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1
Lunel, T. "THE BRAER SPILL: OIL FATE GOVERNED BY DISPERSION". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1995): 955–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-955.
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ABSTRACT The fate of 86,000 metric tons (t) of Gullfaks crude oil at the Braer incident was governed by the process of natural dispersion. The overall impact of the spill was minimal in time and extent indicating that dispersing oil spilled at sea can reduce the impact of oil spills. Experimental work in the North Sea has shown that the characteristics of the oil played a critical role in promoting the dispersion process. The Braer incident provides support for the use of dispersants to reduce the environmental impact of a spill in cases where the oil type is less amenable to natural dispersion.
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Cong, Jing. "Mathematical Modeling of Oil Spill Dispersion in Marine Waters". Scientific and Social Research 4, n.º 5 (30 de mayo de 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/ssr.v4i5.3663.
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During the extraction and transportation of oil in marine waters, oil spills may occur. It not only caused serious pollution in some sea areas but also have a grave impact on the marine environment. Studying the oil dispersion pattern is important for addressing oil spills accurately and timely. Therefore, through the mathematical knowledge, such as continuity equation and momentum equation, we establish a mathematical model for the dispersion of oil spills in marine water. The methods that are used include data statistics, construction of graphs and charts, example analogy, hierarchical analysis, and random calculation. The research and analysis are conducted for the oil spill process in marine oil fields.
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Na, Byoungjoon, Sangyoung Son y Jae-Cheon Choi. "Modeling of Accidental Oil Spills at Different Phases of LNG Terminal Construction". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, n.º 4 (7 de abril de 2021): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040392.
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Accidental oil spills not only deteriorate biodiversity but also cause immediate threats to coastal environments. This study quantitatively investigates the initial dispersion of spilled oil using the environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC) model, loosely coupled with an endorsed oil spill model (MEDSLIK-II) accounting for time-dependent advection, diffusion, and physiochemical weathering of the surface oil slick. Focusing on local contributing factors (i.e., construction activities) to oil dispersion, the current model is applied to likely oil spills occurring at three different phases of the Songdo LNG terminal construction on a reclaimed site in South Korea. Applied phases pose detailed ship collision scenarios generated based on a proposed construction plan of the terminal. The effects of permeable revetments, required for reclamation, on the currents were also investigated and applied in subsequent oil spill modeling. For each scenario, the simulated results showed distinct patterns in the advection, dispersion, and transformation of the oil slick. Oil absorption into the coast, which causes immense damage to the coastal communities, is found to be highly dependent on the tidal currents, volume of oil spilled, and nearby construction activities.
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Fingas, Merv. "OIL SPILL DISPERSION STABILITY AND OIL RE-SURFACING". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2008): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-661.
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ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the data and the theory of oil-in-water emulsion stability resulting in oil spill dispersion re-surfacing. There is an extensive body of literature on surfactants and interfacial chemistry, including experimental data on emulsion stability. The phenomenon of resurfacing oil is the result of two separate processes: de stabilization of an oil-in-water emulsion and desorption of surfactant from the oil-water interface which leads to further de stabilization. The de stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions such as chemical oil dispersions is a consequence of the fact that no emulsions are thermodynamically stable. Ultimately, natural forces move the emulsions to a stable state, which consists of separated oil and water. What is important is the rate at which this occurs. An emulsion is said to be kinetically stable when significant separation (usually considered to be half or 50% of the dispersed phase) occurs outside of the usable time. There are several forces and processes that result in the destabilization and resurfacing of oil-in-water emulsions such as chemically dispersed oils. These include gravitational forces, surfactant interchange with water and subsequent loss of surfactant to the water column, creaming, coalescence, flocculation, Ostwald ripening, and sedimentation. Gravitational separation is the most important force in the resurfacing of oil droplets from crude oil-in-water emulsions such as dispersions. Droplets in an emulsion tend to move upwards when their density is lower than that of water. Creaming is the de stabilization process that is simply described by the appearance of the starting dispersed phase at the surface. Coalescence is another important de stabilization process. Two droplets that interact as a result of close proximity or collision can form a new larger droplet. The result is to increase the droplet size and the rise rate, resulting in accelerated de stabilization of the emulsion. Studies show that coalescence increases with increasing turbidity as collisions between particles become more frequent. Another important phenomenon when considering the stability of dispersed oil, is the absorption/desorption of surfactant from the oil/water interface. In dilute solutions, much of the surfactant in the dispersed droplets ultimately partitions to the water column and thus is lost to the dispersion process. This paper provides a summary of the processes and data from some experiments relevant to oil spill dispersions.
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Azzahrawaani, A., M. T. Hartanto, Y. Naulita y Apriansyah. "Simulated circulation and particle trajectory analysis related to the oil spill event in the Karawang Coastal Waters". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1137, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1137/1/012012.
