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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Optimisation of experimental protocols"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 16 de noviembre de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Optimisation of experimental protocols"

Fox, Elliot John, Marcela Herrera, Ferdinand Schmidt-Kaler y Irene D’Amico. "Harnessing Nth Root Gates for Energy Storage". Entropy 26, n.º 11 (6 de noviembre de 2024): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e26110952.

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We explore the use of fractional controlled-not gates in quantum thermodynamics. The Nth-root gate allows for a paced application of two-qubit operations. We apply it in quantum thermodynamic protocols for charging a quantum battery. Circuits for three (and two) qubits are analysed by considering the generated ergotropy and other measures of performance. We also perform an optimisation of initial system parameters, e.g.,the initial quantum coherence of one of the qubits strongly affects the efficiency of protocols and the system’s performance as a battery. Finally, we briefly discuss the feasibility for an experimental realization.

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Guo, Tianruo, Amr Al Abed, Nigel H. Lovell y Socrates Dokos. "Optimisation of a Generic Ionic Model of Cardiac Myocyte Electrical Activity". Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/706195.

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A generic cardiomyocyte ionic model, whose complexity lies between a simple phenomenological formulation and a biophysically detailed ionic membrane current description, is presented. The model provides a user-defined number of ionic currents, employing two-gate Hodgkin-Huxley type kinetics. Its generic nature allows accurate reconstruction of action potential waveforms recorded experimentally from a range of cardiac myocytes. Using a multiobjective optimisation approach, the generic ionic model was optimised to accurately reproduce multiple action potential waveforms recorded from central and peripheral sinoatrial nodes and right atrial and left atrial myocytes from rabbit cardiac tissue preparations, under different electrical stimulus protocols and pharmacological conditions. When fitted simultaneously to multiple datasets, the time course of several physiologically realistic ionic currents could be reconstructed. Model behaviours tend to be well identified when extra experimental information is incorporated into the optimisation.

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Bau, Luca, Niclas Westerberg, Richard Lane, LuNa Hu, Kritika Singh, John Callan, Anthony McHale, Daniele Faccio y Eleanor P. Stride. "Curiouser and curiouser—Sonoluminescence, sonoporation, and sonodynamic therapy". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, n.º 3_Supplement (1 de marzo de 2024): A188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027266.

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The potential of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) for delivering highly localised therapy with minimal side-effects is extremely attractive for a range of applications, including multiple forms of cancer and antibiotic resistant infections. There is also increasing evidence of beneficial immunostimulatory effects for treating metastatic disease. Yet, despite the growing evidence for both the pre-clinical and now clinical efficacy of SDT, the mechanisms underpinning ultrasound mediated drug activation remain unclear. This has inhibited optimisation of ultrasound exposure conditions and dosing protocols. This talk will review the range of mechanisms proposed in the literature and the corresponding supporting and contradictory evidence. These will include recent investigations by the authors into the role of sonoporation, and theoretical and experimental quantification of sonoluminescence. The importance of selecting appropriate treatment monitoring protocols to detect cavitation will also be discussed.

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MOURELATOS (Σ. ΜΟΥΡΕΛΑΤΟΣ), S., M. TOURAKI (Μ. ΤΟΥΡΑΚΗ), G. SAVVIDIS (Γ. ΣΑΒΒΙΔΗΣ), G. SOULOUNIAS (Γ. ΣΟΥΛΟΥΝΙΑΣ) y K. KASTRITSIS (Κ. ΚΑΣΤΡΙΤΣΗΣ). "Experimental trial of bioencapsulation of antimicrobial agent for the treatment of bacterial etiology diseases in seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fry. Evaluation of different therapeutic regimes". Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 50, n.º 2 (31 de enero de 2018): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15704.

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Early stages of larval development of seabass and seabream are typically fed with live feeds (nauplii of Artemia). The different disease of microbial etiology with important economic consequences, constitute one of the most significant problems during this first larval period. Therapeutic interventions, implying oral delivery of appropriate antimicrobial agents, are considered more feasible and environmentally friendly. The method used consists in techniques of bioencapsulation (incorporation of therapeutics in the live feeds). In specially designed facilities of the Laboratory of General Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, in the frame of a European Union research programme, experimental trials were carried out on seabass fry with Vibrio anguillarum strains, aiming at the optimisation of therapeutic and/or preventive schemes. Within this work, comparative results from separate experimental sets (each set comprising eight different experimental series [conditions], each series having five aliquots) are presented. The experimentation will be continued by using different strains and different bacterial species and by testing other relevant experimental protocols.

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Lin, Hsiao-Chung, Ping Wang, Wen-Hui Lin, Kuo-Ming Chao y Zong-Yu Yang. "Identifying the Attack Sources of Botnets for a Renewable Energy Management System by Using a Revised Locust Swarm Optimisation Scheme". Symmetry 13, n.º 7 (19 de julio de 2021): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13071295.

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Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks often use botnets to generate a high volume of packets and adopt controlled zombies for flooding a victim’s network over the Internet. Analysing the multiple sources of DDoS attacks typically involves reconstructing attack paths between the victim and attackers by using Internet protocol traceback (IPTBK) schemes. In general, traditional route-searching algorithms, such as particle swarm optimisation (PSO), have a high convergence speed for IPTBK, but easily fall into the local optima. This paper proposes an IPTBK analysis scheme for multimodal optimisation problems by applying a revised locust swarm optimisation (LSO) algorithm to the reconstructed attack path in order to identify the most probable attack paths. For evaluating the effectiveness of the DDoS control centres, networks with a topology size of 32 and 64 nodes were simulated using the ns-3 tool. The average accuracy of the LS-PSO algorithm reached 97.06 for the effects of dynamic traffic in two experimental networks (number of nodes = 32 and 64). Compared with traditional PSO algorithms, the revised LSO algorithm exhibited a superior searching performance in multimodal optimisation problems and increased the accuracy in traceability analysis for IPTBK problems.

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Beghriche, Abdesselem y Azeddine Bilami. "A fuzzy trust-based routing model for mitigating the misbehaving nodes in mobile ad hoc networks". International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics 11, n.º 2 (11 de junio de 2018): 309–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijicc-04-2017-0038.

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PurposeSecurity is one of the major challenges in the design and implementation of protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In such systems, the cooperation between nodes is one of the important principles being followed in the current research works to formulate various security protocols. Many existing works assume that mobile nodes will follow prescribed protocols without deviation. However, this is not always the case, because these networks are subjected to a variety of malicious attacks. Since there are various models of attack, trust routing scheme can guarantee security and trust of the network. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel trusted routing model for mitigating attacks in MANETs.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed model incorporates the concept of trust into the MANETs and applies grey relational analysis theory combined with fuzzy sets to calculate a node’s trust level based on observations from neighbour nodes’ trust level, these trust levels are then used in the routing decision-making process.FindingsIn order to prove the applicability of the proposed solution, extensive experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed model, aiming at improving the network interaction quality, malicious node mitigation and enhancements of the system’s security.Originality/valueThe proposed solution in this paper is a new approach combining the fundamental basics of fuzzy sets with the grey theory, where establishment of trust relationships among participating nodes is critical in order to enable collaborative optimisation of system metrics. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is useful for reducing the effects of malicious nodes and for the enhancements of system’s security.

