Tesis sobre el tema "Organisation des chromosomes"
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Almagro, Sébastien. "Organisation structurale et fonctionnelle des chromosomes". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003099.
Texto completoDonald, Tamzin. "Organisation and expression of plant B chromosomes /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd6758.pdf.
Texto completoFairhead, Cécile. "Proprietes et organisation des chromosomes naturels et artificiels de levure". Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066089.
Texto completoNourse, Jamie. "The structure, organisation and function of dispensable chromosomes in the phytopathogenic fungus Colltotrichum Gloeosporioides /". St. Lucia, Qld, 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16086.pdf.
Texto completoOrsi, Guillaume. "Organisation et intégrité des chromosomes parentaux à la fécondation chez la drosophile". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00848499.
Texto completoMercy, Guillaume. "L'organisation 3D des chromosomes synthétiques de levure". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS034/document.
Texto completoThe international project Sc2.0 started 10 years ago by the Pr. Jef Boeke aims to build a fully synthetic genome of S. cerevisiae which increases the genome stability by removing all repeated sequences (tRNA, transposable elements, etc.), and implements SCRaMbLE (for Synthetic Chromosome Rearrangement and Modification by LoxP-mediated Evolution), an inducible, high-throughput chromosome rearrangement system. This design is highly conservative with respect to gene content, the deletion of several classes of repeated sequences and the introduction of thousands of designer changes. However, it may affect genome organization and potentially alter cellular functions. To determine wether those modifications affected the three-dimensional conformation of synthetic chromosmes, we investigated it using chromosomes conformation capture coupled to second generation sequencing method (Hi-C). Currently, eight synthetic chromosomes (synI, synII, synIII, synV, synVI, synIX-R, synX et synXII) have been fully assembled. Using these strains we observed that the large-scale genomic organization is globally unaffected by the presence of synthetic chromosome(s). Two exceptions are synIII, which lacks the silent mating-type cassettes, and synXII, specifically when the ribosomal DNA is moved to another chromosome. We also exploited the contact maps to detect rearrangements induced in these SCRaMbLE strains
Mercy, Guillaume. "L'organisation 3D des chromosomes synthétiques de levure". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS034.pdf.
Texto completoThe international project Sc2.0 started 10 years ago by the Pr. Jef Boeke aims to build a fully synthetic genome of S. cerevisiae which increases the genome stability by removing all repeated sequences (tRNA, transposable elements, etc.), and implements SCRaMbLE (for Synthetic Chromosome Rearrangement and Modification by LoxP-mediated Evolution), an inducible, high-throughput chromosome rearrangement system. This design is highly conservative with respect to gene content, the deletion of several classes of repeated sequences and the introduction of thousands of designer changes. However, it may affect genome organization and potentially alter cellular functions. To determine wether those modifications affected the three-dimensional conformation of synthetic chromosmes, we investigated it using chromosomes conformation capture coupled to second generation sequencing method (Hi-C). Currently, eight synthetic chromosomes (synI, synII, synIII, synV, synVI, synIX-R, synX et synXII) have been fully assembled. Using these strains we observed that the large-scale genomic organization is globally unaffected by the presence of synthetic chromosome(s). Two exceptions are synIII, which lacks the silent mating-type cassettes, and synXII, specifically when the ribosomal DNA is moved to another chromosome. We also exploited the contact maps to detect rearrangements induced in these SCRaMbLE strains
Brun, Christine. "Organisation en boucles de la molécule d'ADN et réplication : tude de la région 14B-15B du chromosome X et de l'unité des gènes ribosomiques de Drosophila melanogaster". Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX22017.
Texto completoAugui, Sandrine. "Interactions chromosomiques et inactivation du chromosome X : éléments génétiques et mécanismes impliqués dans la reconnaissance du nombre de chromosomes X et dans la coordination des centres d'inactivation". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112373.
