Tesis sobre el tema "Origine de la Réplication"
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Sollelis, Lauriane. "Dynamique de la réplication de l’ADN et complexe pré-réplicatif chez Leishmania sp.. : apport du système CRISPR/Cas9". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT062/document.
Texto completoLeishmania, a protozoan parasite which causes a large range of diseases worldwide, is characterized by a constitutive 'mosaic aneuploidy', i.e. each cell in a population possesses a unique combination of mono-, di- and trisomies for each of its 36 heterologous chromosomes. Mosaic aneuploidy is generated and maintained via high rates of asymmetric chromosomal allotments during mitosis, leading to the gain or loss of whole chromosomes. This implies an unconventional regulation of the replication, followed by a permissive segregation.The main objective of this study was to unravel DNA replication dynamics and to map the replication initiation sites in Leishmania using DNA combing and ChIP-seq analyses. First, we have characterized DNA replication fork parameters. One of the major findings of this study was that Leishmania exhibits the fastest replication speed and the largest interorigin distances among the eukaryotes tested so far. We have also estimated that the Leishmania major genome possesses 168 origins of replication.To study the actors involved in DNA replication, we first had to develop novel genetic tools. The CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR associated endonuclease 9) system is a recently discovered powerful technique for genome editing. In order to adapt this system to Leishmania, we have chosen a two-plasmid strategy: one for the expression of the single guide (sg) RNA and a second for the expression of the endonuclease CAS9. The proof of concept has been based on the disruption of the paraflagellar rod-2 (PFR2) loci by the CRISPR-Cas9 system. In a second attempt, we have developed an inducible CRISPR-Cas9 system, both to obtain knock outs and to perform marker-free endogenous gene tagging. We used the system to investigate the function of Origin Recognition Complex proteins. Although the system was leaky, the genome was edited as expected. We thus deleted Orc1b and Orc1/Cdc6 and monitored the cell cycle progression of the parasite. We found that the depletion of these nuclear proteins lead to a growth defect and to the appearance of zoids (anucleated cells). The endogenous tagging of Orc1b confirmed the localization previously obtained using an episomal expression vector, and will allow further investigation on the role of this protein.In total, we have shown the presence of original replication dynamics parameters in Leishmania, and using CRISPR Cas9, we have demonstrated that Orc1b and Orc1/Cdc6 are involved in the nuclear duplication of Leishmania, in agreement with their putative in DNA replication
Girard-Reydet, Claire. "Spécification endogène et expérimentale d'une origine de réplication chez l'eucaryote pluricellulaire". Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20138.
Texto completoMeisch, Françoise. "Mécanismes moléculaires de l'initiation de la réplication". Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077172.
Texto completoMy PhD focused on the molecular mechanisms governing initiation of DNA replication in vertebrates. I participated in the identification and characterization of origins of replication (ori) on 1% of the human genome. These ori have been identified in HeLa cells by quantification of short nascent strands, which are specific of replication initiation. We showed that a strong link exists between ori and CpG islands and that the association of ori with open chromatin marks like histone acetylation is dispensable for origin specification. Furthermore, no clear link emerges between ori density and the moment at which a genomic region replicates. I have also been interested in the licensing step which consists in the binding on the initiation sites of the Pre-replication complex (Pre-RC), in first place ORC (Origin recognition complex). Licensing takes place in the Gl phase of the cell cycle and only Pre-RC binding sites can be used as initiation sites. We chose to work with the avian DT40 cell line, able to perform homologous recombination at high frequency. I thus constructed cell lines which express tagged versions of the Orcl and Orc2 proteins and from the endogenous locus. I realized chromatin immunoprecipitations (ChIP) to identify their binding sites. We obtain small but coherent enrichments of Orcl at well known chicken ori. As these small enrichments complicate genome-wide approaches, we plan to repeat these experiments with elutriated cells in Gl phase in order to increase the ChIP enrichments
Norais, Cédric. "Etude de la réplication de l'ADN chez l'archaea halophile Haloferax volcanii". Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112104.
Texto completoDuring my doctoral work, I have studied DNA replication in the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii. The first aim of this study was to establish the use of available genetic tools for H. Volcanii, including the pop-in/pop-out gene deletion system, for routine work at the laboratory. A partial annotation of the genes implicated in DNA replication and repair allowed the identification of 16 putative Initiator Cdc6/Orc1. The use of genetics combined with nucleotide skews analyses allowed the identification of five replication origins. The main chromosome carries at least two replication origins whereas another origin is used to replicate both pHV1 and pHV4. The in vivo activity of these origins could be confirmed by replication initiation point mapping and DNA two-dimensional gels. The study of PCNA interacting peptides revealed that archaeal RNAseH interacts with PCNA to form an inactive complex. Genetic analyses with H. Volcanii revealed the implication in DNA repair of Fen1 and surprisingly RnaseHI and RnaseHII. These studies also showed that Fen1 is required for DNA replication. I confirmed that H. Volcanii Okazaki fragments are less than 200 bases long and carry an RNA primer synthesized by the essential PriS/L eukaryotic-like primase. On the other hand, the putative bacterial-like primase DnaG can be deleted and its role remains to be characterized. My studies have demonstrated that with its multi-replicon structure and efficient genetic tools for gene characterization, H. Volcanii is a novel and pertinent model for the study of archaeal DNA replication
Kirstein, Nina Danielle. "Chromatin-dependent pre-replication complex positioning and activation in mammals". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT005/document.
Texto completoWith every cell division, the genome needs to be faithfully duplicated. Tens of thousands of DNA replication initiation sites (origins of replication) are involved in replicating the human genome. Origin activation is precisely regulated and extensive genome-wide studies found association of origin activation to several different genomic features. The pre-replication complex (pre RC) is the basis for replication initiation and consists of two major subcomponents: the origin recognition complex (ORC) binds DNA and is required for loading of the second component, Mcm2-7 helicases, which initiate DNA replication. Regulation of pre-RC assembly is well studied, however, chromatin features driving pre RC positioning on the human genome remain largely unknown. Genome-wide pre-RC chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) studies are rare and so far only performed for ORC. As Mcm2-7 can translocate from their initial loading site, information about Mcm2-7 positioning are required for full understanding of DNA replication regulation.This work presents the first genome-wide ChIP-seq analysis of the two major pre-RC subcomponents ORC and Mcm2-7 in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line Raji. Successful ChIPs were validated on the EBV genome by comparing obtained pre RC positions with already existing pre-RC ChIP-on chip data. On the human genome, pre-RC sequencing results nicely correlated with zones of active replication. Interestingly, zones of replication termination were specifically depleted from pre-RC components, especially from Mcm2 7. Active DNA replication is known to correlate with active transcription. Indeed, strong pre-RC assembly preferentially occurred at sites of active transcriptional regulation, presumably determined by chromatin accessibility. Strong Mcm2-7 binding thereby fluctuated cell cycle-dependently, arguing for Mcm2-7 translocations during G1, possibly depending on the active transcriptional machinery. These results indicate ORC and Mcm2-7 positions being mainly dependent on chromatin accessibility in active chromatin, with Mcm2-7 being the major determinant of replication initiation. In heterochromatin, ORC was enriched at H4K20me3 sites, while Mcm2-7 enrichment was less prominent. Employing a plasmid-based replication system, ORC association to H4K20me3 was proven to promote successful pre-RC assembly and replication initiation, situating direct ORC-chromatin interactions being the major determinant for DNA replication regulation in heterochromatin. Taken together, this study proposes two different modes of pre-RC assembly regulation depending on chromatin environment
Huvet, Maxime. "Rôle de la réplication dans l'évolution et l'organisation du génome humain". Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077032.
