported. Subsequently, a mathematical prediction model based on the control volume approach was developed that predicted the rate of freezing and thawing of intact whole vacuum-packed ostrich muscle. The model predicted with greater accuracy than existing models, and can be used successfully by the industry to optimally design, control and operate their systems. Furthermore research was conducted to investigate the effect of different freezing and thawing rates on the ice crystal formation and the quality of ostrich M. femorotibialis stored at ±4°C post freeze/thaw. Five characteristic freezing rates (FR (time from 0°C to -7°C): 1, 2, 4, 8, 24h) were paired with five characteristic thawing rates (TR (time form -7°C to 0°C): 1.5, 3, 6.5, 14, 21h) in a completely randomised block design. Results showed that thawing had no impact on any of the tested quality parameters, including thaw loss. Freezing rate however did influence the ice crystal formation and at a characteristic freezing rate of one hour (FR_1h) only intracellular ice crystals were observed throughout the M. femorotibialis leading to the lowest thaw loss (2.57%) and highest shear force. Freezing rate of 2h, 4h and 8h (FR_2h, FR_4h and FR_8h) were dominated by extracellular ice crystals. FR_2h and FR_8h showed major dehydration of the muscle fibres and excessive distortion of the muscle fibre matrix that led to significantly lower oxidative stability. FR_24h (approximately commercial rates) formed columns of ice from the surface to the centre of the meat resulting in the highest thaw loss (6.24%). FR_4h was judged to deliver the best quality product with moderate thaw (3.93%) and drip loss, low cooking loss, good colour stability and extremely low TBARS. FR_4h is an achievable rate of freezing for the industry and if implemented should decrease the thaw loss problem as well as increase revenue and throughput in the processing facility.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘n Hedendaagse strewe na ‘n gesonde lewenstyl tesame met die natuurlike lae vetinhoud (d.i. hoë poli-onversadigde vetsure en lae cholesterolvlak) van volstruisvleis het gelei tot ‘n toename in die nasionale en internasionale aanvraag. Hierdie het ook die behoefte laat ontstaan om nuwe verpakkingstegnieke te ondersoek om sodoende die aanvaarbaarheid en rakleeftyd van die produk te verleng. Die invloed van verskeie gewysigde atmosferiese verpakkingsmetodes (GAV) op die kleurstabiliteit, drupverlies en rakleeftyd van vars en bevrore/ontdooide volstruisvleis (spesifiek M. Iliofibularis), gestoor by ±4°C vir 10 dae, is ondersoek. Die suurstof GAV (30 CO2:70 O2) van vars volstruisvleis het ‘n verbetering in kleurstabiliteit, verlaagde drupverlies en 'n verlengde mikrobiese rakleeftyd (10 dae) tot gevolg gehad. Die suurstof GAV van bevrore-ontdooide volstruisvleis het geen voordelige effek op kleurstabiliteit en rakleeftyd getoon nie. Die bevrore/ontdooide monsters het totaal verkleur na 3 dae en ‘n hoë vlak van lipied- en proteïenoksidasie is waargeneem. Die bevriesing en ontdooiing het geen invloed op rakleeftyd gehad nie. Die moontlikheid om stikstof GAV (30 CO2:70 N2) as 'n alternatief tot vakuumverpakking vir vars en bevrore/ontdooide volstruisvleis te gebruik, is beïnvloed deur die teenwoordigheid van oorblywende suurstof in die lugruimte van die GAV, met ‘n gevolglike toename in die tempo van mioglobien oksidasie as gevolg van ‘n afname in die metmioglobien reduksie aktiwiteit. Die verskil in die oksidatiewe stabiliteit van vars en bevrore/ontdooide volstruisvleis het gelei tot ‘n verdere ondersoek na die oorsaak van die verskille en die ontwikkeling van ‘n moontlike protokol om die oksidatiewe stabiliteit en dus rakleeftyd van volstruisvleis, te verbeter en bestuur. Die behoefte aan so ‘n protokol is beklemtoon deur die bedryf wat onder toenemende druk verkeer om buitensporige ontdooiingsverliese (15-20%) te verminder. ‘n Wiskundige voorspellingsmodel, gebaseer op die beheer-volume benadering, is ontwikkel om die tempo van bevriesing en ontdooiing van vakuumverpakte heel volstruisspiere te voorspel. Die model het tempo van bevriesing en ontdooiing met groter akkuraatheid as die bestaande modelle voorspel en kan suksesvol gebruik word in die bestuur van slagpale. Verder navorsing is onderneem om ondersoek in te stel na die effek van die tempo van bevriesing en ontdooiing op die kwaliteit van die bevrore-ontdooide volstruisvleis tydens berging by ±4°C. Die invloed van die kombinasie van vyf bevriesingstempo’s (FR (tydsverloop 0°C tot -7°C): 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 h) met vyf ontdooiingstempo’s (OT (tydsverloop -7°C to 0°C): 1.5, 3, 6.5, 14, 21 h) is ondersoek. Die resultate het getoon dat ontdooiingstempo geen beduidende invloed op enige van die kwaliteit kriteria, insluitend ontdooiingsverlies, gehad het nie. Bevriesingtempo het egter ‘n groot rol ten opsigte van yskristalvorming gespeel. Teen ‘n kenmerkende bevriesingstempo van een uur (FR_1h) was slegs intrasellulêre yskristalle waargeneem dwarsdeur die M. femorotibialis wat gelei het tot die laagste ontdooiingsverlies (2.57 %). Die ander bevriesingstempo’s, d.i. FR_2h, FR_4h en FR_8h, het gelei tot die vorming van meestal ekstrasellulêre yskristalle. Bevriesingstempo’s van FR_2h en FR_8h het beduidende dehidrasie van die spiervesels en vervorming van die spiervesel matriks tot gevolg gehad, wat tot verhoogde oksidasie gelei het. ‘n Bevriesingstempo van FR_24h (d.i. kommersieële tempo), het gelei tot die vorming van yskolomme van die oppervlak na die middelpunt van die spier, wat gevolglik die grootste ontdooiingsverlies (6.24%) tot gevolg gehad het. ‘n Bevriesingstempo van vier ure (FR_4h) is bestempel as die mees geskikte bevriesings tempo as gevolg van ‘n matige ontdooiingsverlies (3.93%), drupverlies, lae kookverlies, goeie kleur stabiliteit en uiters lae lipiedoksidasie te verseker. Die FR_4h bevriesingstempo is haalbare in die bedryf. Indien dit geïmplementeer word, sal dit waarskynlik die deurset van die slagpalesiklus asook die kostedoeltreffendheid van die volstruisbedryf vebeter, deur die vermindering van ontdooiingsverlies en verbetering van die algehele kwalitiet van die vleis.

This master thesis deals with computational stress-strain analysis of the tailskid of airplane L410 NG with main focus firstly the check current design of the tailskid and then the design another design solution with the able to absorb as much as possible the deformation energy. Solution of this problem is performed using computational modeling utilizing numerical simulation of quasi-static and crash deformation load of the tailskid with using explicit Finite Element Method (FEM) in program ABAQUS v6.14. After the introduction with problem situation and tailskid assembly introductory part is devoted to the research study of various designs of the tailskid for different types of airplanes. There follows these theoretical general principles of thin-walled structures and buckling of them. Before the creating of the computational model itself, the explicit form of the Finite Element Method is better described. The conclusion of this thesis deals with the mutual comparison of the most advantageous design variants of the tailskid and the selection of the most suitable one of them for the airplane L410 NG.