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Xue, Yike. "Optimisation of Automation Devices Based on IOT Big Data Algorithms". BIO Web of Conferences 72 (2023): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237202003.

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With the continuous development of communication, sensor and caching technologies, IoT technology has gained rapid opportunities for growth and a huge digital revolution has taken place at all levels of society. Blockchain technology has emerged rapidly in recent years and can be seen as a distributed, time-based ledger of distributed data. It utilises technologies such as consensus protocols, modern cryptography, P2P and smart contracts, which can provide a secure, stable, transparent, auditable and low-consumption system architecture that has a traceable, stable and efficient security management capability, and can provide a new solution to identity security for the Internet of Things. This paper absorbs the existing blockchain-based access management approach and improves it, proposing a new private chain-based security management approach that solves the problems of access dynamics, low intelligence and high overhead in the traditional access management approach. This paper designs a new control management architecture, the Novel-Capability-Based Access Control (NCBAC), which draws on the microkernel and microservice ideas of operating systems. Firstly, this paper abstracts the concept of management node to solve the problem of weak computing power and low storage performance of IoT devices that cannot meet the difficulty of direct communication between IoT devices and blockchain, and at the same time can reduce the network operation overhead; secondly, it constructs a multi-level smart contract system and designs three kinds of smart contracts, AC, ACC and AMC, to build a trusted and reliable access control entity model; finally, it adopts radial basis based (RBF) neural network and combines with access policy to dynamically generate the credit degree threshold of access nodes to build an intelligent access authority management model for IoT mass sensors. The model proposed in this paper designs a token mechanism based on the fact that IoT systems have multiple requests within a short period of time in a real production environment, which, according to experimental results, improves the performance of the system to a certain extent.

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Delgado, María Luisa, Jorge E. Jiménez-Hornero y Francisco Vázquez. "Design, Implementation and Validation of a Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Bench for Heating Systems in Conventional Coaches". Applied Sciences 13, n.º 4 (9 de febrero de 2023): 2212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042212.

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Experimental work with heating systems installed in public transport vehicles, particularly for optimisation and control design, is a challenging task due to cost and space limitations, primarily imposed by the heating hardware and the need to have a real vehicle available. In this work, a hybrid hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test bench for heating systems in conventional coaches is introduced. This approach consists of a hardware system made up of the main heating components, assembled as a lab experimental plant, along with a simulation component including a cabin thermal model, both exchanging real-time data using a standard communication protocol. This scheme presents great flexibility regarding data logging for further analysis and easily changing the experimental operational conditions and disturbances under different scenarios (i.e., solar irradiance, outside temperature, water temperature from the engine cooling circuit, number of passengers, etc.). Comparisons between the hybrid system’s transient and steady-state responses and those from selected experiments conducted on an actual coach allowed us to conclude that the proposed system is a suitable test bed to aid in optimisation and design tasks. In this context, several closed-loop test experiments using the test bench were additionally carried out to assess the performance of the proposed control system.

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Guglielmi, G., D. Chiarani, D. P. Saroj y G. Andreottola. "Impact of chemical cleaning and air-sparging on the critical and sustainable flux in a flat sheet membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment". Water Science and Technology 57, n.º 12 (1 de junio de 2008): 1873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.126.

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The paper discusses the experimental optimisation of both chemical and mechanical cleaning procedures for a flat-sheet submerged membrane bioreactor fed with municipal wastewater. Fouling was evaluated by means of the critical flux concept, which was experimentally measured by short-term flux-stepping tests. By keeping constant most important parameters of the biological process (MLSS, sludge age), two different chemical cleaning protocols (2,000 mg L−1 NaOCl and 200 mg L−1 NaOCl) were applied with different frequency and, after approximately 9 months of operation, the criticality threshold was determined under different values of SADm (specific aeration demand per unit of membrane surface area). The weaker and more frequent chemical cleaning regime (200 mg L−1, monthly) proved much more effective than the stronger and less frequent strategy (2,000 mg L−1, once every three months). The improvement of performances was quantified by two TMP-based parameters, the fouling rate and the ΔTMP (difference between TMP values during the increasing and decreasing phase of hysteresis). The best performing configuration was then checked over a longer period by running four long-term trials showing an exponential trend of the sub-critical fouling rate with the imposed flux.

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Srinivasa Rao, V., Laeth H. J. Hamza, M. Shamila, Deepa Bisht y Ravi Kumar Panthangi. "Sensor network for monitoring and fault detection in drip irrigation systems based on embedded systems". E3S Web of Conferences 564 (2024): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202456407010.

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Modern agriculture relies heavily on drip irrigation systems because they effectively distribute water to plant roots, maximising both crop yield and water usage. However, maintaining agricultural output depends on making sure these systems continue to function. In order to provide real-time monitoring and control inside irrigation networks, this article leverages embedded systems technology to investigate the integration of sensor networks for monitoring and fault detection in drip irrigation. Rather than only evaluating the literature, the study attempts to propose a unique sensor network architecture and demonstrate its effectiveness through experimental evaluation. It is determined that defect detection and real-time monitoring are essential for quickly resolving problems and maximising resource use. The suggested architecture makes use of actuators, sensors, embedded systems, and communication protocols that are all thoughtfully placed to gather pertinent data, including readings of soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and pressure. Algorithms for fault detection are designed to examine sensor data and spot irregularities in the irrigation system, allowing for prompt intervention and water-use optimisation. To evaluate how well the suggested sensor network design detects and locates defects, experimental validation in actual agricultural environments is carried out. The importance of sensor networks and embedded systems in improving drip irrigation sustainability and efficiency is highlighted by this study. It highlights the need for more study to address current issues and develop sensor network capabilities especially suited for agricultural applications, and it makes suggestions on possible advantages for agriculture and water management.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Optimisation of experimental protocols"

Pavkovic, Bogdan. "Vers le futur Internet d'Objets au travers d'une optimisation intercouche des protocols standardisés". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804540.