Texto completoAlthough genes are generally considered as randomly positioned in the genome, clusters of co-expressed genes have been identified in many organisms, from yeast to human. However, in human, the importance of these clusters is controversial. Our goal is to study human gene organisation according to replication origins. For this purpose, we based our study on previous results showing the existence of a nucleotide compositional asymmetry associated with replication. We developed a multi-scale methodology using the wavelet transform to analyse the profile of compositional asymmetries in the human genome. In one third of the genome, the skew profile is composed of structures, named N-domains, characterised by a pair of upward jumps framing a linearly decreasing segment. These jumps are associated with putative replication origins. These structures seem to have been conserved, during evolution, in mammals and birds. Analysis of replication timing data shows that in most cases, the N-domain borders are associated with replication initiation sites active in the early S phase. Around these origins, genes are abundant, broadly expressed, and co-orientated with the replication fork orientation. These properties decrease progressively with the distance to the closest putative origin. In the centre of N-domains, genes are rare and expressed in few tissues. This organisation likely results from constraints to reduce head-on collisions between the DNA and RNA polymerases. Our findings provide a new model of gene organisation in the human genome, which integrates transcription, replication, and chromatin structure as coordinated determinants of genome architecture
Danis, Etienne. "Spécification d'une origine de réplication par des facteurs de transcription chez xenopus laevis". Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20026.
Texto completoCourbet, Sylvain. "Dynamique de la réplication et instabilité génétique chez les mammifères". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066133.
Texto completoBrustel, Julien. "Principes de la régulation des origines de réplication par la lysine méthyltransférase PR-Set7". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13522.
Texto completoIn order to ensure accurate inheritance of genetic information through cell proliferation, chromosomes must be precisely copied once and only once and then correctly distributed to daughter cells. Chromosome replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and is initiated at discrete chromosomal sites called replication origins. However, the ability to activate replication origins occurs during mitosis of the previous cell cycle and continuing into early G1 phase. This crucial step, called DNA replication licensing, consists of the assembly of a multi-protein pre-Replicative Complex (pre-RC) onto origins, making them competent for replication. During S phase, pre-RC are inhibited by different ways, that ensures that origins are activated only once per cycle and prevents DNA rereplication (multiple initiations from the same origin). In metazoans, functional replication origins do not show defined DNA consensus sequences, thus evoking the involvement of chromatin determinants in the selection of these origins.During my thesis, I have discovered that that the onset of licensing in mammalian cells coincides with an increase in histone H4 Lysine 20 monomethylation (H4K20me1) at replication origins by the methyltransferase PR-Set7. By genome mapping of H4-20me1 signals during the cell cycle, we found that nearly half of origins that fire during S phase are associated with H4-K20me1 during mitosis, when the process of replication licensing is activated. This mitotic H4-K20me1 signature is highly significant for origins located near transcription start sites and promoters that are characterized by the presence of CpG islands and H3-K4me3 signals. Furthermore, tethering PR-Set7 methylase activity to an origin-free genomic locus is sufficient to promote a chromatin remodeling follow by a creation of a functional origin of replication and promotes replication initiation. PR-Set7 and H4K20me1 are cell-cycle regulated, with high levels during M and early G1 and very low in S phase. At the onset of S phase, PR-Set7 undergoes an ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, which depends on its interaction with the sliding-clamp protein PCNA and involves the ubiquitin E3 ligase CRL4-Cdt2. Strikingly, expression of a PR-Set7 mutant insensitive to this degradation causes the maintenance of H4K20me1 and repeated DNA replication at origins. This photolytic regulation controls the initiation of replication origin.This suggests that a cascade of lysine methylation events, initiated by PR-Set7 during mitosis, would define the position of origins in open chromatin structures
Wang, Weitao. "Genome-Wide Mapping of Human DNA Replication by Optical Replication Mapping Supports a Stochastic Model of Eukaryotic Replication". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLS048.
Texto completoDNA replication is regulated by the location and timing of replication initiation. Therefore, much effort has been invested in identifying and analyzing the sites of human replication initiation. However, the heterogeneous nature of eukaryotic replication kinetics and the low efficiency of individual initiation site utilization in metazoans has made mapping the location and timing of replication initiation in human cells difficult. A potential solution to the problem of human replication mapping is single-molecule analysis. However, current approaches do not provide the throughput required for genome-wide experiments. To address this challenge, we have developed Optical Replication Mapping (ORM), a high-throughput single-molecule approach to map newly replicated DNA and used it to map early initiation events in human cells. The single-molecule nature of our data, and a total of more than 2000-fold coverage of the human genome on 27 million fibers averaging ~300 kb in length, allow us to identify initiation sites and their firing probability with high confidence. In particular, for the first time, we are able to measure genome-wide the absolute efficiency of human replication initiation. We find that the distribution of human replication initiation is consistent with inefficient, stochastic initiation of heterogeneously distributed potential initiation complexes enriched in accessible chromatin. In particular, we find sites of human replication initiation are not confined to well-defined replication origins but are instead distributed across broad initiation zones consisting of many initiation sites. Furthermore, we find no correlation of initiation events between neighboring initiation zones. Although most early initiation events occur in early-replicating regions of the genome, a significant number occur in late replicating regions. The fact that initiation sites in typically late-replicating regions. The fact that initiation sites in typically late-replicating regions have some probability of firing in early S phase suggests that the major difference between initiation events in early and late replicating regions is their intrinsic probability of firing, as opposed to a qualitative difference in their firing-time distributions. Moreover, modeling of replication kinetics demonstrates that measuring the efficiency of initiation-zone firing in early S phase suffices to predict the average firing time of such initiation zones throughout S phase, further suggesting that the differences between the firing times of early and late initiation zones are quantitative, rather than qualitative. These observations are consistent with stochastic models of initiation-timing regulation and suggest that stochastic regulation of replication kinetics is a fundamental feature of eukaryotic replication, conserved from yeast to humans
Guilbaud, Guillaume. "Etude du programme de réplication du génome humain par peignage moléculaire de l'ADN et séquençage massif". Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077104.