The isolation and purification of calpastatin from ostrich liver is presented, along with its physicochemical and kinetic properties. By using extraction from liver, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Toyopearl, heating to 90 °C for 10 min and rechromatography on Toyopearl Super-Q 650 S, ostrich calpastatin was isolated and purified from ostrich liver. The purified intact calpastatin showed homogeneity on SDS-PAGE (Mr of 105.6 K). Amino acid analysis showed that ostrich calpastatin resembled that of rabbit liver and human erythrocyte calpastatin. An N-terminal sequence could not be obtained because the N-terminus was found to be blocked by an as yet unknown amino acid residue. The Mr values of degradative forms of ostrich liver calpastatin were determined to be 56 K and 90 K. By using PAG-IEF the pI of the intact form was determined to be 5.1. Ostrich liver calpastatin behaved characteristically like other calpastatins during kinetic analysis. Calpastatin inhibited calpain from pH 6 to 9 and was found to be unaffected by temperatures as high as 100 °C. Calpastatin also inhibited calpain activity at Ca2+ concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mM. The inhibitor was shown to be phosphorylated because after incubation with alkaline phosphatase there was a decrease in inhibitory activity. No inhibitory effects were detected against other proteases such as chymotrypsin and trypsin, with both proteases inactivating calpastatin completely. Ostrich liver calpain was shown to have a pH optimum of 7.5 and a temperature optimum of 30 °C. In terms of its thermodynamic properties it resembled that of other ostrich proteases; DH, DS and DG being 47.07 kJ/mol, -91.1 J/mol/K and 74.237 kJ/mol, respectively. Ostrich liver calpain showed a Km of 0.14 % (w/v). The enzyme was active at both milli- and micro-molar concentrations of Ca2+. Ostrich liver calpastatin showed many physical, chemical and kinetic properties similar to those of other known calpastatins.

Thesis (MScVoedselwet)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Two experiments were conducted in order to manipulate the physical and chemical properties and shelf life of ostrich meat. Experiment 1: The effect of dietary fish oil rich in n-3 fatty acids on the organoleptic, fatty acid and physicochemical characteristics of ostrich meat. The diet of four ostrich groups (15 birds per group), approximately 3 months of age (ca. 41 kg live weight) grazing a predominantly oats pasture, was supplemented with a diet containing 6.7% fish oil. The birds received a supplement of either 0 (diet 1), 800 (diet 2), 1600 (diet 3) or 2400 g (diet 4) DM/day resulting in the consumption of 0 (diet 1), 14.5 (diet 2), 29 (diet 3) and 43.5 (diet 4) g fish oil per day. The ostriches were slaughtered at 10 months of age (ca. 70 kg live weight). An increase in the amount of fish oil consumed was found to have had statistically no significant effect on the sensory characteristics of the M. iliofibularis, although there was a tendency towards an increase in ‘fishiness’, for both aroma and flavour. However, increased concentrations of fish oil had a significant effect on the aroma and flavour of the abdominal fat pads. The muscle pHf and muscle lightness (L*) reflected a significant reduction with increased fish oil levels. The increased feed intake, on the other hand, had no effect on the chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat and ash content) of the meat. The fatty acid profile of both fat and meat was affected by the consumption of fish oil. The SFA concentration increased, while the PUFA concentration decreased, with an increase in feed intake. The MUFA concentration remained constant for all four groups. Experiment 2: The effect of dietary vitamin E and the type of packaging on the sensory quality, physicochemical composition and shelf life of ostrich meat. Two groups of ostriches (35 birds per group; ca. 3 months old) were fed diets containing either 40 mg/kg feed vitamin E (control) or 150 mg/kg feed Vitamin E for nine months. The birds were slaughtered at 12 months of age. The effect of different the levels of vitamin E and heat shrink treatment of vacuum packaging material on the shelf life of refrigerated (0°C) ostrich M. flexor cruris lateralis, was evaluated over 81 days. Vitamin E and heat shrink treatments were found to have had no significant effect on the sensory characteristics; off-meat aroma, sourness, juiciness and mealiness. Rancidity was found to be slightly more pronounced (although not statistical significant) in the vitamin E and heat shrink groups than in the feed control and vacuum-packed groups. A significant decrease in the organoleptic quality of the meat, over a 40 day shelf life period, was observed. The pH and muscle tenderness showed a significant reduction with increased storage time. The purge loss in the package increased over time with no change in muscle drip loss. The colour, conjugated dienoic acid and fatty acid content showed no significant changes over time or with regards to treatment. The total viable counts and coliform numbers in the muscle increased over time, with the coliforms being slightly suppressed by the inclusion of vitamin E in the diet. A microbiological safe shelf life of 40 days at 0°C was obtained.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Twee eksperimente is uitgevoer om die fisiese en chemiese eienskappe, asook die rakleeftyd van volstruisvleis, te manipuleer. Eksperiment 1: Die effek van visolie, ryk aan n-3 vetsure, op die organoleptiese, vetsuur- en fisies-chemiese eienskappe van volstruisvleis. Die dieet van vier groepe volstruise (15 voëls per groep), ongeveer 3 maande oud (ca. 41 kg lewende massa) wat ‘n hawer weiding bewei het, is aangevul met ‘n byvoedingsmengsel wat 6.7% visolie bevat en in toenemende hoeveelhede vir die groepe volstruise gevoer is. Die voëls het ‘n aanvulling van 0 (dieet 1), 800 (dieet 2), 1600 (dieet 3) of 2400 g (dieet 4) DM/dag ontvang wat gelei het tot ‘n inname van 0 (dieet 1), 14.5 (dieet 2), 29 (dieet 3) en 43.5 (dieet 4) g visolie per dag. Die volstruise is op ‘n ouderdom van 10 maande geslag (ca. 70 kg lewende massa). ‘n Toename in die hoeveelheid visolie ingeneem, het geen statisties betekenisvolle effek op die sensoriese eienskappe van die M. ilifibularis gehad nie, alhoewel daar ‘n tendens was vir ‘n toename tot ‘n ‘visagtige’ aroma en smaak. ‘n Toename in die konsentrasie visolie het egter ‘n betekenisvolle effek op die ‘visagtige’ aroma en smaak van die abdominale vet neerslae gehad. Die spier pHf en spier ligtheid (L*) het ‘n betekenisvolle afname met toename in voer inname getoon. Die verhoogde olie inname het egter geen effek op die chemiese samestelling (vog-, proteïen-, vet- en asinhoud) van die vleis gehad nie. Die vetsuurprofiel van beide die abdominale vet neerslae en die vleis is deur die inname van visolie verander. Die versadigde vetsuurkonsentrasie het verhoog terwyl die poli-onversadigde vetsuurkonsentrasie verlaag het met ‘n toename in rantsoenvlakke. Die mono-onversadigde vetsuurkonsentrasie het egter konstant gebly vir al vier groepe. Eksperiment 2: Die effek van vitamien E en die tipe verpakking op die sensoriese kwaliteit, fisies-chemiese samestelling en rakleeftyd van volstruisvleis. Twee groepe volstruise (35 voëls per groep, ongeveer 3 maande oud) het voere oor ‘n tydperk van nege maande ontvang wat 40 mg vitamien E/kg voer (kontrole) of 150 mg vitamien E/kg voer bevat het. Die voëls is op 12 maande ouderdom geslag. Die effek van die verskillende vlakke van vitamien E en hitte-behandeling van die verpakkings materiaal op die rakleeftyd van verkoelde (0°C) volstruis M. flexor cruris lateralis, is oor 81 dae geëvalueer. Vitamien E en die hitte-behandeling het geen betekenisvolle effek op die organoleptiese eienskappe (af-vleis aroma, suurheid, sappigheid en melerigheid) gehad nie. Galsterigheid was ‘n bietjie meer gedefinieerd (anie-betekenisvol) in die vitamien E en hitte behandelde groepe as in die rantsoen kontrole en vakuum verpakte vleis. ‘n Betekenisvolle afname is waargeneem in die organoleptiese kwaliteit van die vleis oor ‘n 40 dae rakleeftyd periode. Die pH en taaiheid van die spier het betekenisvol afgeneem met ‘n toename in bergingsperiode. Die drup verlies tydens verpakking het ook oor tyd toegeneem, terwyl geen verandering in die analitiese drup verlies van die spier verkry is nie. Die kleur, gekonjugeerde dieensuur en vetsuursamestelling het geen verandering oor tyd of ten opsigte van behandeling getoon nie. Die Totale Lewendig Seltelling en coliforme het toegeneem oor tyd, terwyl die coliforme deur die byvoeging van vitamien E tot ‘n mate onderdruk is. ‘n Mikrobiologies veilige rakleeftyd van 40 dae is verkry.

