Artículos de revistas: "Olympic Games (29th : 2008 : Beijing, China)"

1

Chou, C. C. K., C. Y. Tsai, C. C. Chang, P. H. Lin, S. C. Liu y T. Zhu. "Photochemical production of ozone in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, n.º 6 (10 de junio de 2011): 16553–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-16553-2011.

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Abstract. As a part of the CAREBeijing-2008 campaign, observations of O3, oxides of nitrogen (NOx and NOy), CO, and hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were carried out at the air quality observatory of the Peking University in Beijing, China during August 2008, including the period of the 29th Summer Olympic Games. The measurements were compared to those of the CAREBeijing-2006 campaign to evaluate the effectiveness of the air pollution control measures, which were conducted for improving the air quality in Beijing during the Olympics. The results indicate that significant reduction in the emissions of primary air pollutants had been achieved; the monthly averages of NOx, NOy, CO, and NMHCs reduced by 42.2, 56.5, 27.8, and 49.7 %, respectively. In contrast to the primary pollutants, the averaged mixing ratio of O3 increased by 42.2 %. Nevertheless, it was revealed that the ambient levels of total oxidants (Ox=O3+NO2+1.5NOz) and NOz reduced by 21.3 and 77.4 %, respectively. The contradictions between O3 and Ox were further examined in two case studies. Ozone production rates of 30–70 ppbv hr−1 and OPEx of ~8 mole mole−1 were observed on a clear-sky day in spite of the reduced levels of precursors. In that case, it was found that the concentrations of O3 increased with the increasing NO2/NO ratio, whereas the NOz concentrations leveled off when NO2/NO>8. Consequently, the ratio of O3 to NOz increased to above 10, indicating the shift from VOC-sensitive regime to NOx-sensitive regime. However, in the other case, it was found that the O3 production was inhibited significantly due to substantial reduction in the ambient levels of NMHCs. According to the observations, it was suggested that the O3/Ox production rates in Beijing should have been reduced for the reduction in the emissions of precursors during the Olympic period; however, the nighttime O3 levels were increased for decline in the NO-O3 titration, and the midday O3 peak levels were elevated for the shift in the photochemical regime and the inhibition of NOz formation.

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2

Chou, C. C. K., C. Y. Tsai, C. C. Chang, P. H. Lin, S. C. Liu y T. Zhu. "Photochemical production of ozone in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, n.º 18 (23 de septiembre de 2011): 9825–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9825-2011.

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Abstract. As a part of the CAREBeijing-2008 campaign, observations of O3, oxides of nitrogen (NOx and NOy), CO, and hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were carried out at the air quality observatory of the Peking University in Beijing, China during August 2008, including the period of the 29th Summer Olympic Games. The measurements were compared with those of the CAREBeijing-2006 campaign to evaluate the effectiveness of the air pollution control measures, which were conducted for improving the air quality in Beijing during the Olympics. The results indicate that significant reduction in the emissions of primary air pollutants had been achieved; the monthly averaged mixing ratios of NOx, NOy, CO, and NMHCs decreased by 42.2, 56.5, 27.8, and 49.7 %, respectively. In contrast to the primary pollutants, the averaged mixing ratio of O3 increased by 42.2 %. Nevertheless, it was revealed that the ambient levels of total oxidant (Ox = O3+NO2+1.5 NOz) and NOz were reduced by 21.3 and 77.4 %, respectively. The contradictions between O3 and Ox were further examined in two case studies. Ozone production rates of 30–70 ppbv h−1 and OPEx of ~8 mole mole−1 were observed on a clear-sky day in spite of the reduced levels of precursors. In that case, it was found that the mixing ratio of O3 increased with the increasing NO2/NO ratio, whereas the NOz mixing ratio leveled off when NO2/NO>8. Consequently, the ratio of O3 to NOz increased to above 10, indicating the shift from VOC-sensitive regime to NOx-sensitive regime. However, in the other case, it was found that the O3 production was inhibited significantly due to substantial reduction in the NMHCs. According to the observations, it was suggested that the O3 and/or Ox production rates in Beijing should have been reduced as a result of the reduction in the emissions of precursors during the Olympic period. However, the nighttime O3 levels increased due to a decline in the NO-O3 titration, and the midday O3 peak levels were elevated because of the shift in the photochemical regime and the inhibition of NOz formation.

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3

Gibson, Heather J., Christine Xueqing Qi y James J. Zhang. "Destination Image and Intent to Visit China and the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games". Journal of Sport Management 22, n.º 4 (julio de 2008): 427–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.22.4.427.

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Although there is growing awareness of the relationship between hosting mega-sporting-events and destination image, there is little empirical evidence documenting what images people hold before an event. The purpose of this study was to investigate the images young Americans hold of China both as a tourist destination and as the host of the 2008 Olympic Games. Specifically, the relationships among destination image, travel intentions, and tourist characteristics were explored. A total of 350 college students were surveyed before the close of the Athens Olympic Games. Overall, the respondents perceived China and the Beijing Olympic Games positively. Destination image was significantly (p< .05) predictive of the intention to travel to China and the Olympic Games. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that destination image partially mediated the relationship between past international travel experience and intention to travel. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed with a view to promoting China as a tourist destination and the host of the Olympic Games.

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4

Samatas, Minas. "Surveillance in Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008". Urban Studies 48, n.º 15 (24 de octubre de 2011): 3347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098011422399.

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All post-9/11 Olympic Games and sport mega events deploy super-surveillance systems, as a future security investment, albeit at the expense of rights and freedoms. This paper compares the Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008 Olympic Games’ surveillance systems, to assess their authoritarian effects and legacies in democratic and authoritarian Olympic host regimes. In democratic Greece, memories of the dictatorship have caused reaction and resistance to the perpetuation of the Olympic surveillance systems. In China, the police state has used these systems for Olympic and regime security, reinforcing population and Internet control. Drawing on these two cases, it is demonstrated that post-9/11 Olympic security and surveillance have authoritarian effects, which are dependent on global factors like anti-terrorist and neo-liberal policies, and local factors such as the type of host regime, culture and society. It is also argued that these surveillance systems have an emerging anti-democratic legacy which stretches beyond the hosting of the Olympics.

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5

Milne, C. J. y M. T. M. Shaw. "Travelling to China for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games". British Journal of Sports Medicine 42, n.º 5 (1 de abril de 2008): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.038794.

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6

Bai, Mingran. "The Impact of Beijing Olympic Games on China's International Status". BCP Business & Management 43 (24 de marzo de 2023): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v43i.4664.