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Le paradigme de l'Internet des Objets (IoT) envisage d'enrichir l'Internet actuel avec un grand nombre de dispositifs intelligents communicants. Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (RCF) exploitent des appareils avec des ressources énergétiques limitées équipés de capteurs afin de récupérer en temps réel des mesures (comme la température, la radioactivité, ou le CO2). Les réseaux de capteurs sont particulièrement pertinents pour la surveillance, la télémétrie ou la prévention des catastrophes naturelles. Cependant, ce type de réseau pose des problèmes majeurs tels que l'utilisation efficace de ressources énergétiques limitées, la prise en charge transparente de nœuds défaillants, sans intervention humaine. L'Internet des Objets ne permettra d'intégrer des réseaux de capteurs autonomes que si les protocoles sont standards et passent à l'échelle. Les contributions de cette thèse sont les suivantes : * nous avons caractérisé expérimentalement un réseau radio multisaut en exploitant statistiquement un grand volume de mesures provenant d'une plate-forme expérimentale opérée par Orange. Notre analyse porte sur la caractérisation d'un lien et de sa qualité ainsi que de la dynamique du réseau. * nous avons proposé de modifier le standard IEEE 802.15.4 afin qu'il puisse cohabiter efficacement avec le protocole de routage actuellement standard de l'Internet des Objets, RPL. En particulier, nous proposons d'exploiter une structure de graphe dirigé acyclique afin d'exploiter une topologie maillée et pallier à la déficience éventuelle d'un nœud. Nous avons proposé également des algorithmes simples d'ordonnancement distribué des supertrames adaptés à cette topologie. * le choix des pères au niveau MAC dans une structure de graphe dirigé acyclique est déterminant dans la qualité des routes possibles dans la couche réseau. Nous avons ainsi proposé un algorithme de choix des pères basé sur plusieurs métriques. Nous aboutissons à une structure permettant d'équilibrer la charge, limitant les points de congestion, utilisant des liens radio de bonne qualité, limitant la congestion au niveau MAC. * nous avons enfin présenté des mécanismes permettant d'offrir une qualité de service dans une pile s'appuyant sur IEEE 802.15.4 et RPL. Notre extension de routage opportuniste et multi-chemin contribue à améliorer la livraison des paquets avant une date limite, tout en minimisant le surcout et la consommation d'énergie par rapport à la version originale de RPL.

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Gross, Viktoriia. "An integrative approach to characterize and predict cell death and escape to beta-lactam antibiotic treatments". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB035.

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La résistance aux antibiotique est de plus en plus courante. En particulier, la fraction croissante d'Escherichia coli commensaux et pathogènes exprimant des bêta-lactamases à spectre étendu et/ou des carbapénémases est alarmante. E. coli est une cause majeure d'infections courantes telles que les infections urinaires, qui touchent plus de 150 millions de personnes dans le monde. Il est important de noter que de nombreuses infections récidivent. Il est donc essentiel de comprendre en profondeur la sensibilité des isolats cliniques d'E. coli aux bêta-lactamines pour proposer des traitements efficaces.Les bactéries peuvent échapper aux traitements de différentes manières. Les bactéries résistantes se développent et se divisent normalement en présence d'antibiotiques. Leur caractérisation est facile à l'aide de tests de diagnostic standard. Les bactéries tolérantes se contentent de survivre en présence d'antibiotiques et repoussent lorsque l'antibiotique est retiré ou dégradé. Ce comportement biphasique complique la prédiction des résultats du traitement. La résilience au traitement est notamment observée dans la tolérance collective aux antibiotiques, où les cellules mortes libèrent des bêta-lactamases qui dégradent l'antibiotique dans l'environnement. Les approches standard ne sont pas adaptées pour quantifier et comprendre le rôle de la résistance et/ou de la résilience.Nos principaux objectifs sont de quantifier la dynamique de la mort cellulaire au cours de traitements répétés et de quantifier l'impact des différentes conditions environnementaux sur la mort cellulaire. Tout d'abord, nous avons développé de nouveaux protocoles pour résoudre les problèmes de variabilité dans les mesures de densité optique, et pour effectuer des tests d'unités formant colonies d'une manière efficace. Grâce à ces techniques, nous avons généré un vaste ensemble de données décrivant l'impact de traitements répétés sur différents isolats cliniques. Nous avons calibré un modèle, précédemment développé par l'équipe, de la réponse de la population aux antibiotiques et de l'évolution de l'environnement dans le contexte de tolérance collective aux antibiotiques. Nous avons calibré le modèle sur l'ensemble de données, et nous avons montré que le modèle tient compte de l'évolution temporelle de la biomasse et du nombre de cellules vivantes. En outre, nous avons démontré qu'en utilisant ce modèle, nous pouvons prédire le nombre de cellules vivantes à partir des mesures de la biomasse.Dans ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence l'écart entre l'in vitro et l'in vivo en évaluant l'effet de différentes conditions de croissance sur la survie des cellules. Pour relever ce défi, nous avons étudié la réponse bactérienne dans l'urine humaine et dans le milieu de Mueller-Hinton (milieu utilisé pour les antibiogrammes standard), ainsi que dans un milieu défini avec différentes sources de carbone. Tout d'abord, nous avons observé une meilleure survie dans l'urine par rapport au milieu Mueller-Hinton, mais ce résultat variait en fonction de la souche et de la concentration d'antibiotique. Il est intéressant de noter que les données expérimentales ont montré que la concentration en nutriments n'avait pas d'effet sur le taux de croissance, mais un effet important sur la capacité de charge et la réponse aux antibiotiques. Grâce à l'étalonnage du modèle et à l'analyse des valeurs des paramètres du modèle, nous avons identifié des processus biologiques qui pourraient expliquer les différences entre le comportement des bactéries dans différents milieux
Resistance to first-line antimicrobial drugs is now commonly encountered. In particular, the increasing fraction of commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli expressing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and/or carbapenemases is alarming. E. coli is a major cause of common infections such as urinary tract infections, affecting over 150 million people worldwide. Importantly, many infections relapse. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the susceptibility of E. coli clinical isolates to beta-lactams is essential for proposing effective treatments.Bacteria might escape treatments in many different ways. Resistant bacteria grow and divide normally in the presence of antibiotics. Their characterization is easy using standard diagnostic tests. Resilient bacteria merely survive in the presence of antibiotics and regrow when the antibiotic is removed or degraded. This biphasic behavior complicates the prediction of treatment outcomes. Resilience to treatment is notably observed in collective antibiotic tolerance, where dead cells release beta-lactamases degrading the antibiotic in the environment. Standard approaches are not adapted for quantifying and understanding the role of resistance and/or resilience.Our main objectives are to quantify the dynamics of cell death during repeated treatments and to quantify the impact of different growth conditions on cell death. First, we developed novel protocols to address variability issues in optical density measurements, and to perform colony forming unit assays in an efficient manner. Using these techniques, we generated an extensive dataset describing the impact of repeated treatments on different clinical isolates. We calibrated a previously developed in the team model of population response to antibiotic and evolution of the environment in the context of collective antibiotic tolerance. We calibrated the model to our dataset, and we showed that the model accounts for the temporal evolution of both biomass and live cell counts. Further, we demonstrated that using this model we can predict live cell number from biomass measurements.In addition, in this work we highlighted the in vitro - in vivo gap by assessing the effect of different growth conditions on cell survival. To address this challenge, we studied the bacterial response in human urine and in Mueller-Hinton media (media used for standard antibiotic susceptibility tests), as well as a defined media with different carbon sources. First, we observed better survival in urine compared to Mueller-Hinton media, but this result varied depending on the strain and the antibiotic concentration. Interestingly, the experimental data showed that nutrient concentration had no effect on growth rate, but a strong effect on carrying capacity and antibiotic response. Through model calibration and analysis of identified model parameter values, we identified biological processes that could explain the differences between bacterial behavior in different media

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Al-Mahrooqi, Khalid Mohammed Salim. "The Optimisation of Routine Paediatric CT Scanning Protocols". Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2552.