The subject of the thesis is the proposal of the castle brewery restoration in Uhersky Ostroh, Czech republic. The project aims at an evalutation of the future sustainable possibilites, approaching the topic with humility and dignity.

Ostrich organs/tissue/fluids were screened for plasma kallikrein-like, tissue kallikrein-like and tonin-like activity in a continuous-fluorogenic-assay system using Pro-Phe-Arg-7-amino-4-methylcoumarine, Phe- Arg-7-amino-4-methylcoumarine and Val-Leu-Arg--7-amino-4-trifluoro-methylcoumarine as substrates. Ostrich liver and kidney showed the highest specific plasma kallikrein-like activity. Ostrich adrenal glands and kidney showed the highest specific tissue kallikrein-like and tonin-like activity. Ostrich high molecular weight kininogen was purified from plasma and low molecular weight kininogen was partially purified. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of both high- and low molecular weight kininogens from ostrich plasma were determined. Ostrich plasma high molecular weight kininogen was purified as a 118 kD protein. The purified high molecular weight kininogen inhibits the cysteine proteinase papain at a ratio of one molecule HKG to two molecules of papain. Ornitho kinin-like molecules were detected in ostrich urine using reverse phase HPLC.

Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
Includes bibliography.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The ostrich industry has overcome many challenges since it originated. However, it is still vulnerable to sudden changes in customer preferences and economic cycles. As feed costs are the greatest expense in ostrich production, optimising feed formulations is vital. This will be possible if the growth and development of the ostrich can be simulated by modelling software. Various studies were conducted to describe ostrich growth in the form of equations that can be used in modelling software to increase the accuracy of predictions. In the first study, birds were given the choice of four diets with varying energy (8.5 or 13.5 MJ ME/kg feed) and protein (180 or 120 g/kg feed) levels. The birds preferred the high density diet (high energy and protein) in each growth phase. A growth curve of assumed optimal growth was constructed. The chemical fractions of the body were shown to increase non-linearly with advancing age and equations were established to predict the change of the body composition over time. In the second trial, birds received a formulated growth diet and were fed according to their nutrient requirements. Growth data was collected on the separate body components of maturing birds. Feather and skin nodule growth was defined for birds hatched in the summer. Allometric equations were set up to determine, predict and model the ostrich skin size and skin weight, some bones, some organs and the commercially valuable muscles through the growth cycle. The final trial was conducted to determine the effect of diet density (energy and amino acid level) on the growth of ostrich body components. A four-stage, 3 x 5 (energy x protein) factorial design was developed with varying energy and protein feeding regimes. Protein (amino acid) level had no influence on body component growth. Energy level had no effect on feather growth, skin nodule growth, bone and organ growth and muscle growth. Increased levels of dietary energy increased the skin size and skin weight. Increasing the dietary energy level also had a significant effect on the total body fat of the birds. Allometric equations were set up for each variable to predict the effect of diet on ostrich growth. Results in this study provide a framework for simulation modelling. Predicting ostrich growth and development is paramount to accurate diet formulations and lower feeding costs.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die volstruisindustrie het reeds vele struikelblokke oorkom, maar bly steeds kwesbaar vir skielike veranderinge in die ekonomiese klimaat asook in die voorkeure van die verbruiker. Een van die belangrikste insetkostes in volstruisproduksie is voer en daarom is dit noodsaaklik om voerformulerings te optimiseer. Die doel van hierdie tesis was om by te dra tot die ontwikkeling van modellering sagteware wat die groei en ontwikkeling van die volstruis naboots. Die spesifieke doel was om volstruisgroei te bestudeer en te bespreek deur middel van vergelykings wat gebruik kan word om die akkuraatheid van die simulasiemodelle te verhoog. Tydens die eerste studie is die voëls die keuse van vier diëte gegee waarvan die energie- (8.5 of 13.5 MJ ME/kg voer) en proteïen- (180 of 120 g/kg voer) vlakke verskil het. Die voëls het in die hoëdigtheid voer (hoog in energie en proteïen) in elke groeifase gekies. Uit hierdie data, wat aanvaar is om optimale groei te verteenwoordig, is ‘n groeikurwe gekonstrueer wat getoon het dat die chemise komponente van die liggaam nie-linieêr toegeneem het oor tyd. Vergelykings is hieruit afgelei wat die verandering in die liggaamsamestelling oor tyd kan voorspel. In die tweede studie het die voëls ʼn vier-fase geformuleerde groeidieët ontvang en is na gelang van hulle voedings behoeftes gevoer. Groeidata is ingesamel van die individuele liggaams-komponente van die groeiende volstruise. Veer- en velgroei is gedefinieer vir die voëls wat in die somer uitgebroei het. Allometriese vergelykings is opgestel om te bepaal hoe die volstruis se velgrootte, velgewig, sekere bene en organe, asook die kommersiële belangrike spiere gedurende die groei-siklus verander. Die finale studie is uitgevoer om die effek van voedingsvlak (energie- en aminosuurvlak) op die groei van die volstruis se liggaamskomponente te bepaal. ʼn Vier-fase, 3 x 5 (energie x proteïen) faktoriale ontwerp is gebruik met veranderende energie- en proteïenvlakke. Proteïen- (aminosuur) vlakke het geen invloed op die groei van die liggaamskomponente gehad nie. Energievlak het geen effek op die veer-, vel-, velknoppie-, been-, organe- en spiergroei gehad nie. Toenemende vlakke van energie het wel gelei tot ʼn toename in die velgrootte en massa. Die toename in voedingsengergie-vlakke het ook ʼn betekenisvolle effek op die totale liggaamsvet van die voëls gehad. Allometriese vergelykings is opgestel vir elk van die veranderlikes om die effek van dieët op elke komponent van die volstruis te bepaal. Die resultate van hierdie studies verskaf ‘n raamwerk vir die simulering en modellering van die groei en ontwikkeling van die volstruis. Akkurate voorspellings van die groei en ontwikkeling van die volstruis is noodsaaklik vir akkurate dieëtformulering en verlaagde voedingskostes.

