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1
Mohammad, Ahmed Trifa. "Determination of OPAHs and PAHs in Particulate Matter from Ambient Air and Engine Emissions : Multidimensional Chromatography". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för miljövetenskap och analytisk kemi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-122046.
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Particulate matter (PM) is an air pollutant that seriously impacts human health. Epidemiological studies have shown associations between human exposure to urban air PM and lung cancer, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) are two groups of compounds associated with PM in ambient air. These compounds are generated from the incomplete combustion of organic material of both natural and anthropogenic origin. PAHs are thought to play an important role in the adverse health outcomes from exposure to PM in air. OPAHs contain one or more carbonyl groups and could be more toxic to humans compared to their corresponding parent PAH. Measurement of these compounds at trace levels in complex matrices requires analytical methods with high selectivity and precision and low quantification limits. This thesis describes the development and application of analytical methods for the determination of PAHs and OPAHs in ambient air and engine exhaust PM. Extraction was performed using pressurized liquid extraction, and two different setups for liquid chromatography–gas chromatography (LC-GC) were employed for automated sample clean-up, separation and detection. The developed methods were validated using standard reference materials issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The first methodology developed used off-line solid-phase extraction and on-line LC-GC/mass spectrometry (LC-GC/MS). This method provided low limits of quantification and high selectivity and was successfully applied to the determination of OPAHs and PAHs in PM from the urban atmosphere of Sulaymaniyah city in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in Sulaymaniyah city was three times higher than the legislated EU target value (1 ng/m3). Furthermore the analytical method was applied on exhaust PM of vehicles fuelled with various gasoline/ethanol blends. The emissions factors for PAHs and OPAHs were highest when using70% ethanol/gasoline blends at -7 °C. The second method developed provided fully automated clean-up, separation and detection of PAHs in PM extracts using a multidimensional 2D-LC/2D-GC system. Polar, mono/di-aromatic and alkane compounds were successively removed by the two-dimensional LC part of the system. Heart-cutting segments from the first GC column (first dimension) to the second GC column (second dimension) increased the resolution of poorly separated or co-eluted PAHs. The results were in good agreement with the certified values from NIST (±25%).At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.
2
Sood, Kanika. "Combustion des nouveaux biocarburants : étude de la formation des Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques Oxygénés (HAPOs) et les petites particules de suie (<10 nm)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2023/2023ULILR088.pdf.
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Les biocarburants et autres produits chimiques dérivés de la biomasse sont désormais considérés comme un élément essentiel du portefeuille énergétique durable, où ils promettent de contribuer à la sécurité énergétique de notre société. Malgré l'intérêt indéniable que présentent ces biocarburants, leurs processus de combustion sont susceptibles de favoriser la formation d'HAPOs (Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques Oxygénés) qui peuvent à terme contribuer à la formation de suie, et peuvent également en modifier profondément les propriétés. Le travail réalisé dans cette thèse a porté sur l'identification et la quantification des aromatiques oxygénés formés lors de la combustion d'un biocarburant à base de lignine dans des conditions de flamme. Des flammes laminaires prémélangées d'anisole (composé modèle de substitution pour la biomasse) et de mélanges de carburants hydrocarbonés (iso-octane et méthane) ont été étudiées à l'aide de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse avancée. Dans ce contexte, nous avons mis en œuvre une technique d'enrichissement de l'échantillon (piège de préconcentration de l'échantillon) avec un ensemble d'analyses chromatographiques in situ et ex situ (1D GC-MS, 1D GC-SPT-FID et 2D GC-MS) qui nous ont permis d'identifier un large panel de différents aromatiques oxygénés (~100). Ces résultats ont ensuite été utilisés pour analyser les voies de décomposition du combustible qui conduisent à la formation d'HAPOs. Avec l'identification, cette thèse fournit une base de données expérimentale quantitative détaillée en termes d'évolution de la fraction molaire par rapport à la hauteur de la flamme pour plusieurs aromatiques oxygénés et non oxygénés associés. D'autres biocarburants comme le 2,5-DMF et l'éthanol ont également été étudiés et les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que les différentes structures moléculaires des biocarburants conduisent à des différences significatives dans la formation d'espèces intermédiaires et de polluants. Ce travail met également en lumière des informations cruciales concernant la quantité et la taille des particules de suie formées dans ces flammes en utilisant LII et SMPS. Les résultats préliminaires des mesures de suie indiquent que la taille des particules de suie dans ces flammes est très petite (<10 nm)Biofuels and other biomass-derived chemicals are now considered as a vital part of sustainable energy portfolio, where they promise to contribute to our society’s energy security. Despite the undeniable interest presented by these biofuels, their combustion processes are likely to enhance the formation of OPAHs (Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) which may eventually contribute to the formation of soot, and may as well profoundly modify its properties. The work carried out in this thesis focused on the identification and quantification of the oxygenated aromatics formed during the combustion of a lignin-based biofuel in flame conditions. Laminar premixed flames of anisole (surrogate model compound for biomass) and hydrocarbon fuel blends (iso-octane and methane) have been investigated using Advanced Gas Chromatography. In this context, we implemented a sample enrichment technique (sample pre-concentration trap) with a set of in situ and ex situ chromatographic analysis (1D GC-MS, 1D GC-SPT-FID and 2D GC-MS) which enabled us to identify a large panel of different oxygenated (~100) aromatics. These results were then used to analyze the fuel decomposition pathways that lead to the formation of OPAHs. Together with identification, this thesis provides a detailed quantitative experimental database in terms of the evolution of the mole fraction with respect to the flame height for several oxygenated and associated non-oxygenated aromatics. Other biofuels like 2,5-DMF and ethanol were also studied and experimental results showed that the different molecular structures of biofuels lead to significant differences in the formation of intermediate species and pollutants. This work also highlights crucial information concerning the amount and the size of soot particles formed in such flames using LII and SMPS. Preliminary results from soot measurements indicate that the soot particle size in these flames is very small (<10 nm)
3
Zhao, Qibin. "Oscillatory shearing in polymer opals". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709151.
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Campos, A. Patricio. "Opas norteamericanas en Chile". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2003. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/108210.
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Este seminario de título nació con el objetivo de investigar el “por qué las
compañías norteamericanas, cuando lanzan una oferta pública de adquisición sobre
alguna compañía chilena, la hacen por el 100% de ésta, o casi el 100%, sin embargo, los
españoles o chilenos, cuando lanzan una oferta pública de adquisición, solo desean
obtener el 51 % de la propiedad, es decir, tener el control de la compañía”
Esta interrogante es difícil de responder, debido a que no se encuentra argumento
teórico a esta cuestión, además, ¿por qué solo los norteamericanos lo hacen? ¿qué tienen de
espaciales sus compañías o su legislación?
Se llegó a la conclusión, de que la regulación norteamericana protege al accionista
minoritario de las compañías que están siendo objeto de la oferta, pero no solo a las
compañías objetivo en EEUU, sino en cualquier país. Si la compañía norteamericana no
respeta su propia normativa porque esta comprado una compañía chilena en suelo chileno,
los minoritarios chilenos pueden demandarlos en sus propios tribunales. La legislación
española solo rige en dicho país, pero si sus compañías salen al extranjero, estas se rigen
por las leyes locales.
Como el mercado de valores chileno es altamente atomizado, si los 2 accionistas
mayoritarios de una compañía deciden no participar de la oferta, la probabilidad de fracaso
de ésta bordea el 100%, y si tan solo el mayoritario no quiere participar, la probabilidad de
fracaso sigue siendo muy alta.
Los españoles y chilenos, antes de lanzar una oferta pública de adquisición, tranzan
paquetes accionarios con los controladores y luego lanzan una oferta por el porcentaje
faltante para el 51%, como los norteamericanos no pueden comprar paquetes accionarios,
éstos deben ofrecer comprar a todos los accionistas que estén dispuestos a vender, por ello
es que lanzan ofertas por prácticamente la totalidad de la propiedad, en los casos analizados
en este seminario, llagan a poseer más del 98% de la propiedad.
5
Fuentes, Vega Marcela Alejandra. "OPAS. Teoría y evidencia". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2007. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/108442.
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El Problema de Agencia se define como una divergencia de intereses entre el
Agente (insiders) y el Principal (outsiders) (*), es decir, el agente como maximizador,
buscará el beneficio propio antes que el de la compañía. El Gobierno Corporativo es un
concepto que tiene relación con la forma en que las empresas son dirigidas y
controladas, en el que se incluye el conflicto mencionado.
La necesidad de contar con un mercado de capitales que proteja
adecuadamente a los accionistas minoritarios y permita aumentar la liquidez y
transparencia del mercado junto con disminuir el costo de financiamiento de las
empresas, han llevado al gobierno de Chile a la elaboración de la nueva Ley de OPAS,
promulgada en Diciembre del año 2000.
Dicha ley permite crear mejores Gobiernos Corporativos, estableciendo una
mejor calidad de información entregada por las empresas, conformar comités de
auditoría al interior de las sociedades anónimas abiertas, regular las relaciones entre
partes relacionadas, mejorar los derechos de los tenedores de ADRs, entre otros.
En Chile, se tiene que la mayoría de las sociedades anónimas son controladas
por un solo accionista, familia o grupo económico. El problema, por lo tanto, se da entre
los intereses del accionista controlador y los inversionistas (accionistas minoritarios,
acreedores). Los conflictos respecto a la asignación de valor corporativo se pueden
resumir como sigue: Extracción de valor de la Compañía y Premio por control.
6
Phillips, Katherine Reece. "Sol-Gel Chemistry of Inverse Opals". Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493452.
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Controlling nano to microscale structuration enables one to alter a material’s optical, wetting, mechanical, and chemical properties. Structuration on this scale can be formed from spherical building blocks; in particular, monodisperse, spherical colloids assemble into crystals that can be used to template an ordered, porous structure known as an inverse opal. The structure’s porosity and periodicity provide control over both light (photonic effects) and fluid flow (wetting effects). Controlling the composition allows chemical functionality to be added to the ordered, porous structure. Inverse opals are widely used in many applications that take advantage of these properties, including optical, wetting, sensing, catalytic, and electrode applications; however, high quality structures are necessary to maintain consistent properties. Many of their properties stem from the structure itself, so controlling inverse opals’ structure (including the local composition) provides the ability to control their properties, with the potential to improve some applications and potentially enable additional ones.
This thesis explores how molecular precursors can be used to control colloidal assembly and therefore alter the optical and wetting properties of high quality inverse opals. Using a bio-inspired approach, highly ordered, crack-free, silica inverse opals can be grown by co-assembling the colloidal template with a sol-gel matrix precursor using evaporation-induced self-assembly. Using sol-gel chemistry, the size, shape, and charge of the precursor can be controlled, which can be used to tune the colloidal assembly process. Here, we use the sol-gel chemistry of the precursors to control both the morphology and composition of these photonic structures.
In particular, temperature-induced condensation of the silica sol-gel matrix alters the shape of an inverse opal’s pores (Chapter 2), and silica and titania precursors can be mixed to make hybrid oxide structures (Chapter 3). Additionally, rationally designed precursors enable the fabrication of crack-free inverse opals in materials beyond silica, which we show for titania as a proof-of-concept (Chapter 4). By controlling the structure and composition with sol-gel chemistry, we can tailor both the optical and wetting properties, as discussed in the second part of each chapter; these properties have important effects for the various applications. In this way, sol-gel chemistry can be used to assemble inverse opals with complex functionality.Chemistry and Chemical Biology
7
Aryal, Durga Prasad. "Theory and modelling of functional photonic opals". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2007. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843026/.