Texto completoReplication of the human genome starts at some 30. 000 origins whose position and timing of replication are not well known. Bioinformatic analyses have shown a nucleotide compositional asymmetry between the lagging and the leading replicating strands. The profile of this skew revealed that an important fraction of the genome is organized in 1Mb domains that show an N-shape (called N-domains). The skew profile of N-domain borders showed a sharp upward jump that was interpreted as the signature of highly efficient replication origins. The progressive inversion of the skew between two upward jumps suggested a progressive inversion of the average replication fork orientation. We determined the timing of replication for the whole human genome and then focused on N-domains. The timing profile was obtained by massive sequencing and interpreted using single DNA molecule replication patterns obtained by molecular combing of DNA. We show that replication begins at early replicating initiation zones containing efficient origins. Replication then propagates by progressive activation of neighbouring origins with an initiation rate that increases during S phase. The average N-domain timing profile shows a U shape, which indicates that their borders constitute early and efficient initiation zones from which replication progresses towards their centre by progressive activation of inner origins. Molecular DNA combing shows that replication forks moving toward the centre or the borders do not travel the same distance, due to this sequential activation. This process quantitatively explains the timing profile and the fork polarity profile within N-domains
Guitton-Sert, Laure. "Identification de nouveaux mécanismes de régulation temporelle des origines de réplication dans les cellules humaines". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30350/document.
Texto completoDNA duplication in S phase starts from thousands of initiation sites called DNA replication origins. These replication origins are set in G1 as pre-replication complexes (pre-RC) and fired in S phase following a spatio-temporal program of activation. This program determines which origins will be fired and when. Indeed, all the origins are not fired in the same time and we can distinguish early, middle and late replication origins. This temporal regulation is called "replication timing" and is determined at the "timing decision point" (TDP) in early G1. It's a robust program, which participates to the definition of cell identity, in term of differentiation state or cell type. However, the precise molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Defective timing program has been evidenced in pathological contexts, in particular in cancers, but the mechanisms of this deregulation remain unclear. In the first part of my PhD, I contributed to the discovery of a new regulator of the origin timing program: the specialized DNA polymerase Theta (Pol Theta). Pol Theta is loaded onto chromatin in early G1, coimmunoprecipitates with pre-RC components and modulates the recruitment of Mcm helicases at TDP. Moreover, depletion or overexpression of Pol Theta modifies the timing of replication at a fraction of chromosomal domains. The second part of my work aimed at exploring the mechanisms that regulates replication timing after a replicative stress. I identified a totally new transgenerational adaptive mechanism of DNA replication timing regulation: the modification of the timing of origin activation at chromosomal domains that have suffered from a replicative stress during the previous cell cycle. Daughter cells from a cell that has experienced replication stress at particular domains (late replicating domains, AT rich so they can form structured DNA, and poor in origin density) shows advanced origin activation within these regions. This new biological process in response to replicative stress could be of particular interest in the context of cancer since, tumor cells are characterized by high level of intrinsic chronic replicative stress. This new mechanism may favor cancer cell survival despite replication stress, particularly upon treatments with anti-tumor agents that target DNA
Valton, Anne-Laure. "Identification de séquences cis-nucléiques nécessaires à l'initiation de la réplication chez les vertébrés". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077025.
Texto completoMost origins of replication mapped in mouse and human cells are associated with a G-rich motif that can form a G-quadruplex (G4). However, experimental proofs showing whether G4 are necessary for replication initiation in vertebrates remained to be collected. To answer this question we used homologous recombination in avian DT40 cells to target at the same locus wild type and mutated versions of the chicken βA promoter/replicator that contains a characterized G4. The results were confirmed in a new mode) origin, the med14 promoter that contains two G4 motifs. Origin activities were quantified by qPCR on Small Nascent Strands (SNS) specific of replication origins and confirmed by a new method, developed in our laboratory, based on DNA replication timing. Origin activity is dramatically reduced after G4 deletion showing its critical role in origin selection. Moreover, the two G4 motifs cooperate to create an active med14 replicator. The probability to destabilize βA G4 by several point mutations inside the G4 is correlated with the efficiency of replication initiation proving that replicator needs G4. Moreover, G4 is not only necessary for replication initiation but also positions the replication start site. We demonstrated that the G4 is not sufficient for origin activity and cooperates with a flanking 200 bp cis-element that contains a CCAAT box and potential binding sites for factors. Taken together, our data confirm the important rote of G4 in origin selection and show that these elements cooperate with cis-elements that have the capacity to be bound by transcription factors
Molle, Dorothée. "Les étapes tardives de la réplication rétrovirale : biogénèse, trafic et bourgeonnement du VIH-1". Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20036.
Texto completoNassar, Joelle. "Caractérisation de la fonction de OBI1, une E3 ubiquitine ligase, dans la réplication de l'ADN". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT039.
Texto completoCell division is one of the most complex processes a cell undergoes. For this to happen properly, the genetic material stored in a cell must be faithfully copied or replicated. During this process, DNA replication is initiated at pre-defined sites in the genome, called "origins of replication". The activation of these origins is highly regulated, as a dysfunction in origin activity is linked to several human pathologies. Several proteins have been found at replication origins, but none of them explain how to be activated origins are recognized and selected. Our research group aims to understand how DNA replication origins are regulated in metazoan cells, to this aim, a proteomic approach was performed to define the interactome of human replication origins. Our goal was to identify new factors that could be involved in replication origin regulation. Using this methodology, a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase, named OBI1 (for ORC-ubiquitin-ligase-1), was identified prior to my arrival in the laboratory. OBI1 binds the origin recognition complex (ORC complex) and my project aimed at further characterizing the role of this new protein in DNA replication. Our experimental strategy used two different model systems: an in-vivo model based on human cells in culture, and an in-vitro DNA replication system derived from Xenopus eggs.Our analyses in human cells revealed that OBI1 was a crucial gene involved in cellular proliferation, this observation was later attributed to OBI1’s role in DNA replication and more specifically, to replication origin activation. Indeed, OBI1 knockdown resulted in a deficient origin firing and a decrease in the chromatin recruitment of factors involved in origin firing. A further functional analysis showed that OBI1 multiubiquitylates two subunits of the ORC complex, ORC3 and ORC5. This ubiquitylation was directly linked to OBI1’s role in origin firing, after the over-expression of non-ubiquitylable ORC3/5 mutants yielded similar results to OBI1’s knock down. Altogether, our results demonstrated that OBI1 encoded for a protein essential for origin activation, and allowed us to propose its main role: by multiubiquitylating a subset of the ORC complex, OBI1 could select the replication origins to be activated amongst all the potential replication origins set in G1 phase of the cell cycle. After this set of experiments, now published, we wanted to address the mechanistic impact of the multiubiquitylation of ORC on origin activation. Our preliminary experiments suggest a role of the histone acetyl-transferase (HAT) GCN5/KAT2A in the “OBI1 pathway”In the second part of my project, we used the in vitro DNA replication system, based on Xenopus laevis egg extracts, to study the role of OBI1 and ubiquitylation in origin activation. Our in-vitro analyses confirmed the conservation of OBI1 in Xenopus Laevis and its recruitment to the chromatin during DNA replication. We showed that de novo ubiquitylation takes place on chromatin during origin activation. Moreover, using E1 inhibitors, we found that active ubiquitylation is important for efficient origin firing. Interestingly, our loss of function experiments suggested that OBI1’s impact on origin activation could defer in early development when compared to somatic-like conditions.Taken together, the discovery of this new replication initiation factor provided key information on the role of ubiquitylation in general and OBI1 in particular on origin activation and selection. Such selection could participate as well in the regulation of the timing of DNA replication
Tourrette, Yves. "Sélection et analyse de remaniements chromosomiques chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae en contexte diploi͏̈de : Origine des délétions et des translocations réciproques". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/TOURRETTE_Yves_2004.pdf.