The point od this master thesis is to propose a new Sanatorium with speleotherapy for children as an architectural concept. The building site is located on the northeast hill of township Ostrov u Macochy near the main entarnce to the cave, which is crucial for correct rehabilitation and treatment of the children. Sanatorium building contains everything needed for seasonal stay of the children – accomodation, school cafeteria with kitchen, medical space, rehabilitation with small wellness and one pool, cloakroom with equipment neccesary for the cave trip, administration part, common leisure spaces, spacious outside playgrounds and lastly all technical and technological things needed to keep the sanatorium running. In the surroundings of the building are couple of newly build family houses and the rest are meadows and forest.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of a new building for a children's sanatorium with speleotherapy in Ostrov u Macochy. Site is located in the valuable landscape of the Moravský kras nearby Císařská jeskyně, which is used in the healing process. The sloping plot is oriented to the southeast and offers optimal sun conditions. The designed building enters the existing terrain with respect and uses its natural slope. The sanatorium has three receding floors, their green roofs smoothly merge into the terrain. The building includes all required facilities - clinic, education, catering, speleology locker room, accommodation, administration, technical facilities, club rooms and games rooms. The construction system of the building is a combined brick and monolithic skeleton. The basic idea was playfulness and dynamism, simplicity of shapes, easy orientation in space and a terraced solution with ecological aspects of the design.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the design of an architectural study of a new building of a children's hospital with speleotherapy. The building is situated in the village of Ostrov u Macochy, which is located in the Moravian Karst Protected Landscape Area. The main goal was to integrate the building into the surrounding terrain as much as possible. From this was derived both the formation of the object itself and the choice of materials used. The design includes two mutually separated buildings – a treatment center and a covered parking lot. The hospital building consists of three interconnected pavilions of various functions. The individual parts of the building are arranged in such a way as to achieve the best possible operational connections. Thanks to the pavilion layout, the adjacent outdoor space was subdivided, creating two play areas for children of different ages. To achieve maximum fusion of the buildings with the surroundings, the buildings were partially embedded into the terrain, covered with terrain wave, and the surrounding landscaping was carried out to the smallest possible extent.

The topic of this master’s thesis was to make an architectural study of the Childern´s sanatorium with speleotheraphy in Ostrov u Macochy. The Sanatorium provides a professional care to the children and teenage with respiratory diseases, asthma but also skin diseases. The proposed building will primarily serve the needs of this sanatorium with the possibility of using some of its parts by the public. The area is located near the upper entrance to the Císařská jeskyně, which is now used for speleotherapy. The new building will be located on a sloping terrain near the surrounding development, which consists only of family houses. The ambition of the proposal was to use the orientation of the slope to the south, which offers a beautiful view of the town and at the same time sensitively set the building into the surrounding landscape of the Moravian Karst. The project itself consists of 4 main buildings that are interconnected by atrium in the middle. This atrium connects not only buildings, but also individual services, and thus acts as a kind of communication node.

This master’s thesis was prepared as an architectural study on the topic of Childern's sanatorium Ostrov u Macochy. It proposes design of a new children’s treatment centre that uses the nearby Císařská Cave for speleotherapeutic treatment. The municipality of Ostrov u Macochyis in the district of Blansko. The new building is located on the outskirts of the village surrounded by the nature of the protected area CHKO Moravský kras, the terrain is sloping and oriented to the south. These are the main attributes that the object uses and adapts to.The treatment centre operates in a single building with two main floors. The ground floor has space for commercial use, entrance hall, medical, rehabilitation and administrative part, kitchen and facilities for speleotherapy and operation of the treatment centre. The first floor is dedicated to children. One half of the first floor consists of playing areas and rooms for accommodated children and separate rooms for children accommodated with their parents. In the second half of the first floor there is an elementary school with three classrooms, a dining room and a caretaker's apartment. Thanks to the terrain, it is possible to enter the atrium and the garden with sports grounds from the entire first floor. This creates a connection between the interior and surrounding nature. The construction system of the building is mostly brick, supplemented by reinforced concrete columns, sprayed forms of prestressed ceiling slabs, the roof is flat green. The main idea of the urban solution is to create serious looking building connected with nature, which will respect the sloping terrain and the surrounding buildings. The architectural solution is based on a simple cubic U-shaped form, partially embedded in the terrain. The mass forms the atrium. The dominant feature of the facade are coloured shielding slats, which prevent the building from overheating. These slats also appear elsewhere on the facade and children can play

The architectural study deals with the design of Childern´s sanatorium with speleotherapy in Ostrov u Macochy. Design works with the idea of connecting with the surrounding nature, responds to the slopping terrain and tries to fulfill a comprehensive construction program. A characteristic element is the use of natural material – wood within the curtaing walling, which defines the architectural expression of the building. Emphasis is placed on renewable energy sources.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Campylobacter and related Epsilonproteobacteria (Arcobacter and Helicobacter) are currently viewed as emerging pathogens and are able to cause gastroenteritis, bacteraemia, the Guillain-Barré syndrome, reactive arthritis and other diseases in humans. While poultry, cattle and sheep are known reservoirs for campylobacter, very little is known about ostriches as a vector for these organisms. What is known, however, is that these birds can and sometimes do get infected. Studies by various researchers have provided evidence that various species of animals shed Epsilonproteobacteria in their faeces. In this study, qualitative microbiological assays were performed on liver, caecum and colon samples predominantly from healthy ostriches presented for slaughter, to detect any Epsilonproteobacteria present. Samples were collected at an abattoir in the Western Cape between February and December 2010. Qualitative microbiological assays were also performed on 50 faecal samples collected on a farm. Epsilonproteobacteria were isolated from the tissue samples and characterized following the phenotypic and biochemical scheme presented in the Cape Town protocol. This protocol uses membrane filtration onto antibiotic-free Tryptose blood agar plates, and incubation at 37 ºC in a hydrogen-enhanced microaerobic atmosphere (Lastovica, 2006). The isolates were identified as C. jejuni subsp. jejuni. The multiplex PCR of Neubauer and Hess (2006) was applied to some of these isolates. A panel of isolates consisting of C. jejuni subsp. jejuni, C. fetus and E. coli was used to verify the DNA extraction procedure. The C. fetus and E. coli isolates were used as negative controls, and although DNA was successfully extracted from them, no bands were observed in the respective lanes of electrophoresed gels after application of the PCR.

The ostrich industry is a small, important section of the economy in the Republic of South Africa. The demand for ostrich products is high in the world, but the ostrich industry faces some production problems, one of which is the low fertility of commercially farmed ostriches. This study aimed to determine the vasculature of the reproductive system in the male ostrich and determine the kind of blood-testis and blood-epididymis barriers, since there is no published information regarding this aspect. Thus 85 pre-pubertal and adult sexually active male ostrich were studied. Arterial supply, venous drainage, microvasculature of the male reproductive system, and blood-testis and blood-epididymal barriers, were determined in this specie, for the first time. Results show that the pattern of the arterial blood supply to the reproductive organs of the male ostrich is similar to that of the domestic fowl and pigeon. However, few highlighted, distinctive, features were noted, the communication between the cranial renal arteries and middle renal arteries via collateral circulation. The pattern of the venous drainage of the reproductive organs of the male ostrich, was similar to that described in the domestic fowl. However, important differences were the fusion between the caudal renal veins and the existence of a unique caudal median vein that had the caudal mesenteric vein as tributary. The epithelial structure in the proximal efferent ducts was consistent with fluid absorption. The fluid absorbed in the efferent ducts is harvested also by capillary lymphatics situated in the interstitium. Both the cranial and caudal segments of Ductus deferens and the Receptaculum ductus deferentis displayed one vascular networks beneath the tubular epithelium and other capillaries, venules, arterioles and collecting veins were in the periphery. Arterioles and collecting veins were also under the serosa. Subepithelial capillaries, in those segments, lacked fenestrations. The spongy structure, in the root of phallus, exhibited several blood vessels in the strands. The capillaries and the venules displayed fenestrations. The erectile tissue in the phallic sulcus had the same features like the spongy in phallus. The spongy is comparable to corpus paracloacal vascular body present in other avian species and it should be called lymphobulbus phalli, it is the main source of lymph for phallus erection in the male ostrich. There are similarities in the microvasculature pattern between ostrich and domestic fowl, but there are some differences in the ostrich: (i) Absence of fenestrations in the capillaries of testis, (ii) Very simple and random distribution of stromal blood capillaries, arterioles and venules in the epididymis, Endothelial fenestrations, only in the blood capillaries close to proximal efferent ducts, (iv) Isolated lymphatic capillaries in the epididymis, occasionally, presented endothelial fenestrations fitted with a membranous diaphragm, (v) Existence of three vascular networks surrounding the tubule of deferent duct and receptaculum, that were determined on the base of the distribution, location and size of the vessels. The blood-testis barrier of the ostrich is positioned: in (i) the capillary endothelium in the interstitium, between adjacent seminiferous tubule, (ii) the boundary tissue, and (iii) between spermatogonia and spermatocytes, and spermatogonia and Sertoli cells, and finally, (iv) between Sertoli cells. The occluding junctional complexes between the various tissue or cellular elements are mainly tight junctions. The blood-epididymal barrier in the ostrich is revealed by participation of the endothelium of the capillaries and venules in the epididymal region, as lanthanum is trapped there, it does not appear beyond that point. The blood-testis and blood-epididymal barriers are similar to those described for the domestic rooster.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Anatomy and Physiology
PhD
Unrestricted