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This study represents one of the first comprehensive paediatric optimisation processes that were systematically approached via three main objectives. It is expected that the devised optimisation paediatric protocols could have profound implications on clinical practices that use 64-slice CT or greater. The study provides a better understanding of the influence of each acquisition reconstruction parameter with regards to image quality and radiation dose during routine paediatric imaging protocols.

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Atanackov, NatasÌŒa. "Trend forecasting by constrained optimisation and method selection protocols". Thesis, Brunel University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400597.

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Donaldson, Stephen Richard. "Global optimisation of communication protocols for bulk synchronous parallel computation". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5bb12320-92ac-4e9f-a9f1-b9b23947c8ae.

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In the Bulk Synchronous Parallel (or BSP) model of parallel communication represented by BSPlib, the relaxed coupling of the global computation, communication and synchronisation, whilst providing a definite semantics, does not prescribe exactly when and where communication is to be carried out during the computation. It merely states that it cannot happen before requested by the application and that at certain points local computation cannot proceed unless updates have been applied from the other participating processors. The nature of the computation and this framework is open to exploitation by the implementation of the runtime system and can be made to suit particular physical environments without requiring application program changes. This bulk and global view of parallel computation can be used to implement protocols that both maintain and take into account global state for optimising performance. Such global protocols can provide performance improvements which are not easily achieved with local and greedy strategies and may in turn be locally sub-optimal. This global perspective and the exploitable nature of BSP computation is applied to congestion avoidance, transport layer protocols suitable for BSP computation, global stable check-pointing, and work process placement and migration, to achieve a better overall performance. An important consideration for the compositionality of parallel computer systems into larger systems is that in order for the composite to exhibit good performance, the individual components must also do so. However, it is not obvious how the individual components contribute to the global performance. Already mentioned is that non-locally optimal strategies might lead to globally optimal performance, but also of importance is that variance observed at the local level also influences performance. A number of decisions in the transport protocol design and implementations have been made in order that the observed variance in the protocol's behaviour is minimised. It is demonstrated why this is required using the BSP model. The analysis also suggests a regression technique which can be applied to sampled global performance data.

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Hadjitheodosiou, Michael H. "Performance optimisation of multiple access protocols for multiservice VSAT networks". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362639.

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Wyre, Christopher John. "Recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli : optimisation of improved protocols". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5743/.

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Recombinant protein production (RPP) is a cornerstone of bioprocessing. This study presents novel analytical techniques and production protocols for RPP in E. coli, particularly regarding industrial applications. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to monitor cell physiology and RPP during production of a fluorescent model protein, CheY::GFP. Further applications of FCM for monitoring RPP were developed: The amyloidophilic dye Congo red was used to identify inclusion bodies produced under high-stress conditions. FCM analysis of transformants on agar plates identified 3 populations of varying fluorescence intensity and the progressive transfer of cells from the high fluorescence population to one of intermediate fluorescence and low culturability. Congo red staining showed this was due to amyloid-inclusion body formation. RPP conditions that minimise physiological stress by reducing temperature and inducer concentration can increase product yields, solubility and biomass yields. The original fermentation protocol used for stress-minimised RPP proved unsuitable for industrial use. Application of stress-minimisation to an industrially-derived protocol using early or late-phase induction and glucose or glycerol as carbon source generated high biomass, total CheY::GFP and soluble CheY::GFP yields. These protocols improved biomass generation, product formation and reproducibility over the original stress-minimised and unmodified industrially-derived protocols and therefore stress-minimisation is of potential industrial use.

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Lamoureux, Louis-Philippe. "Theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum cryptographic protocols". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210776.

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La mécanique quantique est sans aucun doute la théorie la mieux vérifiée qui n’a jamais existée. En se retournant vers le passé, nous constatons qu’un siècle de théorie quantique a non seulement changé la perception que nous avons de l’univers dans lequel nous vivons mais aussi est responsable de plusieurs concepts technologiques qui ont le potentiel de révolutionner notre monde.

La présente dissertation a pour but de mettre en avance ces potentiels, tant dans le domaine théorique qu’expérimental. Plus précisément, dans un premier temps, nous étudierons des protocoles de communication quantique et démontrerons que ces protocoles offrent des avantages de sécurité qui n’ont pas d’égaux en communication classique. Dans un deuxième temps nous étudierons trois problèmes spécifiques en clonage quantique ou chaque solution

apportée pourrait, à sa façon, être exploitée dans un problème de communication quantique.

Nous débuterons par décrire de façon théorique le premier protocole de communication quantique qui a pour but la distribution d’une clé secrète entre deux parties éloignées. Ce chapitre nous permettra d’introduire plusieurs concepts et outils théoriques qui seront nécessaires dans les chapitres successifs. Le chapitre suivant servira aussi d’introduction, mais cette fois-ci penché plutôt vers le côté expériemental. Nous présenterons une élégante technique qui nous permettra d’implémenter des protocoles de communication quantique de façon simple. Nous décrirons ensuite des expériences originales de communication quantique basées sur cette technique. Plus précisément, nous introduirons le concept de filtration d’erreur et utiliserons cette technique afin d’implémenter une distribution de clé quantique bruyante qui ne pourrait pas être sécurisé sans cette technique. Nous démontrerons ensuite des expériences implémentant le tirage au sort quantique et d’identification quantique.

Dans un deuxième temps nous étudierons des problèmes de clonage quantique basé sur le formalisme introduit dans le chapitre d’introduction. Puisqu’il ne sera pas toujours possible de prouver l’optimalité de nos solutions, nous introduirons une technique numérique qui nous

permettra de mettre en valeur nos résultats.

Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation physique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Al-Janabi, Thair. "Design of energy efficient protocols-based optimisation algorithms for IoT networks". Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/17121.

