Bibliografías temáticas / Open channel flow

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Open channel flow"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 11 de septiembre de 2023

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Open channel flow"

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Valentine, Eric M. "Open-Channel Flow". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 127, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2001): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2001)127:9(788).

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Yen, Ben Chie. "Open Channel Flow Resistance". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128, n.º 1 (enero de 2002): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2002)128:1(20).

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Pandey, Bharat Raj. "Open Channel Surges". Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 1 (13 de mayo de 2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v1i0.14919.

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<p>The open channel Surges due to sudden changes of flow depth creates Celerity (Wave Velocity) in the flow in addition to the normal water velocity of the channels. These waves travel in the downstream and sometimes upstream of the channels depending on the various situations. The propagation of the Surges becomes positives or negatives depending on its crest and the trough of the waves. Therefore, on this topic, these principals are presented in the analytical methods<strong><em>.</em></strong></p><p><em>Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Vol. 1, 2015</em>, pp. 35-43</p>
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Setiyadi, S. "Flow velocity behavior programming on open channel bends". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 878, n.º 1 (1 de octubre de 2021): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/878/1/012049.

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Abstract Flow velocity on open channel bends generally experiences additional velocity which is called secondary velocity. This paper aims to analyse and calculate the velocity that occurs in an open channel bend in general. The calculation that the writer uses is the calculation with fortran programming, in a case study of a river that bends, where the variables that must be present are given. The results of calculations and measurements of Secondary Speeds that occur at channel bends in this Open Channel will be very useful for river channel improvement or flood prevention in river channels, especially on existing bends. The conclusion is that at the bend of an open channel or river, there will be an increase in flow velocity in the transverse direction. This additional velocity is caused by the additional secondary velocity, namely the transverse velocity.
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Hsu, Chung-Chieh, Wen-Jung Lee y Cheng-Hsi Chang. "Subcritical Open-Channel Junction Flow". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 124, n.º 8 (agosto de 1998): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1998)124:8(847).

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Steffler, Peter. "Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 125, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1999): 1225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1999)125:11(1225).

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Mizumura, Kazumasa y Masashige Yamasaka. "Flow in Open-Channel Embayments". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2002): 1098–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2002)128:12(1098).

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Han, Yu, Shu-Qing Yang, Muttucumaru Sivakumar, Liu-Chao Qiu y Jian Chen. "Flow Partitioning in Rectangular Open Channel Flow". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6491501.

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Hydraulic engineers often divide a flow region into subregions to simplify calculations. However, the implementation of flow divisibility remains an open issue and has not yet been implemented as a fully developed mathematical tool for modeling complex channel flows independently of experimental verification. This paper addresses whether a three-dimensional flow is physically divisible, meaning that division lines with zero Reynolds shear stress exist. An intensive laboratory investigation was conducted to carefully measure the time-averaged velocity in a rectangular open channel flow using a laser Doppler anemometry system. Two innovative methods are employed to determine the locations of division lines based on the measured velocity profile. The results clearly reveal that lines with zero total shear stress are discernible, indicating that the flow is physically divisible. Moreover, the experimental data were employed to test previously proposed methods of calculating division lines, and the results show that Yang and Lim’s method is the most reasonable predictor.
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Sayed, Tarek. "An experimental study of branching flow in open channels". Limnological Review 19, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2019): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2019-0008.