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The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games further demonstrated the image of China as a major country of peace, cooperation, development and responsibility in an all-round way, established the image of modern China as an open, civilized and united country to the world, and greatly enhanced China's international influence.In this paper, the documentary method and deductive induction method are adopted to analyze the influence of the 2008 Olympic Games on the promotion of China's international status from different dimensions. According to the research results, both Beijing and China have improved their influence greatly after the Olympic Games, and established a good image and responsibility as one of the largest developing contry. The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of major sports activities on the development of "soft power", such as the building of national political image and the dissemination of excellent culture, so as to provide reference for the holding of such major events in the future.

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7

Gao, Y., X. Liu, C. Zhao, M. Zhang y Y. Wang. "Emission controls versus meteorological conditions in determining aerosol concentrations in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, n.º 6 (14 de junio de 2011): 16655–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-16655-2011.

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Abstract. A series of emission control measures were undertaken in Beijing and the adjacent provinces in China during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games on 8–24 August 2008. This provides a unique opportunity for investigating the effectiveness of emission controls on air pollution in Beijing. We conducted a series of numerical experiments over East Asia for the period of July to September 2008 using a coupled meteorology-chemistry model (WRF-Chem). Model can generally reproduce the observed variation of aerosol concentrations. Consistent with observations, modeled concentrations of aerosol species (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, organic carbon, total particulate matter) in Beijing were decreased by 30–50 % during the Olympic period compared to the other periods in July and August in 2008 and the same period in 2007. Model results indicate that emission controls were effective in reducing the aerosol concentrations by comparing simulations with and without emission controls. However, our analysis suggests that meteorological conditions (e.g., wind direction and precipitation) are at least as important as emission controls in producing the low aerosol concentrations appearing during the Olympic period. Transport from the regions surrounding Beijing determines the temporal variation of aerosol concentrations in Beijing. Based on the budget analysis, we suggest that to improve the air quality over Beijing, emission control strategy should focus on the regional scale instead of the local scale.

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8

Gao, Y., X. Liu, C. Zhao y M. Zhang. "Emission controls versus meteorological conditions in determining aerosol concentrations in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, n.º 23 (12 de diciembre de 2011): 12437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12437-2011.

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Abstract. A series of emission control measures were undertaken in Beijing and the adjacent provinces in China during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games on 8–24 August 2008. This provides a unique opportunity for investigating the effectiveness of emission controls on air pollution in Beijing. We conducted a series of numerical experiments over East Asia for the period of July to September 2008 using a coupled meteorology-chemistry model (WRF-Chem). Model can generally reproduce the observed variation of aerosol concentrations. Consistent with observations, modeled concentrations of aerosol species (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, organic carbon, total particulate matter) in Beijing were decreased by 30–50% during the Olympic period compared to the other periods in July and August in 2008 and the same period in 2007. Model results indicate that emission controls were effective in reducing the aerosol concentrations by comparing simulations with and without emission controls. In addition to emission controls, our analysis suggests that meteorological conditions (e.g. wind direction and precipitation) were also important in producing the low aerosol concentrations appearing during the Olympic period. Transport from the regions surrounding Beijing determined the daily variation of aerosol concentrations in Beijing. Based on the budget analysis, we suggest that to improve the air quality over Beijing, emission control strategy should focus on the regional scale instead of the local scale.

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9

Shaw, Marc T. M., Peter A. Leggat y Sarah Borwein. "Travelling to China for the Beijing 2008 Olympic and Paralympic Games". Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2007): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2007.09.003.

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10

Suying, Suying y Woo-Sung Kim. "Social and Sport Change of the China through 2008 Beijing Olympic Games". Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies 68 (31 de mayo de 2017): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51979/kssls.2017.05.68.209.

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11

McLeod, Christopher M., Haozhou Pu y Joshua I. Newman. "Blue Skies Over Beijing: Olympics, Environments, and the People’s Republic of China". Sociology of Sport Journal 35, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2018): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2016-0149.

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During the 2008 Olympic Games, after years of environmental regulations, two months of short-term measures, and opportune weather, Beijing measured a record number of “blue sky days,” at the same time reassuring international athletes and journalists the air was safe for competition and Beijing residents. We use this case to understand how environmental objectives are achieved in sport. Using Bruno Latour’s object-oriented political ecology, we describe the events leading to, during, and after the Games. We argue environmental objectives are possible when environments are made public; this means environmental objects—such as skies and particulate matter—must be assembled and then articulated or, in other words, brought forward and made capable of speech.

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12

Xing, Xiufeng y Hongyu Liu. "Is Plastic Bag Ordinance Effective? Evidence from Carbon Emissions in China". Journal of Sustainable Development 11, n.º 3 (30 de mayo de 2018): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n3p158.

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China has enacted the ordinance of plastic shopping bags since June 1 of 2008, which stipulates the bag thickness should be greater than or equal to 25 micrometers and consumers should pay for each bag they consume. However, the overall effect of the ordinance is lower-than-expected. This paper qualifies the carbon emissions associated with plastic shopping bag consumption in a fifteen year time series. The results indicate that, except for 2008, carbon emissions are on a continuous increase during this period. With respect to carbon emissions in 2008, there does appear a local minimum. Specifically, the carbon emissions relating to plastic bags in 2008 dropped 0.87% when compared with the emissions of 2007. This is not to suggest that the ordinance is effective in the long term, just that there is a slight carbon emission reduction in 2008. The transitory reduction of carbon emissions should be more attributed to the impact of Beijing Olympic Games than the effectiveness of the ordinance in hindsight. From 2009 on, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions generated by plastic shopping bags grows by 0.7-0.8% annually. Also, a two-child policy has taken into effect since 2011 which results in the net increase rate of entire population by 0.05% annually. When taken Beijing 2008 Olympic Games as well as the two-child population policy effect into consideration, it thus implies that the plastic bag ordinance may not be much effective to curb the bag usage in the long run. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

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13

Wang, Y., J. Hao, M. B. McElroy, J. W. Munger, H. Ma, D. Chen y C. P. Nielsen. "Ozone air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics: effectiveness of emission restrictions". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, n.º 14 (29 de julio de 2009): 5237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5237-2009.