Texto completoGenomic rearrangements such as chromosomal translocation, deletion and duplication are essential for evolution of eukaryotes genomes, but are also involved in oncogenesis phenomena in pluricellular organisms. In order to study these events, we use a positive selection screen in a diploid context with the hemiascomycet yeast model Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We obtained 39 diploid revertants containing intra- or interchromosomal duplications or deletions, events ever observed in haploids. We have also selected other rearrangements that are specific to diploids: a 128,3 kb segmental deletion, a homozygous deletion, a reciprocal translocation and a deletion-reciprocal translocation. The genetic analysis has shown that 15 events induce a lethal character in haploid context. The diploid state allow us to observe different and complex events which can't be observed in haploid context. The analysis of deletions allowed us to characterize three classes of deletions depending on short DNA direct repeats (microhomologies) that are located on the junctions of the deleted regions: the class I shares 8 to 13 bp long microhomologies, the class II doesn't have this type of sequences and the class III, that is diploid specific, shows the presence of 1 to 4 bp long microhomologies. The same types of sequences are found to the junctions of reciprocal translocations. These results suggest a recombination mechanism between short DNA direct repeats in the occurence of deletions and reciprocal translocations. Finally, we have tested the involvement of the NHEJ and the homologous recombination pathways in the appearance of these events. According to the results, we conclude that the class I deletions, are produced by a RAD52 -independent mechanism, but are dependent of the homologous recombination pathway
Hassan, Zadeh Vahideh. "Rôle de l'insulateur 5'HS4 du poulet dans la régulation de la réplication". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066172.
Texto completoKahli, Malik. "Implication des protéines HMGA et HMGA2 dans les changements du programme de réplication au cours de la sénescence cellulaire". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20059/document.
Texto completoSenescence, considered as an irreversible cell cycle arrest, is characterized by dramatic changes in genes expression and chromatin organisation forming dense heterochromatic foci (SAHF). These changes are concomitant to a progressive decline of the capactity to replicate the genome. My PhD topic was to investigate whether the chromatin changes induced by SAHF formation could influence the replication program and modify the origin distribution along the genome at replicative senescence. We first compared the origin distribution of proliferative and pre-senescent primary fibroblasts by DNA molecular combing. Then, we mapped the origins positions in whole human genome by using the nascent strand purification assay coupled to deep sequencing.As HMGA1 and HMGA2 proteins are essential to induce SAHF formation, we designed inducible cell lines wich overexpress these proteins, triggering premature senescence. We made the same type of experiments in these cell lines in order to investigate the implication of these proteins on the changes of the replication program we observed during senescence
Laurent, Marc. "Rôle des G-quadruplexes dans la spécification des origines de la réplication chez les vertébrés". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC162/document.
Texto completoReplication origins are the position where DNA synthesis is initiated. Mapping of replication origins across the genome showed a link between origins and G4 motifs. G4 motifs are sequences the potential for forming G-quadruplexes. Works carried out previously in the laboratory showed that the ability to fold into G-quadruplex is critical for the activity of two model origin in the DT40 cell line. However, the G4 motif is not enough to specify a replication origin. In the βA model origin, a 227 bp cis element is required for the initiation of replication. The analysis of this sequence indicates the presence of several motifs known to be binding sites for transcription factors. We tested the potential roles of these motifs by evaluating the effect of their individual deletion on the activity of the βA origin. This work identified the TATA and CCAAT boxes who bind TBP (TATA Binding Protein) and NFY (Nuclear Factor Y) respectively as the crucial elements, with the G4 motifs, pour the initiation of replication.We endeavored to shed light on the manner by which these elements enable the specification of a replication origin. We hypothesized that the G4 motifs associated with replication origins are those able to form a G-quadruplex in vivo. The formation of the G-quadruplex of the βA origin would require the presence of the TATA and CCAAT boxes who could recruit transcription factors facilitating the opening of the double helix and G-quadruplex folding. We tested this hypothesis by two different manners. First, we undertook to stabilize a G-quadruplex at a given position in the genome by inducing the transcription of a G4 motif. Then, we observed the effects of a genome wide stabilization of G-quadruplexes on the position of replication origins. For that, we mapped replication origins in DT40 cell lines in which factors implicated in G-quadruplex linearization are inactivated. According to our hypothesis, without such factors, like the FancJ helicase of the translesional DNA polymerase Rev1, more G4 motifs could fold into G-quaduplexes and specify replication origins
Levac, Pascale. "Études des origines de réplication chromosomiques [sic] chez les eucaryotes". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25435.pdf.
Texto completoPetit, Julie. "Conséquences d'un défaut de licensing des origines de réplication sur la stabilité du génome chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20130/document.
Texto completoChromosome instability (CIN), a hallmark of cancer cells, can take its roots in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, when replication origins are licensed. This has been illustrated in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is consistent with the fact that a vast number of tumors presents mutations in G1/S transition regulators. However the mechanisms by which this instability occurs are still not well established. Using the yeast cdc6-1 mutant in which preRC formation can be decreased gradually with temperature, we show that cells replicating from fewer origins undergo massive DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation in mitosis. Blocking mitotic entry by Swe1 overexpression or Clb1-4 depletion, and inactivation of Cdc5 (Polo) both suppress DSB formation in cdc6-1 cells, demonstrating that DSBs do not stem from collapsed forks but are actively induced during mitosis. DSB formation is dependent on chromosome condensation and the Mus81-Yen1 structure-specific endonucleases. These DSBs then trigger the Rad9 DNA damage checkpoint. Accordingly, Rad53 phosphorylation is detected only after entry into mitosis. We propose that cells replicating their DNA from fewer origins enter mitosis undetected, then condense their chromosomes and cleave unreplicated regions by Mus81-Yen1 for repair by recombination. The viability of cdc6-1 cells at semi-permissive temperature relies on Chk1 and Rad53, as well as on cohesins and topoisomerases Top2 and Top3. Cleavage of under replicated DNA segments in mitosis may favor non-homologous repair pathways leading to chromosome rearrangements, as seen for common fragile sites that co-localize with recurrent breakpoints in cancer
Gregoire, Damien. "Spécification des origines de réplication au cours de la différenciation cellulaire". Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20073.
Texto completoGay, Sophie. "Mécanismes impliqués dans le contrôle de l'initiation de la réplication chez les mammifères". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066284.
Texto completoRodriguez, Martinez Marta. "Genome-wide identification and characterization of C. elegans DNA replication origins during development". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20189.