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Abstract Branching channel flow describes any side water withdrawals from rivers or main channels. Branching channels have widespread application in many practical projects, such as irrigation and drainage network systems, water and waste-water treatment plants, and many water resources projects. Therefore, in this research, a comprehensive analysis of laboratory data has been carried out to discover the best angle of branching. The study also aims to introduce simple, practical equations to help engineers of water resources to fix the percentage of discharge diverted to the branch channel. The study was carried out in the Irrigation and hydraulics laboratory of the civil department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University. The laboratory channel consisted of two parts, the main channel, and a branch channel. The main channel was 8.0 m in length, 20 cm wide, and 20 cm in depth. The division corner to the branch channel was sharp edged and located 5.0 m downstream of the main channel inlet. The branch channel was 3.0 m long, 20 cm in depth and its width was changed three times (10, 15, and 20 cm) respectively. A total of 84 runs were carried out. Investigations of the flow into the branching channel show that the branching discharge depends on many interlinked parameters. It increases with a decrease of the main channel flow velocity and the Froude number upstream of the branch channel junction. It also increases with an increase in the Yb / Yu ratio. In subcritical flow, water depth in the branch channel is always lower than the main channel water depth. The flow diversion to the branch channel leads to a decrease in water depth downstream of the main channel. In addition, the study showed that the highest discharge rate was obtained when the angle of branching was equal to 45° and then an angle of 60o. While the lowest discharge rate was obtained at an angle of 90°. Furthermore, at Br = 1.0, using a branching angle equal to 45° the discharge ratio (Qr) increases from about 4.42 to 19.01%, more than that obtained with using the branching angle equal 90°, while the discharge ratio (Qr) increases from about 0.52 to 49.18% and 1.51 to 24.79%, at Br = 0.75, and Br = 0.5 respectively.
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Cheng, Yong, Yude Song, Chunye Liu, Wene Wang y Xiaotao Hu. "Numerical Simulation Research on the Diversion Characteristics of a Trapezoidal Channel". Water 14, n.º 17 (30 de agosto de 2022): 2706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14172706.

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Open-channel bifurcations are the most common water diversion structures in irrigation districts. In irrigation water conveyance, water transport efficiency and sedimentation are primary concerns. This study accordingly analyzes the influence of open-channel bifurcations on water delivery in irrigation areas. Herein, the three-dimensional flow at an open-channel bifurcation was studied via numerical simulations using FLOW-3D software and including 15 sets of working conditions. The hydraulic characteristics of the recirculation zone and flow structures in the vicinity of the open-channel bifurcation were analyzed. Equations for the flow diversion width of the surface and bottom layers in the trapezoidal channel were then obtained. The flow diversion widths along the water depth were found to differ between trapezoidal and rectangular channels. The results also show that open-channel bifurcations considerably influence the flow velocity in the main channel. The flow velocity in the recirculation zone of open-channel bifurcations was small, but the pulsation velocity and the turbulent kinetic energy were large. The energy dissipated in this area was relatively large, which was not conducive to channel water delivery. This study provides a reference for channel optimization and operation management in irrigation districts.
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Tesis sobre el tema "Open channel flow"

1

Hopton, Stephen. "Modelling open channel flow". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11594/.

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The study of open channel flow and dam breaking is not a new topic in computational fluid dynamics. However it has only recently started to gain significant attention from researchers using meshless methods, i.e. numerical modelling techniques which do not rely on the use of a mesh to discretise the domain. The research presented here is an attempt to use the meshless method known as smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) to simulate the flow of water down a channel. Hydra, a pre-existing SPH code designed originally for astrophysical simulations, was converted to simulate water flow and then applied to the problem of dam bursting and flow over a weir. The conversion of the code to its new purpose was verified by simple code tests and then extensive validation was performed via the modelling of multiple dambreaks. The validation process can be split into three broad categories: 1) Comparison against the published data gained from other numerical methods both meshless and traditional. 2) Comparison against physical experiments performed by the author. 3) Comparison against independent experimental data found in the literature. Hydra in its newly converted form was satisfactorily applied to the majority of the tests presented to it and the same level of accuracy was achieved as with any of the other codes tested. A limit to the SPH method for performing this type of simulation was proposed based on particle number, smoothing length and initial conditions. A formula for the calculation of the number of ghost particles required to prevent spurious boundary pressures was also proposed. An analysis of various kernels used by different SPH researchers was presented and it was discovered that a relatively simple cubic spline kernel proved sufficient and that increasing complexity did not provide an increase in solution accuracy. The flow of water over a weir was presented next and results compared to published data which utilised a leading mesh based fluid simulation package. Results gained from Hydra simulations showed good downstream water level prediction but overestimation of upstream levels. A steady state solution was achieved within a similar timeframe compared to the grid based method. It was concluded that use of the SPH method and the Hydra code in particular can provide solutions to problems involving water flow down a channel and accuracy on the dambreak tests was equal to any rival codes/methods tested. However when the complexity of the boundaries involved in the model increased there was some evidence that the CFX simulation package could be used to achieve a more accurate solution than Hydra. Suggestions for continuation of research into Hydra as a water flow modelling code are presented in addition to recommendations for improving the experimental methods used.
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Delis, Anargiros. "Computational modelling of open channel flow". Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244309.