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Abstract The Karawang waters are situated at the north coast of West Java Province, where the wind-driven monsoonal current controls significantly the dispersion of oil spill. Here accident of oil spill was happened on 12 July 2019. The present study aims to simulate seasonal circulation and particle trajectory analysis related to oil spill dispersion, by performing a fine-resolution 1/96° coastal circulation model of CROCO. The model is validated SST (Sea Surface Temperature) detected form satellite, sea level, and surface current with high correlation (corr.>0.86). The Sentinel-1A imagery determined initial position of oil spill. Seasonal reversal currents are reproduced well by the model, consistence with past studies. The westward flows along the northern coastal area during the southeast monsoon (SEM) bring colder and saltier seawater. In contrast, the eastward flows during the northwest monsoon period, associated with warmer and fresher seawater. The massless particles related to oil spill dispersions are advected by the current westward along the coastal area. About one week after the accident, the oil spill closed to the Tanjung Karawang waters, where particle trajectories overlay with the observed Sentinel imagery. The model suggested that on 24 July 2019, particle trajectories released from oil spill accident arrived offshore Jakarta Bay.
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Buist, I. A. y S. L. Ross. "EMULSION INHIBITORS: A NEW CONCEPT IN OIL SPILL TREATMENT". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 1987): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-217.
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ABSTRACT As a result of a two year program involving bench-scale, small-scale, and meso-scale testing, a new class of oil spill treating agents has been identified. These agents, called emulsion inhibitors, are highly oleophilic surfactants, which, when applied onto oil spills in very low concentrations, not only prevent mousse formation for significant periods of time but also cause a large reduction in oil-water inter-facial tension. Both of these promote the dispersion of the oil into the water column. The best chemicals to effect these results were found to be surfactants normally sold as oil spill “demulsifiers” (that is, surfactants that “break” oil spill mousses once collected). The best of these, a European-manufactured product, was found to prevent emulsification at dosages as low as one part inhibitor to 20,000 parts of fresh oil at 20° C. At dosages on the order of 1:1000, at temperatures higher than 10° C, the chemical also results in significant and rapid dispersion of the oil. For very low temperatures or highly weathered oil the performance of the chemical falls off sharply.
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Kvočka, Davor, Dušan Žagar y Primož Banovec. "A Review of River Oil Spill Modeling". Water 13, n.º 12 (8 de junio de 2021): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121620.
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River oil spills are generally more frequent and pose greater environmental and public health risk than coastal and offshore oil spills. However, the river oil spill research has received a negligible amount of academic attention in the past three decades, while at the same time the coastal and offshore oil spill research has expanded and evolved tremendously. This paper provides the state-of-the-art review of river oil spill modeling and summarizes the developments in the field from 1994 to present. The review has revealed that the majority of the gaps in knowledge still remain. Thus, there is a need for (i) experimental studies in order to develop and validate new models and better understand the main physicochemical processes, (ii) studies on inter-linking of the governing processes, such as hydrodynamics, advection–dispersion, and weathering processes, (iii) adaptation and validation of coastal and offshore oil spill models for applications in riverine environments, and (iv) development of river oil spill remote sensing systems and detection techniques. Finally, there is a need to more actively promote the importance of river oil spill research and modeling in the context of environmental and public health protection, which would form the basis for obtaining more research funding and thus more academic attention.
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Shen, Wei, Zhi Xia Wang, Rong Chang Chen y Chun Ling Liu. "Properties, Preparation and Application of Oil Spill Dispersant". Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (junio de 2014): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.140.
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The oil spill dispersant called “elimination agent of oil” is used to disperse the oil slicks to facilitate the natural elimination of oil. Oil spill dispersants are used to enhance the rate of natural dispersion of an oil spill at sea. There is growing acceptance worldwide that use of dispersants to counter the effects of an oil spill offers many advantages and can often result in a net environmental benefit when considered in relation to other response options. Timely spraying oil spill dispersants is the main measures to remove surface oil pollution and to prevent fires, when mechanical recycling cannot be used in case of emergency. Efficient and environmentally friendly oil spill dispersant meet both the emulsification dispersion and zero pollution to the environment, and has been more widely used and developed.
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Kang, Chenyang, Haining Yang, Guyi Yu, Jian Deng y Yaqing Shu. "Simulation of Oil Spills in Inland Rivers". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, n.º 7 (26 de junio de 2023): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071294.
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The shipping volume in inland waterways has been rapidly increasing in recent years. However, it is still challenging to trace oil spills caused by maritime accidents. In this study, the oil spill dispersion trajectory in inland rivers was obtained by simulating the trajectory of oil particles under different waterway conditions based on a simulated flow field. Firstly, the flow field was simulated using a volume of fluid (VOF) model and the solution of an open-channel equation. Then, an oil particle diffusion and drift model was established using Python to simulate the diffusion of the oil. Finally, eight oil spill simulation scenarios were conducted with different channel shapes and cross-sections. The results showed that oil spills spread more extensively in a curved channel with a trapezoidal cross-section compared to other channel shapes and cross-sections. The findings of this research could be used to guide inland river environmental protection and oil spill trajectory tracking.