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The increased globalisation of information and communication technologies has transformed the world into the internet of things (IoT), which is accomplished within the resources of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Therefore, the future IoT networks will consist of high density of connected nodes that suffer from resource limitation, especially the energy one, and distribute randomly in a harsh and large-scale areas. Accordingly, the contributions in this thesis are focused on the development of energy efficient design protocols based on optimisation algorithms, with consideration of the resource limitations, adaptability, scalability, node density and random distribution of node density in the geographical area. One MAC protocol and two routing protocols, with both a static and mobile sink, are proposed. The first proposed protocol is an energy efficient hybrid MAC protocol with dynamic sleep/wake-up extension to the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, namely, HSW-802.15.4. The model automates the network by enabling it to work exibly in low and high-density networks with a lower number of collisions. A frame structure that offers an enhanced exploitation for the TDMA time slots (TDMAslots) is provided. To implement these enhanced slots exploitation, this hybrid protocol rst schedules the TDMAsslots, and then allocates each slot to a group of devices. A three-dimensional Markov chain is developed to display the proposed model in a theoretical manner. Simulation results show an enhancement in the energy conservation by 40% - 60% in comparison to the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol. Secondly, an efficient centralised clustering-based whale optimisation algorithm (CC- WOA) is suggested, which employs the concept of software de ned network (SDN) in its mechanism. The cluster formulation process in this algorithm considers the random di- versi cation of node density in the geographical area and involves both sensor resource restrictions and the node density in the tness function. The results offer an efficient con- servation of energy in comparison to other protocols. Another clustering algorithm, called centralised load balancing clustering algorithm (C-LBCA), is also developed that uses par- ticle swarm optimisation (PSO) and presents robust load-balancing for data gathering in IoT. However, in large scale networks, the nodes, especially the cluster heads (CHs), suffer from a higher energy exhaustion. Hence, in this thesis, a centralised load balanced and scheduling protocol is proposed utilising optimisation algorithms for large scale IoT net- works, named, optimised mobile sink based load balancing (OMS-LB). This model connects the impact of the Optimal Path for the MS (MSOpath) determination and the adjustable set of data aggregation points (SDG) with the cluster formulation process to de ne an op- timised routing protocol suitable for large scale networks. Simulation results display an improvement in the network lifespan of up to 54% over the other approaches.

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Vernon, A. J. "Optimisation of ex vivo expansion protocols for cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1463939/.

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Limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) produce progeny (human limbal epithelial cells, hLEC) responsible for corneal repair and maintenance. The loss, or dysfunction, of LESCs results in LESC deficiency (LESCD) characterised by corneal opacification, neovascularisation and vision loss. Current treatments include LESC transplantation through cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation (CLET). There remains a number of manufacturing and regulatory challenges with CLET, therefore, this research was performed to address these challenges and improve existing protocols. This thesis aims were; to improve the starting number of LESCs by investigating to what extent corneal storage media preserve LESCs. Secondly, to decrease risk of zoonotic agent transmission through animal-derived materials, the potential of human-derived feeders (MRC5 fibroblasts) and serum for hLEC expansion was assessed. The final aim was to examine the feasibility of collagen-based tissue equivalents (TE) containing surrogate niche cells (human dermal fibroblasts, hDFs) as alternative delivery method to current protocols utilising human amniotic membrane, a substrate predisposed to inter-and intra-donor variability. Experiments showed different corneal storage formulations can preserve poorly differentiated cells; however, investigations into other factors (donor age/ hLEC isolation) may further improve the starting number of LESCs. Human derived serum was effective in maintaining hLECs and is an adequate replacement for animal-derived serum in CLET protocols. However, human-derived MRC5 feeders should not replace animal-derived feeders in CLET manufacture due to unfavourable hLEC characteristics observed. Furthermore, future investigations into cytokines expressed by human MRC5 feeders may elucidate factors influencing hLEC behaviour. Finally, changes in hLEC characteristics and increased inflammation-associated mediator expression demonstrated hDFs were not a suitable TE surrogate niche cell; however, the potential role of such mediators in epithelial-stromal interactions should be explored. To conclude; these experiments have improved existing CLET protocols, highlighted lower-risk materials may not always be effective, and that the surrounding culture environment is integral for CLET graft success.

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Libros sobre el tema "Optimisation of experimental protocols"

Gupta, Neelima y Varsha Gupta, eds. Experimental Protocols in Biotechnology. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0607-0.

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Ghose, A. Optimisation and symmetry in experimental radiation physics. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, 1988.

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Masato, Kinoshita, ed. Medaka: Biology, management, and experimental protocols. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

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Irina, Klimanskaya y Lanza Robert, eds. Stem cell tools and other experimental protocols. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 2006.

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Shulin, Li, ed. Electroporation protocols: Experimental and clinical gene medicine. Totowa, N.J: Humana, 2008.

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Atkinson, A. C. Optimum experimental designs. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1992.

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Chen, Zhebo. Photoelectrochemical water splitting: Standards, experimental methods, and protocols. New York: Springer, 2013.

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J, Enna S., ed. Current protocols in pharmacology. New York: Wiley, 1998.

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I, Spielman Andrew y Brand Joseph G, eds. Experimental cell biology of taste and olfaction: Current techniques and protocols. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995.

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Angelo, Corti y Ghezzi P, eds. Tumor necrosis factor: Methods and protocols. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2004.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Optimisation of experimental protocols"

Heyn, Jens, Ludwig Christian Hinske, Carola Ledderose, Elisabeth Limbeck y Simone Kreth. "Experimental miRNA Target Validation". En MicroRNA Protocols, 83–90. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-083-0_7.

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Evans, Mark. "Some Non-Linear Experimental Designs". En Optimisation of Manufacturing Processes, 231–54. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780138744885-13.

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Evans, Mark. "The 2k Experimental Design: Full Factorials". En Optimisation of Manufacturing Processes, 29–38. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780138744885-5.

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Slessarev, Marat. "Experimental Protocols in Mapping". En Cerebrovascular Reactivity, 19–32. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1763-2_2.

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Evans, Mark. "The 2k-p Experimental Design: Fractional Factorials". En Optimisation of Manufacturing Processes, 39–53. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780138744885-6.

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Zhang, Yi Ping, Lisa B. E. Shields y Christopher B. Shields. "Experimental Laceration Spinal Cord Injury Model". En Springer Protocols Handbooks, 461–70. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-185-1_39.

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Haralick, Robert M. "Torah codes: New experimental protocols". En Advances in Pattern Recognition, 72–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0033227.

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Schneider, Ulf C., Etienne N. Atangana y Peter Vajkoczy. "Cranial Window Assessments in Experimental aSAH in Mice". En Springer Protocols Handbooks, 509–16. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-576-3_40.

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Titova, Elena y Andre Obenaus. "Immunological Response to Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Morphological Assessments". En Springer Protocols Handbooks, 625–52. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-576-3_48.

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Ballester, Pedro J. y Jonathan N. Carter. "An Algorithm to Identify Clusters of Solutions in Multimodal Optimisation". En Experimental and Efficient Algorithms, 42–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24838-5_4.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Optimisation of experimental protocols"

Webb, Jonathan, Joseph Ho, Federico Grasselli, Gláucia Murta, Alexander Pickston, Andrés Ulibarrena y Alessandro Fedrizzi. "Experimental anonymous quantum conferencing". En Quantum 2.0, QTh2B.2. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/quantum.2024.qth2b.2.

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Using a six-photon maximally entangled state, we demonstrate anonymous key distribution protocols showing a substantial reduction in network resources when multi-partite entanglement is available over solely bi-partite entanglement, considered in the asymptotic- and finite-key regime.