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In this dissertation, we explore the optical properties of various opal-based photonic crystal structures. Particular attention is paid to the tunability of the optical properties, especially the photonic band gaps (PBG), with the motivation to apply these opal-based photonic crystals (PCs) to the design of functional surfaces and switchable windows. After reviewing the basic optical properties of inverse opals, two different types of opal-based photonic crystals, namely the Double-Shell Photonic Crystal (DSPC) and the Double-Inverse-Opal Photonic Crystal (DIOPC) are successively introduced and throroughly studied. In the DSPC structure, each sphere in the periodic photonic crystal structure is made of a hollow core, along with an accompanying shell of a different dielectric material; the resulting spherical structure is embedded in a high-index dielectric background. By contrast, the DIOPC is designed with an inverse opal backbone, in which the air pores are partially filled with a dielectric core sphere. In our work, two types of photonic bandgap tuning are examined, namely geometrical/positional, and tailoring of the materials' properties. A comparison of the proposed structures regarding their potential for experimental realization is also performed. Considering that the air shells in the DIOPC structure allow for relative movement of the dielectric cores inside them, we propose and study a completely novel approach to obtain a switchable complete band gap achieved, by shifting the spheres inside the air shells. After demonstrating that the complete photonic band gap is open for certain core sphere positions and is closed for others, we propose ways to optimise this new switching process. This optimisation leads to a maximum switching of the complete photonic band gap of 3.5%.Taking into account that in real-world situations, all photonic crystals possess a certain amount of structural imperfections, the last step of the study concerns the effects of disorder on the optical properties of opal-based photonic crystals. After discussing different types of disorder, in both the backbone and the core spheres, we conclude that to retain a complete PEG in the DIOPC structure, and thus the switching process, a maximum backbone disorder of 1 % should be reached experimentally, whereas the disorder on the core sphere does not affect the PEG as much. These investigations have been performed using both a plane-wave expansion method and a finite-difference time-domain method.
8
Payet, Puccio José Antonio. "OPAs hostiles y medidas de protección". IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123268.
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McCarthy, Laura Anne. "South Australian sedimentary opals : evidence for syngenetic deposition /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbm1234.pdf.
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Sütterlin, Martin. "New inverse hydogel opals as protein responsive sensors". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7017/.
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In this work, the development of temperature- and protein-responsive sensor materials based on biocompatible, inverse hydrogel opals (IHOs) is presented. With these materials, large biomolecules can be specifically recognised and the binding event visualised. The preparation of the IHOs was performed with a template process, for which monodisperse silica particles were vertically deposited onto glass slides as the first step. The obtained colloidal crystals with a thickness of 5 μm displayed opalescent reflections because of the uniform alignment of the colloids.
As a second step, the template was embedded in a matrix consisting of biocompatible, thermoresponsive hydrogels. The comonomers were selected from the family of oligo(ethylene glycol)methacrylates. The monomer solution was injected into a polymerisation mould, which contained the colloidal crystals as a template. The space in-between the template particles was filled with the monomer solution and the hydrogel was cured via UV-polymerisation. The particles were chemically etched, which resulted in a porous inner structure. The uniform alignment of the pores and therefore the opalescent reflection were maintained, so these system were denoted as inverse hydrogel opals. A pore diameter of several hundred nanometres as well as interconnections between the pores should facilitate a diffusion of bigger (bio)molecules, which was always a challenge in the presented systems until now. The copolymer composition was chosen to result in a hydrogel collapse over 35 °C. All hydrogels showed pronounced swelling in water below the critical temperature. The incorporation of a reactive monomer with hydroxyl groups ensured a potential coupling group for the introduction of recognition units for analytes, e.g. proteins.
As a test system, biotin as a recognition unit for avidin was coupled to the IHO via polymer-analogous Steglich esterification. The amount of accessible biotin was quantified with a colorimetric binding assay. When avidin was added to the biotinylated IHO, the wavelength of the opalescent reflection was significantly shifted and therefore the binding event was visualised. This effect is based on the change in swelling behaviour of the hydrogel after binding of the hydrophilic avidin, which is amplified by the thermoresponsive nature of the hydrogel. A swelling or shrinking of the pores induces a change in distance of the crystal planes, which are responsible for the colour of the reflection. With these findings, the possibility of creating sensor materials or additional biomolecules in the size range of avidin is given.In dieser Arbeit wird die Entwicklung von temperatur- und proteinresponsiven Sensormaterialien auf Basis von biokompatiblen, inversen Hydrogelopalen (IHO) vorgestellt, mit welchen die spezifische Erkennung größerer Biomoleküle visuell ausgelesen werden kann. Die Darstellung der IHOs erfolgte mittels Templatverfahren, bei dem im ersten Schritt monodisperse Silicapartikel vertikal auf Objektträger abgeschieden wurden. Die so erhaltenen Kolloidkristalle mit einer Dicke von 5 μm zeigten opaleszente Reflexionen aufgrund der gleichförmigen Anordnung der Partikel. Im zweiten Schritt wurde das Templat in eine Matrix aus biokompatiblen, thermoresponsiven Hydrogelen eingebettet. Die Comonomere wurden aus der Familie der Oligo(ethylenglykol)methacrylate ausgewählt. Zur Synthese des Hydrogels wurde die Monomerlösung in eine Polymerisationsform injiziert, welche die Kolloidkristalle als Templat beinhaltete. Die Zwischenräume der Templatpartikel wurden mit der Monomerlösung gefüllt und das Hydrogelnetzwerk per UV-Polymerisation erhalten. Die Templatpartikel wurden anschließend nasschemisch heraus gelöst, so dass eine poröse innere Struktur erhalten wurde. Die regelmäßige Anordnung der Poren und damit die opaleszenten Reflexionen wurden dabei beibehalten, so dass diese Systeme als inverse Hydorgelopale bezeichnet werden. Ein Porendurchmesser von mehreren hundert Nanometer, sowie durchgängige Verbindungskanäle zwischen den einzelnen Poren sollten eine Diffusion von großen (Bio)molekülen erleichtern, was bei bisherigen Systemen ein Problem darstellte. Die Copolymerzusammensetzung wurde dabei so gewählt, dass ein Kollaps des Hydrogels über 35 °C stattfand. Alle Hydrogele zeigten ausgeprägte Quellung in Wasser unterhalb der kritischen Temperatur. Der Einbau von reaktiven Comonomeren mit Hydroxylgruppen gewährleistete dabei die Funktionalisierbarkeit des Hydrogels mit Erkennungsgruppen für entsprechende Analytmoleküle, wie z.B. Proteine. Als Testsystem wurde Biotin als Erkennungseinheit für Avidin in das Hydrogel mittels polymeranaloger Steglich Veresterung eingebaut. Die Menge an zugänglichem Biotin wurde dabei per colorimetrischem Bindungsassay quantifiziert. Dabei zeigte sich, dass sich die Wellenlänge der Reflexion nach Zugabe von Avidin zum biotinylierten inversen Hydrogelopal signifikant verschob und damit das Bindungsereignis visuell auslesbar ist. Dieser Effekt beruht auf dem veränderten Quellungsverhalten des Hydrogels nach Bindung des hydrophilen Proteins Avidin in Wasser, welches durch den thermosresponsiven Charakter des Hydrogels verstärkt ist. Ein Aufweiten oder Schrumpfen der Poren ändert die Abstände der gleichmäßig angeordneten Poren, welche für die Farbe des inversen Opals verantwortlich sind. Auf Basis dieser Erkenntnisse lassen sich möglicherweise Sensormaterialen für die Erkennung weiterer Biomoleküle in der Größenordnung von Avidin erstellen.
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Whitehead, Debra Elayne. "Photonic band gap systems based on synthetic opals". Thesis, University of Salford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402126.
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Gu, Jing. "The dissolution rates of amorphous silica and opal-CT". Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09052009-041033/.
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Lebrun, Delphine Misao. "Photonic crystals and photocatalysis : Study of titania inverse opals". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-300408.
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Due to an increase of human activity, an increase health risk has emerged from the presence of pollutants in the environment. In the transition to renewable and sustainable life style, treatment of pollutants could support the shifting societies. A motivation behind material research for environmental applications is to maximize the efficiency of the materials to alleviate environmental pollution. In the case of titania, an increase of ultra-violet light absorption is needed to overcome its bandgap to produce reactive radicals, which is the basis for photocatalysis. It has been hypothesized that photonic crystal can enhance titania photocatalysis. They are structures made of at least two dielectrics with a high refractive index contrast, ordered in a periodic fashion. For a strong contrast, photonic band gaps emerge. The effect of the photonic band gap is to force complete reflection of the incoming light within its range and multiple internal reflections at its edges. By combining photonic and electronic band gap positions, it is possible to increase the absorption at the photonic band gap edges. In this thesis, fabrication method and structural analysis of titania and alumina/titania photonic structures were presented. A thorough optical analysis was performed at all steps of fabrication – beyond what previously has been reported. The photocatalytic activity was measured with two setups. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy combined with arc lamps and bandpass filters was used to monitor the degradation of stearic acid in ambient air. A home-built setup was used to degrade methylene blue in solution with ultra-violet illumination. The results in this thesis show in general no correlation of the photocatalytic activity to the photonic band gap position, even though absorbance data displayed an increase absorption in this energy range. A more controlled environment might show the effect of the structure, as seen in some of the experiments.
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Brito, Elisa Maria da Silva. "A OPAS, um ator político : análise do modelo tecno-assistencial proposto pelo documento "Formulación de Políticas de Salud", OPAS, 1975". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 1993. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1929.
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O presente trabalho visa analisar a metodologia de planejamento contida no documento "Formulación de Politicas de SaLud", elaborado pela OPAS em 1975. Ele procura identificar as condições de sua emergência em uma determinada conjuntura econômica e política da América Latina e em um panorama de discussão do desenvolvimentismo e do planejamento social as categorias e conceitos que constituem o texto; a proposta política veiculada pelo documento, enquanto uma metodologia de planejamento de um ator político, no caso a OPAS. 0 interesse por este tipo de estudo surge em consequência da observação do conjunto das práticas do campo do planejamento nos serviços de saúde, diferentemente orientadas de acordo com os diversos tipos de propostas que incorporam. O que se observa destas práticas é que elas estão longe de romper com a concepção biologicista e normatizadora na abordagem do processo saúde/doença, mesmo que em algumas vezes se orientem por propostas que apontam concepções diferentes. O reflexo das propostas de planejamento, enquanto práticas, na organização dos serviços, acontece, geralmente, através de normatizações sobre como desenvolver as ações de saúde, e/ou através da utilização de indicadores de produção que visam medir a produtividade e rendimento. O caráter político do
planejamento é esvaziado, entendendo-se, muitas vezes, a gestão como uma mera atividade de administrar a máquina burocrática. A seleção do documento "Formulacion" ocorre porque ele foi elaborado em uma conjuntura de crise econômico-social, na qual o planejamento na América Latina passava por um momento de inflexão, caracterizado pela crítica e revisão das propostas elaboradas nas décadas de 50 e 60, e pelo debate em torno da importância da incorporação de critérios políticos nos métodos de planificação. Na área da saúde também estava presente uma discussão sobre as técnicas de planejamento, sendo apontados alguns limites do CENDES-OPAS, que era a única proposta de planejamento em saúde existente até então. O surgimento do documento "Formulacion" considerado um marco, em função dele conter uma nova proposta metodológica que se caracteriza, segundo alguns autores, por assumir a incorporação dos aspectos políticos na técnica da planificação. A fim de desenvolver as perspectivas até aqui apontadas, este trabalho está dividido em quatro capítulos: No primeiro, é discutida a metodologia de análise que será utilizada pela investigação, sendo feita, ainda, uma revisão bibliográfica da produção na área de planejamento em saúde, que aborda especificamente a década de 70; No segundo, é realizada uma análise das condições da conjuntura econômica, social e política da América Latina, no momento do surgimento do documento "Formulacion", e resgatado - o debate existente, na época, sobre o desenvolvimentismo e o planejamento; no terceiro, é discutida a emergência do documento no contexto da OPAS, e analisado o modelo tecno-assistencial veiculado pela metodologia; Já no quarto capítulo são sistematizadas as conclusões do trabalho
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Greifeneder, Elke. "Effektivität und Effizienz von Online-Hilfesystemen in deutschen Universitäts-OPACs". kostenfrei, 2007. http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/oa/books/reUIxmZgrpGw/PDF/27K5h8XoLOcfo.pdf.