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Qian, Guo Dong y Ming Li. "A Review of Research and Practice on the Application of Chemical Dispersant in Oil Spills". Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (junio de 2014): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.189.
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Chemical dispersant has been widely used in oil spill response around the world as an effective method. The study reviews the mechanism of chemical dispersion, the factors influenced dispersant effectiveness, the test methods of dispersant effectiveness, and applications in oil spills around the world. Then some questions on the research for chemical dispersants used during oil spills in China were discussed.
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Fiocco, Robert J. y Alun Lewis. "Oil Spill Dispersants". Pure and Applied Chemistry 71, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1999): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199971010027.
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Introduction: The purpose of any oil spill response is to minimise the damage that could be caused by the spill. Dispersants are one of the limited number of practical responses that are available to respond to oil spills at sea.When oil is spilled at sea, a small proportion will be naturally dispersed by the mixing action caused by waves. This process can be slow and proceed to only a limited extent for most situations. Dispersants are used to accelerate the removal of oil from the surface of the sea by greatly enhancing the rate of natural dispersion of oil and thus prevent it from coming ashore. Dispersed oil will also be more rapidly biodegraded by naturally occurring microorganisms. The rationale for dispersant use is that dispersed oil is likely to have less overall environmental impact than oil that persists on the surface of the sea, drifts and eventually contaminates the shoreline. The development of modern dispersants began after the Torrey Canyon oil spill in 1967. Many lessons have been learned since that spill, and consequently the modern dispersants and application techniques in use today have become an effective way of responding to an oil spill. For example, the dispersant response to the Sea Empress spill in 1996 demonstrated that dispersants can be very effective and prevent a much greater amount of environmental damage from being caused (6). This chapter describes the chemistry and physics of dispersants, planning and decision-making considerations, and finally their practical application and operational use in oil spill response.
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Yang, Min, Baiyu Zhang, Yifu Chen, Xiaying Xin, Kenneth Lee y Bing Chen. "Impact of Microplastics on Oil Dispersion Efficiency in the Marine Environment". Sustainability 13, n.º 24 (13 de diciembre de 2021): 13752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413752.
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Oil spill and microplastics (MPs) pollution has raised global concerns, due to the negative impacts on ocean sustainability. Chemical dispersants were widely adopted as oil-spill-treating agents. When MPs exist during oil dispersion, MP/oil-dispersant agglomerates (MODAs) are observed. This study explored how MPs affect oil-dispersion efficiency in oceans. Results showed that, under dispersant-to-oil volumetric ratio (DOR) 1:10 and mixing energy of 200 rpm, the addition of MPs increased the oil droplet size, total oil volume concentration, and oil-dispersion efficiency. Under DOR 1:25 and mixing energy of 120 rpm, the addition of MPs increased the oil droplet size but resulted in a decrease of total oil volume concentration and dispersion efficiency. Compared with the oil volume concentration, the oil droplet size may no longer be an efficient parameter for evaluating oil-dispersion efficiency with the existence of MODAs. A machine learning (ML)-based XGBRegressor model was further constructed to predict how MPs affected oil volume concentration and oil-dispersion efficiency in oceans. The research outputs would facilitate decision-making during oil-spill responses and build a foundation for the risk assessment of oil and MP co-contaminants that is essential for maintaining ocean sustainability.
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KERAMITSOGLOU, I., D. N. ASIMAKOPOULOS, C. CARTALIS, M. PETRAKIS, A. ARGIRIOU, P. KASSOMENOS, N. THEOPHILOPOULOS, I. NTZIOU y A. M. HERRERO. "An Operational System For Monitoring Oil Spills In The Mediterranean Sea: The PROMED System". Mediterranean Marine Science 4, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2003): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.230.
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The primary objective of this work was the development of an operational system for early detection of oil-spills, monitoring of their evolution, and provision of support to responsible Public Authorities during cleanup operations, based on Remote Sensing and GIS technologies. In case of emergency, the principal characteristics of the oil spill are defined with the aid of a space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The transport, spreading and dispersion of the oil spill is subsequently simulated on the basis of wind forecasts of the area. The use of thematic maps of protected, fishing and urban areas, and regions of high tourism allows the better assessment of the impact of an oil spill on the areas to be affected in terms of environmental sensitivity. Finally, reports are generated notifying port authorities, the media, and local organizations to be potentially affected by the presence of the oil spill. The pilot site for testing the PROMED System in Greece is the island of Crete.
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Gao, Huan, Zhixin Qi, Xinping Yu, Yaya An, Ziyue Liu, Miao Yang y Deqi Xiong. "Effect of Salinity and Temperature on the Dispersion of Spilled Oil in the Presence of Microplastics". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, n.º 4 (6 de abril de 2023): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040791.