Texto completoIn mammals, dosage compensation is achieved by the inactivation of one of the two X-chromosome during early development in females. X inactivation process is controlled by a complex locus, the X-inactivation centre (Xic), which includes the Xist gene and its antisense transcription unit Tsix/Xite. The Xic senses X chromosome number and initiates inactivation by triggering mono-allelic up-regulation of Xist RNA, and reciprocally, down-regulation of Tsix from one of the two X chromosomes in females. However, the mechanisms underlying sensing and reciprocal Xist/Tsix regulation remain obscure. We recently showed that a previously untested segment of the Xic, lying several hundred kilobases upstream of Xist and enriched in histone H3K27me3 and H3K9me2 marks, brings the two Xic's together prior to the onset of X inactivation (Augui et al, Science 318:1362, 2007). This X-pairing-region (Xpr) can autonomously drive Xic trans-interactions even as an ectopic single copy transgene. Furthermore its presence in male ES cells is selected against, suggesting that it may have a role in triggering Xist up regulation. We proposed that the pairwise interactions driven by this novel X-pairing-region (Xpr) of the Xic might enable a cell to sense that more than one X-chromosome is present in an XX cell, by activating biallelic Xist expression. Furthermore we believe that Xpr pairing then facilitates association between the Tsix/Xite regions, thus rendering biallelic Xist expression monoallelic. Finally, we think that Xpr could be the missing functional region of the Xic since Xpr + Xist/Tsix transgenes seem to recapitulate all Xic function in a male cell line
Toulouze, Mathias. "Analyse de la dynamique des chromosomes chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC149.
Texto completoThe difficulty and the need to study the dynamic organization of the genome have pushed in recent years, experimenters and theorists to collaborate in the development of theoretical models of chromosomal architecture. Our work is a part of this effort. In collaboration with David Holcman and Assaf Amitaï (ENS Paris), we developped a new method of data analysis for the study of chromosomal sites tagged with fluorescent proteins. This new method allows us to extract from miscroscopy analysis a parameter named Kc characterizing constraints that restrict the mobility of the chromosomal locus. This new analysis was used to compare the mobility of different sites in the genome in order to understand how organization of the nucleus impacts chromatin mobility with the final aim of understanding the impact of this mobility on the regulation of DNA repair mechanisms. It was already proven recently (K. Bloom, 2013) that mobility of chromosomes is constrained by their anchoring to SPB by their centromeres, but little was known about the impact of telomeric sequences to nuclear membrane on chromosome mobility. Contrary to what is commonly accepted, our results showed that telomeres are not strongly anchored to the nuclear membrane. Within a cell population, it exists a high variability in telomere mobility, indeed most of the cells the telomeric interaction with the nuclear membrane is indeed strong enough to change the location of sub-telomeric loci but too weak to impact its mobility. Our results also showed that sub-telomeric loci have a higher mobility than loci located in the middle of the same chromosome arm. In mutant cells the loss of chromosom integrity upon the induction of a double-strand break leads to the apparition chromatin free extremities. Similarly to sub-telomerics loci, DSBs free extremities exhibit a higher mobility than DSBs in chromosome with a preserved integrity. In summary our study has shown that free ends of a chromatin fiber have a higher mobility than other monomers in the chain. This higher mobility is due to the higher level of freedom that chromatin extremities have. When DNA double strand break (DSB) is generated, the chromosome ends should become physically totally dissociated from one to another, making ensuing repair difficult. To overcome this dramatic event, the DNA damage response (DDR) takes in charge the implementation of a protein bridge that holds the two chromosome ends together and so preserve its integrity. In S. cerevisiae the MRX complex was already known for playing critical functions in early DSB extremities tethering. Several studies showed that a single DSB induces the formation of a ≈100 kb cohesin domain around the lesion. Our study suggests the late role played by cohesins in the emergence of an intra-chromosomal cohesive structure capable to maintain chromosomal integrity. The way of DSB extremities cohesion is established, is consistent with what is published on the recruitment of cohesins at DSBs. Our study also highlight the dynamical behavior of DSB extremities at the cell scale. Indeed once DSB extremities are separated, they alternate during several hours between a tethered and a separated state. We also analysed the impact of cohesins recruitment at DSBs at the chromosome scale. Our results establish a positive correlation between the level of cohesins loaded on the chromosome and the level of folding of the chromatin fiber. The analysis of the chronology of events leading to the preservation of chromosomal integrity upon DSB suggests that chromatin has an intrinsic property (not related to DNA damage response) preserving its integrity despite the apparition of DSBs. This property could potentially be due to short-range inter-nucleosomal interactions or to the presence of secondary structures formed by cohesines in the interphase genome. All these hypothesis should be further tested experimentally
Dauban, Lise. "Organisation du génome par le complexe cohésine chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30100.