The aim of this thesis is to perform a financial analysis of the city Uhersky Ostroh in the years 2012 to 2015 on the basis of individual and consolidated financial data. The work is divided into two parts, the theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part introduces the basic concepts and characteristics of the municipalities,define their nature and specifics, then we will deal with budgets and budget structure, financial analysis and also consolidation, basic concepts, procedures and methods. The theoretical part is followed by a practical part where is the financial analysis of Uhersky Ostroh,first on the basis of individual data and later on consolidated data. Finally, we compare the both of the analysis and evaluate the management of the city Uhersky Ostroh.

Ostrich eggshell (OES) is ubiquitous in archaeological sites in Africa and is a favoured substrate for amino acid racemisation (AAR) geochronology, yielding consistent results and thought to approximate a closed system with respect to protein diagenesis. It was found that the intra-crystalline fraction in OES can be isolated by oxidative pre-treatment and that these amino acids are resistant to leaching and unaffected by changes in the environmental pH (between pH 5 and 9). The intra-crystalline fraction in OES therefore effectively operates as a closed system with respect to protein diagenesis. This intra-crystalline fraction is likely to be a superior sample compared to whole-shell samples, removing uncertainty introduced through variable leaching rates, different ground water conditions and potentially exogenous contamination. Kinetic studies on modern OES indicate that high temperature data should be treated with caution when used to extrapolate kinetic parameters at low temperatures. This reinforces previous work that indicates the underlying mechanisms driving protein diagenesis need to be better understood in order to estimate accurate kinetic parameters, as the pathways of diagenesis are different at high and low temperatures. Nonetheless, hydrolysis and racemization have been shown to follow predictable patterns of diagenesis, and are therefore useful for the application of relative dating in AAR geochronology. Therefore, a chronological framework for southern South Africa was built by AAR analysis of a suite of OES samples, with calibration from independent dating methods (optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon), up to 151 ka. Through extensive artificial heating studies on modern OES samples, a checklist of 6 markers has been developed to identify sub-fossil samples that have been exposed to high temperatures. Exclusion of these heated samples from AAR age models significantly increases the age resolution. Analysis of several amino acid chiral pairs allowed age resolution over the full time range studied (~0.3 ka – 151 ka), allowing differentiation of MIS 1, 2, 3/4, 5 and 6. It has been shown that OES AAR offers a useful additional relative dating technique for archaeological and palaeontological sites from the same regions as Pinnacle Point and Elands Bay Cave, up to at least 151 ka (MIS 6). Furthermore, as 151 ka samples have racemization for some amino acids (e.g. isoleucine) only half way to equilibrium, there is considerable potential for OES AAR geochronology in South Africa beyond 151 ka. In addition, a preliminary study has demonstrated the potential of mass spectrometry in helping to unravel the complex nature of protein diagenesis within bio-minerals. Peptides from ~71 ka sub-fossil samples were successfully extracted and sequenced. It is believed this is the first time this has been done for eggshell samples of this age. This kind of study offers interesting insights into the patterns of protein preservation and degradation, with implications for understanding the role and function of proteins in the bio-minerals. Finally, a new ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method for the chiral separation of amino acids has been developed, with an analysis time (60 min including flush time) approximately half that of the previous HPLC method, allowing a higher throughput of samples. This new method also separates additional analytes, previously unstudied in AAR geochronology, which may offer further insight into protein diagenesis within bio-minerals.

A strategic analysis of the company ZELENÝ OSTROV s.r.o. is done in this master's thesis. The company runs a small laundry with the same name in small city Dobřichovice in the central Bohemian region. The main goal of this thesis is to work out a strategic analysis, evaluate its results and try to suggest strategic recommendation which would lead to a future prosperity. Theoretical part of the thesis focuses on strategy, strategic management, strategic analysis, small and medium enterprises and social business. Practical part focuses on application of theoretical basis and doing strategic analysis of the chosen company. In the end, there is a list of business activities which are implemented into a new suggested company strategy.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção, Florianópolis, 2014
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Santa Catarina posiciona-se atualmente como o segundo maior polo produtor de moluscos bivalves da América Latina. Além disso, o estado é responsável por 95% da produção nacional de moluscos bivalves. Dada a crescente importância conquistada pelo setor, este trabalho tem o objetivo de realizar uma analise comparativa entre os resultados do Programa Nacional de Controle Higiênico-Sanitário de Moluscos Bivalves - PNCMB em Santa Catarina e os padrões internacionais de comercialização de moluscos bivalves, mais precisamente na atividade da ostreicultura. Para tanto, foram analisados artigos publicados em revistas conceituadas, manuais, documentos técnicos e os requerimentos legais previstos tanto na legislação nacional quanto internacional de comercialização de moluscos bivalves. Nesta análise destaca-se o PNCMB, criado em 2012 em âmbito federal e gerido a nível estadual pela CIDASC (Companhia Integrada de Desenvolvimento Agrário de Santa Catarina). Através da utilização de 15 meses de dados, fornecidos pela CIDASC, relativos aos parâmetros ambientais das águas de cultivo do estado, pôde-se analisar o status da atividade frente aos embargos comerciais ainda existentes para o seu desenvolvimento. Os achados da pesquisa apontam as localidades mais aptas para o desenvolvimento da atividade em Santa Catarina e suas potencialidades e necessidades em relação às exigências necessárias para efetivar-se o comércio internacional de produtos derivados do cultivo de moluscos bivalves. Com esta análise conclui-se que as áreas produtivas de Santa Catarina estão aptas ao comercio internacional de moluscos bivalves quando se consideram os parâmetros ambientais necessários para tal e a legislação internacional vigente para a atividade.

Abstract: Santa Catarina currently ranks as the second largest production hub of bivalve molluscs in Latin America. In addition, the state is responsible for 95% of the national production of bivalve molluscs. Given the increasing importance gained by industry, this paper aims to conduct a comparative analysis between the results of the National Hygiene - Sanitary Control of Shellfish Bivalve - PNCMB in Santa Catarina and international marketing patterns of bivalve molluscs, more precisely in the oyster farming activity. For this purpose, were analyzed articles published in reputable journals, manuals, technical documents and Legal requirements set out in both, the national and international legislation of bivalve molluscs. This analysis highlights the PNCMB, created in 2012 at the federal level and administered at the state level by CIDASC (Companhia Integrada de Desenvolvimento Agrário de Santa Catarina). By using 15 months of data, provided by CIDASC, regarding the environmental parameters of the cultivation's waters of the state, could be assess the current status of the activity and their development trade embargoes. The research findings suggest the most suitable locations for the development of activity in Santa Catarina and its potential and needs regarding the requirements necessary to carry up international trade in products derived from the cultivation of bivalve molluscs. This analysis led to conclude that the productive areas of Santa Catarina are suitable for the international trade of bivalve molluscs when considering the environmental parameters required for such activity and the international law that set up this market.