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Newberry, Tundi Lee. "Weathering geochemistry and geochronology of the Australian sedimentary-hosted opal deposits /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18612.pdf.
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Jankūnas, Vytautas. "Odos persodinimo operacijos veiksmingumas gydant lėtines venines kojų opas". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050630_213621-87507.
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Abbreviations
ADP – autodermoplastics.
CUL – chronic ulcers of legs.
CVUL – chronic venous ulcers of legs.
DGP – a doctor of general practice.
KMU – Kaunas Medicine University.
KMUH –Kaunas Medicine University Hospital.
CSVD – Clinic of Skin and Venereal diseases.
1. Introduction
The pathology of chronic ulcers of legs is quite often and it makes a huge influence on the daily life of a patient. According to the literature, ulcers open to 1,5 from 1000 people who are under the age of 65, and if we take into account healed up ulcers of legs, there are 36 people from 1000 to whom ulcers of legs have ever been opened. The reason of ulcers up to 80% of all cases is chronic insufficiency of veins. In Lithuania there are about 150 000 patients suffering from the chronic insufficiency of leg vein blood circulation, and about 30 000 of which are venous ulcers of legs. As in Lithuania in some of the medical institutions the treatment and the prophylaxis of chronic venous blood circulation and ulcers is insufficient, the above mentioned numbers of patients may be even higher.
All the authors have noted that the oftenest reason of CUL is the insufficiency of venous blood circulation. In this case, CUL open due to the increased pressure in leg veins. The main reason for that is the insufficiency of surface and deep veins and the perforating vein valves. The good functioning of mentioned veins and their valves is necessary so that the blood could come back to the heart during each... [to full text]
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Mattos, Ruben Araujo de. "A teoria da programação de saúde no método CENDES/OPAS". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 1989. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6501.
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Este trabalho é uma análise de um método de Programação de saúde o método GENDES/OPAS tal como apresentado no informe Problemas Conceptuales y Metodológicos de Programación de la Salud. Discute-se a teoria da programação de saúde proposta neste documento. Envolve a discussão dos objetivos do governo que o adota e a sua organização, mas também envolve a análise da coerência dessa proposta com a teoria que a fundamenta. O primeiro capítulo apresenta as diversas acepções do termo planejamento procurando elaborar o esqueleto conceitual com o qual analisou-se o método CENDES/OPAS. No segundo capítulo, analisou-se o contexto teórico do método CENDES/OPAS, o debate sobre desenvolvimento e sua relação com a saúde. Analisou-se também a Carta de Punta del Este, comparando-se com a definição de programação de saúde adotada pelo documento do CENDES/OPAS. No terceiro capítulo, discutiu-se a incorporação dos conceitos econômicos e dos princípios gerais da programação pelo método CENDES/OPAS. O quarto capítulo é dedicado a descrição e ao exame do processo de elaboração dos planos nacionais de saúde tal como proposto naquele documento. No quinto capítulo, fizeram-se algumas considerações críticas ao método. No sexto capítulo procurou-se, a título de síntese, sistematizar as conclusões deste trabalho.This work is an analysis of a method of programming of health - GENDES / PAHO method as presented in the report " Problemas Conceptuales y Metodológicos de Programación de la Salud" . It discusses the theory of health programming proposed in this document. Involves discussion of the objectives that the government and organization adopt, but also involves the analysis of the proposal consistency with the theory underlying it . The first chapter ntroduces the various meanings of the term conceptual planning elaborate looking skeleton with which analyzed the CENDES / PAHO method. In the second chapter , we analyzed the theoretical context of CENDES / PAHO method, the debate on development and its relationship to health . Also analyzed the Charter of Punta del Este , comparing with the definition of health programming adopted by the CENDES / PAHO document. The third chapter discussed the incorporation of economic concepts and general principles of programming by CENDES / PAHO method. The fourth chapter is devoted to the description and examination of the process of national health plans process as proposed in that document . In the fifth chapter , there have been some critical considerations to the method . In the sixth chapter we tried to , by way of summary, the findings of this systematic work.
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Merget, Iris. "Die Gestaltung von Benutzerschnittstellen mittels Online-Hilfefunktionen in OPACs : Stand, Trends, Perspektiven /". Saarbrücken : Univ. des Saarlandes, 1993. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018907728&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Sütterlin, Martin [Verfasser] y Andre [Akademischer Betreuer] Laschewsky. "New inverse hydogel opals as protein responsive sensors / Martin Sütterlin. Betreuer: André Laschewsky". Potsdam : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1050295609/34.
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Pursiainen, Otto Lauri Juhana. "Spectroscopic studies of the optical and structural properties of nano-engineered polymer opals". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446596.
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Pham, Quang Nhat. "Fabrication of Copper Inverse Opals for Microscale Liquid Transport in Polycrystalline Porous Media". Thesis, University of California, Irvine, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10828027.
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The continually increasing power density of high-performance electronics is bottlenecked by the challenges faced with thermal management requirements for reliable operation. While the traditional convective air-cooling approach is limited in its effectiveness at dissipating high heat fluxes, the use of latent heat in liquid-vapor phase change is an attractive strategy for managing the most aggressive thermal loading demands. Passive two-phase cooling operates by capillary pumping fluid through void spaces within porous metals to transport energy over long distances. The performance of such liquid delivery through porous structures is governed by the pore distribution, porosity, and morphology. Analogous to energy transport in polycrystalline solids, hydraulic transport in polycrystalline porous media is also limited by structural defects and grain boundaries. This work reports on the capillary performances of both single- and polycrystalline microporous copper with varying pore diameters from 300 to 1000 nm. The hydraulic transport through the arrays of interconnected spherical pores is modeled and quantified with experimental wicking measurements, and the influence of grain boundaries on the hydraulic transport in polycrystalline microporous media contributes to the hydraulic resistance presented by the structural defects. By combining multiple pore diameters and systematically layering them, this study creates heterogeneous porous media to emulate the transport within biological systems. The gradient layering of pores enhances the liquid delivery by circumventing grain boundary defects in three dimensions. The fundamental understanding of hydraulic transport physics through porous crystals and boundaries will pave the way for the spatial design of heterogeneous porous materials for future capillary-driven technologies.
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Zhang, Xuyang [Verfasser]. "Synthesis of metal oxide inverse opals and their applications in optical sensing / Xuyang Zhang". Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1200990781/34.
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Slack, Frances Elisabeth. "OPACs : using enhanced transaction logs to achieve more effective online help for subject searching". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293574.
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PRADO, ULISSES S. do. "Nova alternativa para reaproveitamento do resíduo perigoso gerado na produção de alumínio primário (SPL): obtenção de vidros opacos e fritas". reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11673.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Liu, Yong. "Novel nanostructured electrodes". Department of Chemistry - Faculty of Science, 2007. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/14.
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Nanotechnology provides an effective and direct way to create novel properties and phenomena through the reduction in material sizes without changing the materials’ chemical composition. A number of routes to the preparation of novel nanostructured electrodes were investigated in this thesis. These involve the formation of nanoporous opaline electrodes, three dimensional nanofibrous networks and the synthesis of flexible nanoelectrodes based on highly dense ordered aligned carbon nanotubes and conducting polymers. Excellent improvements with the use of nanostructures in a wide range of application areas such as methanol oxidation, photoelectrochemical cells, enzyme biosensors, cell culturing and energy storage are presented in this research work.Nanoporous opaline structures including inverse opals and opals were prepared by either electrodepositing Pt or sputter coating ITO onto self-assembled polystyrene (PS) synthetic opals, followed by the removal of the PS opal templates. A highly ordered dense nanoporous structure with the porous structure on the top (so-called Pt inverse opal) or with the porous structure on the bottom (so-called ITO opal) was consequently obtained after the removal of PS templates. The improvement in electrochemical area with the use of nanostructures was observed during electrochemical characterisation. The resultant nanostructured Pt inverse opal electrodes were employed in electro-oxidation of methanol. Compared with the Pt film electrode, the nanostructured Pt inverse opal electrode showed a higher catalytic performance and good stability with a 100 mV negative shift of the potential of methanol oxidation. The mesoporous ITO opal electrode was used as the substrate for the electrodeposition of polyterthiophene and the resultant structure was subsequently utilized in photoelectrochemical cells. An excellent power-conversion efficiency of 0.109% and an outstanding short circuit current density of 1470 μA•cm-2 for polyterthiophene deposited at room temperature were obtained; dramatically improved from the previous published work.Nanofibrous electrodes were fabricated from biomaterials (such as DNA and poly(styrene-β-isobutylene-β-styrene) (SIBS)) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) using the electrospinning technique. Initial studies quantitatively determined the influence of solution properties (such as the solution ionic conductivity, surface tension and viscosity) and process parameters (e.g. tip-to-collector distance, applied potential and the feed rate) on the electrospinning results. Results showed that good electrospun fibrous networks could be obtained from the solution with comparatively high conductivity and viscosity with low surface tension. It was also found that the average diameter of the electrospun fibers decreased with decreased feed rates, increased tip-to-collector distance and increase in the potential employed. With the addition of SWNT, both biomaterial nanofiber electrodes exhibited enhanced electrochemical properties. The resulting DNA based electrospun fiber electrode showed a broad linearity range and high sensitivity in enzyme biosensors. The SIBS/SWNT nanofibrous electrode demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and suitability for the growth of L-929 cells.Flexible, light and highly conductive nanostructured electrodes were prepared from aligned carbon nanotubes (ACNTs) and conducting polymers by coating with Pt coated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/PVDF. Pt nanoparticles were subsequently electrodeposited on the ACNT/Pt/PVDF structure. The utilization of the nanostructured ACNT/conducting polymer electrodes in anodic methanol oxidation and as anodic materials in Lithium-ion batteries was demonstrated. Pt nanoparticles coated ACNT/Pt/PVDF electrode exhibited an outstanding electrochemical capacity (133 Fg-1) and amazing electrochemical surface area (143 m2g-1 for Pt nanoparticles). The Pt nanoparticles-ACNT/Pt/PVDF electrode also showed a 2.5 times higher steady current density for methanol oxidation when compared with the ACNT/Pt/PVDF electrode. A stable current density over a long period (more than 12 hours) was obtained. A 50% improvement in capacity during Lithium-ion battery tests when compared with a SWNT paper was obtained with the ACNT/PEDOT/PVDF electrode.Nanostructured flexible and conductive electrodes were also obtained from ACNTs and biomaterials (such as SIBS and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)). SWNTs or Pt were introduced to improve the conductivity. A significant improvement in electrochemical properties with the addition of Pt or SWNT was obtained. The biocompatibility of ACNTs, SWNTs and Pt was confirmed during cell culturing experiments.
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Carvalho, Preciosa da Conceição Sampaio. "Reacção dos mercados de capitais aos anúncios de OPA’ s em Portugal (um estudo de evento)". Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/8230.
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As empresas operam num mercado altamente competitivo e cada vez mais globalizado. Uma das estratégias utilizada pelas empresas que caracterizam esta integração global dos mercados, são as denominadas Fusões e Aquisições (F&A). Estas transacções são um dos maiores eventos que podem ocorrer nas empresas que, consequentemente, produzem consequências não só para as empresas envolvidas como também alterações na estrutura de mercado. De facto, este fenómeno envolve um conjunto de controvérsias entre os académicos que continuam a debater, por exemplo, se estas operações resultam ou não no aumento da produtividade ou se criam ou destroem valor para os accionistas das empresas envolvidas.