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Abstract. A series of aggressive measures was launched by the Chinese government to reduce pollutant emissions from Beijing and surrounding areas during the Olympic Games. Observations at Miyun, a rural site 100 km downwind of the Beijing urban center, show significant decreases in concentrations of O3, CO, NOy, and SO2 during August 2008, relative to August 2006–2007. The mean daytime mixing ratio of O3 was lower by about 15 ppbv, reduced to 50 ppbv, in August 2008. The relative reductions in daytime SO2, CO, and NOy were 61%, 25%, and 21%, respectively. Changes in SO2 and in species correlations from 2007 to 2008 indicate that emissions of SO2, CO, and NOx were reduced at least by 60%, 32%, and 36%, respectively, during the Olympics. Analysis of meteorological conditions and interpretation of observations using a chemical transport model suggest that although the day-to-day variability in ozone is driven mostly by meteorology, the reduction in emissions of ozone precursors associated with the Olympic Games had a significant contribution to the observed decrease in O3 during August 2008, accounting for 80% of the O3 reduction for the month as a whole and 45% during the Olympics Period (8–24 August). The model predicts that emission restrictions such as those implemented during the Olympics can affect O3 far beyond the Beijing urban area, resulting in reductions in boundary layer O3 of 2–10 ppbv over a large region of the North China Plain and Northeastern China.

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14

Tropin, Yura, Volodymyr Perevoznyk, Valerii Holokha, Sergiy Bochkarev y Volodymir Katykhin. "The results of the performances of Ukrainian representatives of martial arts at the Olympic Games". Єдиноборства, n.º 3(33) (1 de junio de 2024): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/ed.2024-3.07.

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Purpose: to determine the results of performances of Ukrainian martial arts representatives at the Olympic Games. Material and methods. The analysis of scientific and methodological literature, protocols and video recordings of competitions of Ukrainian athletes in various types of martial arts (Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling, judo, taekwondo, boxing, karate, fencing) at the 1996 Olympic Games (Atlanta, USA) was used to solve the research tasks. , 2000 (Sydney, Australia), 2004 (Athens, Greece), 2008 (Beijing, China), 2012 (London, Great Britain), 2016 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), 2021 (Tokyo, Japan). Results: it was found that in 1996, Ukraine first took part in the Summer Olympic Games as an independent team. Martial arts athletes take an active part in every Olympic Games and bring medals to the coffers of the national team of Ukraine. The largest number of medals was won by martial artists at the 2012 Olympic Games - 10 medals (52,6 % of all medals), then at the 2021 Olympic Games - 9 (47,4 %), 2008 Olympic Games - 9 (37,5 %), -2000 – 8 (34,8 %), OI-2016 – 3 (27,3 %), OI-2004 – 4 (18,2 %). It was determined that the largest number of athletes who took part in the Olympics as part of the national team of Ukraine from 1996 to 2021 was in fencing - 63, then in freestyle wrestling - 61, in judo - 51, in boxing - 48, in Greco- in Roman wrestling - 38, in karate and taekwondo - 3 athletes each. Conclusions. It was established that during the independence of Ukraine, Ukrainian athletes took part in 7 Olympic Games. During this time, martial arts athletes won 49 medals (10 gold, 14 silver, 25 bronze), which is 34,8 % of all medals won by Ukrainian athletes. The following types of martial arts were presented in the Olympic program: Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling, judo, boxing, karate, taekwondo, fencing. In total, from 1996 to 2021, Ukrainian martial artists took part in the Olympic Games 267 times.

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15

Eaves, Megan. "English, Chinglish or China English?" English Today 27, n.º 4 (8 de noviembre de 2011): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078411000563.

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Roughly 90,000 taxi drivers in Beijing learned English in preparation for the Summer Olympic Games (Beijing 2008) of some 600,000 total residents of the city that have jumped on the English bandwagon in the past few years (People's Daily, 2001). China is a country of nearly a billion and a half people, most of whom now begin learning English at the age of ten (Dong, 2005: 11). A simple Google search for ‘English in China’ yields more than 36,000,000 results! It cannot be argued that English is unpopular in the Middle Kingdom. With so many learners there, it stands to reason that a variety of English peculiar to China would eventually develop, and there is much evidence to suggest that it has already begun.

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16

Carlà-Uhink, Filippo y Florian Freitag. "Theme Park Imitations: The Case of Happy World (Happy Valley Beijing)". Cultural History 11, n.º 2 (octubre de 2022): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cult.2022.0267.

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Theme parks frequently draw not only on historical themes, from antiquity to the roaring twenties, but also on their own history – that is, the history of the medium of the theme park itself. This article uses the example of the Happy World ride at Happy Valley Beijing (China) to discuss theme park imitations, that is, the fact that theme parks frequently borrow individual elements (themes, technologies, visuals, layouts, names) and/or entire units (rides, restaurants, themed areas) from each other. Opened in 2014 in the Greek-themed Aegean Harbour section of Happy Valley Beijing, Happy World may upon first sight look like an almost exact copy of Disney’s ‘it’s a small world’ (opened at Disneyland in California in 1966) but turns out to be, upon closer examination, a complex refunctionalization of central elements of ‘it’s a small world’ that establishes meaningful connections between (ancient) Greece and the city of Beijing via the theme of the Olympic Games: drawing on the origins of ‘it’s a small world’ in the 1964–5 New York World’s Fair and the latter’s motto of ‘Peace through Understanding’, Happy World takes visitors on a journey from the ancient Olympiad to contemporary Beijing (the site of the 2008 Summer and the 2022 Winter Olympic Games) to offer a theme park rendition of the 2008 Olympic torch relay as an homage to ‘the spirit [of peace, respect, and friendship] in the people’s [ sic] of the world’.

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17

Liu, Yang. "Mythic National Image of China : The Case of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games’ Opening Ceremony". Journal of China Studies 21, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2018): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20288/jcs.2018.21.1.25.

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18

Kobierecki, Michał Marcin. "Sports Performance and Shaping International Image of a China: Towards Beijing 2008 Olympic Games". Polish Political Science Yearbook 46, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2017): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2017109.

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19

Giulianotti, Richard. "The Beijing 2008 Olympics: Examining the Interrelations of China, Globalization, and Soft Power". European Review 23, n.º 2 (25 de marzo de 2015): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798714000684.

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This article explores the national and global significance and impact of Beijing’s hosting of the 2008 summer Olympic Games. The discussion is organized into four main parts. First, I locate the 2008 Beijing Olympics in the context of wider processes of globalization; in particular, I explore how China ‘glocalized’ the Olympics, by giving the event distinctive meanings that were then experienced by global television audiences. Second, I employ the concept of ‘soft power’ to explore how, in hosting the event, China sought to advance its international influence and appeal; I introduce the concept of ‘soft disempowerment’ to examine how there may have been some negative impacts for China in staging the Olympics. Third, I discuss issues of security surrounding the Beijing Olympics, given the growing focus on such questions for sport mega-events in general following the 9/11 attacks in 2001. Fourth, I outline some of the key issues regarding sporting legacies for China, following the 2008 Olympics, with particular reference to Chinese football.