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Moores, Andrew. "Solute mixing in open channel flow". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/686.

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Shrestha, Purushottam. "Steady flow in steep open channel systems". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0026/MQ31403.pdf.

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Dickman, Brian Daniel. "Large scale roughness in open channel flow". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22953.

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Legono, D. "Behaviour of flow in open channel bends". Thesis, City University London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375820.

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Bayat, David y Fabian Grönvik. "Demonstration station for open water channel flow". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276582.

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Once a year an event is being held at the fluid physics lab at KTH. One of the main purposes of this event is to awaken an interest in the visiting students from other universities, by demonstrating fluid physics phenomena. Showing the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in an open water channel is one of the demonstrations. This will give the students a feel for the theoretical Reynolds number. The existing water table used for this purpose was lacking in some areas. The purpose of this project is to construct, design and test a rig for openwater channel flow which can be used for the event in the coming years.The character of the flow in an open channel depends on the velocity of the fluid. When the velocity get to a critical level, the flow shifts from a laminar to a turbulent one. It is however difficult to see water flows with the naked eye which makes it difficult to demonstrate this phenomena. There are ways to solve this, that is whatis called flow visualisation. In this project a visualisation method using small hydrogen bubbles in the flow as tracer particles is investigated. The channel design and the visualisation method are investigated experimentally and documented and also compared to existing theory within these areas. The results are deemed satisfactory and the method is documented for further work.
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Arshad, Arslan. "Flow characteristics of narrow vegetated open channels". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2023. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2649.

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Vegetation offers higher resistance to the flow as compared to the bed of the channel causing the rise in water level. This idea has been proposed by numerous studies to be used in the channels with low flows to raise the water level enabling these channels useful for navigation and transportation. Raising the water levels artificially comes with challenges like the change in the aspect ratio (width to depth ratio, b/H). Generally, open channels experience a dip near the surface when the water level is increased, and the b/H becomes lower than a typical value of 5. The effect of dip near the surface in the partially vegetated channels remains unknown. Similarly, the literature focuses on the vegetation on one side of the wide channels, but the vegetation on both sides of narrow channels needs further exploration. A series of experiments have been conducted to understand the above-mentioned research gaps by installing wood dowels in the flume. It has been found that unlike the channels without vegetation, the dip near the surface begins even for b/H>5 which restricts the expansion of the shear layer and the KH vortices in the canopy free region. The vortex structures captured using PIV further revealed that because of limited expansion in the canopy free region, the KH vortices are stretched. The stretching of the vortices in the shear region causes significantly higher shear stress at the canopy interface. The values of the shear stress increase as the aspect ratio are decreased. Moreover, most of the mass flux is diverted away from the canopy region towards the other side wall which offers relatively lesser drag. The study of the canopies of similar densities but different stem sizes reveals that the velocities inside the canopy region are independent of the stem size and mostly depend on the relative spacing (average spacing between the stems to stem diameter). The distribution of the velocity in the canopy free region beyond the influence of the shear layer remains unaffected. However, the channels with canopies of bigger stem sizes tend to have lower velocities in the shear region as compared to the channels with smaller stems. The smaller velocities in the shear region for bigger stems result in relatively lower vortex stretching and smaller friction velocities. The results of the experiments conducted in the channels with vegetation on both sides show that the shear layers are created at the interfaces of both canopies. The vortices generated inside these shear layers mutually interact and adjust to form pairs of vortices. The strength of these vortices is increased due to mutual interaction which is reflected in the form of higher friction velocities at both interfaces. When these friction velocities are compared with the friction velocities in the channels with canopies of similar characteristics and same flow depths, the friction velocities are significantly higher when canopies are on both sides.
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Roberts, Matthew Vincent Taylor. "Flow dynamics at open channel confluent-meander bends". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414170.