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Both oil spill and microplastics (MPs) are major issues in marine environments. After a spill, the oil film may disperse into the water column as droplets under the function of sea waves. The oil dispersion may be affected due to the attachment of oil to MPs. In this paper, the impacts of salinity and temperature on the dispersion of spilled oil in the presence of MPs were individually studied by batch conical flask oscillation experiments. The results indicated that the rise in salinity or temperature displayed a more significant effect on promoting, rather than inhibiting, oil dispersion with MPs. When the salinity rose from 15% to 35%, the oil dispersion efficiency (ODE) with the 13 μm polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) MPs was increased by 10.4% and 12.9%, respectively; when the temperature rose from 10 °C to 25 °C, the corresponding ODE was increased by 15.6% and 12.7%, respectively. In addition, the volumetric mean diameter (VMD) of the dispersed oil droplets decreased with an increase in salinity or temperature. Furthermore, the 13 μm MPs showed a higher impact on the oil dispersion than 106 μm of MPs, and the ODE with PE MPs was greater than that with PS MPs. The findings of this study expanded the understanding of the migration of spilled oil in seawater in the presence of MPs and may further improve the capability of predicting the impact of oil spills by marine environment managers.
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Ji, Hong, Yaxin Wang, Ting Wang, Ke Yang y Zhixiang Xing. "The Influence of a Key Indicator kv on the Diffusion Range of Underwater Oil Spill". Processes 11, n.º 8 (3 de agosto de 2023): 2332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11082332.
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As oil spills cause harm to the survival and environment of the ocean, the objective of the present paper is to study the oil migration range using the key indicator kv, which is defined as the ratio of oil spill speed to ocean current speed. The correctness of diffusion models created and estimated for subsea oil spills can be verified by experiments. We also considered the effect of key indicators on the horizontal and vertical dispersion ranges of oil spills. The study’s findings show that, under various kv settings, the horizontal and vertical spreading heights of oil spills both increase as kv rises. When kv is equal, the leakage velocity and water flow velocity increase synchronously, and over time, the horizontal distance and vertical diffusion height of the oil spill gradually increase. In the early stages of an oil spill, when kv = 50, 100, or 150, the vertical spreading velocity will rapidly decrease. The vertical spreading speed of spilled oil increases as kv rises when the water flow rate remains constant. The horizontal migration distance grows as kv decreases when the leakage rate is constant. Fitting curves for the vertical rise height and horizontal spreading distance for the same and various kv settings were also obtained in order to anticipate the migration mode of oil spills. This is critical for dealing with environmental damage caused by maritime oil spills, as well as emergency responses.
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Evans, D. D., G. W. Mulholland, J. R. Lawson, E. J. Tennyson, M. F. Fingas, P. A. Tebeau y J. R. Gould. "Burning of Oil Spills". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 1991): 677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-677.
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ABSTRACT The Center for Fire Research (CFR) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is conducting research related to safety in offshore drilling and oil spill pollution under joint funding from Minerals Management Service (MMS), U.S. Coast Guard, and the American Petroleum Institute. Technical assistance in measurement has been donated by Environment Canada. This research has focused on examining the phenomena associated with crude oil combustion and the impact of using burning as a spill response method. The process of burning crude oil on water as a means to mitigate oil spills has been investigated with a research effort combining both small-scale experiments and calculations. As a result of these studies, there has been increased understanding of the burning process, including burning rate, heat radiation, smoke emission, smoke composition, and smoke dispersion in the atmosphere. A key to gaining acceptance of burning as a spill response technique is the demonstration that favorable results obtained at laboratory scale can be shown to continue in test burns representing the size of fires expected in actual operations. Field-scale burn tests are being planned and coordinated jointly by MMS, API, USCG, and Environment Canada to document the use of burning technology under conditions simulating actual oil spill cleanup operations. The purpose of this project is to measure the effects of oil spill burning in laboratory and field tests.
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Keramea, Panagiota, Katerina Spanoudaki, George Zodiatis, Georgios Gikas y Georgios Sylaios. "Oil Spill Modeling: A Critical Review on Current Trends, Perspectives, and Challenges". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, n.º 2 (10 de febrero de 2021): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020181.
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Several oil spill simulation models exist in the literature, which are used worldwide to simulate the evolution of an oil slick created from marine traffic, petroleum production, or other sources. These models may range from simple parametric calculations to advanced, new-generation, operational, three-dimensional numerical models, coupled to meteorological, hydrodynamic, and wave models, forecasting in high-resolution and with high precision the transport and fate of oil. This study presents a review of the transport and oil weathering processes and their parameterization and critically examines eighteen state-of-the-art oil spill models in terms of their capacity (a) to simulate these processes, (b) to consider oil released from surface or submerged sources, (c) to assimilate real-time field data for model initiation and forcing, and (d) to assess uncertainty in the produced predictions. Based on our review, the most common oil weathering processes involved are spreading, advection, diffusion, evaporation, emulsification, and dispersion. The majority of existing oil spill models do not consider significant physical processes, such as oil dissolution, photo-oxidation, biodegradation, and vertical mixing. Moreover, timely response to oil spills is lacking in the new generation of oil spill models. Further improvements in oil spill modeling should emphasize more comprehensive parametrization of oil dissolution, biodegradation, entrainment, and prediction of oil particles size distribution following wave action and well blow outs.