Texto completoCohesin is an evolutionary-conserved complex composed of a ring capable of DNA entrapment and of auxiliary proteins regulating its association with DNA. On the one hand, cohesin confers sister chromatid cohesion required for their proper segregation and on the other hand it establishes and maintains chromatin looping. Chromatin loops are crucial for assembly of topological domains, gene expression and genome stability. However, mechanisms driving their establishment remain to be elucidated. According to loop extrusion model, cohesin would capture small loops and enlarge them by extruding DNA throughout its ring. This model predicts that loop size would depend on both cohesin residence time on DNA and on its processivity. Deciphering cohesin regulation is thus fundamental to understand chromosome biology. In this study, we showed that mitotic chromosome arms of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are organised in cohesin-dependent chromatin loops. We studied the role of cohesin regulatory subunits Pds5, Wpl1 and Eco1 on loop establishment. Our data show that Pds5 inhibits loop expansion via Wpl1 and Eco1. As previously described in mammals, Wpl1 counteracts loop expansion by dissociating cohesin from DNA. Our results suggest that Eco1 would inhibit cohesin translocation on DNA, required for loop expansion. We then studied how these proteins contribute to the organisation of the ribosomal DNA array (rDNA), a cohesin-rich, highly transcribed sequence segregated away from the rest of the genome. Our data point toward a central role for Pds5 in organising this genomic region, independently of Wpl1 and Eco1. To study in detail rDNA spatial organisation, we developed a dedicated image analysis to assess its organisation in three dimensions. We have unveiled an underlying organisation for rDNA, made by a succession of small domains spatially organised by cohesin. This study opens large perspectives towards a better understanding of cohesin regulation in genome organisation
Labbé, Jessy. "Contribution à l'étude de la structure et du polymorphisme du génome du basidiomycète ectomycorhizien "Laccaria bicolor" (Maire) Orton et identification de QTLs de mycorhization chez les peupliers, "Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook. et "Populus deltoides (Bartr.) Marsh". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10079/document.
Texto completoThe mycorrhizal symbioses between fungi and roots concern 95 % of the plant species. Social trees of boreal and temperate forests form a particular type of root association with fungi: the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Ectomycorrhizas play a major role in tree hydromineral nutrition, nutrient cycles and primary production. However, their complexity have so far prevented from deciphering their precise function and role. The recent availability of the genome of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor and that of the host-tree Populus trichocarpa provides an unprecedented opportunity to decipher the key components of development and functioning of this symbiosis. The aims of this study were to participate to the characterization and deciphering of the genome of L. bicolor, and to determine the genes involved in the formation of ectomycorrhizas in both partners. Firstly, in order to facilitate the assembly of the genomic sequence of L. bicolor, we have identified the repeated sequences and generated a genetic map. On the 60 Mb of this genome, 8 % are microsatellite sequences and 24 % transposable elements. A genetic map was built from 111 monokaryons issued from L. bicolor S238N. This map includes 326 markers (8 RAPD, 243 AFLP, 59 SSR and 14 SNP) distributed on 10 linkage groups anchored onto the genomic sequence of L. bicolor. Secondly, we have identified the genes involved in the establishment of ectomycorrhizas in poplar by combining QTL detection and DNA microarrays. We targeted 81 genes which can be involved in the establishment and/or the functioning of the symbiosis
Almayrac, Etienne. "Rôle de l’organisation des chromosomes et de yH2A dans la mobilité globale de la chromatine après un dommage à l’ADN". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/ALMAYRAC_Etienne_2_complete_20190513.pdf.