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Gatram, Srinija, Vaka Dhavan Reddy, Kurakula Saisatish y Sriram Sankaran. "Energy Profiling and Comparison of TLS Protocols for Embedded Devices: Experimental Study". En 2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), 1–7. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt61001.2024.10725675.

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Tate, Jonathan, Benjamin Woolford-Lim, Iain Bate y Xin Yao. "Comparing design of experiments and evolutionary approaches to multi-objective optimisation of sensornet protocols". En 2009 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cec.2009.4983074.

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Soua, Ridha, Maria Rita Palattella y Thomas Engel. "IoT Application Protocols Optimisation for Future Integrated M2M-Satellite Networks". En 2018 Global Information Infrastructure and Networking Symposium (GIIS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/giis.2018.8635784.

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Hadjitheodosiou, M. H. "Performance optimisation of multiple access protocols for multiservice VSAT satellite networks". En 5th IEE Conference on Telecommunications. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19950102.

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St-Onge, Nicolas. "Optimisation of the exclusion protocols following seismic events at the Goldex mine". En Deep Mining 2024: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Deep and High Stress Mining, 255–70. , Perth, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/2465_11.

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Marcus, Adam y Andrew Kudless. "Drawing Codes. Experimental protocols of architectural representation". En ACADIA 2018: Re/Calibration: On Imprecision and Infidelity. ACADIA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2018.046.

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Hutter, Frank, Holger H. Hoos, Kevin Leyton-Brown y Kevin P. Murphy. "An experimental investigation of model-based parameter optimisation". En the 11th Annual conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1569901.1569940.

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Schellekens, Hans, Marie-Francoise Devismes y Cyril Nicolle. "Vacuum Interrupters: Design optimisation requires reliable experimental data". En 2011 1st International Conference on Electric Power Equipment - Switching Technology (ICEPE-ST). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icepe-st.2011.6122934.

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RYAN, SHANNON, JULIAN BERK, ALON WEISS, NATAV YATOM, MICHA VARDY, SANTU RANA, STEWART GREENHILL y SVETHA VENKATESH. "ADAPTIVE EXPERIMENTAL OPTIMISATION FOR SAMPLE-EFFICIENT ARMOUR DESIGN". En 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36177.

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We present a Bayesian optimisation methodology intended to support a human expert in the design of armour systems for which limited prior knowledge/data exists and within a limiting, pre-defined experimental budget. We apply the methodology to design an armour configuration consisting of multiple plates, with multiple materials, at varying orientations and spacing, for protection against 12.7 mm APM2 and 20 mm FSP threats. The full-factorial design matrix for the defined solution space exceeds 17,500 possible solutions. With an objective to minimise system weight, we identify a solution within 102 ballistic tests (44 design iterations) that provides a weight reduction of 11.4% over expert-designed reference configurations and a mass efficiency of 1.5 relative to a monolithic RHA Class 1. The value of the demonstrated methodology is expected to increase with increasing armour (or threat) complexity.

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Informes sobre el tema "Optimisation of experimental protocols"

Waskiewicz, Justin D., Laura S. Kenefic, Nicole S. Rogers, Joshua J. Puhlick, John C. Brissette y Richard J. Dionne. Sampling and measurement protocols for long-term silvicultural studies on the Penobscot Experimental Forest. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-gtr-147.

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Wisdom, M. J., J. G. Cook, M. M. Rowland y J. H. Noyes. Protocols for care and handling of deer and elk at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-311.

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Kodjebacheva, Gergana, Taylor Culinski, Bushra Kawser y Katelynn Coffer. Satisfaction with telehealth among children, adolescents, caregivers, and medical providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic literature review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, septiembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0067.

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Review question / Objective: What is the satisfaction regarding the use of telehealth among pediatric patients, their caregivers, and their medical providers, during the COVID-19 pandemic? PI(E)COS structure: Outcome: Satisfaction (i.e. experiences, perceptions, attitudes); Participants: pediatric patients, their caregivers, and their medical providers; Intervention: Telehealth; Comparison group: A group not receiving telehealth or no comparison group. Study designs to be includedd: Inclusion: All designs are included specifically RCTs, quasi-experimental studies with control group or with no control group, and qualitative studies. Not only interventions are included. Observational studies involving surveys and interviews discussing experiences with telehealth are included. Exclusion: Review protocols, studies that present no qualitative or quantitative data on experiences with telehealth.

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Saillant, Eric, Jason Lemus y James Franks. Culture of Lobotes surinamensis (Tripletail). Mississippi Department of Marine Resources, enero de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18785/ose.001.

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The Tripletail, Lobotes surinamensis, is a pelagic fish found in tropical and sub-tropical waters of all oceans. Tripletails are often associated with floating debris and make frequent incursions in bays and estuaries where they are targeted by recreational fishermen. In Mississippi waters the species is typically present during the late spring and summer season that also correspond to the period of sexual maturation and spawning (Brown-Peterson and Franks 2001). Tripletail is appreciated as a gamefish but is also prized for its flesh of superior quality. The fast growth rate of juveniles in captivity documented by Franks et al. (2001) and the excellent quality of Tripletail flesh both contribute to the potential of this species for marine aquaculture. In addition, the production of cultured juveniles would be precious to develop a better understanding of the biology, early life history and habitat use of Tripletail larvae and juveniles, a topic largely undocumented to date, through experimental releases and controlled studies. The culture of tripletail thus supports the Tidelands Trust Fund Program through improved conservation of natural resources, potential enhancement of fisheries productivity and potential development of a new economic activity on the Gulf coast producing tripletail via aquaculture. The Objective of this project was to initiate development of methods and techniques needed to spawn captive held tripletail broodfish and raise their offspring to evaluate their growth and development in captivity. In this report we will present the results of studies aiming to develop methods and protocols for captive spawning of tripletail and the first data obtained on the early development of tripletail larvae. A major issue that was encountered with tripletail broodstock development during the project lied in the difficulties associated with identifying the sex of adults caught in the wild and candidates for being incorporated in mating sets for spawning. This issue was addressed during the course of the project by examining the potential of a non-lethal method of hormonal sexing. The results of these preliminary investigations are presented in the third part of this report. All protocols used in the project were determined with the guidance of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of Southern Mississippi (USM IACUC protocol number 10100108).

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McKinnon, Mark, Daniel Madryzkowksi y Craig Weinschenk. Development of a Database of Contemporary Material Properties for Fire Investigation Analysis - Materials and Methods. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, julio de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/zmpa6638.