The diploma project proposes The Children´s Sanatorium with Speleotherapy Ostrov u Macochy which is to take place in the Císařská Cave. Site is located close to the mentioned cave in an exposed natural environment adjacent by urban housing which is represented by dispersed detached houses. An ambition of project is connecting an existing down-entrance to Císařská Cave with design new up-entrance, building of speleotherapy and existing development. There is created a new interconnection which respects and supports a local morphology. The building is situated on the end of connector in direct continuity with existing roads and development which suitably complements because of architecture form based on an archetyp of traditional cottage. The complex offers services for rehabilitation, sanatorium, accommodation and sports for childrens clients and general public too. A project intention was an effort to maximize incorporation the volume to feature of town, townscape with gabled roofs and natural surroundings with preservation high users comfort.

The topic of my master’s thesis was to create an architectural study of Hospital with Speleotheraphy in Ostrov u Macochy. Sanatorium provides expert care to children suffering diseases of the respiratory tract, particular allergic and infections. Operation of the building is intended primary for children od preschool age. The building was divided into two main section. It ensures a conflict-free, natural traffic - two interconnected buildings. These buildings were carefully planted in the landscape of the Moravian Karst and contribute to teh development of Ostrov u Macochy.

The research program addressed in this study was to do an analysis of the potentials of the marketing of ostrich meat in the South African market. Being the world leader in the ostrich industry, the research’s emphasis was to establish reasons why the meat industry does not explore the South African meat market. To achieve this object, a literature study to determine the key components of the current situation was undertaken and used as a theoretical model to analyse the current situation in the market as well as in the ostrich industry. In addition to the literature study, an empirical study was conducted to identify some critical issues that have an influence on the potential of the domestic market. The survey method used, based on the key components gained from the literature study, consisted of an in-depth scan of the macro-environment and thorough investigation of the target industry. The investigation involved using the Internet and World Wide Web, print media, personal interviews and telephonic interviews. The result of the literature study was finally combined with the results of the empirical study and some recommendations were made. The recommendations were applicable to the ostrich industry in so far that implementing some plans for the meat industry can have serious consequences for the other products of the ostrich industry

This study reports the isolation, purification and partial characterisation of the ostrich serpin, a2AP, as well as its target enzyme, ostrich plasmin, in its active and inactive proenzyme, viz. plasminogen, forms. Three different procedures were undertaken to isolate and purify ostrich a2AP. The first one involved L-lysine-Sepharose chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography on Toyopearl Super-Q 650S, and ostrich plasminogen-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The second procedure replaced the latter chromatographic step with gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and hydroxylapatite chromatography, while the third one employed instead the theoretically more efficient LBSI-Sepharose chromatographic step. The third procedure yielded purified ostrich a2AP, but the degree of purity and yield were relatively low. Ostrich plasminogen was highly purified after L-lysine-Sepharose chromatography and ostrich plasmin was obtained by the urokinase-activation of the purified ostrich plasminogen Ostrich a2AP revealed an Mr of 77-84 K and two isoelectric forms of pI 3.85 and 6.18. Nterminal sequence analysis showed ostrich a2AP to have only 2 out of 11 residues in common with both those of human and bovine a2AP. Ostrich a2AP showed the largest inhibitory effects on ostrich plasmin, followed by comm. bovine chymotrypsin, trypsin and plasmin, in that order, and it appeared to be a much less potent plasmin inhibitor than bovine aprotinin, but a much more potent one than the synthetic inhibitors, DFP and EACA. Ostrich plasminogen showed an Mr of 92 K and multiple isoelectric forms (~7) in the pI range 6.01-9.18, with a major one of pI 6.01. It showed a total of 775 amino acid residues and its N-terminal sequence showed ~53 percent identity with those of human, rabbit, cat, and ox plasminogens. Ostrich plasmin revealed an Mr of 78 K, two isoelectric forms of pI 4.07 and 6.01, and a total of 638 amino acid residues. N-terminal sequence analysis showed that 2-4 residues are identical to the 5 of human, cat, dog, rabbit, and ox plasmins. The pH and temperature optima of ostrich plasmin were determined as 8.0 and 40 oC, respectively. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of ostrich plasmin were computed, and plasmin was shown to prefer Lys to Arg residues in the S1 position. In conclusion, ostrich a2AP, plasminogen and plasmin showed definite similarities to their mammalian counterparts, but there were also significant differences.

Previous literature has produced mixed findings of a tendency of investors, coined the “ostrich effect” to display a preference for avoiding potentially painful information regarding their portfolios. This paper investigates the presence of the ostrich effect during the 2008/2009 financial crisis via a survey of investors who held portfolios before and through that period. The results demonstrate that most investors do not report any ostrich effect. However, approximately one fourth of investors demonstrated a preference for delaying learning about potentially negative portfolio information, but ultimately chose to learn the information. These findings provide a more nuanced understanding of investors’ behaviors during financial crises and supports a more specific definition of the ostrich effect. Specifically, that some investors prefer a delay in painful information acquisition but do no indefinitely “keep their heads in the sand.”

The presented diploma thesis deals with the problem of determining the stress singularity exponent of the V-notch. This task can be divided into two parts. The first deals with the theoretical background, that means the basic relations of mechanics and the basic concepts of fracture mechanics. The second part deals with the elaboration of the Williams method and the creation of a program for calculating the stress singularity exponent.

This master´s thesis deals with the design of architectural study of new facility for Sanatorium with speleotherapy for children Ostrov u Macochy. The construction area is located in the protected landscape area of Moravsky kras, near small town Ostrov u Macochy in Blansko county. The main ambition of this study is to fully use the potential of target area. Children sanatorium mainly focuses on the treatment of respiratory diseases by using speleotherapy. They use nearby cave system for these purposes. This project consists of three main buildings – accommodation for patients, sanatorium and guest house. These objects are designed as well-functioning and cooperative complex which along with pleasant surroundings will satisfy all requirements needed for operating such a facility. The urban solution allows easy access to the centre of city Ostrov u Machochy and also into therapeutic caves. The final form of this study respects all important aspects of affected area and tries to naturally integrate into surrounding nature.

Diploma thesis has been prepared as an architectural study on the completion of the Children's Hospital Ostrov u Macochy using the method of speleotherapy (in the Imperial cave). The new building respects the valuable natural surroundings (CHKO Moravian karst) and the existing sloping terrain, which adapts. Resort spa is designed as a single interconnected complex of three operations - building the house, primary school and the hospital itself. The complex includes: services to visitors, restaurant, pension, clinic, primary school, administration, children accommodation, dining, hospital and sports. The structural system of the object is combined. The idea of urban and architectural solutions is the simplicity of shapes, respecting the existing landscape, copy the shape of the terrain, functionality and aptness plan.

The master thesis Sanatorium with Speleotherapy for Children - Ostrov u Macochy is an architectonical concept which consist of the establishment of a sanatorium with various functions for patients and the public. The compound offers a medical block, administrative and economic blocks, a school, a cafeteria for visitors, a guests house for adult clients and complement. The building site is located on an inclined terrain near Císařské jeskyně (Caesar cave) and it is surrounded by forest from three sides. There is a scenic view to the south from the construction site. The neighboring buildings consist only of family houses. The compound of sanatorium aimed to have the closest interaction with surroundings and the terrain, therefore the estate is divided into three different segments based on the three most important functions of the construction program.