Texto completoThe non-random organization and mobility of chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells can influence DNA metabolisme and genome stability. Double-strand breaks are the most dangerous damages to the cell. Different studies of chromatin mobility after DNAdamage have been shown to increase mobility of the damaged locus, but also of undamaged genome region. During my thesis, I first participated in a study describing the mechanisms responsible for the increase of global chromatin mobility after multiple DSBs with zeocin. Results of this study made it possible to propose the hypothesis of a global chromatin stiffening, by phosphorylation of histone H2A (yH2A), as the main cause of the increase in global mobility after damage. In a second time, I was interested in global chromatin mobility after a single double-strand break, the possible causes of an increase of global mobility and its function during repair by homologous recombination (HR). For this, I designed a THRIV system (Tracking Homologous Recombination In Vivo) that allowed controling the induction of a targeted DSB and to discriminate individually the cells that repaired by HR over time. In addition, using time-lapse microscopy, I followed the mobility of a locus on an undamaged chromosome and thus measured changes in global chromatin mobility after damage. Thus, it has been demonstrated that 1) a single targeted DSB results in an increase in the mobility of a locus in trans when close to a centromere 2) the spatial position of a donor sequence, determine probably also the increase of global chromatin mobility after DSBand 3) the increase in mobility after DSB depends on the phosphorylation of histone H2A(yH2A), but not on the mediator Rad9, unlike in a context of multiple DSBs. Finally, my first results tend to invalidate the importance of the global increase of mobility on HR efficiency. This work reinforces the hypothesis of yH2A as the main and first cause of increase in global chromatin mobility after damage
Ponndara, Sokrich. "Exploring the folding of Salmonella genome : new insights into the chromatin dynamics of Pathogenicity Island, Plasmids and Prophages". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL130.
Texto completoSalmonella's success in infection is facilitated by genes carried on mobile genetic elements, such as pathogenicity islands, virulent plasmids, and prophages. Although these mobile elements are broadly studied, little is known about the chromatin structure and dynamics in infection-relevant conditions. In this work, we have initiated an analysis of the global 3D folding of the Salmonella genome and studied the dynamics of horizontally acquired genetic elements: pathogenicity islands, plasmids and prophages. First, we showed that the Salmonella chromosome is organized similarly to that of E. coli, with its circular genome presenting different organization features, thanks to the MatP protein specifying the Ter macrodomain through its binding to a 13 bp matS repeated motif along the ter region. Interestingly, the Ter Macrodomain contains the Pathogenicity Island 2, aiding Salmonella survival in phagocytic cells leading to systemic infections. Our second key finding is that the disorganization of the Ter Macrodomain does not affect virulence gene expression, at least in the conditions tested. However, MatP inactivation influences the interaction between the chromosome and the virulence plasmid pSLT and a conjugative plasmid pColB19 in a growth phase-dependent manner. Interestingly, these two plasmids harbour matS sites, but the biological function of this interplay remains to be characterized. Thirdly, we were able to control independently of DNA damage the activation of Gifsy-1 and Gifsy-3 prophages, which carry genes associated with virulence. Our results reveal that Gifsy prophage induction in Salmonella leads to inhibition of cell proliferation and a reduction in colony-forming units. Fluorescent microscopy shows an elongated morphology during this process. Gifsy-3 replication extends bi-directionally into the host chromosome, a phenomenon termed escape replication. In the absence of Gifsy-3, Gifsy-1 escape replicate rather than replicating in its native locus as observed in the WT suggesting Gifsy-1 regulation by Gifsy-3. By using chromosome conformation capture, we observed how escape replication alters chromosome conformation at the local and global levels. At the local level, active prophages form domains with corner peaks termed PIDs, as well as a phage compartment distinct from the rest of the chromosome. All in all, our study explores the dynamics of Salmoenlla genome and its interplay mobile genetic elements such like pathogenicity islands, plasmids, and prophages which are essential components for infection processes. We have unveiled that the genome of Salmonella is organized similarl to E. coli. The disorganization of the Ter macrodomain through inactivation of matP did not affect virulence gene expression, however have influence on plasmid interactions with the chromosome in a cell cycle depending manner. Additionally, the study observed Gifsy-1 and Gifsy-3 prophage activation in Salmonella, which disrupts chromosome segregation, chromosome replication and alters chromosome conformation suggesting a regulatory interaction between the two prophages upon activation
Perrot, Anthony. "Understanding the establishment of the DNA replication program". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B052.