O estudo da presente dissertação abrangeu alguns aspectos relevantes existentes na literatura no que concerne a este fenómeno, entre eles as vagas de fusões; os motivos subjacentes à ocorrência de F&A; a distinção e caracterização das aquisições amigáveis e hostis e a relação entre as F&A com a teoria da agência e corporate governance.
Esta dissertação visa examinar, em termos mais específicos, as Ofertas Públicas de Aquisição (OPA’ s) que ocorreram na última década, em Portugal, através da metodologia Event Studies. Os resultados obtidos indiciam que os accionistas das empresas adquirentes usufruem retornos tendencialmente próximos de zero com estas operações. Por outro lado, os accionistas das empresas que foram alvo da OPA, parecem arrecadar retornos positivos em todas as janelas temporais (aproximadamente 16%, na janela mais longa). Em termos globais, os resultados sugerem um impacto positivo para os accionistas envolvidos nestas transacções.
Quanto aos accionistas que foram alvo de uma OPA por parte de uma empresa estrangeira, estes parecem arrecadar ganhos mais significativos relativamente aos que foram alvo de uma oferta por parte de uma empresa nacional. Também é de salientar a potencial presença de insider trading nestas transacções, especialmente quando estamos perante empresas adquirentes estrangeiras. Companies operate in a more highly competitive market at a globalized time. One of the strategies used by the companies, which characterize this global integration of the markets, is called the Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A). These transactions are one of the biggest events that can occur in a companies’ life which consequently produce impacts not only for the companies involved but also for the market structure. In fact, this phenomenon involves a set of controversies among academics who continue to debate, for example, whether these operations result in an increase of the productivity or if they create rather than destroy value for the shareholders of the companies. The study of the present dissertation encloses some existing aspects in literature with respect to this phenomenon, such as merger waves; the underlying reasons to the occurrence of M&A; the distinction and characterization of the friendly and hostile acquisitions and the relation between the M&A and the agency theory and corporate governance as well. This analysis aims to examine, in more specific terms, takeovers that have occurred in the last decade, in Portugal, through the methodology of Event Studies. The results obtained suggest that the shareholders of the buying companies’ usufruct narrow returns only, tending to close to zero. On the other hand, the shareholders of the companies who have been targeted in a takeover seem to have been benefited from positive returns in all the event windows examined (approximately 16% on the longest window). In global terms, the results suggest a positive impact for the involved shareholders in this type of transactions. As to the shareholders that had been a target of a takeover from a foreign company, seems that they have received more significant returns than those who had been a target of bids from a national company. Finally, it is important to note the potential presence of insider trading in these transactions, especially when we are in the presence of a foreign company’s buyer. Las compañías viven y sobreviven en un mercado competitivo y cada hora más globalizado. Una de las estrategias usadas por las compañías que caracteriza esta integración global de los mercados, son las Fusiones y Adquisiciones (F&A). Estas transacciones son uno de los acontecimientos más grandes que pueden ocurrir en las compañías no sólo para las compañías, implicadas así como en termos de alteraciones en la estructura del mercado. Del hecho, este fenómeno implica controversias entre los académicos que continúan discutiendo, por ejemplo si estas operaciones producen o no él aumento de la productividad o si crean ellas valor o destroiem para los accionistas de las compañías implicadas. El estudio de esta dissertação incluyó algunos aspectos existentes en literatura con respecto a este fenómeno, entre ellos el vacante de la fusión; las razones subyacentes a la ocurrencia de F&A; la distinción y la caracterización de las adquisiciones amistosas y hostiles y la relación entre el F&A, la teoría de la agencia y del gobierno corporativo. Esta análisis tiene como objetivo examinar, en términos más específicos, las Ofertas de Adquisición (OPA' s) que han ocurrido en la década pasada, en Portugal, con la metodologia de los event studies. Los resultados obtenidos acusan que los accionistas de los compradores de las compañías ganan, tendencialmente cero con estas operaciones. Por otra parte, los accionistas de las compañías que habían sido target de OPA’ s, parecen recoger ganancias en todas las ventanas en analysis (el aproximadamente 16%, en la ventana más larga). En términos globales, los resultados sugieren un impacto positivo para los accionistas implicados en estas transacciones. Cuanto a los accionistas que habían sido target de una OPA por parte de una empresa extranjera, éstos parezcen recoger beneficios más significativos conparado com las ofertas de parte de una compañía nacional. Hace falta, todavía precisar la presencia potencial de insider trading en estas transacciones, especialmente cuando estamos ante compradores de las empresas extranjeras.
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Postigo, Bazán Ricardo. "Mejorando el gobierno corporativo. OPA's, mercado de control y mercado de valores en el Perú". IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123728.
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Immonen, J. (Jaakko). "Varga-Nemènyi -opetusmenetelmän mukainen opettajan opas opettajan näkökulmasta:sisällönanalyysi Opettajan tienviitta 2a-opettajan oppaasta". Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2014. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201406041661.
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Tämä tutkimus toimii ensimmäisenä kokonaan laadullisena tutkielmana Varga–Neményi-menetelmän suomalaistetuista oppikirjoista. Lisäksi opettajan oppaan oleminen ensisijaisena aineistona lisää tutkimuksen ainutlaatuisuutta. Oppaasta tutkitaan sitä, että miten se ilmentää Varga–Neményi-menetelmän pääpiirteitä ja sitä, että miten opettajaa ohjataan menetelmän mukaiseen opetukseen.
Teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä huomio painottuu Varga–Neményi-menetelmän taustaan ja pääpiirteisiin, toiminnalliseen matematiikanopetukseen alkuopetuksessa, opettajan rooliin menetelmän mukaisessa alkuopetuksessa ja matemaattisiin opetusvälineisiin, joista erityisesti oppikirjoihin ja konkreettisiin toimintamateriaaleihin.
Laadullisen sisällönanalyysin keinoin suoritetussa empiirisessä tutkimuksessa aineistona toimii Opettajan tienviitta 2a-opettajan opas, jota analysoidaan teoriaohjaavasti. Ensimmäinen tutkimusongelman avulla aineistosta katsotaan yleispätevästi, että miten Varga–Neményi-menetelmän periaatteet oppaassa näkyvät ja miten opettajaa ohjataan niiden mukaiseen opetukseen. Toinen tutkimusongelmista syventyy tarkemmin tapoihin, joita opas antaa opettajalle opetuksen toiminnallistamiseen.
Tutkimuksesta selviää, että Opettajan tienviitta 2a on oppaana hyvin informatiivinen, mikä näkyy mm. Suomen perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteiden huomioimisessa oppaan sisältöjen kohdalla. Opas ei myöskään vain pohjusta oppilaan kirjan tehtäviä, vaan tarjoaa lukuisia kirjojen ulkopuolisia aktiviteetteja ja lisämateriaaleja. Toiminnallisuutta harjoitetaan oppaassa eniten opetusvälinetyöskentelyn keinoin. Varga–Neményi-menetelmän kaikkia pääpiirteitä löytyy oppaan periaatteista esimerkiksi siten, että opettajan roolin suhteen menetelmän periaatteista muistutetaan toistuvasti. Oppilaslähtöisyys on esillä moniulotteisesti.
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Moschen, Robert. "Die Sauerstoffisotopenverhältnisse des biogenen Opals lakustriner Sedimente als mögliches Paläothermometer eine Kalibrierungsstudie im Holzmaar (Westeifel-Vulkanfeld) /". [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972841954.
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Kékesi, Renata. "Experimental study of 3D magneto-photonic crystals made of silica inverse opals doped by magnetic nanoparticles". Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STET4014/document.
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Dans les systèmes de télécommunications l'isolateur est le seul élément qui n'a pas encore été intégré, en raison du traitement thermique élevé (~ 700 °C) nécessaire à la cristallisation des matériaux magnétiques le constituant. Ce composant autorise le passage de la lumière dans une seule direction, en bloquant la propagation dans le sens retour et évite les risques des dommages ou d’instabilités. Il est basé sur l'effet non-réciproque de la rotation Faraday des matériaux magnéto-optiques. Pour surmonter ce problème de compatibilité tout en exaltant l'effet magnéto-optique, un matériau composite structuré en cristal photonique 3D a été élaboré par imprégnation d’un opale direct de polystyrène avec une solution de précurseurs métalliques dopés avec des nanoparticules magnétiques (CoFe2O4) à basse température en utilisant le procédé sol-gel. Premièrement, nous avons montré par le calcul, que l'utilisation d'un matériau magnétique diluée avec un indice de réfraction relativement faible dans un cristal photonique 1D, peut augmenter le facteur de mérite par rapport à une seule monocouche magnéto-optique. Pour obtenir une rotation Faraday suffisante, la fraction volumique de nanoparticules magnétiques dans la couche composite a tout d’abord été augmentée de quelques pour cent à une valeur aussi importante que 40%. Le résultat principal de cette thèse est enfin que la rotation de Faraday des cristaux magnéto-photoniques réalisés a montré une amélioration sur les bords de la bande interdite photonique en comparaison à la seule monocoucheFor telecommunication systems the isolator is the only element, which has not been integrated yet, because of the high temperature (~700 °C) annealing process which is required for the crystallization of magnetic materials. Due to the non-reciprocal behavior of the magneto-optical effects, this device assures that the transmitted light passes in one direction, but it blocks the backward propagation into the laser and avoids damage risk or instabilities. To overcome this compatibility problem and increase the magneto-optical effect, a composite material arranged as 3D photonic crystal has been elaborated by impregnating polystyrene direct opals with magnetic nanoparticles(CoFe2O4) doped metallic precursor solution using low temperature sol-gel process. Firstly, we have shown by calculation, that the use of a dilute magnetic material with a relatively low refractive index in a 1D photonic crystal can increase the merit factor compared to a single magnetic monolayer. To obtain a sufficient Faraday rotation, the volume fiaction of magnetic nanoparticles had to be increased. We managed to reach 40%, whereas this rate was only a few percent at the beginning of this work. The main result of this thesis is that the Faraday rotation of the realized magneto-photonic crystals showed an enhancement at the edges of the photonic band gap comparing to the single monolayer
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Palma, Tagle José. "Efectos Jurídicos y Económicos de la Ley de Opas en el Mercado de Capitales". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2004. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/107381.
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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)Una de las Legislaciones más controvertidas y esperadas por el conjunto de actores financieros y económicos en el Mercado de Valores y de Capitales fue aquella promulgada el 20 de Diciembre del 2000, la llamada Ley de Opas. Pero el camino para llegar esa normativa fue largo y el detonante de su rápida tramitación y promulgación se debió al “Caso Chispas” que afectó ciertamente al Mercado de Capitales Chilenos tanto por la forma de Transacción como también por los Montos involucrados. En este sentido el espíritu de esta Memoria consiste en hacer un aporte al debate y a la discusión en torno a la justificación y la aplicación práctica de esta Normativa en el Mercado Chileno de Valores procurando dar algunas respuestas a las conjeturas planteadas al principio de este texto.
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Tinker, Amanda Jayne. "Deriving and applying facet views of the Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme to enhance subject searching in library OPACs". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2005. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/7482/.