Designed children´s sanatorium is situated on the cadastral area of Ostrova u Macochy town, in the protected area of Moravsky Kras. The architecture of this building fits in the surroundings of the landscape and respects its features. The building main attributes are its south-facing slope, the compositional construction from prefabricated reinforced concrete structure and perimeter sandwich structure, as well as the massive insulation. Thanks to these characteristics, it is classified as energy-efficient building. These eight buildings, interconnected by the massive colonnade in its middle axis, force the user to take advantage of all its energy-efficient advantages.

Presented diploma thesis is concerned with problems of a stress singularity exponent and a generalized stress intensity factor determination, by dint the stress field in the vicinity of the stress concentrator can be consecutively determined. This task is possible to sectionalize into three parts. The first part summarizes basic information about linear anisotropic materials, deals with fundamentals of the linear elastic fracture mechanics and introduces its generalization to the case of the generalized stress intensity factors. The second part is dedicated to a special theory of anisotropic elasticity - Lekhnitskii-Eshelby-Stroh formalism (LES). Furthermore, a theory of the psi-integral is introduced, by dint the stress intensity factor is determined. The final part applies the LES theory and the psi-integral to the concrete material configuration of a crack on the bimaterial interface, a special example of a sharp bimaterial notch. By means of analytical-numerical algorithm in ANSYS and Silverforst FNT95 software the stress singularity exponents and generalised stress intensity factors are consecutively computed.

ARAÚJO, Rayza Lima. Quantificação de bactérias entéricas em sítios anatômicos e líquido intervalvar de ostras (Crassostrea rhizophorae) e caracterização de isolados de Escherichia coli. 2013. 72 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2013
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Fecal coliforms have been described as one of the best indicators of pollution in the aquatic environments by human wastes, and it is widely used as a parameter for classifying areas where oysters are farmed or extracted. Among Enterobacteriaceae members, E. coli stands out as potential pathogenic specie, representing risk for public healthy when associated with consumption of raw or undercooked bivalves. However, little is known about this colonization in the bivalve tissues and/or distribution of these enteric bacteria. The objective of the present study was to: (i) quantify fecal coliforms from body fluid and anatomical sites, separately; (ii) isolate and identify E. coli in oysters commercialized in natura in Praia do Futuro beach, Fortaleza-Ceará; (iii) evaluate the virulence profile and resistance to antimicrobial agents of E. coli isolates. The study covered ten samples, from February to April 2012, by analyzing twelve oysters for sample, divided into a body fluid (intervalvar liquor) and two anatomical sites (mantle and gastrointestinal tract). Fecal coliforms concentration was higher than allowed by legislation nº 12/2001 of ANVISA in three samples, and intervalvar liquor presented higher MPN in six samples. Out of 137 E. coli strains isolated, 19% was resistant to both tetracycline and oxytetracycline, and MAR ranged from 0,250 to 0,625. It is further noted producing expended spectrum beta lactamases strains, however none showed biofilm production. The major frequency resistance to oxytetracycline suggests a selective pressure to mangrove ecosystem microbiota that could be directly affected by farming shrimp activity, practiced in a region next to Parnaíba city, located in Piauí state, where oysters are extracted. In addition, the presence of multiple resistance can be a risk for in natura oyster consumers.
Os coliformes termotolerantes têm sido descritos como um dos melhores indicadores de contaminação de ambientes aquáticos por resíduos humanos, sendo amplamente utilizado como parâmetro para classificação de áreas onde se cultiva ou extrai ostras. Dentre os membros deste grupo, a Escherichia coli se destaca como uma espécie potencialmente patogênica, representando risco para a saúde pública quando associada ao consumo de moluscos bivalves crus ou parcialmente cozidos. Entretanto, pouco é sabido sobre a colonização nos tecidos desses moluscos e/ou distribuição dessas bactérias entéricas. O presente estudo teve como objetivos:(i) quantificar coliformes termotolerantes do fluido corporal e dos sítios anatômicos, separadamente;(ii) isolar e identificar E. coli de amostras de ostras comercializadas in natura na Praia do Futuro, Fortaleza-Ceará;(iii) avaliar o perfil de virulência e resistência a antimicrobianos dos isolados de E. coli. Foram realizadas dez coletas no período de fevereiro a abril de 2012, sendo analisadas dez ostras por coleta, divididas em um fluido corporal (líquido intervalvar) e dois sítios anatômicos (músculo e trato gastrointestinal). Os resultados apontaram três amostras com contagens de coliformes acima do limite estabelecido pela legislação nº 12 de 2001 da ANVISA, tendo o líquido intervalvar apresentado o NMP mais elevado em seis amostras. Das 137 cepas de E. coli isoladas, verificou-se maior incidência de resistência à tetraciclina e oxitetraciclina (19%), com variação do Índice de Múltipla Resistência (MAR) entre 0,250 e 0,625. Observou-se ainda a presença de cepas produtoras de enzimas beta-lactamases de espectro estendido, porém nenhuma das cepas testadas apresentou produção de biofilme. A elevada frequência de resistência à oxitetraciclina sugere uma pressão seletiva sobre a microbiota do ecossistema manguezal, que pode ser afetada diretamente pela atividade de carcinicultura, praticada na região próxima à cidade de Parnaíba, localizada no Estado do Piauí, de onde as ostras são extraídas. Além disso, a presença de múltipla resistência aos antimicrobianos observada pode ser indicativa de risco para os consumidores de ostra in natura.

The aim of this research was to identify how farmers learn how to farm using pluriactive lifestyle block ostrich farmers who are part of the New Zealand ostrich industry as a case study. Ostrich farming is comparatively new to New Zealand farmers and the industry has attracted innovative individuals who have developed informal learning strategies. Ostrich farmers use other farmers as their main resource which is mainly facilitated through events organised by the New Zealand Ostrich Association (NZOA) and aimed at lifestyle block farmers. Ostrich farmers' community of practice is centred around their membership to the Association which enables farmers to come together to learn and socialise. For learning to effectively take place the key is social interaction, where ideas can be transferred between farmers. This thesis illustrates the important events and structure of the industry and how this has shaped farmer learning. Through semi-structured interviews and participant observation on a chick rearing farm I was able to gain a picture of how lifestyle block farmers balance full time off-farm employment while running stock, in an attempt to satisfy their version of the rural idyll. The industry is now in decline as most of the early players have exited the industry and it is now focused around New Zealand Ostrich Export (NZOE) goals. By exploring the period called the breeder phase which was characterised by some farmers making a fortune as ostrich farming was the 'next big thing' and the history since then, I have identified how these particular farmers have learned how to farm.

Cathepsin D, a muscle proteinase, participates in lysosomally mediated protein degradation in vivo. This enzyme has been proposed to play a significant role in the postmortem proteolysis process apparently associated with tenderisation. The lack of data on the postmortem characteristics of ostrich meat, especially on the ageing process and its influence on meat tenderness, called for an investigation into this process. There is no data available for purified ostrich cathepsin D, and the aim of this study was, therefore, to isolate, purify and characterise cathepsin D from ostrich skeletal muscle and subsequently investigate the possible role that it may have in the tenderisation process of meat. Cathepsin D was successfully isolated and purified from ostrich skeletal muscle using pepstatin A-agarose chromatography. The purified enzyme was composed of two subunits (14 and 29kDa). The amino acid composition as well as the N-terminal amino acid sequence of both subunits were determined. Kinetic parameters (Km and Vm), thermodynamic parameters (Ea, ∆H, ∆S and ∆G) and functional characteristics (effect of pH, temperature and various inhibitors on cathepsin D activity) were determined and are reported in this study. Ostrich muscle cathepsin D showed a pH optimum of 4 and a temperature optimum of 45°C. The activity of cathepsin D was strongly inhibited by pepstatin A and DTT. Purified ostrich cathepsin D displayed kinetic and functional properties similar to previously reported values from various species. The effect of storage on the activity of cathepsin D was investigated over a 30 day period. It was established that substantial postmortem cathepsin D activity remained throughout the storage period, to implicate cathepsin D, fulfilling a possible role in meat maturation.