Texto completoDNA replication is an essential process that occurs only once in a cell cycle before cell division. Replication is highly regulated through conserved mechanisms to ensure the faithful duplication and transmission of genetic information. Interestingly, changes in the replication program, defined by the temporal and spatial pattern of replication origin activation, have been observed during development in distinct cell types, after induction of differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells, and in various cancers. The regulation of DNA replication is therefore essential for ensuring the integrity of the genome, and the program of origin activation may be an important contributor to this process. However, despite a large body of work on the many enzymes and modifications involved in origin selection, the critical determinants as well as their interdependence remain surprisingly unknown. My thesis project focuses on identifying the key parameters that regulate the replication program, taking advantage of unique approaches using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model system. First, we investigated the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the role of CDK activity in determining the program of DNA replication. We demonstrated that changing the length of G1 phase through modulation of CDK activity has an impact on the profile of replication initiation along the chromosome. More specifically, inefficient origins show increases in their usage, while efficient origins have reduced activities. Moreover, we have shown that cells are highly sensitive to differences in CDK activity levels at the G1/S transition, which result in genome-wide changes in replication initiation across the entire spectrum of efficiencies. This suggests that CDK activity is a dose-dependent, limiting factor in the regulation of origin usage. Thus, our study establishes the integration of both temporal and quantitative regulation of CDK activity as a key determinant in defining the program of genome duplication. Second, using an approach in which cells establish a replication program de novo after exit from quiescence, we investigated the critical first steps of origin selection. We focused on the importance of the essential Origin Recognition Complex, whose recruitment to origins is required for the subsequent assembly of replication complexes. Our analysis reveals a strong correspondence between the level of ORC binding at origins and the efficiency of these origins in both cells exiting quiescence as well as those in vegetative growth conditions. Therefore, we demonstrate for the first time that ORC is not simply a marker of potential initiation sites but rather a crucial determinant in the program of origin usage.Finally, our observation that efficient origins are organized in distinct clusters in the de novo replication program suggested that chromosomal organization may be important for origin selection. To address this question, we have generated strains containing a series of distinct chromosomal rearrangements and assessed their origin efficiency profiles. Our findings indicate that the localization of an origin with respect to its chromosomal context plays an important role in regulating its efficiency. Moreover, distinct regions may have different effects on origin selection by being permissive or inhibitory for origin activity. Those observations could indicate a role for the spatial organization of the genome in origin selection and thus led us to study chromosome and nuclear organization in conditions where the replication program is different
Benoist, Camille. "Intégration fonctionnelle du complexe SMC chez bacillus subtilis : étude de suppresseurs". Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112268.
Texto completoSMC proteins (for "Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes") are involved in different aspects of chromosome dynamic such as condensation, segregation and DNA repair. Indeed, a Bacillus subtilis mutant lacking the SMC complex shows severe phenotypes such as defects in condensation and chromosome partitioning, an increase in sensitivity DNA damaging drugs or gyrase inhibitors. The viability of such strain is limited to conditions of slow growth. To understand the range of phenotypes associated with loss of this gene, a genetic identification of new partners was undertaken: spontaneous suppressors of smc deletion were isolated in rapid growth conditions. Different classes of suppressors have been identified, suggesting that different mutations could restore the viability of a strain lacking SMC complex. Characterization of suppressors revealed they can restore some of the defects shown in Δsmc mutant, particularly resistance to gyrase inhibitors, and seemed to limit the formation of DNA breaks. By sequencing the complete genome of suppressors, some of these mutations have been identified and cause an alteration of the biosynthetic pathway of transfer RNA. This disruption can restore the growth defect more efficiently than inhibition of translation by drugs such as chloramphenicol, or by reducing the pool of nucleotides by hydroxyurea. Taken together, these results suggest that the stringent response could be partly responsible for the suppressor phenotype. It is proposed that apart from the compaction of the chromosome, the SMC complex is directly involved in maintaining the integrity of replication forks
Sellars, Laura. "Bacterial chromosome organisation and transcription". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4994/.
Texto completoZhaunova, Liudmila. "Regulation of oocyte-specific chromatin organisation during prophase I by the histone demethylase Kdm5/Lid and other proteins". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29007.
Texto completoHenry, Marianne Patricia. "The genomic health of human pluripotent stem cells". Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/17081.
Texto completoHerbette, Marion. "Étude de la fonction de l’histone méthyltransférase SET-2 et de ses interacteurs dans le maintien de la lignée germinale de Caenorhabditis elegans". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN017.