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20

Zhang, Tan y Michael L. Silk. "Recentering Beijing: Sport, Space, and Subjectivities". Sociology of Sport Journal 23, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2006): 438–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.23.4.438.

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At present, and as China negotiates the instantiation of consumer capitalism, her urban spaces have experienced agonizing growth affecting housing, the internationalization of cities, interactions between government and developers, the development of rural land, migrant flows, and social stratification within the city. Focusing on Beijing, we locate the efforts to host major sporting events—especially the 1990 Asian Games and the 2008 Olympic Games—within the dynamics of the spatial reconfigurations in Beijing, a rapid reordering based on “capital space” (Harvey, 2001), gentrification, and the lifestyle practices of a burgeoning middle and upper class of Beijingers. In so doing, we offer a multidimensional account of the complex manner in which power, mobility, and transformation within a modernizing Beijing intersects with the discursive constitution of bodies, concluding with regard to new forms of social cleavages and inequalities that derive from embracing, however selectively, the logistics of the market in the framework set by the Chinese nation-state.

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21

Wang, Guofeng. "A corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis of news reporting on China’s air pollution in the official Chinese English-language press". Discourse & Communication 12, n.º 6 (9 de mayo de 2018): 645–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481318771431.

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This corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis of news reports on air pollution published from 2008 through 2015 by China Daily, China’s largest official English-language newspaper, reveals a significant attitudinal shift around the end of 2011 as regards public awareness of increasing air pollution levels in China and related public criticism. It also constructs a clear image of the increasing determination and resolve of the Chinese central government over the course of this 8-year period to take action to effectively reduce air pollution. This study highlights the submissive role played by the official Chinese press in their reporting on air pollution under the strict censorship system of the Communist Party of China (CPC), as well as the socio-political role that international sporting events such as the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games played in raising both public and governmental awareness of environmental issues.

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22

Kosciejew, Marc. "The Constitutive Effects of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games’ Documentation in Constructing the ‘New China’". International Journal of the Humanities: Annual Review 7, n.º 8 (2009): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9508/cgp/v07i08/58217.

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23

Song, Charlie, Jianhua Zhang y Stu Ryan. "Perceptions and Attitudes of University Students in Beijing Toward the International Media’s Coverage of the 2008 Olympic Games". International Journal of Sport Communication 3, n.º 2 (junio de 2010): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.3.2.207.

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This study assessed the perceptions and attitudes of university students in Beijing toward the international media’s coverage of the 2008 Olympics and of China during the Games. A total of 1,000 students were randomly surveyed immediately after the Games’ Closing Ceremony. Descriptive analysis of the data indicated that most survey respondents were pleased with the international media’s coverage of the Olympics and of China in general. One-way multivariate analysis of variance and Scheffé’s post hoc test results revealed that the respondents’ attitudes toward the international media’s coverage differed significantly among categories of the classified variables of age, class, academic major, and political preference. The study also found that a large portion of the respondents would be pleased to see the Chinese government permanently adopt a national policy to permit foreign media to report unrestrictedly in China after the Olympics, as the policy was implemented during the Olympics.

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24

Cai, Guoyin, Yang Liu y Mingyi Du. "Impact of the 2008 Olympic Games on urban thermal environment in Beijing, China from satellite images". Sustainable Cities and Society 32 (julio de 2017): 212–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.03.020.

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25

He, Guojun, Maoyong Fan y Maigeng Zhou. "The effect of air pollution on mortality in China: Evidence from the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games". Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 79 (septiembre de 2016): 18–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2016.04.004.

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26

Baim, Dean, Marilyn Misch y Bennett Postlethwaite. "The Micro, Macro, and Global Impact of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games on Beijing and China". International Journal of Sport and Society 15, n.º 1 (2024): 153–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/cgp/v15i01/153-182.

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27

Rhodes, Oscar. "Assessing the Landscape of the Sport Industry in China: A Brief Commentary". Sociología del Deporte 5, n.º 1 (28 de junio de 2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.46661/socioldeporte.10355.

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Sport has played a critical role in China's development since 1949, with achievements in elite sports, the hosting of Olympic games, and establishing professional leagues. The aim of China is to establish itself as a global sporting leader, influenced by the success of the US market and the rising obesity epidemic. In 2008, Chinese athletes showcased their talents at the Beijing Olympics, although concerns were raised about the social impact of traditional culture. Despite the transition to a market economy, China's elite sports system remains centralised and government-controlled. The “Number 46” policy introduced in 2014 aimed to establish a world-leading sports industry by 2025. While the market has grown, promoting sport participation and addressing cultural influences and governmental control are essential for sustained future growth.

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28

Zhou, Yu, Ye Wu, Liu Yang, Lixin Fu, Kebin He, Shuxiao Wang, Jiming Hao, Jinchuan Chen y Chunyan Li. "The impact of transportation control measures on emission reductions during the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China". Atmospheric Environment 44, n.º 3 (enero de 2010): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.10.040.

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29

Yang, Liu, Ye Wu, Jerry M. Davis y Jiming Hao. "Estimating the effects of meteorology on PM2.5 reduction during the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China". Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China 5, n.º 3 (15 de julio de 2011): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11783-011-0307-5.

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30

Wang, Y., J. Hao, M. B. McElroy, J. W. Munger, H. Ma, D. Chen y C. P. Nielsen. "Ozone air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics – effectiveness of emission restrictions". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, n.º 2 (20 de abril de 2009): 9927–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-9927-2009.

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Abstract. A series of aggressive measures was launched by the Chinese government to reduce pollutant emissions from Beijing and surrounding areas during the Olympic Games. Observations at Miyun, a rural site 100 km downwind of the Beijing urban center, show significant decreases in concentrations of O3, CO, NOy, and SO2 during August 2008, relative to August 2006–2007. The mean daytime mixing ratio of O3 was lower by about 15 ppbv, reduced to 50 ppbv, in August 2008. The relative reductions in daytime SO2, CO, and NOy were 61%, 25%, and 21%, respectively. Changes in SO2 and in species correlations from 2007 to 2008 indicate that emissions of SO2, CO, and NOx were reduced by 60%, 32%, and 36%, respectively, during the Olympics. Analysis of meteorological conditions and interpretation of observations using a chemical transport model suggest that restrictions on emissions during the Olympics were responsible for about 80% of the observed decreases in O3, with natural variations in meteorology accounting for the remaining 20%. Use of the Olympics emissions results in no significant biases between model and observations. The model predicts that emission restrictions such as those implemented during the Olympics can affect O3 far beyond the Beijing urban area, resulting in reductions in boundary layer O3 of 2–10 ppbv over a large region of the North China Plain and Northeastern China.