Texto completoEukaryotic DNA replication begins when the origin recognition complexes (ORC) binds to DNA and recruits the necessary factors for genome duplication. Even though, biochemical mechanisms as well as the factors involved seem to be well conserved, the DNA sequences (replication origins) where these events take place are not. The known data strongly suggest that replication origins establishment may play an important role in genome structuring as well as in the organization of other cellular processes during cell differentiation. To understand how these processes are coordinated in vivo and during development, is essential for deciphering cellular regulation in its real context. C.elegans embryonic development is a genetic tool of first choice for studying replication origins in vivo and their correlation with other genome features and processes during development.During my thesis and with the aim of obtaining enough material for the replication origins identification method, I've had to develop a new technique of synchronized high-scale liquid culture of the nematode C.elegans. This technique has allowed the characterization for the first time of the synchronize growth of a metazoan in bioreactor. Furthermore, the study of replication origins has revealed a heterogenic distribution of replication origins along chromosomes that correlates with specific epigenetic marks. Moreover, replication origins are strongly associated with specific DNA structures able to form cruciforms, and we have confirmed the correlation of replication origins and transcription. This study also show that the association of replication origins with CpGs is greatly increased after gastrulation, and that the association with some genetic elements, such as operons, is reduced after gastrulation begins. Taken together these results show a change of replication origins before and after cell differentiation during embryonic development that correlate with functional genome elements
Persillon, Cécile. "Construction d'un vecteur d'expression épisomal stable dans des cellules de lépidoptère. Isolement et caractérisation d'une séquence permettant sa réplication". Toulouse, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAT0040.
Texto completoLabit, Hélène. "Régulation de l'initiation de la réplication chez les vertèbrés : analyse du programme temporel d'activation des origines de réplication dans les extraits d'oeufs de xénope". Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077176.
Texto completoIn Vertebrates, replication origins are activated according to a spatial and temporal program. In early Xenopus embryos, origins are located at apparently random sequences and are activated in clusters that fire at different times throughout S phase. The main object of the present work is to characterize the temporal regulation of replication in Xenopus egg extracts through analysis of origin activation on single DNA fibers and replication foci distribution in sperm nuclei. Using molecular combing of DNA, we compared the distributions of replication origins fired at the beginning of two following S phases. Absence of significative coincidence between origins shows that the temporal order of replication does not depend on genomic position. Furthermore, no epigenetic central regulates the moment of origin firing. However the detection of coincidence between replication foci labeled at the beginning of two following S phases suggests that the chromosomal organization may influence the replication timing. Using FISH, we showed that the replication of the ribosomic DNA is delayed compared to the replication of whole genomic DNA. An altered chromatin structure may be responsible for this delay. Mapping of origins revealed that initiation frequency is two fold lower in the G+C rich intergenic spacer than in the coding rDNA sequence. At the rDNA, local parameters such as nucleotide composition may influence the localization of replication origins
Velilla, Fabien. "Identification à l'échelle du génome des séquences d'ADN liés à la matrice nucléaire et leurs relations avec la réplication de l’ADN". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20184.
Texto completoChromosomes are organised into several hierarchical levels of chromatin compaction. This spatial organization of chromatin in the nucleus has been involved in regulating many cellular processes such as DNA replication and transcription. Indeed, different experiments suggest that chromatin is organized in loops, whose bases are kept attached together, forming a structure, often called the nuclear matrix, acting as a structural support of the chromatin. My project was to identify the DNA sequences that belong to the bases of these chromatin loops. Matrix-attached regions (MARs) were mapped by hybridization on microarrays. This study was performed on asynchronous as well as G0/G1-phase synchronized MEFs to establish the dynamics of MARs during the cell cycle. MARs were found in megabase-sized domains, with sequences significantly related to previously-published Lamin B1 associated domains and replication timing domains. Since our analysis of MARs was performed on G0-synchronized MEFs, our data strongly suggest that the timing domains might already be defined in G0/G1. Analysis of several histone marks suggested that MARs were associated with transcriptionally-repressed chromatin. In parallel, we also performed a proteomic analysis of our matrix preparations, and found known "matrix-attached" proteins, thus validating our experimental approach, plus other components that permitted a better characterization of the nuclear matrix. Taken together, our results show that DNA sequences bound to the nuclear matrix constitute a repressive zone, at the transcription and replication levels
Nicolas, Armel. "AAv, HSV, cellule : interactions au coeur de la réplication d'un parasite original". Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENSL0604.
Texto completoThe replication of the defective parvovirus AAV depends on a co-infecting “helper” virus (HSV, Ad). We tried to precise the results of previous studies that had suggested that AAV could replicate without a helper virus in cells exposed to diverse stresses, but we never observed a clear AAV replication. Our data suggest that the replication previously described was due to the synergy between stresses and transforming viral factors. We then studied the interaction between AAV and its helper virus HSV-1. We first precised the helper functions provided by several HSV-1 factors a priori involved in AAV replication; we then purified and identified by MS/MS the cellular and HSV factors associated with Rep during AAV replication. We showed that at least 10 HSV-1 factors participate to its helper effect for AAV, and identified about 50 cellular factors potentially involved in AAV replication
Delabaere, Laetitia. "Réplication, condensation et division des chromosomes parentaux dans le zygote de drosophile". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10280/document.
Texto completoIn animals, sexual reproduction requires the union between two distinct parental gametes: the spermatozoon and the oocyte. The unique nuclear conformation of the sperm, in which the chromatin is organized with sperm-specific chromosomal protein like protamines, abolishes its activity. The paternal chromatin remodeling and the maintenance of its integrity at fertilization by maternal activities are therefore essential processes for zygote formation. However, although their mechanisms are crucial, they remain poorly understood. During my thesis, I tried to better understand the processes involved during de novo paternal chromatin assembly in Drosophila through the study of a maternal embryonic lethal mutation: maternal haploid (mh). The mutant affects the incorporation of paternal chromosomes during the first zygotic division, leading to the development of gynogenetic haploid embryos. The identification of the mh gene as CG9203, and the generation of the null allele mh2 allowed me to characterize its function. In eggs led by mh mutant females, paternal chromosomes abnormally condense and fail to divide leading to the formation of chromatin bridges at the first embryonic division. Recently, its human ortholog Spartan/DVC1, has been described to be involved in translesion synthesis (TLS), a DNA damage tolerance pathway that ensures replication fork progression. Combining genetic and cytological approaches, I demonstrated that the Spartan function in TLS is conserved in Drosophila. However, I discovered that the critical function of MH during the first embryonic division, was not consistent with a canonical TLS. Alternatively, it is specifically required to maintain paternal integrity and to allow its proper replication at the first cycle. The mh phenotype characterization, led me to compare it with others phenotypes induced by the knock-down of replication factors and to study parental chromosome condensation in the zygote. Surprisingly, one of the proteins allowing the establishment of the pre-replication complex is dispensable for the proper paternal chromosome segregation contrarily to the maternal counterpart. Altogether, these works highlight the difference that exists between the two parental pronuclei and the complexity of maintaining their integrity at fertilization
Piot, Barbara. "Rôle de la topoisomérase II dans la mise en place du programme d'activation des origines de réplication de l'ADN". Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066266.