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Classification is a fundamental tool in the organisation of any library collection for effective information retrieval. Several classifications exist, yet the pioneering Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) still constitutes the most widely used scheme and international de facto standard. Although once used for the dual purpose of physical organisation and subject retrieval in the printed library catalogue, library classification is now relegated to a singular role of shelf location. Numerous studies have highlighted the problem of subject access in library online public access catalogues (OPACs). The library OPAC has changed relatively little since its inception, designed to find what is already known, not discover and explore. This research aims to enhance OPAC subject searching by deriving facets of the DDC and populating these with a library collection for display at a View-based searching OPAC interface. A novel method is devised that enables the automatic deconstruction of complex DDC notations into their component facets. Identifying facets based upon embedded notational components reveals alternative, multidimensional subject arrangements of a library collection and resolves the problem of disciplinary scatter. The extent to which the derived facets enhance users' subject searching perceptions and activities at the OPAC interface is evaluated in a small-scale usability study. The results demonstrate the successful derivation of four fundamental facets (Reference Type, Person Type, Time and Geographic Place). Such facet derivation and deconstruction of Dewey notations is recognised as a complex process, owing to the lack of a uniform notation, notational re-use and the need for distinct facet indicators to delineate facet boundaries. The results of the preliminary usability study indicate that users are receptive to facet-based searching and that the View-based searching system performs equally as well as a current form fill-in interface and, in some cases, provides enhanced benefits. It is concluded that further exploration of facet-based searching is clearly warranted and suggestions for future research are made.
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Berggren, Mirja. "OPAC på Internet : möjligheter för sökning på skönlitteratur. En jämförelse mellan en bokhandel på Internet och fem OPACs". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap / Bibliotekshögskolan, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20741.
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The aim of this master thesis is to investigate how the OPACs Online Public Access Catalogue used by public libraries have adapted the features and possibilities offered by online catalogues, for the purpose of searching for fiction. This is done by comparing five OPACs to Amazon.com, an online bookstore. The questions investigated are: Have the OPACs developed from the principles of the card catalogue and adapted to the features and possibilities offered by online catalogues, when searching for fiction? Can the library catalogue provide the same features as Amazon.com, when searching for fiction? How do the OPACs use the resources that online catalogues provide when searching for fiction, compared with Amazon.com? The thesis is based on two qualitative studies. The first study presents five OPACs from different library systems and examines which features they have in common with Amazon.com. The second study examines how five public libraries use the potential features of their OPACs. The OPACs have started to develop features and possibilities that online catalogues provide but they have not completely abandoned the principles of the card catalogues. Most OPACs still only allow keyword searches and do not support browsing through genres and subjects. They do not offer a designated area for fictional search only. So far the libraries have not developed the OPACs potential to include additional information such as covers and reviews. The users have some possibilities to interact with the OPACs to make them more useful for their personal needs. Nr 63 Maria Broman: Ungdomar och nättidningsläsning En kvalitativ studie av nio gymnasieungdomars förhållande till dagstidningar på Internet Adolescents and Net Newspaper Reading A Qualitative Study of Nine High School Students' Relations to Newspapers on the Internet This Master Thesis deals with nine high school students' relations to, and reading of, newspapers on the Internet. In the context of the Internet and net newspapers, adolescents represent a group that is particularly interesting to study. For instance, they have a positive attitude towards Net newspapers and they are the first generation to grow up with the Internet and thereby associated technology. Moreover, mass media is an important part of young peoples' daily lives. A qualitative approach was used, resulting in interviews with four girls and five boys. The study reveals that the adolescents visit a newspaper site primarily to read the news and not to utilise the interactive services available. Highly valued aspects of Net newspapers are that they are free of charge and easily accessible from home. Nevertheless, the informants almost exclusively read Aftonbladet, the singularly most popular alternative on the Net. Furthermore, it was found that Internet newspaper reading has a natural place in the adolescents' lives for the time being, a habit connected to other activities such as surfing the Net and practising sports and music. However, traditional print newspapers remain the basis for newspaper reading, as the Internet is still seen as a complement. No clear evidence of continued long-term Net newspaper reading emerged, and the development will likely depend on the adolescents' personal future situations as well as the technological progress in general.Uppsatsnivå: D
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Rico, Carrillo Mariliana. "El control jurídico de las OPAS: La legislación española frente a la directiva 2004/25/CE". Foro Jurídico, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/120065.
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Meza, Díaz Julio Martín. "Triángulo humano: derecho, literatura y discapacidad mental. Los opas en la narrativa de José María Arguedas". Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/14539.
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La, Barre Kathryn. "Faceted navigation and browsing features in new OPACs: A more robust solution to problems of information seekers? (extended abstract)". dLIST, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/106157.
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In November, 2005, James Billington, the Librarian of Congress, proposed the creation of a “World Digital Library” of manuscripts and multimedia materials in order to “bring together online, rare and unique cultural materials.” Google became the first private sector partner for this project with a pledge of 3 million dollars (http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2005/05- 250.html). One month later, the Bibliographic Services Task Force of the University of California Libraries released a report: Rethinking how we provide bibliographic services for the University of California. (Bibliographic Services Task Force, 2005). Key proposals included the necessity of enhancing search and retrieval, redesigning the library catalog or OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog), encouraging the adoption of new cataloguing practices, and supporting continuous improvements to digital access. By mid-January, 2006, the tenor of discussion reached fever pitch. On January 12, 2006, the North Carolina State University (NCSU) Library announced the deployment of a revolutionary implementation for their OPAC of Endeca’s ProFind™, which until now had only been used in commercial e-commerce or other business applications. NCSU made the bold claim that “the speed and flexibility of popular online search engines” had now entered the world of the online catalog through the use of faceted navigation and browsing (NCSU, online). A few days later, Indiana University posted A White Paper on the Future of Cataloging at Indiana University which served to identify current trends with direct impact on cataloging operations and defined possible new roles for the online catalog and cataloging staff at Indiana University (Byrd et. al, 2006). The Indiana report was a response to an earlier discussion regarding The Future of Cataloging put forth by Deanna Marcum, Director of Public Service and Collection Management at the Library of Congress (Marcum, 2005). Marcum posed a provocative series of questions and assertions based in part on the Pew Internet and American Life Project study: Counting on the Internet (Horrigan and Rainey, 2005). “[D]o we need to provide detailed cataloging information for digitized materials? Or can we think of Google as the catalog?” Following Marcum’s comments, and the announcement of the “World Digital Library”, the Library of Congress released a commissioned report in March 2006, The changing nature of the catalog and its integration with other discovery tools” (Calhoun, 2006). This report contained blueprints for change to Library of Congress cataloguing processes, advocated integration of the catalog with other discovery tools, included suggestions that the Library of Congress Subject Headings LCSH, long used to support subject access to a variety of cultural objects, be dismantled, and argued that fast access to materials should replace the current standard of full bibliographic records for materials. These arguments were supported by assertions that users seem to prefer the ease of Google over the catalog, and that the proposed changes would place the Library of Congress in a better market position to provide users with the services they want most (Fast and Campbell, 2004; OCLC, 2002). The ensuing debates served to crystallize the intersection and convergence of the traditional missions of the Libraries, Archives and Museum (LAM) communities to provide description, control and access to informational and cultural objects. One consistent theme emerged: What competencies and roles can each community bring to bear upon discussions of digitization, access and discovery, and provide solutions for user needs? The library community had a ready answer. Originally designed to provide inventory, acquisitions and circulation support for library staff, the modern library catalog was designed according to a set of principles and objectives as described by Charles Ammi Cutter in 1876. These principles and objectives underpin the core competency of the library community to create bibliographic records designed to assist users in the following tasks: to find (by author, title and subject), and to identify, select and obtain material that is of interest to them. Discussions about the aims of the catalog are not new and have been ongoing since the early 1970s when the earliest forays of the catalog into the digital age began (Cochrane, 1978). The role played by metadata (i.e. bibliographic records assembled in catalogs), as well as the central importance of search and retrieval mechanisms have long been central players in proposed solutions to providing better services to users. Thus, the suggestions of staff at the Library of Congress, that digitization is tantamount to access, and that search engines, like Google, may supplant the catalog as the chief means of access to cultural and informational materials, have galvanized action throughout the library and information science community. It is critical that any discussions and recommended solutions maintain a holistic view of the principles and objectives of the catalog. The actions and continuing discussions that resulted from these developments drew heavily from several sources, including the experiences of the LAM community with the creation of metadata standards, Web 2.0 applications that make data work harder, more accessible and consolidated, the appeal of folksonomy and social classification, and the importance of leveraging rather than abandoning legacy access systems in a time of spiraling costs and decreasing budgets. For archived discussions of these issues see: lNGC4LIB listserv (Next Generation Catalogs for Libraries http://listserv.nd.edu/archives/ngc4lib.html) and Web4LIB discussion list (http://lists.webjunction.org/web4lib/). Another valuable source is Lorcan Dempsey’s blog, Of libraries, services and networks (http://orweblog.oclc.org/). To leverage some legacy subject access systems it is proposed that more (not less) should be done to process these data, and corresponding authority files (e.g. thesaurus files) in order to use the faceted navigation and browsing features of new online search engines to best advantage. An ongoing research proposal will be described in brief, concentrating on the second goal of a project which plans to develop an integrated conceptual framework which could serve all designers working on information access and discovery systems. A framework for critical analysis of needed and missing features that is grounded in traditional principles, borne out by practice (Cutter, 1976; La Barre, 2006; Ranganathan, 1962) and which builds on feature analysis protocols for early OPACs is urgently needed (Cochrane, 1978; Hildreth, 1995). Further, another analysis of the sufficiency of current data preparation is long overdue (Anderson and Peréz-Carballo, 2005). This position paper builds on La Barre (2006, unpublished dissertation) which studied faceted browsing and navigation in websites, using wireframe analysis. This research uncovered features needed for digital library OPAC design. Building on JISC and Sparks work, a future study will focus on the information seeking research academics and the information seekers, rather than the general public, or the overstudied undergraduate user, thus rounding out the work of others cited by Marcum, Kuhlthau, etc.
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Makowski, Brian Thomas. "Functionality via Confinement of Photo-Responsive Materials". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1323022488.
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Castro, Janete Lima de. "Protagonismo silencioso: a presen?a da OPAS na forma??o de recursos humanos em sa?de no Brasil". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14149.