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31

Tian, Wei, Juan Wang, Fengli Zhang, Xudong Liu, Jian Yang, Junna Yuan, Xiaofei Mi y Yun Shao. "The Detection of Green Tide Biomass by Remote Sensing Images and In Situ Measurement in the Yellow Sea of China". Remote Sensing 15, n.º 14 (20 de julio de 2023): 3625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15143625.

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The world’s largest macroalgae bloom (also known as green tide) has been reported since the 29th Olympic Games in 2008, which is verified as the fast reproduction of floating green macroalgae (Ulva prolifera). It is helpful to assess the biomass of macroalgae for the government of marine environment protection. In this study, the synchronization cruise experiment was firstly introduced, which aimed to investigate the biomass evaluation of Ulva prolifera in the Yellow Sea of China. The Floating Algae Index by Polarimetric SAR image (FAIPS) was then proposed. Finally, the floating algae biomass evaluation model was demonstrated and verified, which showed an exponential relationship between FAIPS and wet biomass per area (kg/m2) of macroalgae. The model proposed in this paper can be used in the biomass assessment of floating algae in the presence of polarimetric SAR images, regardless of daylight and cloud coverage over the sea surface.

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32

Lu, Shiliang, Jing Zeng, Meng Gu, Chunxiao Zhang y Chao Shen. "Research on the Indoor Physical Characteristic of the Ceiling of China National Aquatics Center under the Demand of Olympic Games". Sustainability 12, n.º 16 (14 de agosto de 2020): 6589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166589.

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In the practice of the Beijing Olympic Winter Games in 2022 for the renovation and reuse of the 2008 Olympic legacy venues, PVC film-based clips integrated with the black coated fabric were employed as a shielding material, to reduce the influence of sunlight under the ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) air pillow ceiling system and maintain a good and stable indoor environment. Based on winter outdoor meteorological parameters, we measured the temperature; solar irradiance; and illuminance of the playing field, as well as the upper and lower surfaces of the ceiling enclosure and its internal cavity. Meanwhile, a simulation of the indoor environment before and after the shielding was carried out. The distribution and transmission mechanism of light, humidity, and heat in the venue were studied. It was found that the shielding material can block more than 98% of the sunlight and solar radiation; and after the addition of shielding material, the temperature of the playing field changes throughout the day about 1 °C. The difference between the surface temperature under the ceiling and the indoor temperature is about 3 °C, which is not easy to condense. The physical characteristics of the shielding of the roof enclosure structure are revealed, and the shading and heat insulation performance of it is verified, so that the venue meets the requirements of the Olympic Winter Games in the indoor environment.

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33

Zheng, J., M. Hu, R. Zhang, D. Yue, Z. Wang, S. Guo, X. Li et al. "Measurements of gaseous H2SO4 by AP-ID-CIMS during CAREBeijing 2008 Campaign". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, n.º 2 (10 de febrero de 2011): 5019–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-5019-2011.

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Abstract. As part of the 2008 Campaign of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Regions (CAREBeijing 2008), measurements of gaseous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) have been conducted at an urban site in Beijing, China from 7 July to 25 September 2008 using atmospheric pressure ion drift – chemical ionization mass spectrometry (AP-ID-CIMS). This represents the first gaseous H2SO4 measurements in China. Diurnal profile of sulfuric acid is strongly dependent on the actinic flux, reaching a daily maximum around noontime and with an hourly average concentration of 5 × 106 molecule cm−3. Simulation of sulfuric acid on the basis of the measured sulfur dioxide concentration, photolysis rates of ozone and nitrogen dioxide, and aerosol surface areas captures the trend of the measured H2SO4 diurnal variation within the uncertainties, indicating that photochemical production and condensation onto preexisting particle surface dominate the observed diurnal H2SO4 profile. The frequency of the peak H2SO4 concentration exceeding 5 × 106 molecule cm−3 increases by 16% during the period of the summer Olympic Games (8–23 August 2008), because of the implementation of air quality control regulations. Using a multivariate statistical method, the critical nucleus during nucleation events is inferred, containing two H2SO4 molecules (R2 = 0.85). When neither nucleation nor precipitation occurs, the condensation rate of H2SO4 correlates with the daytime sulfate mass concentration of the Aitken mode, but not with that of the accumulation mode aerosols.

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34

Qiao, Qingqing, Baochun Huang, John D. A. Piper, Andrew J. Biggin y Chunxia Zhang. "The characteristics of environmental particulate matter in the urban area of Beijing, China, during the 2008 Olympic Games". Atmospheric Pollution Research 8, n.º 1 (enero de 2017): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.08.003.

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35

Li, Huiqi, Xiaopeng Cui, Wenlong Zhang y Lin Qiao. "Observational and dynamic downscaling analysis of a heavy rainfall event in Beijing, China during the 2008 Olympic Games". Atmospheric Science Letters 17, n.º 6 (16 de mayo de 2016): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asl.667.

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36

Wilson, James W., Yerong Feng, Min Chen y Rita D. Roberts. "Nowcasting Challenges during the Beijing Olympics: Successes, Failures, and Implications for Future Nowcasting Systems". Weather and Forecasting 25, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2010): 1691–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010waf2222417.1.

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Abstract The Beijing 2008 Forecast Demonstration Project (B08FDP) included a variety of nowcasting systems from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. A goal of the B08FDP was to demonstrate state-of-the-art nowcasting systems within a mutual operational setting. The nowcasting systems were a mix of radar echo extrapolation methods, numerical models, techniques that blended numerical model and extrapolation methods, and systems incorporating forecaster input. This paper focuses on the skill of the nowcasting systems to forecast convective storms that threatened or affected the Summer Olympic Games held in Beijing, China. The topography surrounding Beijing provided unique challenges in that it often enhanced the degree and extent of storm initiation, growth, and dissipation, which took place over short time and space scales. The skill levels of the numerical techniques were inconsistent from hour to hour and day to day and it was speculated that without assimilation of real-time radar reflectivity and Doppler velocity fields to support model initialization, particularly for weakly forced convective events, it would be very difficult for models to provide accurate forecasts on the nowcasting time and space scales. Automated blending techniques tended to be no more skillful than extrapolation since they depended heavily on the models to provide storm initiation, growth, and dissipation. However, even with the cited limitations among individual nowcasting systems, the Chinese Olympic forecasters considered the B08FDP human consensus forecasts to be useful. Key to the success of the human forecasts was the development of nowcasting rules predicated on the character of Beijing convective weather realized over the previous two summers. Based on the B08FDP experience, the status of nowcasting convective storms and future directions are presented.