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Ribotti, Alberto, Fabio Antognarelli, Andrea Cucco, Marcello Falcieri, Leopoldo Fazioli, Christian Ferrarin, Antonio Olita et al. "An Operational Marine Oil Spill Forecasting Tool for the Management of Emergencies in the Italian Seas". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, n.º 1 (20 de diciembre de 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7010001.
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Oil extraction platforms are potential sources of oil spills. For this reason, an oil spill forecasting system was set up to support the management of emergencies from the oil fields in the Italian seas. The system provides ready-to-use products to the relevant response agencies and optimizes the anti-pollution resources by assessing hazards and risks related to this issue. The forecasting system covers seven working oil platforms in the Sicily Channel and middle/low Adriatic Sea. It is composed of a numerical chain involving nested ocean models from regional to coastal spatial scales and an oil spill model. The system provides two online services, one automatic and a second dedicated to possible real emergencies or exercises on risk preparedness and responding. The automatic service produces daily short-term simulations of hypothetical oil spill dispersion, transport, and weathering processes from each extraction platform. Products, i.e., risk maps, animations, and a properly called bulletin, are available on a dedicated web-portal. The hazard estimations are computed by performing geo-statistical analysis on the daily forecasts database. The second service is activated in near-real-time producing oil spill simulations for the following 48 h.
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Kuang, Cuiping, Jilong Chen, Jie Wang, Rufu Qin, Jiadong Fan y Qingping Zou. "Effect of Wind-Wave-Current Interaction on Oil Spill in the Yangtze River Estuary". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, n.º 3 (24 de febrero de 2023): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030494.
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Oil spills are major threat to marine ecosystem and have long-lasting effect on marine life and water quality. In this study, a two-dimension hydrodynamic and oil spill transport model of the Yangtze River Estuary is established based on MIKE21 with a special attention to wind-wave-current interaction (WWCI). The model agrees well with the observed data on water level, current velocity, and the real oil spill event during Typhoon Fongwong. This study is mainly focused on the oil particle trajectory and spread. The model results show: (1) when the oil spill occurs during a typhoon period, the oil film can rapidly deposit under high WWCI, decreasing the swept area to about 20% compared with the normal weather condition; (2) strong current and large wave enlarge the oil film coverage whereas high wind speeds cause the oil particles to deposit in the shallow water area; and (3) the oil particles move farther and the swept area is far greater under the winter wind than under the summer wind, and the two times of the winter wind show the greatest effect on the oil spill. This study considers the drift, dispersion, evaporation, and emulsification of oil during the moving period under different wind, wave and current conditions, providing a good guidance for the oil spill prevention and mitigation in other estuaries.
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Abdullah, Mahmood M. S., Ayman M. Atta, Hamad A. Al-Lohedan, Hamad Z. Alkhathlan, Merajuddin Khan y Abdelrahman O. Ezzat. "Synthesis of Green Recyclable Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanomaterials Coated by Hydrophobic Plant Extracts for Efficient Collection of Oil Spills". Nanomaterials 9, n.º 10 (22 de octubre de 2019): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9101505.
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A facile method for synthesis of environmentally friendly magnetite nanomaterials (MNMs) was applied using hydrophobic biocomponents as capping and stabilizing agents. The biocomponents were extracted from Matricaria aurea (MAE) and Ochradenus baccatus (OBE) and used for the surface modification of MNMs to increase their dispersion efficiency on the collection of heavy crude oil spills. Synthesized MNM samples (MAE-MNMs and OBE-MNMs) were verified using thermogravimetric analysis; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; transmission electron microscopy; dynamic light scattering, and vibrating-sample magnetometry. The application of these nanomaterials in the collection of oil spill showed that the MAE-MNMs and OBE-MNMs successfully collected 95% and 91% of the oil spill, respectively. These results support the potential use of these materials as eco-friendly composites for the successful collection of oil spills that might occur during offshore operations.
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Lunel, T. "DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS AT SEA". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1995): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-147.
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ABSTRACT Information from five incidents in U.K. waters since 1980 in which dispersants have been used in responses, and two experimental spills using dispersants in 1993, shed light on the questions of whether dispersion of oil can reduce the overall environmental impact at a spill, whether we can demonstrate that dispersants enhance the rate of natural dispersion, and whether we can quantify how effective dispersants are.
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Cucco, A., A. Ribotti, A. Olita, L. Fazioli, B. Sorgente, M. Sinerchia, A. Satta et al. "Support to oil spill emergencies in the Bonifacio Strait, western Mediterranean". Ocean Science 8, n.º 4 (10 de julio de 2012): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-8-443-2012.