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Previous issue date: 2008-08-15The aim of this study is to assess the contribution of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to the field of human resources for health in Brazil. The assumption is that this organization not only influenced the development of this field, but but that it was also influenced by Brazilian institutions and by national political movements, through the interaction of its consultants with these movements. Four projects were selected, through which the contribution of PAHO was evaluated: the Program for the Strategic Preparation of Health Personnel (PPREPS), the Project for the Large Scale Formation of Middle and Low Level Personnel (Large Scale Project), the Project for Qualification in the Development of Human Resources in Health (CADRHU) and the Project for the Managerial Development of Basic Units of the National Health System (GERUS). To operacionalize the study, we used three basic complementary procedures: a bibliographic research, documental research and an interview. The time frame considered was from 1975, the year an agreement was signed between PAHO, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education and Culture, establishing PPREPS. It was through this program that the first PAHO team of national human resource consultants was contracted. The period between 1975 and 1999 was marked by political and social movements that changed the course of health in the country; among these was the Movement of Sanitary Reform in Brazil, which culminated in the implementation of the National Health System (SUS). This paper shows the connections of the PAHO consultants with this movement and the implications that this had for the Program of Cooperation in the Development of Human Resources of PAHO/Brazil. It also demonstrates that as the program became contaminated by national movements of health system reorganization and of democratization of Brazilian society, it proposed, in cooperation with national institutions, an organization of determinate areas of operation of these same institutions. The manuscript further reveals that, with the Large Scale Project, the human resources program determined the pedagogical and methodological option that would be the model for various other educational projects undertaken by a number of Brazilian institutions with the technical cooperation of PAHO. And finally, the repercussions and contributions of these projects, which strengthened the the field of human resources in the public health services of the country, are identified. Data analysis was based mainly on the theories of Bourdieu, Gramsci and Freire
O tema deste estudo ? a contribui??o da Organiza??o Pan-Americana da Sa?de (OPAS), Representa??o do Brasil, para o campo de recursos humanos em sa?de no pa?s. O pressuposto ? que essa organiza??o, ao mesmo tempo em que influenciava o desenvolvimento desse campo, ela tamb?m era influenciada pelas institui??es brasileiras e pelos movimentos pol?ticos nacionais, a partir da intera??o dos seus consultores com esses movimentos. Quatro Projetos foram selecionados para, atrav?s deles, se abordar a contribui??o da OPAS: O Programa de Prepara??o Estrat?gica de Pessoal em Sa?de (PPREPS), o Projeto de Forma??o em Larga Escala de Pessoal de N?vel M?dio e Elementar (Projeto Larga Escala), o Projeto de Capacita??o em Desenvolvimento de Recursos Humanos em Sa?de (CADRHU) e o Projeto de Desenvolvimento Gerencial de Unidades B?sicas do Sistema ?nico de Sa?de (GERUS). Para a operacionaliza??o da pesquisa foram utilizados, de forma complementar, tr?s procedimentos b?sicos: a pesquisa bibliogr?fica, a pesquisa documental e a entrevista. O recorte temporal considerou o ano de 1975 como ponto de partida por ter sido, neste ano, celebrado o Acordo entre a OPAS, o Minist?rio da Sa?de e o Minist?rio da Educa??o e Cultura em que foi institu?do o PPREPS. Atrav?s deste Programa foi contratada a primeira equipe de consultores de recursos humanos nacionais da OPAS. No per?odo de 1975 a 1999 s?o identificados movimentos pol?ticos e sociais que modificaram o rumo das pol?ticas de sa?de do pa?s, entre eles o Movimento da Reforma Sanit?ria Brasileira, que culminou com a instala??o do Sistema ?nico de Sa?de (SUS). A tese demonstra as conex?es dos consultores da OPAS com este movimento e as implica??es que isso teve para o Programa de Coopera??o em Desenvolvimento de Recursos Humanos da OPAS/Brasil; demonstra tamb?m que na medida em que o programa ia sendo contaminado pelos movimentos nacionais de reorganiza??o dos sistemas de sa?de e de democratiza??o da sociedade brasileira, ele ia construindo, em coopera??o com as institui??es nacionais, uma proposta de organiza??o para determinadas ?reas de atua??o dessas mesmas institui??es; revela que, a partir do Projeto Larga Escala, o citado programa de recursos humanos assumiu a op??o pedag?gica e metodol?gica que seria o fio condutor de v?rios outros projetos educacionais realizados por meio da coopera??o t?cnica da OPAS com diversas institui??es brasileiras; e, por fim, identifica as repercuss?es e contribui??es desses projetos educacionais para o fortalecimento da ?rea de recursos humanos nos servi?os p?blicos de sa?de do pa?s. Para a an?lise dos dados encontrados procurou-se apoio, principalmente, nos aportes te?ricos de Bourdieu, Gramsci e Freire
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Concha, Alarcón Danilo y Leiva Manuel Videla. "Sociedades anónimas acogidas al Artículo 10° transitorio de la Ley de Opas y su efecto en los precios accionarios". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2003. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/108197.
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Seminario para optar al título de Ingeniero ComercialEl objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar si aquellas empresas que manifestaron su voluntad de acogerse al artículo 10° transitorio de dicha ley (y las que no) entregaron de alguna manera información al mercado con esa decisión. De esta forma, a través del estudio de las variaciones de los precios de las acciones de aquellas empresas, queremos determinar si tuvieron retornos anormales dentro del período que rodeo a aquel anuncio.
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Guerra, Luca. "Coordinazione embodied vs. Disembodied: TuCSon on cloud". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6069/.
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Lo scopo della tesi è esplorare il nuovo dualismo tra calcolo situato e calcolo come mero servizio immateriale che si osserva nel rafforzarsi di due paradigmi apparentemente antitetici come Cloud Computing e Pervasive Computing. Si vuole quindi dimostrare che i due paradigmi sono complementari, e possibilmente sviluppare un modello e un approccio metodologico per sistemi distribuiti che sfrutti opportunamente le caratteristiche dei due paradigmi. A tale scopo si utilizzerà come caso di studio il modello TuCSoN con linguaggio ReSpecT, combinando opportunamente Situated ReSpecT con il modello Coordination as a Service (CaaS) espresso da TuCSoN on Cloud.
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Rodrigues, Estevão Toffoli. "Do CENDES-OPAS à programação da saúde no SUS: uma crítica da Programação Pactuada e Integrada (PPI) da Assistência à Saúde". Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação do Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de mestre em Saúde Coletiva, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/12828.
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Trata-se de uma dissertação de mestrado de caráter teórico sobre a programação da saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) que objetiva sistematizar uma crítica à Programação Pactuada e Integrada (PPI) da Assistência à Saúde. O estudo toma como referência as bases teórico-metodológicas da programação em saúde na América Latina e é trabalhado por meio de análise documental e revisão bibliográfica. Divide-se em quatro partes: i) uma sistematização de elementos teóricos e metodológicos da programação da saúde na América Latina, com ênfase no chamado método CENDES-OPAS; ii) uma apresentação da Programação Pactuada e Integrada (PPI) da Assistência à Saúde, seus princípios, diretrizes e principais questões, a partir de seus documentos oficiais; iii) uma análise da PPI da Assistência à luz de questões sobre a programação em saúde surgidas originalmente como críticas ao CENDES-OPAS e iv) uma sistematização teórica sobre aspectos da programação da assistência à saúde no SUS. Dentre as conclusões do estudo podem ser apresentadas: uma importante correlação teórica entre o CENDES-OPAS e a PPI; a existência de indefinições, insuficiências e contradições conceituais e metodológicas nos documentos oficiais da PPI; a escassez da correspondência entre discurso, teoria e método no âmbito da programação da assistência à saúde no SUS; a manutenção da necessidade de teorias, métodos e instrumentos que estimulem e auxiliem a prática da programação da saúde no SUS, em sintonia com o processo do planejamento, e a concomitante fragilidade da produção teórica recente sobre o assunto.
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Magalhães, Rodrigo Cesar da Silva. "A Campanha Continental para a Erradicação do Aedes aegypti da OPAS e a cooperação internacional em saúde nas Américas (1918-1968)". reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2013. http://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/16242.
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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Esta tese tem como objeto a Campanha Continental para a Erradicação do Aedes Aegypti, lançada pela Organização Sanitária Pan-Americana (OSP), em 1947. As suas origens, contudo, remontam à Campanha Mundial de Erradicação da Febre Amarela, idealizada em 1914 por Wycliffe Rose,o primeiro Diretor da Comissão de Saúde Internacional (CSI) da Fundação Rockefeller (FR), e iniciada oficialmente em 1918, após o término da Primeira Guerra Mundial (19414-1918). A Campanha se desenvolveu entre as décadas de 1910 e 1930, nas América e na África tendo sido marcada por uma série de inflexões até ser reformulada nos anos da Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945) e relançada, em 1947, sob os auspícios da OSP, na época dirigida por Fred Soper, um ex-funcionário da Fundação Rockefeller com uma longa trajetória de atuação na América do Sul, no combate à doenças como ancilostomíase, malária e febre amarela. Desta data até o final dos anos 1960, a meta de erradicar o vetor da febre amarela das Américas foi perseguida, com maior ou menor intensidade, por praticamente todas as Repúblicas americanas. O objetivo é analisar as origens, desenvolvimento histórico,impactos e controvérsias suscitadas por este que foi o primeiro e mais duradouro programa internacional de erradicação de uma doença já implantado. A hipótese é que a Campanha Mundial de Erradicação da Febre Amarela da FR fortaleceu a cooperação interamericana em saúde, estreitando as relações entre as Repúblicas americanas entre as décadas de 1920 e 1940, processo que resultaria na Campanha para erradicação do Aedes aegypti que constitui-se em uma nova fase da campanha da FR, só que em um outro contexto internacional. Assim, através da análise da Campanha, com seus avanços, retrocessos e inflexões,em diferentes contextos políticos e sanitários, se discute a crescente cooperação internacional em saúde que vai se estabelecendo nas Américas ao longo do seu desenvolvimento.
This Ph.D. dissertation focuses on the Continental Campaign for the Eradication of Aedes aegypti, launched by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in 1947. Its origins, however, date back to the Worldwide Campaign for the Eradication of Yellow Fever - conceived in 1914 by Wycliffe Rose, the first Director of the International Health Board (IHB) of the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) - and officially launched in 1918, after the end of World War I (1914-1918). The Campaign was developed between the 1910s and 1930s, in the Americas and Africa, and was marked by a series of inflections until its reformulation during World War II (1939- 1945) and was relaunched in 1947, under the auspices of PAHO, at that time directed by Fred L. Soper (1947-1959), a former official of the Rockefeller Foundation, with a long career in South America, where he fought diseases like hookworm, malaria and yellow fever. From this moment until the late 1960s, the goal of eradicating the vector of yellow fever of the Americas was pursued, with greater or lesser intensity, by practically all the American Republics. My aim is to analyze the origins, the historical development, and both the impacts and the controversies raised by this Campaign, which was the first and most lasting international eradication program already implemented. My hypothesis is that the Rockefeller’s Worldwide Campaign for the Eradication of Yellow Fever strengthened inter-American cooperation in health, narrowing the relationship between the American Republics between 1920 and 1940, a process which resulted, in the aftermath of World War II, in the Continental Campaign for the Eradication of Aedes aegypti which, as I tried to demonstrate, constituted a new phase of the RFcampaign, but in a new international context. Therefore, through the analysis of the Campaign, with its advances, setbacks and inflections, in different political and health contexts, I intend to discuss the growing international cooperation in health which was eventually settling in the Americas throughout its development.
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Barret, Beverley y n/a. "Users and an online catalogue : an evaluation of the OPAC at the Dixson Library, University of New England". University of Canberra. Information, Language & Culture Studies, 1989. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060607.162838.
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This thesis reports on a study undertaken at the Dixson Library, University of New
England. The purpose of the study was to develop an understanding of users of online
public access catalogues (OPACs). The understanding gained from the study will assist
in the development of improvements to the Library's OPAC, and increase user ability to
access information from the OPAC. The study replicated the user questionnaire of the
Online Patron Access Project, sponsored by the Council on Library Resources (CLR) in
1981/83. The questionnaire was modified slightly to suit conditions at the Dixson
Library.
The study addressed nine research questions relating to the users, their reactions,
attitudes, experiences and problems. The user task and their suggestions for
improvement were also addressed. The study formally tested three propositions between
the variables user task, success and attitudes in relation to OPAC users.
The findings show the analysis of the responses for the population as a whole, and,
where relevant, for eight groups of student respondents based on their academic
affiliation. The student population was of particular importance because of the
preponderance of external students at the University of New England. The differences in
the findings between the groups of students were discussed, and where possible,
explained. The three formal propositions were tested by carrying out Chi square tests for
the values of each variable. Nine significant relationships were found.
Comparisons were made between the Dixson Library findings and those of the CLR
study. Recommendations and conclusions were drawn from the study, including areas
for further research.
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Lindenmeyer, Luciana Pereira. "Trabalho e formação em comunicação e saúde: análise discursivo-ideológica dos manuais sobre emergências e desastres produzidos por organismos internacionais (OMS e OPAS)". EPSJV, 2011. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/8813.
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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Profissional em Saúde.