Texto completoDNA replication is a complex process that follows an established origin activation program. We demonstrate here that topoisomerase II (topo II) is involved in the establishment of this origin activation program. In interphase xenopus egg extracts, inhibition of topo II by ICRF-193, a drug that traps topo II as closed clamps on DNA, slows down fork progression and delayes origin clusters activation. This was not due to S phase checkpoint activation and only seen if the drug was added during the pre-replicative phase. If added later, during S phase, ICRF-193 does not have effects on DNA replication anymore. Opposite effects of topo II immunodepletion and topo II inhibition indicate that the slower replication with ICRF-193 is not due to topo II catalytic inhibition but to the topo II clamps on DNA that creates obstacles against fork progression. Topo II immunodepletion accelerates S phase by accelerating the activation of origin clusters without altering inter-origin distances. Add-back of recombinant topo II negates these effects. Topo II depletion increases the loading of MCM proteins during origin licensing. Addition of ICRF-193 in G1 does not affect MCM loading. We conclude that i) topo II activity is not required for S phase progression; ii) topo II acts non-catalytically in G1 to cluster origins that undergo reduced MCM loading and thus fire late in S phase; iii) ICRF-193 addition in G1 creates obstacles to origin cluster activation and fork progression, not because of topo II catalytic inhibition, but due to formation of topo II clamps. Topoisomerase II dynamic in G1 phase is important for the determinism of replication origin efficiency
Jouanin, Lise. "La transformation par Agrobacterium rhizogenes : étude des plasmides de deux souches à agropine et de la structure de l'ADN-t dans des plantes transformées". Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112046.
Texto completoAgrobacterium rhizogenes has the ability to induce hairy root, by inserting part of its root-inducing plasmid (pRi) in the plant genome. Plasmids of agropine-type A. Rhizogenes strains HKI (one plasmid, pRiHRI) and A4 (three plasmids, pArA4a, pRiA4 and pArA4c) were cloned in the cosmid PHDG262 and the libraries obtained were used to establish the restriction maps of the plasmids. The pRiHRI (254 Kb)and pRiA4 (250 kb)maps are very quiet similar and are identical in the regions where functions have been localized: T-region, virulence region and origin of replication. PArA4a (1 0 kb) and pRiA4 nave one identical region which can explain their ability to cointegrate to form pArA4c (430 kb). The origins of replication of pRiHRI and pArA4a were localized precisely, they are not homologous and are compatible with A. Tumefaciens plasmids. Cosmids containing them were used to construct vectors able to replicate in both E. Coli and Agrobacterium. These vectors are maintained stably in Agrobacterium even without selection pressure. The T-UNA structure was studied in regenerated transformed plants (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, Nicotiana tabacum, Brassica napus and Convolvulus arvensis). The T-DNA consists of two parts: TL and TR which are not contiguous on the Ri plasmid. In all plants studied, except N. Tabacum where it is smaller, the size of the TL-DNA is constant (19-20 kb), while the size of the TR-DNA is variable (0 to 30 kb). The TR region includes the agropine synthesis genes and a region homologous to the tms genes in pTi; this last region is not always transferred to the plant genome. The copy number varies from one to four copies and some TL and TR copies are linked in the plant genome. A library of a transformed C. Arvensis plant was constructed in Charon 4A and recombinant phages including parts of the T-DNA were selected. The nucleotide sequences of the frontier regions of the TL-DNA were determined in both the plasmid and in the phages. Two direct repeats of 25 bp, highly homologous to those observed in Ti plasmids were found in pRi, at or near the TL-DNA borders. The TR-DNA is inverted in the plant genome, as compared to its orientation relative to the TL-DNA position in the Ri plasmid. The use of the Ri plasmid as a vector for genetic engireering of higher plants is discussed in conclusion
Lebofsky, Ronald. "Réplication de l'ADN et instabilité génomique dans les cellules humaines : activité des origines et progression des fourches dans un locus répété et un locus simple". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066601.
Texto completoThomas, Mélissa. "Origins of Cellular Lethality Resulting From a Defect in Homologous Recombination in Human Cells". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL027.
Texto completoHomologous recombination (HR) is involved in repairing DNA double strand breaks, and in protecting and restarting stalled or collapsed replication forks. Rad51 and BRCA2 are two key proteins of HR. I have showed that inhibiting HR, as well as over expressing Rad51, is lethal in human cells, although a very few cells still survive the inhibition. Moreover, many cancers carry mutations in an HR gene (BRCA1/2 in breast and ovary cancers) or over express an HR gene. My project aims to identify the mechanisms and the causes behind the lethality triggered by a dysregulation of HR, and to understand how a few cells manage to survive it. I have determined, through FACS and phosphorylated histone H3 labeling (IF), that HR deficient human cells, or those over expressing Rad51, accumulate at the G2/M checkpoint.At the same time, time-lapse microscopy experiments seemed to indicate that the cells died from apoptosis, which was confirmed by data from experiments using Annexin-V as an apoptosis marker and from Western-Blots. Western-Blots showed that the G2/M checkpoint is activated, through analysis of CyclinB1 and of cdk1, and that apoptosis is triggered, through analysis of PARP cleavage. My main working hypothesis was that overexpressing a dominant negative form of Rad51, and possibly also overexpressing Rad51 WT, would lead to replication defects, whose accumulation would in turn lead to an activation of the checkpoint. BrdU incorporation experients and use of the molecular combing technique confirmed this hypothesis : in HR-dysregulated cells, replication speed is slowed down and there are more stalled forks. In-silico analyses have showed that HR-mutated cancers often carry a second mutation in another gene, involved in either the G2/M checkpoint or in restarting stalled replication forks. Based on these analyses and on results from RNAseq experiments performed on FANCD1 patients' fibroblasts, candidate genes have already been listed, confirming the in-silico analysis
Al, Ahmad Nachar Baraah. "Capacité de synthèse d’ADN réduite et allongement de la phase S sont une propriété des cellules tumorales liée à un raccourcissement de leur phase G1". Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT028.
Texto completoWhy solid tumours show high chromosome instability is still poorly understood. Seminal work in the host lab has shown in the yeast model system that precocious CDK activation and reduced origin licensing in G1 cause S-phase extension and chromosome rearrangements in mitosis. Since most cancer cells have genetic or epigenetic alterations in one or more G1/S cell cycle regulators that can impede origin licensing, we analysed chromosome replication dynamics in fourteen human epithelial cancer cell lines using newly developed techniques, and compared it to normal human fibroblasts, mammary and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Our results show that all cancer cells spend longer time in S phase (10-29h) than untransformed cells (7-9h). Interestingly, most cancer cell lines displayed a lower global instant density of replication forks (GIFD), partly compensated for some cell lines by increased fork velocity (FV). We define replication potency (RP = GIFD x FV) as a new descriptor of cells’ capacity to synthesize DNA that integrates this compensation mechanism, and found that it was lower for cancer cell lines.The consequences of this longer S phase on the cell cycle and mitosis were assessed by 4D microscopy. We detected mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS) and chromosome segregation failures in cancer cells not treated with replication drugs, indicating constitutive chromosome instability (CIN). Importantly, the low GIFD and long S phase of pRb+ cancer cells was reversed by slightly extending G1 using low dose of the CDK4/6 inhibitor Palbociclib. Our data strongly suggest that S-phase extension due to lowered origin licensing in G1 is a common feature and perhaps the main trigger for the genomic instability in cancer cells
Ciardo, Diletta. "Quantitative analysis of the regulation of the DNA replication program by the intra-S phase checkpoint in Xenopus embryos Checkpoint control of the spatio-temporal regulation of DNA replication in Xenopus early embryos Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a positive regulator of DNA replication in the Xenopus in vitro system On the Interplay of the DNA Replication Program and the Intra-S Phase Checkpoint Pathway Genome wide decrease of DNA replication eye density at the midblastula transition of Xenopus laevis Polo like kinase 1 promotes dispersed replication origin firing during S phase". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS478.