Texto completoPost-translational modifications of histones contribute to gene expression and genome stability. Methylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me), a mark associated with actively transcribed genes, is deposited by the highly conserved SET1 family methyltransferases acting in COMPASS related complexes. SET-2, the SET1 homologue in Caenorhabditis elegans, is responsible for the deposition of H3K4me in the germ line, and its inactivation causes progressive loss of fertility. The purpose of my PhD work was to study how SET-2 and the methylation of H3K4 contribute to the maintenance of the germ line. I have shown that the absence of SET-2 causes increased sensitivity to DNA damage. However, the DNA damage-induced signaling and repair pathways are functional in the set-2 mutant. By DNA sequencing, I have also shown that the progressive sterility observed in the absence of set-2 is not due to a reduced repair capacity. Together, my results suggest that H3K4 methylation may act downstream of DNA damage signaling, potentially by influencing the organization of chromatin at the sites of double-strand breaks. I have also described a new function for H3K4 methylation in the organization of chromatin by showing that set-2 genetically interacts with the Condensitin II complex and Topoisomerase II, key factors in mitotic chromosome organization. Moreover, FLIM-FRET microscopy experiments have validated a role for H3K4 methylation in germline chromatin organization. Finally, using transcriptomic analyses, I have described a function for CFP-1, a component of the COMPASS complex, in the regulation of the germline transcriptional program independent of SET-2. Altogether, my results show how chromatin regulation affects the maintenance of a functional germline through multiple mechanisms
Martinez, Perez Enrique. "Centromeres, polyploidy and chromosome pairing". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365011.
Texto completoRoberts, David Michael. "Chromosome organisation and segregation during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis". Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/4080.
Texto completoMoore, Benjamin Luke. "Unravelling higher order chromatin organisation through statistical analysis". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22906.
Texto completoThiel, Axel. "Organisation du chromosome d' Escherichia coli en macrodomaines et régions non-structurées". Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112143.
Texto completoThe organization of the Escherichia coli chromosome into a ring composed of four macrodomains and two less-structured region influences the segregation of sister chromatids and the mobility of chromosomal DNA. The structuring of the terminus region (Ter) into a macrodomain relies on the interaction of the protein MatP with a 13 bp target called matS repeated 23 times in the 800-kb long domain. The work performed during my Ph. D. allowed the identification and characterization of a site-specific system that restricts to the Ter region an effect associated to MatP that constrains DNA mobility and delays loci segregation. Two specific 12 bp sequences located in the flanking Left and Right macrodomains are required and sufficient to impede the spreading of the constraining process to the rest of the chromosome. The change of DNA properties does not rely on the presence of a trans-acting process but rather involves a cis-effect acting at a long distance from matS sites. Remarkably, the constraining process is regulated during the cell cycle and occurs only when the Ter MD is associated with the division machinery at mid-cell. Insulation of the Ter region requires a newly identified membrane-anchored protein designated TidP conserved with MatP through evolution. Our results indicate that 2 specific organizational systems are required for the management of the Ter region during the cell cycle. A second aspect of my work, consisted in the characterization of constraining mechanisms affecting the Right and Left macrodomains. I have shown, using excisions of large chromosomal rings, that their macrodomain properties were conserved in an extrachromosomal context, suggesting that a chromatin like structuring was involved in their organization
Wynn, Sarah Louise. "Sequence, organisation and functional studies of SON : a regulatory gene implicated in Down syndrome". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313539.
Texto completoFabre-Bonafouw, Françoise. "Organisation et analyse des loci rrn dans l'espèce brucella suis". Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON11024.
Texto completoMileham, P. J. R. "Genomic organisation of a repeat sequence island on the mouse X chromosome". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266356.
Texto completoDanilova, Olessia. "Roles of FtsK and MukB in 'Escherichia coli' chromosome organisation and segregation". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442391.
Texto completoJoyce, Graham. "Organisation of the Mycobacterium smegmatis chromosome and its role in cell division". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6831.
Texto completoJones, Matthew Leslie. "The subnuclear localisation of Notch responsive genes". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/274909.
Texto completoFantes, Judith Ann. "Molecular cytogenetics of 11p". Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388443.
Texto completoFonseka, K. Gothami Lakshika. "Factors affecting chromosome copy number and nuclear organisation in human sperm and embryos". Thesis, University of Kent, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595301.
Texto completoMorere, Julia. "Intéractions chromatiniennes à longue distance au locus 4q35 dans la pathogenèse de la dystrophie facio-scapulo-humérale". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5024.