A dissertação analisa, numa perspectiva crítico-ideológica, o discurso de dois manuais produzidos por organismos internacionais (OMS e OPAS) situados no campo da Comunicação e Saúde (C&S) e direcionados, em específico, para as situações de “emergência e desastre”. O estudo se justifica pela concentração da literatura deste campo na crítica à comunicação instrumental e suas formas de superá-la, exigindo uma produção científica no que diz respeito ao trabalho e à formação. Para tal, este trabalho apresenta, primeiramente, as relações entre a comunicação, a hegemonia e a mundialização no capitalismo atual. Discute ainda, de forma sucinta, o surgimento da C&S e as políticas que regem este contexto, assim como o trabalho e a formação dos profissionais que atuam neste campo. Problematiza, também, as questões da sociedade divida em classes e da pedagogia das competências no contexto do trabalho e educação. Aborda ainda a importância dos organismos internacionais da área da saúde na consolidação de um discurso hegemônico para o trabalho no campo da C&S. A partir do referencial teórico-metodológico da crítica discursivo-ideológica, foram definidas quatro categorias de análise do discurso nos manuais: população; emergências e desastres; trabalho e formação; e comunicação e saúde. O resultado do estudo foi a comprovação de um conjunto articulado de sentidos que produzem o discurso hegemônico, a saber: o controle da participação popular atrelado à fragmentação da população; a emergência e o desastre como isolados da produção social; a saúde como efeito; a comunicação como instrumental; e o trabalho e a formação como comportamentais.
The paper examines, from a perspective critical-ideological, the discourse of two manuals produced by international organizations (WHO and PAHO) situated in the field of Communication and Health and directed, in particular, for situations of "emergency and disaster." The study is justified by the concentration of the literature of this field in the critique of instrumental communication and ways to overcome it, requiring a scientific production in relation to work and education. To this end, this paper presents, firstly, the relationship between communication, hegemony and globalization in contemporary capitalism. It also discusses, briefly, the emergence of the field of Communication and Health and policies governing this context, as well as work and education of professionals working in this field. Also discusses the issues of society divided into classes and pedagogy skills in work and education. It also discusses the importance of international organizations in health for the consolidation of a hegemonic discourse to work in the field of Communication and Health. From the theoretical and methodological critique of the discursive and ideological, were defined four categories of discourse analysis in hand, namely: population, emergencies and disasters, work and training, and communication and health. The study results are evidence of a coordinated set of meanings that produce the hegemonic discourse, namely: the control of popular participation linked to the fragmentation of the population, emergency and disaster as isolated from social production, the effect of health, communication as instrumental, and work and training as a behavioral.
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Afonso, Maria Gorete Barroso. "Para uma biblioteca do conhecimento: Aplicações da Web semântica à organização da informação em catálogos de acesso público". Doctoral thesis, Universidade Portucalense, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11328/1373.
Texto completoResumen
Tese de Doutoramento em Educação na Área de Especialização em Educação e Bibliotecas.A recuperação da informação contida nos Web OPAC (Online public access catalog) das bibliotecas enfrenta sérias limitações provocadas pelas características próprias dos instrumentos de organização e recuperação utilizados. Índices, thesauri e classificações tradicionalmente aplicados aos registos catalográficos apenas permitem recuperar o conteúdo bibliográfico ou documental existente, alheando-se da possibilidade de que essa recuperação possibilite, desde logo, um acesso a conhecimento expandido através das mesmas palavras-chave escolhidas para a pesquisa num dado catálogo. No entanto, a Web semântica permite a transformação destes modelos de acesso ao conhecimento em modelos de ontologias de nível superior. Surge assim a questão que leva ao desenvolvimento da presente tese de doutoramento, e que procura, em primeiro lugar, indagar sobre os mecanismos de representação do conhecimento mais adequados às bibliotecas públicas e, subsequentemente, sobre a possibilidade de desenvolver um produto específico aplicável a uma biblioteca pública em concreto. Apresentando como objetivo final o desenvolvimento de um produto tecnológico com as caraterísticas acima apontadas, a investigação aplicou uma metodologia de design science que levou à concretização de um protótipo aplicado e testado preliminarmente no catálogo do Fundo Local da Biblioteca Municipal de Montalegre. A metodologia adotada, cíclica e interativa, envolveu a cooperação interdisciplinar entre os campos da Ciência da Informação, da Informática e Computação e da Educação. O desenvolvimento do protótipo permitiu, numa primeira fase, transformar a informação encerrada no catálogo em linha da Rede Concelhia de Bibliotecas de Montalegre (RCBM) e cruzar devidamente essa informação com outras fontes, como por exemplo a DBpedia, num formato adequado à Web semântica, representado por triplos RDF (Resource Description Framework) que estabelecem relações definidas em ontologias, entre os recursos oriundos de diferentes fontes. Numa segunda fase, esses dados abertos e ligados, com identificadores únicos e universais (URIs), ficaram disponíveis para exploração a partir de uma plataforma de código aberto CKAN (Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network) usada para o efeito; esta plataforma permite que um fluxo de Título: Para uma biblioteca do conhecimento: Apl icações da Web semânt ica à organização da informação em catálogos de acesso públ ico transformação em conhecimento fique disponível para ser explorado e apropriado por terceiros. Os resultados demonstraram as potencialidades do protótipo, tendo sido comprovada uma representação adequada através de um pequeno conjunto de pesquisas SPARQL (Protocol and RDF Query Language) que cruzam os dados do catálogo (em RDF) com os dados da DBpedia. Assim, uma pesquisa no OPAC sobre um determinado autor, permite aceder, não só às obras desse mesmo autor detidas ou acessíveis através da biblioteca, mas também a um conjunto de informação biobibliográfica, estudos, representações de imagens, etc., disponível na Internet e que concretiza o objetivo de expandir o conhecimento do utilizador através de uma simples pesquisa num catálogo. Todo o trabalho está documentado e é facilmente replicável por qualquer outra biblioteca que tenha um catálogo num formato da família MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging). Conclui-se pois que, não só a Web semântica permite tornar mais eficazes os serviços de recuperação da informação das bibliotecas, como essa possibilidade é replicável e possibilita uma maior cooperação em rede entre bibliotecas de uma mesma região, ou até nacionais e internacionais.
The retrieval of information contained in web OPACs (Online public access catalog) libraries face serious limitations caused by the characteristics of the organization and retrieval tools used. Indexes, thesauri and classifications traditionally applied to cataloging registers only enable to recover the existing bibliographic or documentary content, alienating the possibility that this recovery enable, firstly, access to expanded knowledge through the same keywords chosen for research in a given catalog. However, the semantic web allows the transformation of these access models to knowledge in models of top-level ontologies. This raises the question that leads to the development of this PhD thesis, and seeking, first, to inquire into the knowledge representation mechanisms best suited to public libraries and, subsequently, on the possibility of developing a specific product applicable to a public library in concrete. Featuring the ultimate goal the development of a technological product with the features outlined above, research applied a design science methodology that led to the realization of a prototype tested preliminarily on Local Fund catalog of Montalegre Municipal Library. The methodology adopted, cyclical and interactive, involved the interdisciplinary cooperation between the fields of Information, Informatics and Computer Science and Education. The development of the prototype allowed, initially, the transformation of the information contained in the OPAC Web of District Council Library Network of Montalegre and properly cross with other sources, such as DBpedia, in an appropriate format to the semantic web, represented by triples RDF (Resource Description Framework) establishing relationships defined in ontologies, between resources from different sources. Therefore, these open and linked data with unique and universal identifiers (Uniform Resource Identifier - URIs), would be available for exploitation from an open-source platform CKAN (Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network) used for this purpose; this platform enable that a flow of transformation into knowledge became available to be explored and appropriated by others. The results demonstrated the potential of the prototype, with adequate representation been proven through a small set of SPARQL (Protocol and RDF Query Language) research that intersect catalog data (RDF) with data from DBpedia. Thus, a search on OPAC about a particular author, allows access not only to the works of the same author detained or accessible by the library, but also to a set of biobibliographic information, studies, image representations, etc., available on the Internet and concretize the objective of expanding the knowledge of the user through a simple search in a catalog. All work is documented and is easily replicable in any other library that has a catalog in a MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging) family format. It is therefore concluded that, not only the semantic web allows increase the effectiveness of information retrieval services of libraries, as this possibility is replicable and enables greater network cooperation between libraries in the same region, or even national and international.
Orientação: Prof. Doutora Manuela Barreto Nunes e Prof. Doutor António Manuel Andrade.
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ADAMO, Gabriele. "THE SILICON PHOTOMULTIPLIER:AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS IN THE CONTINUOUS WAVE REGIME". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/90861.
Texto completoResumen
The Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) is a novel solid state photon counting detector consisting of a parallel array of avalanche photodiodes biased beyond their breakdown voltage. It has known a fast development in the last few years as a possible alternative to vacuum photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and conventional avalanche photodiodes (APDs). Indeed, current research in photodetectors is directed toward an increasing miniaturization of the pixel size, thus both improving the spatial resolution and reducing the device dimensions. SiPMs show high photon detection efficiency in the visible and near infrared range, low power consumption, high gain, ruggedness, compact size, excellent single-photon response, fast rise time and reduced sensitivity with temperature, voltage fluctuations, and magnetic fields. Furthermore, solid-state technology owns the typical advantages of the planar integration process, therefore, they can be manufactured at low costs and with high reproducibility.
SiPMs performances in photon counting regime have been deeply investigated in literature, using picosecond pulsed lasers. In this regime, they can be used in applications like positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear physics instrumentation, high energy physics. An optical characterization performed via continuous wave (CW) sources has seldom been reported even though this kind of excitation seems to be very useful in several fields such as low power measurements, near-infrared spectroscopy and immunoassay tests.
In this Thesis, I perform an electrical and optical analysis of two novel classes of SiPMs in the CW regime. After a brief introduction about the SiPM operating principle, parameters and properties (Chapter 1), I describe my responsivity measurements made with an incident optical power down to tenths of picowatts, monitoring the temperature of the device packages, and on a spectrum ranging from ultraviolet to near infrared (Chapter 2). These measurements allowed to define an innovative criterion to establish the conditions necessary for the device to be usable in CW regime.
Chapter 3 continues with an investigation of the SiPM signal-to-noise ratio. Measurements employed a 10 Hz equivalent noise bandwidth, around a tunable reference frequency in the range 1 - 100 kHz, and were performed varying the applied bias and the temperature of the SiPM package. These results were compared with similar measurements performed on a PMT.
Once the SiPM is characterized, Chapter 4 reports an innovative application: an optical characterization of a class of photonic crystals infiltrated with a new ethanol responsive hydrogel employing the SiPM as a reference photodetector. This activity shows innovative developments for the ethanol sensing to be applied into inexpensive and minimally invasive breathalyzers.
Finally, Appendix A shows an electro-optical characterization of a novel class of Silicon Carbide (SiC) vertical Schottky UV detectors. I performed responsivity measurements as a function of the wavelength and the applied bias, varying the temperature of the SiC package, in the 200 - 400 nm range.
The results of this work show a new approach to investigate the SiPM capabilities, the CW regime, demonstrating its outstanding performances and innovative applications.