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Meetings with the majority of the Technical Panel for the Development of an Interactive Database of Contemporary Material Properties for Fire Modeling project were held on June 29 and June 30, 2020. The major subjects of discussion included the list of proposed materials to be tested and characterized, the properties for the database, and the experimental and analytical methods to determine the properties for the database. A list of 101 materials divided into 11 categories were identified for inclusion in the database. The topics of variability in materials and aging of products and furniture items was discussed and it was concluded that investigating these variations is outside the scope of the project in this phase. The list of properties to be stored in the database for each material as well as proposed experimental methods to determine each property were discussed in the Technical Panel meetings. The discussion emphasized that the priorities for the properties represented in the database are dependent on the expected users for the database. Three potential user groups and the sets of properties that each group would likely require were identified. To ensure that the data contained in the database is useful for modeling, it was determined that prioritization would be given to complete sets of properties to be measured and stored in the database. Over the course of the two meetings, several tools were proposed to make the database easier for model practitioners to use. Once such tool included functionality to output lines of code for the models or entire model input files to simplify the process of inserting the properties into computa- tional fire models. Another tool that was discussed would involve automatically extracting derived properties from data sets or translating between complex and simple representations of burning. The next phase of the project includes conducting research to finalize the structure of the database and finalizing experimental procedures and protocols to populate the database.

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Torrijos, Ivan Dario Pinerez, Tina Puntervold, Skule Strand, Panagiotis Aslanidis, Ingebret Fjelde y Aleksandr Mamonov. Core restoration: A guide for improved wettability assessments. University of Stavanger, noviembre de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.198.

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The initial wetting of a reservoir sets a limit for the EOR potential during water-based recovery operations and “Smart Water” injection. For this reason, an improved understanding of the factors influencing the wetting can help to control and better forecast oil production during water-based floods. To preserve and reproduce the original reservoir wettability is a challenging task and wrong cleaning and core restoration procedures can lead to incorrect wettability estimations and thus induce serious errors when evaluating the initial wettability of a reservoir system or its EOR potential by water-based methods. Thereby, there is a need to improve the chemical knowledge on interactions among the rock, brine and fluids present in reservoir systems. This will help to understanding the influence of the parameters affecting wettability during cleaning and core restoration processes. Understanding which are the main parameters influencing oil recovery processes is of great relevance. The objective of this document is to provide suggestions for added-value experiments, complementing and challenging the standard RCA and SCAL procedures, prior to performing experimental research in which wettability and wettability alteration processes are important. Lessons learned will be highlighted and new ideas to optimize core restoration protocols to preserve and closely reproduce wettability are put forward. These recommended practices target core restoration procedures after the core material has been received in the laboratory. The target audience for this document is engineers and scientists with an interest in core preparation for wettability studies.

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Leis y Walsh. L51575 Mechanics-Based Analysis of SCC in a Carbonate-Bicarbonate Environment. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), agosto de 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010306.

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Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) occurs occasionally in line-pipe steels. Reviews of this cracking indicate that the environment is carbonate-bicarbonate and that the cracking is primarily intergranular. Research sponsored by the PRCI Line Pipe Research Supervisory Committee (LPRSC) has over the years identified metallurgical and electrochemical parameters as playing a role in the process. This work has also argued the significance of strain rate and its relationship to the service loading, given that dissolution is indicated as the controlling mechanism. While much has been learned about the mechanism of cracking, very little has been learned about how to directly relate the nucleation and growth of cracks to the loading, the metallurgy, and the environmental parameters. The continual development of new line-pipe steels, the probable development of reliable in-line inspection (ILI) tools to detect SCC, and the occasional discovery of cracking colonies during field surveys have recently centered attention on methods to rank line-pipe resistance to SCC and characterize crack-growth rates. Ranking line-pipe resistance to SCC may be done in terms of a threshold stress for nucleation of SCC or the rate of crack growth at some crack depth beyond nucleation. Estimating remaining life of cracks located by an ILI tool or confirmed in a field survey involves only crack growth rate data or data that define a threshold stress for continued growth. Recent attention of the SCC subgroup of the LPRSC, therefore, has focussed on experimental protocols to assess susceptibility, determine thresholds, and establish growth rate behavior. The tapered-tension test (TTT) has been developed to determine stress thresholds for crack nucleation, whereas several different prenotched or precracked geometries have been or are now being used to assess crack growth. Attention has also focussed on modelling SCC thresholds and crack growth behavior so that data developed under laboratory conditions can be adapted to assess field cracking situations. Models are being explored for both threshold and crack-growth conditions. This report presents the development and validation for a model that is being adapted to line-pipe problems for the SCC subgroup. This model deals with the threshold for and the growth of SCC cracks up to about 0.020-inch deep.

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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson y Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Wet Specimens I (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, noviembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/dqhf2112.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing and focuses on the first phase of an experimental investigation to study the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls with sill anchorage. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves the first of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the UC San Diego. Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish materials, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the first phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens. Phase 1 including quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load testing of six 12-ft-long, 2-ft high cripple walls. All specimens in this phase were finished on their exterior with stucco over horizontal sheathing (referred to as a “wet” finish), a finish noted to be common of dwellings built in California before 1945. Parameters addressed in this first phase include: boundary conditions on the top, bottom, and corners of the walls, attachment of the sill to the foundation, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. In addition, this report discusses the rationale and scope of subsequent small-component test phases. Companion reports present these test phases considering, amongst other variables, the impacts of dry finishes and cripple wall height (Phases 2–4). Results from these experiments are intended to provide an experimental basis to support numerical modeling used to develop loss models, which are intended to quantify the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100, Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.

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Wideman, Jr., Robert F., Nicholas B. Anthony, Avigdor Cahaner, Alan Shlosberg, Michel Bellaiche y William B. Roush. Integrated Approach to Evaluating Inherited Predictors of Resistance to Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome (Ascites) in Fast Growing Broiler Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, diciembre de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575287.bard.