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37

Zheng, J., M. Hu, R. Zhang, D. Yue, Z. Wang, S. Guo, X. Li et al. "Measurements of gaseous H2SO4 by AP-ID-CIMS during CAREBeijing 2008 Campaign". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, n.º 15 (3 de agosto de 2011): 7755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7755-2011.

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Abstract. As part of the 2008 Campaign of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Regions (CAREBeijing 2008), measurements of gaseous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) have been conducted at an urban site in Beijing, China from 7 July to 25 September 2008 using atmospheric pressure ion drift – chemical ionization mass spectrometry (AP-ID-CIMS). This represents the first gaseous H2SO4 measurements in China. Diurnal profile of sulfuric acid is strongly dependent on the actinic flux, reaching a daily maximum around noontime and with an hourly average concentration of 5 × 106 molecules cm−3. Simulation of sulfuric acid on the basis of the measured sulfur dioxide concentration, photolysis rates of ozone and nitrogen dioxide, and aerosol surface areas captures the trend of the measured H2SO4 diurnal variation within the uncertainties, indicating that photochemical production and condensation onto preexisting particle surface dominate the observed diurnal H2SO4 profile. The frequency of the peak H2SO4 concentration exceeding 5 × 106 molecules cm−3 increases by 16 % during the period of the summer Olympic Games (8–24 August 2008), because of the implementation of air quality control regulations. Using a multivariate statistical method, the critical nucleus during nucleation events is inferred, containing two H2SO4 molecules (R2 = 0.85). The calculated condensation rate of H2SO4 can only account for 10–25 % of PM1 sulfate formation, indicating that either much stronger sulfate production exists at the SO2 source region or other sulfate production mechanisms are responsible for the sulfate production.

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38

Shibli, Simon y Jerry Bingham. "A forecast of the performance of China in the Beijing Olympic Games 2008 and the underlying performance management issues". Managing Leisure 13, n.º 3-4 (octubre de 2008): 272–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13606710802200977.

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39

Li, Yu, Haipeng Ye, Xu Sun, Ji Zheng y Dan Meng. "Coupling Analysis of the Thermal Landscape and Environmental Carrying Capacity of Urban Expansion in Beijing (China) over the Past 35 Years". Sustainability 13, n.º 2 (9 de enero de 2021): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020584.

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In this study, we aim to carry out a coupling analysis of the thermal landscape and environmental carrying capacity of urban expansion in Beijing over the past 35 years to provide scientific grounding for city planning. The paper proposes a conceptual framework and develops an integrated quantitative approach to the coupling analysis between urban expansion, the urban ecological environment, and the urban landscape, including the Urban Eco-Environment Carrying Capacity Index (ECI), Landscape Spatial Structure Index, Landscape Thermal Index (LTI), and Transitional Landscape Index (TLI, Markov Chain Model). Urban expansion has been essentially dominated by policy adjustments and has been further influenced by socioeconomic development, which has contributed to four outbreaks of urban sprawl in Beijing. Urban expansion is an essential factor affecting ecological environment change. The Olympic Games in 2008 was the turning point for the urban landscape. The rate of urban expansion and improvement of the ecological landscape all changed significantly around the year 2008. The urban thermal distribution pattern coincided well with the featured landscape patches, representing an obvious reflection of the difference between urban green spaces and construction, while high-temperature areas were abundant in the urban center. Urban expansion has a positive effect on the ecological environment and landscape pattern when it is fully matured and well planned. It is expected that, by 2025, the ecological environment of Beijing will be significantly improved, and the proportion of high-temperature areas will decrease.

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40

Li, Yu, Haipeng Ye, Xu Sun, Ji Zheng y Dan Meng. "Coupling Analysis of the Thermal Landscape and Environmental Carrying Capacity of Urban Expansion in Beijing (China) over the Past 35 Years". Sustainability 13, n.º 2 (9 de enero de 2021): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020584.

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In this study, we aim to carry out a coupling analysis of the thermal landscape and environmental carrying capacity of urban expansion in Beijing over the past 35 years to provide scientific grounding for city planning. The paper proposes a conceptual framework and develops an integrated quantitative approach to the coupling analysis between urban expansion, the urban ecological environment, and the urban landscape, including the Urban Eco-Environment Carrying Capacity Index (ECI), Landscape Spatial Structure Index, Landscape Thermal Index (LTI), and Transitional Landscape Index (TLI, Markov Chain Model). Urban expansion has been essentially dominated by policy adjustments and has been further influenced by socioeconomic development, which has contributed to four outbreaks of urban sprawl in Beijing. Urban expansion is an essential factor affecting ecological environment change. The Olympic Games in 2008 was the turning point for the urban landscape. The rate of urban expansion and improvement of the ecological landscape all changed significantly around the year 2008. The urban thermal distribution pattern coincided well with the featured landscape patches, representing an obvious reflection of the difference between urban green spaces and construction, while high-temperature areas were abundant in the urban center. Urban expansion has a positive effect on the ecological environment and landscape pattern when it is fully matured and well planned. It is expected that, by 2025, the ecological environment of Beijing will be significantly improved, and the proportion of high-temperature areas will decrease.

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41

Ao, Ran y Ee Ling Low. "Exploring pronunciation features of Yunnan English". English Today 28, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2012): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078412000284.

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The English language has gone through cycles of prominence and decline in China since it arrived on Chinese shores in 1637 for the purposes of trade (Adamson, 2002). Since then the language has evolved in China from the stage when it was regarded as a language spoken by ‘barbarians’ (Adamson, 2002) in the 1700s to the present day which sees an unprecedented surge of enthusiasm for the language. This significant change in the attitudes of the Chinese people towards English has accelerated since China's open door policy gathered steam in the early 1990s. Conservative estimates place the number of people learning English in China at about 200 million. A recent estimate by Crystal (2008) suggests that the number of English speakers in China has, in fact, doubled, with the widespread enthusiasm for English generated by driving forces such as China's entry into the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the hosting of the Beijing Olympic Games, international tourism, foreign investment, the development of Western China, and the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA) launched on January 1, 2010.

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42

Saavedra, Jose M., Sveinn Þorgeirsson, Milan Chang, Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir y Antonio García-Hermoso. "Discriminatory Power of Women’s Handball Game-Related Statistics at the Olympic Games (2004-2016)". Journal of Human Kinetics 62, n.º 1 (13 de junio de 2018): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0172.