Texto completoFacio-Scapulo-Humeral-Dystrophy (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant, neuromuscular disorder, characterized by facial muscular weakness with an asymmetric progression to the rest of the body. Linkage analyses have shown that 95% of cases are associated with D4Z4 deletion, a 3.3 kb tandemly repeated sequence located in the subtelomeric region of the long arm of chromosome 4, 4q35. However, no candidate gene has been clearly identified, and families with typical FSHD phenotype, but no linkage to 4q35 (FSHD2) suggest complex epigenetic mechanisms. The deletion of a certain number of this repetitive DNA sequence associated to changes in the epigenetic marks across the D4Z4 array such as DNA hypomethylation or decrease in H3K9 trimethylation also indicates that FSHD involves changes in chromatin organization and epigenetic alterations. Among these changes, the positioning of the 4q35 region within the nuclear space might contribute to the regulation of the disease-associated locus. Indeed, DNA sequences are not randomly distributed within the nuclear space and gene localization is a dynamic process that contributes to the control of gene expression during cell proliferation and differentiation. The aim of our study was to compare chromatin conformation of the 4q35 locus in patients and unaffected individuals, and to identify interactions between sequences, in close proximity or distant to the D4Z4 array in FSHD pathogenesis. Therefore, we have developed an immuno-FISH technique in 3D, in different cellular models, in order to study the tridimensional distribution of DNA sequences within the nuclear volume
Hearn, Thomas. "Organisation, expression and evolution of Krüppel-type zinc finger genes in human chromosomal region 10p11.2-q11.2". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327190.
Texto completoMercier, Romain. "Organisation du chromosome d'Escherichia coli en macrodomaines : identification et rôle du système spécifique de site matS-MatP". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112361.
Texto completoThe organization of the E. Coli chromosome has been defined genetically as consisting of four insulated macrodomains and two less constrained regions. During my Ph. D. Thesis, we have analyzed the positioning, the segregation pattern and the motility of fluorescent markers in the macrodomains or the Non Structured regions. We have demonstrated that the organization into macrodomains influences the segregation of sister chromatids and the mobility of chromosomal DNA in a radically different way than the NS regions. Moreover we have demonstrated that the organization of the Terminus region into a macrodomain relies on the presence of a 13 bp motif called matS repeated 23 times in the 800 kb-long domain. MatS sites are the main targets in the E. Coli chromosome of a newly identified protein designated MatP. MatP accumulates in the cell as a discrete focus that colocalizes with the Ter macrodomain. The effects of MatP inactivation reveal its role as main organizer of the Ter macrodomain : in the absence of MatP, DNA is less compacted, the mobility of markers is increased, and segregation of Ter macrodomain occurs early in the cell cycle. Our results indicate that a specific organizational system is required in the Terminus region for bacterial chromosome management during the cell cycle
Ea, Vuthy. "Dynamique et organisation supérieure de la chromatine : exploration des domaines d’association topologique". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T024.
Texto completoThe chromatin hosts various biological processes. However, its organization differs considerably depending on the scale. For example, gene expression is coordinated by regulatory elements that are dispersed in the genome but that are able to interact within the tridimensional space of the nucleus. In the Metazoa, chromosome conformation capture (3C) assays combined with high-throughput sequencing (Hi-C) uncovered the existence of topologically associating domains (TADs), at the mégabase scale. Due to the limited resolution of Hi-C, we used the 3C-qPCR method to explore, in murine embryonic stem cells, the chromatin dynamics inside TADs as well as at their borders. We found that contact frequencies undergo a periodic modulation over large genomic distances (few hundred kilobases). This modulation is weaker in gene-deserts than in gene-containing domains but it seems nevertheless to be universal. Using models derived from polymer physics, we show that this modulation can be understood as a fundamental helix shape that chromatin tends to adopt statistically, when no strong locus-specific interaction takes place, within the TADs. This statistical helix reflects some constraints that the chromatin undergoes at the supranucleosomal scale. It is affected by TADs borders, which disrupt the modulation, but linker histone H1 depletion only leads to subtle changes in the helix characteristics. Furthermore, using high-resolution Hi-C data, we found that chromatin dynamics is unconstrained in Drosophila where it seems mainly linked to the local epigenetics landscape. Therefore, distinct genome organization principles govern chromatin dynamics within mouse and Drosophila topologically associating domains
Toda, Nicholas Rafael Tetsuo. "Analysis of the sequence features contributing to centromere organisation and CENP-A positioning and incorporation". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16174.