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Abstract. An innovative forecasting system of the coastal marine circulation has been implemented in the Bonifacio Strait area, between Corsica and Sardinia, using a numerical approach to facilitate the rapid planning and coordination of remedial actions for oil spill emergencies at sea by local authorities. Downscaling and nesting techniques from regional to coastal scale and a 3-D hydrodynamic numerical model, coupled with a wind wave model, are the core of the integrated Bonifacio Strait system. Such a system is capable of predicting operationally the dispersion of hydrocarbon spills in the area, both in forward and backward mode, through an easy-to-use graphical user interface. A set of applications are described and discussed including both operational applications aimed at providing rapid responses to local oil spill emergences and managing applications aimed at mitigating the risk of oil spill impacts on the coast.
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LaBelle, Robert P. y Charles M. Marshall. "APPLICATION OF OIL SPILL SIMULATIONS TO TANKER ROUTING OFF THE U.S. COAST". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1995): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-265.
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ABSTRACT Enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 has resulted in increased efforts by the U.S. Coast Guard to identify and evaluate existing tanker routing schemes that may pose a threat to sensitive marine resources. The Minerals Management Service is assisting in these efforts through stochastic applications of its oil spill trajectory models. Restricting tanker routes or establishing tanker-free zones would constrain the potential sites of future tanker spills. This restriction would maximize the available response time for containment, recovery, or natural dispersion of tanker spills. Two analyses are described. In the first analysis, multiple trajectories were simulated from tanker routes off the U.S. west coast. (Similar analyses are planned for the east coast and the Gulf of Mexico.) Contacts with environmental resources, which were assigned sensitivity index values, were plotted as seasonal oil spill contact risk contours. The contours were used to define alternative boundaries of potential tanker-free zones. These alternative boundaries, in turn, may provide specified levels of protection for sensitive marine areas. The second application of oil spill simulations is in the Gulf of Mexico, where the U.S. Coast Guard is evaluating the potential impact of establishing tanker lightering zones. These lightering zones would concentrate traffic in certain areas where large vessels would offload petroleum cargo into smaller tankers for transport ashore. Results of the oil spill trajectory model characterize the risks from these zones.
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Muin, M., A. B. Muslim y T. A. Puspitasari. "The Effect of Non-Linear Wave on Oil Spill Dispersion". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1065, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1065/1/012006.
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Abstract On 31 March 2018, an oil spill accident polluted Balikpapan Bay. A failure occurred in a pipeline running from Penajam to Balikpapan Oil Refinery, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Leaking pipeline caused the total estimated volume of leaked oil to approximate 44,000 Barrels of crude oil. MoTuM was used to simulate the dispersion of oil in the area. The modeling results indicate that a strong dynamic tidal current in the Bay controls the oil’s movement. The MoTuM software is suitable for spill combating, contingency plans, and backtracking. MoTuM is developed in Windows System, which integrates 3D Non-Orthogonal Boundary Fitted Ocean Hydrodynamics Model, Trajectory, Fates, Stochastic, Backtracking in Geographic Information System. This paper presents a further study of the effect of non-linear waves on the dispersion of oil in the Bay. The simulation results were validated by comparing the model with a satellite image. The agreement between the result of simulation and satellite image is excellent and shows that the non-linear wave is an essential factor for oil spill dispersion.
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Pelletier, Emilien y Charles Brochu. "STUDY OF OIL-IN-WATER DISPERSION USING A DYNAMIC TURBIDIMETER". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1989): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-347.
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ABSTRACT A new laboratory method using a turbidimetric technique has been developed to study basic oil-in-water dispersion processes and oil spill chemical dispersant effectiveness. A simple dynamic turbidimeter was interfaced to a microcomputer, and rates of oil dispersion and oil droplet resurfacing were recorded and correlated to experimental parameters such as oil-to-water ratio and dispersant-to-oil ratio. The new technique was found much more sensitive than classical effectiveness methods and experimental results were in excellent agreement with a mathematical model developed a few years ago to predict oil spill dispersant effectiveness. The method was also found very useful for studying dispersant formulation.
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Overstreet, Roy, Andrzej Lewandowski, William Lehr, Robert Jones, Debra Simecek-Beatty y Donna Calhoun. "SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS IN OIL SPILL MODELS: CASE STUDY USING ADIOS". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1995): 898–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-898.
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ABSTRACT The Hazardous Material Response and Assessment Division (HAZMAT) at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration uses the oil weathering software package named Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills (ADIOS) to investigate the oil weathering process. This model combines a database of physical and chemical properties of oils with a simulation model computing mass losses, density, viscosity, and water content of an oil spill due to evaporation, dispersion, and emulsification. A first-order sensitivity analysis of the ADIOS evaporation algorithm indicates that it might be possible to provide a taxonomy of oils with respect to the reliability of results generated by the model.