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Background PHS (pulmonary hypertension syndrome, ascites syndrome) is a serious cause of loss in the broiler industry, and is a prime example of an undesirable side effect of successful genetic development that may be deleteriously manifested by factors in the environment of growing broilers. Basically, continuous and pinpointed selection for rapid growth in broilers has led to higher oxygen demand and consequently to more frequent manifestation of an inherent potential cardiopulmonary incapability to sufficiently oxygenate the arterial blood. The multifaceted causes and modifiers of PHS make research into finding solutions to the syndrome a complex and multi threaded challenge. This research used several directions to better understand the development of PHS and to probe possible means of achieving a goal of monitoring and increasing resistance to the syndrome. Research Objectives (1) To evaluate the growth dynamics of individuals within breeding stocks and their correlation with individual susceptibility or resistance to PHS; (2) To compile data on diagnostic indices found in this work to be predictive for PHS, during exposure to experimental protocols known to trigger PHS; (3) To conduct detailed physiological evaluations of cardiopulmonary function in broilers; (4) To compile data on growth dynamics and other diagnostic indices in existing lines selected for susceptibility or resistance to PHS; (5) To integrate growth dynamics and other diagnostic data within appropriate statistical procedures to provide geneticists with predictive indices that characterize resistance or susceptibility to PHS. Revisions In the first year, the US team acquired the costly Peckode weigh platform / individual bird I.D. system that was to provide the continuous (several times each day), automated weighing of birds, for a comprehensive monitoring of growth dynamics. However, data generated were found to be inaccurate and irreproducible, so making its use implausible. Henceforth, weighing was manual, this highly labor intensive work precluding some of the original objectives of using such a strategy of growth dynamics in selection procedures involving thousands of birds. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements 1. Healthy broilers were found to have greater oscillations in growth velocity and acceleration than PHS susceptible birds. This proved the scientific validity of our original hypothesis that such differences occur. 2. Growth rate in the first week is higher in PHS-susceptible than in PHS-resistant chicks. Artificial neural network accurately distinguished differences between the two groups based on growth patterns in this period. 3. In the US, the unilateral pulmonary occlusion technique was used in collaboration with a major broiler breeding company to create a commercial broiler line that is highly resistant to PHS induced by fast growth and low ambient temperatures. 4. In Israel, lines were obtained by genetic selection on PHS mortality after cold exposure in a dam-line population comprising of 85 sire families. The wide range of PHS incidence per family (0-50%), high heritability (about 0.6), and the results in cold challenged progeny, suggested a highly effective and relatively easy means for selection for PHS resistance 5. The best minimally-invasive diagnostic indices for prediction of PHS resistance were found to be oximetry, hematocrit values, heart rate and electrocardiographic (ECG) lead II waves. Some differences in results were found between the US and Israeli teams, probably reflecting genetic differences in the broiler strains used in the two countries. For instance the US team found the S wave amplitude to predict PHS susceptibility well, whereas the Israeli team found the P wave amplitude to be a better valid predictor. 6. Comprehensive physiological studies further increased knowledge on the development of PHS cardiopulmonary characteristics of pre-ascitic birds, pulmonary arterial wedge pressures, hypotension/kidney response, pulmonary hemodynamic responses to vasoactive mediators were all examined in depth. Implications, scientific and agricultural Substantial progress has been made in understanding the genetic and environmental factors involved in PHS, and their interaction. The two teams each successfully developed different selection programs, by surgical means and by divergent selection under cold challenge. Monitoring of the progress and success of the programs was done be using the in-depth estimations that this research engendered on the reliability and value of non-invasive predictive parameters. These findings helped corroborate the validity of practical means to improve PHT resistance by research-based programs of selection.

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Yaron, Zvi, Abigail Elizur, Martin Schreibman y Yonathan Zohar. Advancing Puberty in the Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) and the Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis). United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695841.bard.

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Both the genes and cDNA sequences encoding the b-subunits of black carp LH and FSH were isolated, cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis of the bcFSHb and LHb5'flanking regions revealed that the promoter region of both genes contains canonical TATA sequences, 30 bp and 17 bp upstream of the transcription start site of FSHb and LHb genes, respectively. In addition, they include several sequences of cis-acting motifs, required for inducible and tissue-specific transcriptional regulation: the gonadotropin-specific element (GSE), GnRH responsive element (GRE), half sites of estrogen and androgen response elements, cAMP response element, and AP1. Several methods have been employed by the Israeli team to purify the recombinant b subunits (EtOH precipitation, gel filtration and lentil lectin). While the final objective to produce pure recombinantGtH subunits has not yet been achieved, we have covered much ground towards this goal. The black carp ovary showed a gradual increase in both mass and oocyte diameter. First postvitellogenic oocytes were found in 5 yr old fish. At this age, the testes already contained spermatozoa. The circulating LH levels increased from 0.5 ng/ml in 4 yr old fish to >5ng/ml in 5 yr old fish. In vivo challenge experiments in black carp showed the initial LH response of the pituitary to GnRH in 4 yr old fish. The response was further augmented in 5 yr old fish. The increase in estradiol level in response to gonadotropic stimulation was first noted in 4 yr old fish but this response was much stronger in the following year. In vivo experiments on the FSHb and LHb mRNA levels in response to GnRH were carried out on common carp as a model for synchronom spawning cyprinids. These experiments showed the prevalence of FSHP in maturing fish while LHP mRNA was prevalent in mature fish, especially in females. The gonadal fat-pad was found to originate from the retroperitoneal mesoderm and not from the genital ridge, thus differing from that reported in certain amphibians This tissue possibly serves as the major source of sex steroids in the immature black carp. However, such a function is taken over by the developing gonads in 4 yr old fish. In the striped bass, we described the ontogeny of the neuro-endocrine parameters along the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis during the first four years of life, throughout gonadal development and the onset of puberty. We also described the responsiveness of the reproductive axis to long-term hormonal manipulations at various stages of gonadal development. Most males reached complete sexual maturity during the first year of life. Puberty was initiated during the third year of life in most females, but this first reproductive cycle did not lead to the acquisition of full sexual maturity. This finding indicates that more than one reproductive cycle may be required before adulthood is reached. Out of the three native GnRHs present in striped bass, only sbGnRH and cGnRH II increased concomitantly with the progress of gonadal development and the onset of puberty. This finding, together with data on GtH synthesis and release, suggests that while sbGnRH and cGnRH II may be involved in the regulation of puberty in striped bass, these neuropeptides are not limiting factors to the onset of puberty. Plasma LH levels remained low in all fish, suggesting that LH plays only a minor role in early gonadal development. This hypothesis was further supported by the finding that experimentally elevated plasma LH levels did not result in the induction of complete ovarian and testicular development. The acquisition of complete puberty in 4 yr old females was associated with a rise in the mRNA levels of all GtH subunit genes, including a 218-fold increase in the mRNA levels of bFSH. mRNA levels of the a and PLH subunits increased only 11- and 8-fold, respectively. Although data on plasma FSH levels are unavailable, the dramatic increase in bFSH mRNA suggests a pivotal role for this hormone in regulating the onset and completion of puberty in striped bass. The hormonal regulation of the onset of puberty and of GtH synthesis and release was studied by chronic administration of testosterone (T) and/or an analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (G). Sustained administration of T+G increased the mRNA levels of the PLH subunit to the values characteristic of sexually mature fish, and also increased the plasma levels of LH. However, these changes did not result in the acceleration of sexual maturation. The mRNA levels of the bFSH subunit were slightly stimulated, but remained about 1/10 of the values characteristic of sexually mature fish. It is concluded that the stimulation of FSH gene expression and release does not lead to the acceleration of sexual maturity, and that the failure to sufficiently stimulate the bFSH subunit gene expression may underlie the inability of the treatments to advance sexual maturity. Consequently, FSH is suggested to be the key hormone to the initiation and completion of puberty in striped bass. Future efforts to induce precocious puberty in striped bass should focus on understanding the regulation of FSH synthesis and release and on developing technologies to induce these processes. Definite formulation of hormonal manipulation to advance puberty in the striped bass and the black carp seems to be premature at this stage. However, the project has already yielded a great number of experimental tools of DNA technology, slow-release systems and endocrine information on the process of puberty. These systems and certain protocols have been already utilized successfully to advance maturation in other fish (e.g. grey mullet) and will form a base for further study on fish puberty.

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