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AbstractSports performance analysis has been a growing field of study in the last decade. However, the number of studies in handball is small. The aims of this present study were (i) to compare handball game-related statistics by the match outcome (winning and losing teams) and (ii) to identify characteristics that discriminated performance in elite women’s handball. The game-related statistics of the 236 matches played in the last four Olympic Games (Athens, Greece, 2004; Beijing, China, 2008; London, United Kingdom, 2012; and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2016) were analysed. Differences between match outcomes (winning or losing teams) were determined using the chi-squared statistic, also calculating the effect sizes of the differences. A discriminant analysis was then performed applying the sample-splitting method according to match outcomes. The results showed the differences between winning and losing teams were red cards and assists. Also, the discriminant analysis selected five variables (shots, goalkeeper-blocked shots, technical fouls, steals, and goalkeeper-blocked fast-break shots) that classified correctly 83% of matches. The selected variables included offensive and defensive predictors. Coaches and players can use these results as a reference against which to assess their performance and plan training.

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43

Cai, H. y S. D. Xie. "A modelling study of air quality impact of odd-even day traffic restriction scheme before, during and after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, n.º 2 (23 de febrero de 2010): 5135–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-5135-2010.

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Abstract. Systematic air pollution control measures were designed and implemented to improve air quality for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. This study focuses on the evaluation of the air quality impacts of a short-term odd-even day traffic restriction scheme (TRS) implemented before, during and after the Games, based on modelling simulation by a well validated urban-scale air quality model. Concentration levels of CO, PM10, NO2 and O3 were predicted for the pre- (10–19 July), during- (20 July–20 September) and post-TRS (21–30 September) periods, based on the on-line monitored traffic flows on a total of 334 road segments constituting the 2nd, 3rd, 4th Ring Roads (RR) and the major Linkage Roads (LRs) that were subject to the TRS policy and distributed around the main urban area of Beijing, and on the hourly sequential meteorological data from a representative Observatory. Subsequently, we used the predictions and observations at a roadside air quality monitoring site to evaluate the model, based on a widely used statistical framework for model evaluation, as well as on the dependence of model performance on time-of-the-day and on wind direction, and the model predictions turned out satisfactory. Results showed that daily average concentrations on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th RR and LRs during the TRS period decreased significantly, by about 35.8%, 38.5%, 34.9% and 35.6% for CO, about 38.7%, 31.8%, 44.0% and 34.7% for PM10, about 30.3%, 31.9%, 32.3% and 33.9% for NO2, and about 36.7%, 33.0%, 33.4% and 34.7% for O3, respectively, compared with the pre-TRS period. Besides, hourly average concentrations were also reduced significantly, particularly for the morning and evening peaks for CO and PM10, for the evening peak for NO2, and for the afternoon peak for O3. Consequently, both the daily and hourly concentration level of CO, PM10, NO2 and O3 conformed to the CNAAQS (China National Ambient Air Quality Standards) Grade II during the Games. Besides, a notable ozone weekend effect was revealed for the pre- and post-TRS periods, and was virtually removed for the during-TRS period. In addition, notable reduction of concentration levels were achieved in different regions of Beijing in response to the TRS policy, with the air quality in the downwind northern and western regions improved most significantly. The TRS policy was therefore effective in improving short-term air quality in Beijing during the Games.

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44

d'Hooghe, Ingrid. "Into High Gear: China's Public Diplomacy". Hague Journal of Diplomacy 3, n.º 1 (2008): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187119008x284524.

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AbstractIn recent months China's public diplomacy has had to move into high gear. Recent problems with the safety of China's food and toys exports, Beijing's close relations with the regimes of Sudan and Myanmar, and telling pictures of China's environmental problems on newspaper front pages have seriously undermined the projected image of China as a reliable and responsible world power. Even more importantly, these issues have a direct negative impact on China's economy and domestic political situation. If the safety issue is not dealt with adequately, the label 'Made in China' may become known as 'Buyer Beware' and exports may plummet. If China distances itself too much from the international mainstream on Sudan and Myanmar, the call by various non-governmental groups and Hollywood individuals for a boycott of the Beijing Olympic Games of 2008 may gain support and lead to actions that could blemish or even disrupt the Games. The Olympics have become a two-edged sword: a major public diplomacy tool for China but also an international stick to urge the Chinese government to step up its compliance to international norms and values. These recent developments illustrate the importance of image and public diplomacy for a country that is rising to play a more substantial role in world politics and economics.

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45

Song, Charlie, Jianhua Zhang, Aiguang Zhou y Stu Ryan. "Effect of Sport Media on Social Behaviour: The Attitude and Perception Change of Chinese College Students toward the International Media Reporting the Beijing Olympics". International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 8, n.º 4 (8 de noviembre de 2019): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/ijpefs19413.

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This study assessed the attitude and perceptions of college students in China before and immediately after the 2008 Beijing Olympics toward the international media's reporting of the Games and China. A total of 657 students from seven campuses eight months before the Olympics and 1,000 students from ten campuses immediately after the Olympics were randomly surveyed. The data analysis (independent t-Test) depicts that the students' attitudes and perceptions toward the international media had positively changed from the pre- to the post-Olympic surveys. One-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Scheffe’s post hoc test results revealed that the survey respondents’ political preferences were the constant factors that influenced their attitude and perception change toward the international media. This study illustrates a media effect on changing the survey participants’ and their represented population’s attitude and perceptions toward the international media’s coverage of sport mega-events that is supported by the theories of mega-events and modernity, media communication and social behaviour, and social impact.

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46

Landsberger, Stefan. "Harmony, Olympic Manners and Morals—Chinese Television and the 'New Propaganda' of Public Service Advertising". European Journal of East Asian Studies 8, n.º 2 (2009): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156805809x12553326569632.

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AbstractOver the past three decades, Chinese media have moved away from the tight controls under which they were kept since 1949. This forced those responsible for popular education to reconsider how their messages can be presented best to the public. Written propaganda, as published in newspapers, reached less and less people and was seen as boring and ineffective; the propaganda posters of the past could not compete with the many moving images and the glossy commercial messages that entered China. Television was seen as the most effective medium to present a modernized type of propaganda. As a result, the Party became a producer of 'public service advertising' (PSA, gongyi guanggao). Commercial advertising has inspired contents and forms of these PSA in major ways. Despite their important function in the wider framework of thought work, the production of PSA is hampered by three partially interrelated problems: financing, production and broadcasting. In the run-up to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, the number and intensity of PSA increased.