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Nugroho, Dwiyoga, Widodo Setiyo Pranowo, Niken Financia Gusmawati, Zulkarnain Bilhaqqi Nazal, Randy Hasan Basri Rozali y Moh Arif Zainul Fuad. "The application of coupled 3d hydrodynamic and oil transport model to oil spill incident in karawang offshore, indonesia". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 925, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/925/1/012048.
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Abstract This study presents a coupled hydrodynamic and oil transport numerical model to study the spread of Karawang oil spills at sea due to well-kick failures. This model uses the 3D configuration of ROMS-CROCO in the Java Sea. The model has a resolution of 1 km, 25 vertical layers, and runs from January 2019 to September 2019. Temperature, salinity, sea surface height, ocean currents, and harmonic tides are derived from global models and applied to open boundaries. Hourly atmospheric datasets during model simulation are forced as flux input in the surface. The 3D profile of the flow generated by the model is converted to the GNOME oil transport model format as mover type input to disperse the oil. The hydrodynamic model shows that the result has a good agreement with in-situ data and observation with mean of correlation exceeding r>0.8 for sea surface height and sea surface temperature. Compared with radar satellites, oil spill dispersion shows the same scattered trend as satellite data. Backward modelling shows oil particles returning to the initial spill location. The oil spill was moving westward, and some are stranded on the coast between Karawang and Bekasi.
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Kampouris, Konstantinos, Vassilios Vervatis, John Karagiorgos y Sarantis Sofianos. "Oil spill model uncertainty quantification using an atmospheric ensemble". Ocean Science 17, n.º 4 (15 de julio de 2021): 919–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-17-919-2021.
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Abstract. We investigate the impact of atmospheric forcing uncertainties on the prediction of the dispersion of pollutants in the marine environment. Ensemble simulations consisting of 50 members were carried out using the ECMWF ensemble prediction system and the oil spill model MEDSLIK-II in the Aegean Sea. A deterministic control run using the unperturbed wind of the ECMWF high-resolution system served as reference for the oil spill prediction. We considered the oil spill rates and duration to be similar to major accidents of the past (e.g., the Prestige case) and we performed simulations for different seasons and oil spill types. Oil spill performance metrics and indices were introduced in the context of probabilistic hazard assessment. Results suggest that oil spill model uncertainties were sensitive to the atmospheric forcing uncertainties, especially to phase differences in the intensity and direction of the wind among members. An oil spill ensemble prediction system based on model uncertainty of the atmospheric forcing, shows great potential for predicting pathways of oil spill transport alongside a deterministic simulation, increasing the reliability of the model prediction and providing important information for the control and mitigation strategies in the event of an oil spill accident.
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Liang, Xiao, Jun Dong Zhang, Wei Li y Jian Guo Lin. "Numerical Simulation Calculation of Ship Submarine Oil Spill under Complicated Ocean Environment". Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (agosto de 2010): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.326.
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In order to conduct the cleaning of spilled oil, to protect the marine ecological balance and to prevent the damage to marine environment by oil spill, the simulation of oil spill in deep water with the wave motion, wind and current was built by the user defined function and the volume of fluid in FLUENT. The dispersion and diffusion of oil spill in deep water was simulated dynamically. Also the oil spilling trajectories under the conditions of different current velocities, wavelengths and wind velocities were compared and analyzed, respectively. The results showed that the current, wind and wave decided the location and areas of oil films on the sea surface. The water depth influenced by the wave which increased with the increasing wavelength. Meantime, the areas of oil films on sea surface increased with current velocity decreasing, while the distance between the oil film and the source of oil increased. With the wind velocity increasing, the extended length of oil dispersion underwater and the oil film area on surface increased.
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Cucco, A., A. Ribotti, A. Olita, L. Fazioli, B. Sorgente, M. Sinerchia, A. Satta et al. "Oil spills prediction in the Bonifacio strait area, western Mediterranean". Ocean Science Discussions 9, n.º 2 (9 de febrero de 2012): 585–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-9-585-2012.
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Abstract. An innovative forecasting system of the coastal marine circulation has been implemented in the Bonifacio Strait area, between Corsica and Sardinia, using a numerical approach to facilitate the rapid planning and coordination of remedial actions to oil spill emergencies at sea by local authorities. Downscaling and nesting techniques from regional to coastal scale and a 3-D hydrodynamic numerical model, coupled with a wind wave model, are the core of the integrated Bonifacio Strait system. Such a system is capable to predict the sea state and the dispersion of hydrocarbon spills in the area, providing the forecasts on oil spills through an easy-to-use graphical user interface. Scenarios and risk maps have been created to identify the most risky areas to oil pollution in relation to vessels traffic. The backward investigation technique has been exploited to trace the most probable area from which pollution was generated. The system has been operationally verified in January 2011 when an oil spill occurred in the area. Finally output data are daily released providing forecasting services to end-users through the web.
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Schmidt, Luiz Gustavo y Eduardo de Paula Kirinus. "Forecast modelling of vegetable oil spill events at Paranaguá Port, Brazil". Ciência e Natura 45, esp. 3 (1 de diciembre de 2023): e74957. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x74957.