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MacDonald, Ian. "Analysis and computation of steady open channel flow". Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336664.

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Libros sobre el tema "Open channel flow"

1

Open-channel flow. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1993.

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Chaudhry, M. Hanif. Open-Channel Flow. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96447-4.

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Chaudhry, M. Hanif. Open-Channel Flow. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68648-6.

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Open-channel flow. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.

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Hydraulics of open channel flow. Reston, VA: ASCE Press, 1998.

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D, Dawson Brian y Isco (Firm), eds. Isco open channel flow measurement handbook. 5a ed. Lincoln, Neb: ISCO, 2001.

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United States. Agricultural Research Service., ed. Open channel junctions with supercritical flow. [Beltsville, Md.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1985.

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Jobson, Harvey E. Basic hydraulic principles of open-channel flow. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

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Jobson, Harvey E. Basic hydraulic principles of open-channel flow. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

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A, Replogle John y Clemmens Albert J, eds. Flow measuring flumes for open channel systems. St. Joseph, Mich., USA: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1991.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Open channel flow"

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Chaudhry, M. Hanif. "CHANNEL DESIGN". En Open-Channel Flow, 283–303. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96447-4_9.

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Waller, Peter y Muluneh Yitayew. "Open Channel Flow". En Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 185–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05699-9_11.

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Boxer, G. "Open-channel Flow". En Fluid Mechanics, 110–21. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09805-7_8.

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Shalaby, Ahlam I. "Open Channel Flow". En Fluid Mechanics for Civil and Environmental Engineers, 1115–304. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, [2018]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315156637-9.

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Simons, D. B. "Open Channel Flow". En Water, Earth, and Man, 297–318. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003170181-29.

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Chadwick, Andrew, John Morfett y Martin Borthwick. "Open channel flow". En Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering, 131–89. 6a ed. Sixth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003026839-6.

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Chaudhry, M. Hanif. "UNIFORM FLOW". En Open-Channel Flow, 93–123. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96447-4_4.

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Chaudhry, M. Hanif. "UNSTEADY FLOW". En Open-Channel Flow, 337–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96447-4_11.

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Chaudhry, M. Hanif. "CRITICAL FLOW". En Open-Channel Flow, 61–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96447-4_3.

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Chaudhry, M. Hanif. "GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW". En Open-Channel Flow, 125–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96447-4_5.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Open channel flow"

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Liu, Yuan, Heming Hu, XueLing Qiu y Deyue Zou. "Evaluation of ADCP Streamflow Measurements in Open Channel". En 19th International Flow Measurement Conference 2022. Budapest: IMEKO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.072.

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Klemm, Gerrit, D. Alan Ervine y Andrey B. Shvidchenko. "Three-Dimensional Flow Visualisation in Open Channel Flow". En Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods Specialty Conference (HMEM) 2002. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40655(2002)99.

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Chao, Xiaobo, Yafei Jia y Sam S. Y. Wang. "Atmospheric Reaeration in Open Channel Flow". En World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40927(243)115.

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Hu, H., Z. Cheng, P. Gruber y Z. Wang. "Ultrasonic Transit-time Discharge Determination in Rectangular Open Channel". En 19th International Flow Measurement Conference 2022. Budapest: IMEKO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.087.