Texto completoThe initiation of DNA replication in multicellular organisms starts from several thousand genomic loci called replication origins. They are grouped into domains which replicate early or late during S phase. The firing of a replication origin creates two diverging replication forks that replicate flanking DNA. One of the mechanisms regulating DNA replication program is the ATR/Chk1 dependent intra-S phase checkpoint. This pathway is activated by replicative stress due to stalled replication forks at early firing origins and in turn, inhibits the late firing of origins. It has been proposed that the checkpoint recovery kinase Plk1 (Polo-Like-Kinase 1) could be responsible for allowing origin firing close to stalled forks in replication stress conditions. However, origin firing has not been analysed after Plk1 inhibition or depletion during unperturbed S phase. To assemble a comprehensive and unified view of the DNA replication process numerical and analytical models have been built in the past, but none of them integrates the role of checkpoint pathways. The goal of my thesis was to investigate experimentally and analytically how the checkpoint regulates the firing of origins in space and time and, in particular, whether the Plk1 is implicated in the regulation of origin firing during unperturbed S phase. To this end, I used the Xenopus in vitro system. First, I integrated in a numerical model the checkpoint pathway to describe the replication program in the Xenopus in vitro system. I tested different scenarios and used DNA combing data previously obtained by the laboratory after the inhibition of the checkpoint kinase Chk1. Monte Carlo simulated data were fitted to experimental data by optimizing the values of free parameters of models using a genetic algorithm. I found that two new hypothesis should be added to formerly built replication models: 1) a strong inhibition of origin firing by Chk1 from the beginning of S phase 2) the presence of early replicating genomic domains that evade the origin firing inhibition. Second, I experimentally showed that during unperturbed S phase active Plk1 is recruited to chromatin before the start of S phase and that in the absence of Plk1, DNA replication is slowed down. Moreover, Plk1 depletion led to an increase in Chk1 phosphorylation (p-Chk1) and a decrease of Cdk2 activity, suggesting that Plk1 inhibits the intra-S phase checkpoint. Performing DNA combing, I demonstrated that Plk1 depletion leads to a decrease in origin firing level. Analysis of the combing data by the developed numerical model suggested that during unchallenged S phase Plk1 down regulates the global origin firing inhibitory action of Chk1, consistent with the experimental observation of increased level of p-Chk1 in Plk1 depleted Xenopus egg extract. However, Plk1 does not seem to act close to replication forks as was proposed earlier. Finally, by considering replication process as a one-dimensional nucleation and growth process and using statistical methods, I developed a new quantitative approach to study the regulation of replication program. This approach links the similarity between single molecule replication patterns to DNA replication regulating processes. By analyzing DNA combing data, I showed that DNA replication program in Xenopus early embryos is regulated by two spatially and temporally exclusive processes. One with low frequency of origin firing and high apparent fork speed and a second, controlled by PlK1, with a high frequency of origin firing and a low apparent fork speed. Altogether my results demonstrate that Plk1 positively regulates replication origin firing during normal S phase by down regulating the replication checkpoint. The numerical model predicts the existence of replication timing domains in the Xenopus model system. Future work will show whether Plk1 regulates the replication program at the level of genomic domains
Muñoz, Castellano Casilda. "Understanding DNA replication of Plasmodium falciparum". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONT016.
Texto completoPlasmodium falciparum parasites have a complex life cycle and employ atypical multiplication strategies, tailored for fast population expansion during host colonisation and transmission, that are not fully understood. In an effort to unravel the initiation of DNA replication of these human pathogens my project focused on two main aspects of this process: (i) identifying and characterising the origins of replication and (ii) identifying and characterising the replication machinery.Regarding the first part, I combined three different approaches to map the origins of replication in P. falciparum. These were ChIP-seq, SNS-Seq and NFS. I first performed ChIP-seq on two subunits of the origin recognition complex (of PfORC1 and PfORC2) at the beginning of schizogony to obtain a cartography of all potential replication initiation sites. Next, I mapped sites of active replication using two strategies: sequencing DNA nascent strands (SNS-seq); and mapping the incorporation of the thymidine analogue BrdU into replicating DNA, using nanopore sequencing combined with NanoForkSpeed (NFS). By combining data from these different methods, I have obtained a robust set of origins of replication that display some characteristics similar to those of mammalian origins, such as the non-random distribution in initiation zones or clusters and the association with G-quadruplex forming sequences. Strikingly, they also display unique characteristics, since they are associated with highly transcribed genes but depleted from transcription start sites (TSS). Additionally, the results showed a uniform fork speed across the genome with a significant decrease in centromeres and telomeres. Single molecule information, using reads containing multiple initiation events which could have only come from individual cells, revealed a relationship between the pace at which replication forks travel and the distance to the nearest origin. This multifaceted approach provided the first comprehensive analysis of the genetic landscape of the origins of replication in P. falciparum.The second part of my project focused on the characterization of the replicative complex of P. falciparum by isolating proteins bound to nascent DNA at active replication forks.Overall, this work contributes to the growing field of studying how Plasmodium falciparum parasites replicate their genome within the human host, and I am confident that it will serve as a solid foundation for further investigations
Dionne, Isabelle. "La réplication des télomères et la réplication conventionnelle deux mécanismes concertés". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2001. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4143.
Texto completoConvert, Agnès. "Parole et origine". Paris 4, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA040179.
Texto completoThis is an inquiry about original ontology. It take place in the Judeo-Christian civilization. Since the origin, the word is there. Searching what are the relations between origin and word is inquiring about a way of being in the world. Through the creative word, its transforming power, its truth, we find a man who is together one and three, build of the divine trinity. And we see haw he can be adequate to what the has to live
GAUSSERAND, JEAN-PHILIPPE. "Origine des lunettes". Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU31111.
Texto completoNoyon-Collier, Laurent. "La mort comme origine". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE2019/document.