Texto completoKarayan-Tapon, Lucie. "Organisation du génome des bactéries appartenant au groupe alpha2 des proteobacteriaceae". Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11159.
Texto completoTam, Lai Ying Jennifer. "Investigation of the organisation, transcriptional regulation and expression of shaking-B in Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322904.
Texto completoMielczarek, Olga. "Spatial organisation of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus and inter-chromosomal gene networks driving B cell development". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273740.
Texto completoSharples, Gary John. "Molecular organisation and functional analysis of the chromosomal ruv region of Escherichia coli K12". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276350.
Texto completoSchlecht, HeÌleÌ€ne. "Investigating the correlation between genome location, ectopic recombination and chromosome organisation during meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398663.
Texto completoSurdej, Patrick. "L' organisation strucrurale et fonctionnelle de la région 14B-15B du chromosome X de Drosophila melanogaster". Aix-Marseille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX22055.
Texto completoOudelaar, A. Marieke. "The three-dimensional regulatory landscapes of the globin genes". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6cd793fe-b28a-4d98-a588-b6eec5dfa416.
Texto completoLe, Bourgeois Pascal. "Structure et organisation du chromosome de Lactococcus lactis : [thèse en partie soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]". Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30095.
Texto completoMoreau, Philippe. "Etude d'une sequence d'adn moyennement repetee specifique du chromosome x de la souris : organisation et evolution de la region 3". Orléans, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ORLE2028.
Texto completoXu, Meng. "Specialised transcription factories". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a41d3243-c233-491a-916b-4e329cace434.
Texto completoLassadi, Imen. "Rôle de l'organisation du chromosome III dans la directionalité du mating-type switch chez S. Cerevisiae". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1330/.
Texto completoEpigenetic regulation of gene expression involves chromatin compaction and organization of genomic loci in the nuclear volume. However, little is known about the influence of chromatin structure and dynamics in recombination. Haploid S. Cerevisiae can change mating-type at every cell cycle. During this process, two transcriptionally silent haploid mating-type loci, HMLa and HMRa, located at the opposite ends of chromosome III, are required. Conversion of the mating-type begins with a site-specific cut by the HO endonuclease at the transcribed MAT locus located near the center of the chromosome. The resulting DSB is then repaired by homologous recombination using either HMLa or HMRa as a template. MAT a-cells use HMLa as a template in 85% of the cells whereas a-cells prefer to use HMRa as a template in 90% of the cells. We developed a new fluorescent repressor operator system (FROS) which relies on the transgenic expression of the bacterial λ repressor fused to a fluorescent protein which can bind to its respective λ operator DNA sequence integrated as a short multicopy tandem array in the yeast genome. Combined with the existing FROS based on LacO and TetO it now allows to visualize three specific genomic sites simultaneously. This triple labelling strategy was applied to study the choreography of the three mating-type loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. During this study, we uncovered a mating-type specific organization of the chromosome III in S. Cerevisiae. This chromosome organization does not seem to be affected after the abolishment of the chromatin fiber compaction (asf1 mutant) or the silencing ans anchoring of telomeres (sir4 mutant) but is affected following FKH1 deletion. We propose a model in which mating-type specific conformation of chromosome III correlates with the efficiency and the outcome of the gene conversion event between the HM and MAT loci. In fact, the left arm seems to form a loop due to transient interaction of the Recombination Enhancer with centromere proximal sequences. This loop positions the HML region at a strategic region to render it highly recombinogenic. In alpha-cells this specific organization is absent leading to a sequestration of HMLa away from MAT. In addition, we analyzed the behavior of the donor sequences HMLa and HMRa relative to MAT following a DSB at MAT. HMLa seems to sweep away from MAT during the minutes of repair in alpha-cells and come back to its original position following the repair. HMRa gets closer to MAT 30min after HO induction. In conclusion, we propose that the nuclear positioning of the HMLa along the cell cycle is non random and thus controlling the mating-type switch. In perspective, the adaptation of a new FROS system and the development of an algorithm able to analyze 3 loci simultaneously present a new tool to study the chromosome organization role in different cellular mechanism in yeast as well as in other models
Moindrot, Benoît. "Organisation de la chromatine et son lien avec la réplication de l'ADN". Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00733254.
Texto completoLee, Chee Yang. "Characterisation of the ovine major histocompatibility complex class II region". Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1849.
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