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Hoan, Nguyen Thanh, Rob Booij, Bas Hofland, Marcel J. F. Stive y Henk Jan Verhagen. "STONE STABILITY UNDER DECELERATING OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW". En Proceedings of the 5th Coastal Structures International Conference, CSt07. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814282024_0126.

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Soyars, W. M. "Open channel helium flow during rupture event". En ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING: Proceedings of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference - CEC. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1472216.

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Easley, Andrew, Jennifer Adam, Shane Brown, Devlin Montfort y Bernard Vanwie. "Open channel flow misconceptions and ontological categories". En 2012 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fie.2012.6462247.

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Chien, Lai-chen. "Gravity Effects on Open Capillary Channel Flow". En 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-964.

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Emadzadeh, A. y N. Cheng. "Sediment pickup rate in uniform open channel flows". En The International Conference On Fluvial Hydraulics (River Flow 2016). Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315644479-73.

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Nezu, Iehisa y Kouki Onitsuka. "TURBULENT STRUCTURES IN OPEN-CHANNEL FLOWS WITH STRONG UNSTEADINESS". En Second Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/tsfp2.570.

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Informes sobre el tema "Open channel flow"

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Leighton, R. I., T. F. Swean, Handler Jr., Swearingen R. A. y J. D. Interaction of Vorticity with a Free Surface in Turbulent Open Channel Flow. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, enero de 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada245328.

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Furuyama, Sho-ichi y Hubert Chanson. A Numerical Study of Open Channel Flow Hydrodynamics and Turbulence of the Tidal Bore and Dam-Break Flows. Division of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, enero de 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/138913.

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Maynord, Stephen T. Stable Riprap Size for Open Channel Flows. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, marzo de 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada195245.

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Huntley, D., D. Rotheram-Clarke, R. Cocking, J. Joseph y P. Bobrowsky. Current research on slow-moving landslides in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (IMOU 5170 annual report). Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331175.

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Interdepartmental Memorandum of Understanding (IMOU) 5170 between Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) and Transport Canada Innovation Centre (TC-IC) aims to gain new insight into slow-moving landslides, and the influence of climate change, through testing conventional and emerging monitoring technologies. IMOU 5107 focuses on strategically important sections of the national railway network in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (BC), and the Assiniboine River valley along the borders of Manitoba (MN) and Saskatchewan (SK). Results of this research are applicable elsewhere in Canada (e.g., the urban-rural-industrial landscapes of the Okanagan Valley, BC), and around the world where slow-moving landslides and climate change are adversely affecting critical socio-economic infrastructure. Open File 8931 outlines landslide mapping and changedetection monitoring protocols based on the successes of IMOU 5170 and ICL-IPL Project 202 in BC. In this region, ice sheets, glaciers, permafrost, rivers and oceans, high relief, and biogeoclimatic characteristics contribute to produce distinctive rapid and slow-moving landslide assemblages that have the potential to impact railway infrastructure and operations. Bedrock and drift-covered slopes along the transportation corridors are prone to mass wasting when favourable conditions exist. In high-relief mountainous areas, rapidly moving landslides include rock and debris avalanches, rock and debris falls, debris flows and torrents, and lahars. In areas with moderate to low relief, rapid to slow mass movements include rockslides and slumps, debris or earth slides and slumps, and earth flows. Slow-moving landslides include rock glaciers, rock and soil creep, solifluction, and lateral spreads in bedrock and surficial deposits. Research efforts lead to a better understanding of how geological conditions, extreme weather events and climate change influence landslide activity along the national railway corridor. Combining field-based landslide investigation with multi-year geospatial and in-situ time-series monitoring leads to a more resilient railway national transportation network able to meet Canada's future socioeconomic needs, while ensuring protection of the environment and resource-based communities from landslides related to extreme weather events and climate change. InSAR only measures displacement in the east-west orientation, whereas UAV and RTK-GNSS change-detection surveys capture full displacement vectors. RTK-GNSS do not provide spatial coverage, whereas InSAR and UAV surveys do. In addition, InSAR and UAV photogrammetry cannot map underwater, whereas boat-mounted bathymetric surveys reveal information on channel morphology and riverbed composition. Remote sensing datasets, consolidated in a geographic information system, capture the spatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, at-risk infrastructure, and the environmental conditions expected to correlate with landslide incidence and magnitude. Reliable real-time monitoring solutions for critical railway infrastructure (e.g., ballast, tracks, retaining walls, tunnels, and bridges) able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of Canada are highlighted. The provision of fundamental geoscience and baseline geospatial monitoring allows stakeholders to develop robust risk tolerance, remediation, and mitigation strategies to maintain the resilience and accessibility of critical transportation infrastructure, while also protecting the natural environment, community stakeholders, and Canadian economy. We propose a best-practice solution involving three levels of investigation to describe the form and function of the wide range of rapid and slow-moving landslides occurring across Canada that is also applicable elsewhere. Research activities for 2022 to 2025 are presented by way of conclusion.
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Ford, Adam T., Marcel Huijser y Anthony P. Clevenger. Long-term responses of an ecological community to highway mitigation measures. Nevada Department of Transportation, junio de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.06.