Texto completoThis research is about the question of death, and her effects in the clinical practice of the psychologist clinician directed by the psychoanalysis. It ensues from it the resumption of the question of the death in the works of Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, and other authors, and a possible criticism of the concept of death drive. Thereby, the death suggests as confidentially connected to the question of the desire. The postmodern social link marking a tendency to close at the same time these two dimensions, the question of the speech which underlies it as it does not spell, can join to the passage of a subject getting organized around the fantasy, to a subject getting organized around image, what underlines the difference to be operated between image and imagination. It ensues from it for the author, the thorough review of three questions who question him most in clinical : that he has to be the desire of the clinician there to operate for cure by the words, as well as the involvement of the anxiety and for the transfer in this type of therapeutic support
Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. "Réplication d'options et structure de marché". Paris 9, 1998. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1998PA090080.
Texto completoBrighi, Livia. "Gruppo: origine di una definizione". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/4427/.
Texto completoDedieu, Olivier. "Réplication optimiste pour les applications collaboratives asynchrones". Phd thesis, Université de Marne la Vallée, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651743.
Texto completoLagnel, Claire. "Caractérisation d'origines de réplication de Physarum polycephalum". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ36289.pdf.
Texto completoStambazzi, Fabio. "Biosintesi di carotenoidi di origine microbica". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
Buscar texto completoAlgrain, Isabelle. "L'alabastre attique: origine, forme et usages". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209979.
Texto completoLa première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l’identification de l’origine de l’alabastre et à sa diffusion en Méditerranée orientale. L’alabastre est originaire d'Égypte, où les premiers exemplaires en albâtre se développent à partir du VIIIe s. av. J.-C. Après avoir tracé son évolution morphologique, la thèse met en évidence les diverses régions de la Méditerranée orientale telles que le Levant, la Mésopotamie ou la Perse, où la forme est exportée et copiée, le plus souvent par des ateliers qui produisent des vases en pierre. Cette première partie met également l’accent sur le statut particulier de l’alabastre en pierre en Orient et en Égypte, où il restera longtemps associé au pouvoir royal ou aristocratique. Elle traite enfin de l’apparition de l’alabastre et de son statut dans le monde grec oriental. Ces importations déclenchent une réaction presque immédiate chez les artisans de ces régions qui produisent des alabastres en argent, en verre, en faïence, en ivoire, en bois et en céramique.
La seconde partie de cette étude aborde la production de l’alabastre attique en céramique qui s’étend du VIe s. av. J.-C. au début du IVe s. av. J.-C. Un premier chapitre est consacré à l’étude de son introduction dans le répertoire formel au milieu du VIe s. av. J.-C. par l’atelier d’Amasis et aux inspirations probables de cet artisan. Cette section s’est également penchée sur le difficile problème des phases de la production et de l’organisation interne des différents ateliers. Pour ce faire, nous avons élaboré une méthode d’analyse basée à la fois sur l’examen minutieux du travail du potier grâce aux variations dans les profils des vases et sur les données obtenues par les études ethno-archéologiques pour tenter de différencier les alabastres produits au sein d’ateliers différents et d’identifier, quand cela s’avérait possible, différents potiers au sein d’un même atelier. Cette étude formelle a distingué trois phases différentes de production qui présentent des caractéristiques typologiques distinctes. L’examen de l’organisation interne des ateliers a également mis en évidence les caractéristiques morphologiques des vases et a identifié les potiers les plus importants. L’examen attentif des pièces céramiques a permis de regrouper au sein d’un même atelier des artisans dont les liens étaient jusqu’alors insoupçonnés. Enfin, la deuxième partie se clôture par une analyse de la carte de distribution des alabastres attiques
La troisième partie de ce travail porte sur la fonction et les différents usages de l’alabastre sur base des sources littéraires, épigraphiques, iconographiques et archéologiques. Cette section se penche plus particulièrement sur l’identification des utilisateurs privilégiés des alabastres. En effet, de nombreuses études lient, de manière presque systématique, l’alabastre au monde féminin. Ce propos mérite d’être nuancé car, si le vase apparaît à maintes reprises dans des contextes féminins tels que ceux de la toilette et de la parure, il ne constitue pas exclusivement un symbole du monde des femmes. Cette troisième partie met en évidence le fait que l’alabastre est également utilisé dans un grand nombre d’autres contextes, notamment rituels, et représente souvent un symbole de luxe et de raffinement à l’orientale.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Rommelaere, Samuel. "Pantéthéinases sériques : Nature, origine et fonctions". Aix-marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4114.
Texto completoVanin (vnn) genes code for pantetheinases that hydrolyse pantethine to pantothenate and cysteamine. Vnn enzymes appear as modulators of tissue stress response to infectious, toxic or immune challenges. A seric pantetheinase activity has been described but its origin, molecular nature and function are not known. The objectives were to identify regulators of seric Vnn and to investigate its functions
Knödlseder, Jürgen. "L' origine de l'26Al galactique". Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30296.
Texto completoRejaud, Alexandre. "Origine et diversité des Amphibiens d'Amazonie". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30161.
Texto completoWith more than six million square kilometers, Amazonia hosts the largest tract of lowland tropical rainforest in the world and a large portion of the global terrestrial diversity. However, the temporal and spatial origins of this diversity remain poorly understood and need to be better comprehended to identify the processes responsible for this tremendous diversification. Amphibians are a particularly adequate group for investigating patterns of biogeographical history within Amazonia because they extensively diversified within the region and present important disparities in habitat use and dispersal abilities across groups. We first investigated the historical biogeography of the terra-firme genus Allobates and identified western Amazonia as an important source of diversification between 14 and 10 million years ago (Mya). This spatio-temporal pattern was coinciding with the existence of the Pebas system, a mega-wetland system that occupied most of western Amazonia during this period, that was unsuitable for terra-firme species. The Pebas system discharge was likely followed by an extension of terra-firme forests that likely fostered Allobates diversification. Our results also suggested that western Amazonia rivers might have subsequently (after 10 Mya) promoted diversification, by acting as semi-permeable barriers allowing speciation by dispersal and isolation. Secondly, we investigated the biogeographical history of the Pristimantis conspicillatus group which, instead, presented a continuous diversification throughout Neogene. This group displays a striking spatial pattern of diversification with four ancient clades that have diversified concomitantly in distinct areas in Amazonia and the Atlantic Forest, with much fewer dispersal events between areas than in Allobates. These differences suggest that amphibian species display differences in dispersal abilities that can be related to their life history traits. Finally, we compared the biogeographic histories of six frog clades, including the two aforementioned ones, that share comparable crown ages and span the Amazonian frog diversity in terms of life history traits, taxonomy, habitat use and reproduction modes. We identified western Amazonia as the principal source of diversification for Amazonian amphibians, although it acted as such only after 10 Mya for the groups that have adapted to various types of habitats; and only between 10 and 5 Mya for the ecologically conservative groups. This suggest that species with lower habitat availability reach niche filling more rapidly than ecologically adaptive species, resulting in shorter diversification phases. Our results also suggest that riverine barrier effect seems to have affected solely conservative groups particularly when the river course is stable over time. While these results were obtained by considering only a fraction of Amazonian diversity, they provide interesting insights on the influence of niche conservatism upon Amazonian evolutive trajectories, which will hopefully foster further and more ample research in this direction
VIALE, ANNE-CLAIRE. "Lymphocytes b murins : origine et devenir". Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066629.
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