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47

Selishchev, Aleksander. "Socio-Economic Development of Tibet in the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010). Part 9". Russian and Chinese Studies 8, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2024): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2024.8(1).7-23.

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The 11th Five-year Plan of the People's Republic of China was an important stage in the socio-economic development of both the whole of China and the TAR in its composition. The plan set an annual GDP growth rate of 7.5 %, which actually exceeded 10 %. Tibet, on the other hand, was developing at a rate of more than 12 % per year. During the five-year plan, Tibet experienced many serious trials: a series of powerful earthquakes that claimed thousands of lives. In 2008, when China was preparing to host the Olympic Games in Beijing in August, Western intelligence agencies provoked an uprising in Lhasa on March 18. The leaders of France (in 2008) and the United States (in 2010) distinguished themselves by provocations against China, meeting with the Dalai Lama, despite the vigorous objections of the Chinese authorities. Nevertheless, Britain officially recognized Tibet for the first time as an autonomous region within the PRC. Significant achievements have been made in the development of transport in the region and especially aviation. Tibet remained one of the twelve least developed western regions of the People's Republic of China, but its economy continued to develop dynamically. The authority of Tibet in the world community has significantly increased, one of the manifestations of this was the great success of Tibet at the world Exhibition in Shanghai in 2010.

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48

Schleicher, Nina, Stefan Norra, Yizhen Chen, Fahe Chai y Shulan Wang. "Efficiency of mitigation measures to reduce particulate air pollution—A case study during the Olympic Summer Games 2008 in Beijing, China". Science of The Total Environment 427-428 (junio de 2012): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.004.

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49

Li, Yingruo, Chunxiang Ye, Jun Liu, Yi Zhu, Junxia Wang, Ziqiang Tan, Weili Lin, Limin Zeng y Tong Zhu. "Observation of regional air pollutant transport between the megacity Beijing and the North China Plain". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, n.º 22 (16 de noviembre de 2016): 14265–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14265-2016.

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Abstract. Megacities have strong interactions with the surrounding regions through transport of air pollutants. It has been frequently addressed that the air quality of Beijing is influenced by the influx of air pollutants from the North China Plain (NCP). Estimations of air pollutant cross-boundary transport between Beijing and the NCP are important for air quality management. However, evaluation of cross-boundary transport using long-term observations is very limited. Using the observational results of the gaseous pollutants SO2, NO, NO2, O3, and CO from August 2006 to October 2008 at the Yufa site, a cross-boundary site between the megacity Beijing and the NCP, together with meteorological parameters, we explored a method for evaluating the transport flux intensities at Yufa, as part of the “Campaign of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Region 2006–2008” (CAREBeijing 2006–2008). The hourly mean ± SD (median) concentration of SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, O3, Ox, and CO was 15 ± 16 (9) ppb, 12 ± 25 (3) ppb, 24 ± 19 (20) ppb, 36 ± 39 (23) ppb, 28 ± 27 (21) ppb, 52 ± 24 (45) ppb, and 1.6 ± 1.4 (1.2) ppm during the observation period, respectively. The bivariate polar plots showed the dependence of pollutant concentrations on both wind speed and wind direction, and thus inferred their dominant transport directions. Surface flux intensity calculations further demonstrated the regional transport influence of Beijing and the NCP on Yufa. The net surface transport flux intensity (mean ± SD) of SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, O3, Ox, and CO was 6.2 ± 89.5, −4.3 ± 29.5, −0.6 ± 72.3, −4.9 ± 93.0, 14.7 ± 187.8, 14.8 ± 234.9, and 70 ± 2830 µg s−1 m−2 during the observation period, respectively. For SO2, CO, O3, and Ox the surface flux intensities from the NCP to Yufa surpassed those from Beijing to Yufa in all seasons except winter, with the strongest net fluxes largely in summer, which were about 4–8 times those of other seasons. The surface transport flux intensity of NOx from Beijing to Yufa was stronger than that from the NCP to Yufa except in summer, with the strongest net flux in winter, which was about 1.3–8 times that of other seasons. The flux intensities were then assigned to the corresponding trajectories in the potential source contribution function analysis (PSCF), which confirmed the results of flux intensity calculations. Our study also suggested that various factors, such as the wind field, emission inventory, and photochemical reactions, could influence transport of air pollutants. The decrease of surface flux intensity during the Olympic Games implied the role of both local emission reduction and regional cooperation in successful air quality management. Three dimensional observations are needed for further comprehensive discussion of the regional transport between Beijing and the NCP.

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50

Wang, T., W. Nie, J. Gao, L. K. Xue, X. M. Gao, X. F. Wang, J. Qiu et al. "Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics: secondary pollutants and regional impact". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, n.º 16 (16 de agosto de 2010): 7603–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7603-2010.

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Abstract. This paper presents the first results of the measurements of trace gases and aerosols at three surface sites in and outside Beijing before and during the 2008 Olympics. The official air pollution index near the Olympic Stadium and the data from our nearby site revealed an obvious association between air quality and meteorology and different responses of secondary and primary pollutants to the control measures. Ambient concentrations of vehicle-related nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at an urban site dropped by 25% and 20–45% in the first two weeks after full control was put in place, but the levels of ozone, sulfate and nitrate in PM2.5 increased by 16%, 64%, 37%, respectively, compared to the period prior to the full control; wind data and back trajectories indicated the contribution of regional pollution from the North China Plain. Air quality (for both primary and secondary pollutants) improved significantly during the Games, which were also associated with the changes in weather conditions (prolonged rainfall, decreased temperature, and more frequent air masses from clean regions). A comparison of the ozone data at three sites on eight ozone-pollution days, when the air masses were from the southeast-south-southwest sector, showed that regional pollution sources contributed >34–88% to the peak ozone concentrations at the urban site in Beijing. Regional sources also contributed significantly to the CO concentrations in urban Beijing. Ozone production efficiencies at two sites were low (~3 ppbv/ppbv), indicating that ozone formation was being controlled by VOCs. Compared with data collected in 2005 at a downwind site, the concentrations of ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO2), total sulfur (SO2+PM2.5 sulfate), carbon monoxide (CO), reactive aromatics (toluene and xylenes) sharply decreased (by 8–64%) in 2008, but no significant changes were observed for the concentrations of PM2.5, fine sulfate, total odd reactive nitrogen (NOy), and longer lived alkanes and benzene. We suggest that these results indicate the success of the government's efforts in reducing emissions of SO2, CO, and VOCs in Beijing, but increased regional emissions during 2005–2008. More stringent control of regional emissions will be needed for significant reductions of ozone and fine particulate pollution in Beijing.

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