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In road mitigation systems characterized by multiple wildlife crossing structures (CS) and multiple-focal species, these species-specific design criteria are important to meeting management goals. CS types and locations are fixed in place and cannot be manipulated experimentally; long term studies may offer the best chance to inform evidence-based designs for new CS projects in the future. Long-term data from Banff National Park are uniquely posed to answer these critical questions. More recently, highway mitigation along US93 in Montana provides an additional case study with which to understand the responses of large animals to different CS designs. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting movement of large mammals through CS using data sets from both mitigation projects. Year-round monitoring of CS use was used in an analytical framework to address questions regarding species-specific and community level use of CS; design and habitat factors that best explain species-specific variation; and whether importance of design parameters changes over time. Over the 17 years of the Banff study, and the six years of the Montana study, CS facilitated over 200,000 crossing events at 55 locations. There were significant changes in annual crossing events over time. Variables associated with CS passage rates were species specific, but aligned with a few clusters of preference. With the exception of coyotes, all large carnivore species preferred open span bridges or overpasses to other CS types. In Montana, fencing was positively associated with passage rates for black bears and cougars. We found that wider CS tend to be preferred by most species, irrespective of their location. We also found that wider CS tend to have shorter ‘adaptation’ curves than narrower ones for grizzly bears, coyotes, cougars, and moose. Depending on the heterogeneity of the landscape near the highway, more CS may not create more crossing opportunities if local habitat conditions do not favor animals’ access to the road. At the scale of ecological communities, the flows of mass and energy are likely enough to alter the distribution of ecological processes in the Banff and Montana ecosystems. Our results highlight the value of long-term monitoring for assessing the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Our work confirms the species-specific nature of measure CS performance, leading to our primary recommendation that a diversity of CS designs be considered an essential part of a well-designed mitigation system for the large mammals of western North America. Short-term monitoring efforts may fail to accurately portray the ecological benefits of mitigation for populations and ecological communities. Our results will help to inform design and aid in the establishment of robust, long-term performance measures.
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman y Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, abril de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Computer program HYDRAUX: a model for simulating one- dimensional, unsteady, open-channel flow. US Geological Survey, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri884226.

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Proceedings of the Advanced Seminar on one-dimensional, open-channel Flow and transport modeling. US Geological Survey, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri894061.

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The computer program FourPt (Version 95.01), a model for simulating one-dimensional, unsteady, open-channel flow. US Geological Survey, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri974016.

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Hydraulic data for shallow open-channel flow in a high-gradient flume with large bed material. US Geological Survey, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri894001.

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