The ostrich is becoming an important source of meat for humans in developed and developing countries. This study was conducted to purify and characterize myofibrilbound serine protease (MBSP) and its endogenous inhibitor (MBSPI) from skeletal muscle of the ostrich. It is well documented that MBSP is tightly bound to myofibrils and its endogenous inhibitor has been purified from the same tissue of other studied mammalian species. Literature supports an association of MBSP and its endogenous inhibitor with the degradation of myofribrillar proteins, resulting in the softening of muscle that lead to the conversion of muscle into meat with the control of the inhibitor. MBSP was successfully dissociated from washed myofibrils by 40 percent ethylene glycol at pH 8.5. Following centrifugation, MBSP was partially purified in two chromatographic steps, namely Toyopearl Super Q 650S and p-aminobenzamidine-Agarose. On the other hand, MBSPI was fractionated from the sarcoplasmic fraction using 75 percent ammonium sulfate saturation, followed by centrifugation and partially purified by three chromatographic steps, namely Toyopearl Super Q 650S, Superdex 200 and HiTrap SP HR. Ostrich MBSP was physicochemically and kinetically characterized, while MBSPI was only physicochemically characterized. Ostrich MBSP revealed an Mr of 21 kDa, cleaving synthetic fluorogenic substrates specifically at the carboxyl side of arginine residues. Optimum pH and temperature of ostrich MBSP were 8.0 and 40˚C, respectively. Kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax values) were calculated from Lineweaver-Burk plots. The characteristics of ostrich MBSP were compared to the values obtained for commercial bovine trypsin in this study, as well as that obtained for MBSP from various fish species and mouse. The results suggest that ostrich MBSP is a trypsin-like serine protease, thereby confirming the existence of MBSP in ostrich skeletal muscle. Partially purified ostrich MBSPI (Mr 17 kDa) (one form) shares 100 percent identity to myoglobin from the same species, while 2 other forms of MBSPI (Mr values of 35 and 36 kDa) exhibited high sequence identity to glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (76 percent) from human and rat.

The proteasome is renowned for its high molecular weight, multisubunit and mulicatalytic nature. One of its many suggested roles is the degradation of myofibrillar proteins, and therefore it has been proposed to play a role in the meat tenderisation process. The aim of this study was therefore to isolate, purify and characterise the 20S proteasome from ostrich skeletal muscle, with a view to ultimately investigating its role in the tenderisation process of ostrich meat. The 20S proteasome was successfully isolated and purified from ostrich skeletal muscle using Toyopearl Super Q-650S, Sephacryl S-300, hydroxylapatite and Mono Q chromatographies. The intact molecule showed a molecular weight of 725 K and a pI of 6.67. The subunits showed a molecular weight range of 22.2-33.5 K and a pI range of 3-9. 2D-PAGE revealed at least 14 polypeptides. The amino acid composition of the intact enzyme and of each of the eight subunits separating on SDSPAGE, as well as the N-terminal sequences of five of the eight subunits, were determined. The trypsinlike (Tr-L), chymotrypsin-like (ChT-L), peptidylglutamyl peptide hydrolase (PGPH) and caseinolytic activities showed pH optima of 11, 9, 7-8 and 10.3, and temperature optima of 40, 60, 70 and 60oC, respectively. The pH stability range for all four activities was 5-12. The ChT-L and PGPH activities showed thermostabilities up to 60oC, whereas the Tr-L and caseinolytic activities were stable up to 40o C. The enzyme showed complex kinetics. It was inhibited by the peptide aldehyde Z-LLL-CHO and cysteine protease inhibitors. Cations had negligible effects on the enzyme, excepting for Ca2+ and Mg2+. Of the detergents tested, SDS had the most potent stimulatory effect, particularly on the PGPH and caseinolytic activities. The fatty acid studies showed that unsaturation enhanced the ChT-L and the caseinolytic activities, while it completely suppressed the Tr-L activity. Heating at 60oC for 1-2 min stimulated the caseinolytic and PGPH activities. The studies on the role of ostrich skeletal muscle 20S proteasome in ostrich meat tenderisation suggested a definite but minor role of this enzyme, based on the fact that it remained active throughout the 12 days of storage of ostrich M. iliofibularis meat at 4oC and that it participated in myofibril degradation of post-mortem muscle, but to a small degree. These results support the proposal that the proteasome comes into play after the calpains have initiated degradation. However, there was a lack of improvement in tenderness values and minimal myofibrillar degradation over the 12-day storage period of the ostrich M. iliofibularis meat, leading to the conclusion that the tenderisation of this meat was incomplete after 12 days.

Concerning the first part of the thesis, we deal with the theoretical aspect of merchandising. In the second - practical - part of the thesis, the theoretic knowledge are applied in the Jednota Uherský Ostroh's stores. There are information about Jednota Uherský Ostroh, concerning development of the company, the current economic situation and the rules of merchandising, too. 3 different types of stores are reviewed according to these rules.

Ostriches are an important commercial species in South Africa and are becoming increasingly so in other parts of the world. Fertility and hatchability of artificially incubated ostrich eggs, however, is generally regarded as low compared to other poultry species and to ostriches in the wild. Investigation into specific farming practices at present indicated scope for an overall improvement in productivity through a sound breeding strategy. This thesis investigated factors that affect egg production, fertility, and hatchability of artificially incubated eggs in the Little Karoo region of South Africa. Specific breeding pair combinations accounted for the major variations in egg weight, hatchability, chick production and offspring weight at slaughter age. An appreciable proportion of variation in reproductive traits was attributable to the repeatable nature of breeding pair performance from year to year, even from first breeding attempts, suggesting that selection of good breeding stock can be made from an early age. Artificially incubated eggs showed improved hatchability when eggs were collected two to three hours after lay rather than the following morning. Storing position of eggs did not significantly effect hatchability when eggs were stored for a maximum of one week. The critical zero temperature for ostrich eggs, below which no embryonical development takes place, was found to be ± 25°C and cooling eggs to temperatures below 20°C for complete cessation of embryonic development during storage resulted in better hatchabilities compared to eggs stored at 25°C room temperature. Hatchability decreased when incubator temperatures were raised from 36 to 37.3°C. Large temperature fluctuations and gradients, which encompass detrimental temperatures, persist within forced draught wooden incubators of the type most commonly in use in the Little Karoo region. The highest temperatures occurred at the top of these incubators and will consequently have a negative impact on hatchability. The ontogeny of ostrich egg metabolism showed an exponential increase during the first 70% of incubation followed by a decline to 75% of the peak value between days 31 and 38 of incubation. From peak levels of embryonic development it was calculated that single stage incubators needs an airflow of 54.4 1/egg.hour to maintain oxygen levels just below 21% and carbon dioxide levels below 0.5%. Lower embryonic mortalities were observed when eggs were turned twenty-four times/day in an electronic incubator compared to hand turning twice a day. Eggs rotated through increasing angles between 60 and 90° resulted in a linear improvement in hatchability. In incubators where turning angles were fixed at 60°, lower hatchabilities were overcome by incubating eggs for 2 - 3 weeks in a horizontal position before placing them vertically. No specific farming practice could be singled out as the main cause of low fertility or hatchability but rather a combination of certain practices applied wrongly.