This Thesis was made in collaboration with the "Advanced Sensors Development Group" of STMicroelectronics and partially supported by the Project HIGH PROFILE (HIGH-throughput PROduction of FunctIonaL 3D imagEs of the brain), which is funded by the European Community under the ARTEMIS Joint Undertaking scheme.The Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) is a novel solid state photon counting detector consisting of a parallel array of avalanche photodiodes biased beyond their breakdown voltage. It has known a fast development in the last few years as a possible alternative to vacuum photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and conventional avalanche photodiodes (APDs). Indeed, current research in photodetectors is directed toward an increasing miniaturization of the pixel size, thus both improving the spatial resolution and reducing the device dimensions. SiPMs show high photon detection efficiency in the visible and near infrared range, low power consumption, high gain, ruggedness, compact size, excellent single-photon response, fast rise time and reduced sensitivity with temperature, voltage fluctuations, and magnetic fields. Furthermore, solid-state technology owns the typical advantages of the planar integration process, therefore, they can be manufactured at low costs and with high reproducibility. SiPMs performances in photon counting regime have been deeply investigated in literature, using picosecond pulsed lasers. In this regime, they can be used in applications like positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear physics instrumentation, high energy physics. An optical characterization performed via continuous wave (CW) sources has seldom been reported even though this kind of excitation seems to be very useful in several fields such as low power measurements, near-infrared spectroscopy and immunoassay tests. In this Thesis, I perform an electrical and optical analysis of two novel classes of SiPMs in the CW regime. After a brief introduction about the SiPM operating principle, parameters and properties (Chapter 1), I describe my responsivity measurements made with an incident optical power down to tenths of picowatts, monitoring the temperature of the device packages, and on a spectrum ranging from ultraviolet to near infrared (Chapter 2). These measurements allowed to define an innovative criterion to establish the conditions necessary for the device to be usable in CW regime. Chapter 3 continues with an investigation of the SiPM signal-to-noise ratio. Measurements employed a 10 Hz equivalent noise bandwidth, around a tunable reference frequency in the range 1 - 100 kHz, and were performed varying the applied bias and the temperature of the SiPM package. These results were compared with similar measurements performed on a PMT. Once the SiPM is characterized, Chapter 4 reports an innovative application: an optical characterization of a class of photonic crystals infiltrated with a new ethanol responsive hydrogel employing the SiPM as a reference photodetector. This activity shows innovative developments for the ethanol sensing to be applied into inexpensive and minimally invasive breathalyzers. Finally, Appendix A shows an electro-optical characterization of a novel class of Silicon Carbide (SiC) vertical Schottky UV detectors. I performed responsivity measurements as a function of the wavelength and the applied bias, varying the temperature of the SiC package, in the 200 - 400 nm range. The results of this work show a new approach to investigate the SiPM capabilities, the CW regime, demonstrating its outstanding performances and innovative applications. This Thesis was made in collaboration with the "Advanced Sensors Development Group" of STMicroelectronics and partially supported by the Project HIGH PROFILE (HIGH-throughput PROduction of FunctIonaL 3D imagEs of the brain), which is funded by the European Community under the ARTEMIS Joint Undertaking scheme.
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Rabello, Lucíola Santos. "Promoção de saúde : desafio ou adaptação : a construção social do conceito, de Alma-Ata aos dias atuais, no Brasil e no Canadá". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2006. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/2480.
Texto completoResumen
Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Centro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação sobre as Américas, 2006.Submitted by Raquel Viana (tempestade_b@hotmail.com) on 2009-11-16T18:24:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Luciola Santos Rabello.pdf: 2014891 bytes, checksum: 1a88c95f95d4b02ab9a664fa309b7c10 (MD5)
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Análise da construção social do conceito de Promoção da Saúde, de Alma-Ata aos dias atuais, comparação entre Brasil e Canadá. São discutidos os termos relacionados à Promoção da Saúde e a importância do tema para a área da saúde atualmente. Relaciona-se a Promoção da Saúde, com vistas à qualidade de vida, com um novo paradigma em contraposição ao paradigma flexeneriano, ainda predominante. O marco de análise é a proposta canadense para a Promoção da Saúde, sua evolução até à Carta de Ottawa, a tradução nas políticas públicas de saúde do Brasil e do Canadá, no âmbito dos ministérios da saúde. O contexto da análise é o escopo das conferências internacionais sobre o tema e os acordos firmados na Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde. A história da Medicina inscrita no processo civilizatório e a da saúde pública como decorrência da configuração do Estado e a relação entre medicina e saúde pública. O campo da Promoção da Saúde com distintas perspectivas teóricas e práticas. Apresentação de um quadro internacional da Promoção da Saúde com a discussão dos aportes dessa proposta em países selecionados e a comparação entre Brasil e Canadá, apresentando-se a configuração da saúde pública e da Promoção da Saúde, em cada um dos países, para em seguida realizar-se a comparação. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Analysis of the social development of the concept of Health Promotion, from Alma-Ata to the present, comparison between Brazil and Canada. Discussed are the terms related to the promotion of health and the importance of the subject to the area of health at the present. The promotion of health is correlated with consideration to quality of life, with a new paradigm counter posed to the flexenerian paradigm that is still predominant. The landmark of analysis constitutes the Canadian proposal for health promotion, your development until the Ottawa’s Charter, the application in the public health policies in Canada and in Brazil, within the context of the ministries of health. The context of the analysis is the aim of the international conferences about the subject and about the signed agreements at the Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization. The history of Medicine inscribed into the civilizing process and the history of public health as a function of the consequence of the configuration of the State, and the relationship between medicine and public health, are discussed. The field of the promotion of health from distinct theoretical and practical perspectives is analyzed. Presentation of an international picture of health promotion with concomitant discussion of the arrival of this proposal in selected countries and the comparison between Brazil and Canada, while presenting the public health configuration and the promotion of health, in each of these countries, in order to subsequently bring about the comparison.
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Ringuet, Johany. "Dérivés oxygénés et nitrés des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (OHAP/NHAP) en phase particulaire : granulométrie et devenir dans l’atmosphère (formation/dégradation)". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14504/document.
Texto completoResumen
Les Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP) sont des polluants dont la concentration est réglementée dans l’air ambiant, en raison de leurs caractères cancérigène et/ou mutagène. Ces composés, émis lors de combustions incomplètes, peuvent réagir dans l’atmosphère avec les principaux oxydants atmosphériques pour former des dérivés oxygénés (OHAP) et nitrés (NHAP), dont la toxicité est potentiellement encore plus importante. Dans ce contexte, ce travail a été réalisé par la combinaison de deux approches complémentaires : études de réactivité en atmosphère contrôlée et études de terrain, afin de mieux comprendre le devenir (formation/dégradation) de ces composés dans l’atmosphère. Ainsi, des particules naturelles, prélevées dans l’air ambiant, ont été exposées en réacteur à différents oxydants atmosphériques(O3, OH et NO2/O3). Les résultats montrent la dégradation effective des HAP et le benzo[a]pyrène, seul HAP réglementé aujourd’hui en Europe, apparait comme le composé le plus réactif. De plus, la formation significative de OHAP et NHAP a été mise en évidence, même si les quantités observées sont trop faibles pour boucler le bilan de masse, illustrant la formation de produits non détectés/détectables dans ce travail. La dégradation des HAP ayant été démontrée sur des particules naturelles, la question du lieu majoritaire de dégradation (atmosphère/support de prélèvement) a été étudiée au cours de différents échantillonnages atmosphériques, mettant en parallèle des préleveurs équipés ou non de pièges à ozone de type dénudeur. Ces études, bien que n’ayant pas permis de répondre définitivement à cette question, ont montré la formation de certains dérivés de HAP sur les supports d’échantillonnage. Suite à ces conclusions, des mesures ont été déployées sur le terrain, sur des sites de typologies différentes dans la région parisienne. Les concentrations en HAP, OHAP et NHAP mesurées se sont avérées 10 fois plus importantes sur un site trafic que sur un site périurbain. De plus, les différentes espèces mesurées sur chacun des sites ont montré que, contrairement aux HAP et OHAP, les NHAP majoritaires différaient selon la typologie du site. Ainsi, le site trafic a été identifié comme étant majoritairement influencé par des sources primaires, à l’opposé du site périurbain sur lequel les espèces secondaires étaient plus abondantes. Les études granulométriques ont montré que la distribution entaille des OHAP et NHAP particulaires était liée à leurs origines (primaire/secondaire). De plus, les OHAP et NHAP apparaissent associés à 85 % à la fraction la plus fine de l’aérosol (Dp < 2,5 µm), accentuant l’intérêt de leur étude d’un point de vue sanitaire. Enfin, la combinaison de l’étude de la distribution granulométrique de certains composés identifiés comme primaire ou secondaire, à celle des profils chimiques des NHAP ouOHAP, a permis de proposer des pistes quant à l’origine majoritaire de ces familles de composés dans l’air ambiantPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations are regulated in ambient air because of theirmutagenic and carcinogenic properties. They are largely emitted by combustion processes and may react withmain atmospheric oxidants to form oxygenated (OPAH) and nitrated (NPAH) derivatives, which can be moretoxic than their parent PAHs. In this work, PAH derivatives were studied using the combination of twocomplementary approaches: laboratory reactivity experiments in controlled conditions and field studies, inorder to better understand their source and fate in the atmosphere. Reactivity study of PAHs adsorbed onnatural particles was carried out by exposing ambient particles to atmospheric oxidants (O3, OH and NO2/O3)in appropriate reactors. Large decays of PAH concentrations were observed, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P, which isthe only regulated PAH in Europe), appearing as the most reactive. The formation of OPAHs and NPAHs wasshowed. Nevertheless, quantities of both NPAHs and OPAHs formed were not sufficient to explain the totalamount of PAHs that react, highlighting the formation of other compounds, not detected in this work. PAHdegradation may occur in the atmosphere during the transport of air masses or directly on the filter during thesampling. The study of the major degradation processes was performed during field studies, using two highvolume samplers, one being equipped with an ozone scrubber. Even if, results were not enough to clearlyconclude about the relative importance of both degradation processes, the significant formation of some PAHderivatives on the sampling filter was observed. Then, field campaigns were led on different typologies ofsampling sites around Paris. PAH, OPAH and NPAH concentrations were about ten times higher at traffic sitethan at the suburban one. Moreover, for both OPAHs and PAHs, the major compounds were similar at bothsites, in contrary to the case of NPAHs that appeared different. The traffic site appeared strongly influenced byprimary emissions, whereas high amounts of secondary species were quantified at suburban site. Particle sizedistribution of OPAHs and NPAHs showed their strong association to the finest part of aerosols (Dp < 2.5 μm),highlighting the strong interest of this study considering sanitary impacts. Finally, the study of the particle sizedistribution of primary and/or secondary identified compounds, combined with chemical NPAH and OPAHprofiles, allowed to provide indications about the major origin of PAH derivatives in the atmosphere
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Pessoto, Umberto Catarino. "As políticas de saúde para América Latina e Caribe da Organização Pan-América de Saúde e do Banco Mundial: uma análise dos documentos e seus discursos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/84/84131/tde-30102001-171810/.
Texto completoResumen
Este estudo faz uma análise dos discursos da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) sobre políticas de saúde para a América Latina e Caribe, no período compreendido entre os anos de 1986 a 1994. A análise é realizada tendo como contraposição os discursos do Banco Mundial, no mesmo período. Procura-se demonstrar que os dois discursos se construíram, se realizaram e se atualizaram em relação de heterogeneidade constitutiva. Para a realização desta tarefa apoia-se na corrente denominada de 'escola francesa de análise do discurso' (AD). Após a manutenção de uma longa polêmica discursiva, foi possível chegar à conclusão que a OPAS atualizou seu discurso a partir dos temas apresentados pelo Banco Mundial: financiamento, eficácia e eficiência. Houve um desequilíbrio associativo semântico entre universalidade, integralidade e gratuidade da atenção à saúde defendida pela OPAS. A defesa do principio da não-exclusividade, pelo Banco, foi decisiva para aquele desequilíbrio.This study analyses the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) discourses about Health Policies to Latin America and Caribbean Islands, from 1986 to 1994. The analysis was based on the World Bank discourses, as a counterpoint, during the same period. The objective is to demonstrate that both discourses were built, turn into reality and became up to date in heterogeneity constitutive relationship. The 'French school of speech analysis' (SA) is the technique used to support the analysis. After a long and controversial discoursive dispute, it was possible to conclude that the PAHO updated its discourse using as starting point the themes presented by the World Bank: financing, efficacy and efficiency. There was a semantic associative lack of balance between universality, integrality and gratuitousness for the health care defended by the PAHO. The defense of the principle of non-exclusivity, by the World Bank, was decisive for that lack of balance.