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The Port of Paranaguá serves as Brazil's primary outlet for soy oil exports, accounting for nearly 70\% of all shipments in 2021. While less common than mineral oil spills, vegetable oil spills can have similarly devastating environmental effects. This risk underscores the need for effective planning and management of activities involving vegetable oil handling in the region. To address this need, this study developed results based on a forecasting setup focused on describing the behaviour of soy oil spills in the estuarine complex of Paranaguá. The system uses the open TELEMAC-MASCARET three-dimensional numerical modelling system to solve oil movement equations, coupling the hydrodynamic module (Telemac-3d) with the oil module (ECOS). The system is automated through computational routines written in Python and the bash command language, enabling users to initiate simulations and generate dispersion maps to track soybean oil in hypothetical spill scenarios. The processing results were satisfactory, demonstrating the potential for this tool to contribute to minimising the impacts of soybean oil spills in the Bay of Paranaguá. This system can support better decision-making in response efforts, reduce environmental damage, and enhance the protection of local ecosystems.
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Belore, R. "USE OF HIGH-PRESSURE WATER MIXING FOR SHIP-BASED OIL SPILL DISPERSING". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 1987): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-297.
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ABSTRACT This paper discusses a project funded by Canada's Environmental Studies Revolving Fund to assess the potential of high-pressure water jets in assisting the chemical dispersion of oil at sea. Full-scale laboratory tests were conducted using 0.5-mm thick, fresh Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend crude oil treated with Corexit 9527 dispersant applied from an overhead spray boom at a dispersant-to-oil ratio of 1: 100. The effects on dispersion efficiency of mixing jet pressure, mixing jet flow rate, jet standoff distance, and vessel speed were evaluated. Based on the test results, specifications for a practical high-pressure water jet system have been suggested. The system would operate with a nozzle pressure of 7,000 kPa, a flow rate of 55 L/min per nozzle, and nozzles positioned about 0.6 m from the water surface. In laboratory tests such a system was capable of dispersing 80 to 100 percent of the surface slick, whereas similar tests with the well-known Warren Spring Laboratory breaker board system resulted in only a 10 percent dispersion.
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Novelli, Guillaume, Cédric M. Guigand y Tamay M. Özgökmen. "Technological Advances in Drifters for Oil Transport Studies". Marine Technology Society Journal 52, n.º 6 (1 de noviembre de 2018): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.52.6.9.
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AbstractAdvances in drifter technology applied to oil spill studies from 1970 to the present are summarized here. Initially, drifters designed for oil spill response were intended to remotely track trajectories of accidental spills and help guide responders. Most recently, inexpensive biodegradable drifters were developed for massive deployments, making it possible to significantly improve numerical transport models and to investigate, via observations, the processes leading to dispersion and accumulation of surface pollutants across multiple scales. Over the past 50 years, drifters have benefited from constant improvements in electronics for accurate and frequent location and data transmission, as well as progress in material sciences to reduce fabrication costs and minimize the environmental impact of sacrificial instruments. The large amount of in-situ data provided by drifters, covering a broad area, is crucial to validate the numerical models and remote sensing products that are becoming more important in guiding response and policy decisions.
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Zatsepa, S. N., A. A. Ivchenko y V. V. Solbakov. "SPILLMOD – A CFD MODEL FOR INFORMATION SUPPORT OF MARINE OIL SPILL RESPONSE". Journal of Oceanological Research 50, n.º 2 (29 de agosto de 2022): 72–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/1564-2291.jor-2022.50(2).4.
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A mathematical model of the evolution of marine oil spills with taking into account the processes of spreading and weathering, has been implemented as a software package called SPILLMOD. In doing so, a new Eulerian-Lagrangian method for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been developed in the context of solving shallow-water-type equations with the capability to handle the situation where advancing/vanishing layer of the light fluid (oil) only partially covers the heavy (water) in a domain with an arbitrary configuration of the coastline shape. When calculating the evaporation of high-viscosity oil types, the effect of reduction the evaporation rate due to molecular diffusion of lighter oil fractions within the oil layer is taken into account. Simulation of the natural dispersion of oil layer is carried out considering multiple factors, such as: sea surface conditions, experimental data on oil film crushing in the wave mixing layer, turbulent diffusion in the upper layer, as well as changes of physical and chemical properties of oil over time. An additional module in the model is designed to estimate domain boundaries of possible spill detection for different sources of uncertainties during oil spill modeling. Modeling examples of application in realistic configuration of port-water areas for an actually occurred emergency situation of oil spill demonstrate the declared qualities of the model as a tool for supporting emergency response operations.
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Hibbs, David E., Yih-Farn Chen, John S. Gulliver y Vaughan R. Voller. "A TWO-PHASE RIVERINE SPILL MODEL". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 1997): 567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-567.
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ABSTRACT This paper presents a riverine spill model that computes the concentration of oil components in both the oil phase and the water phase by mathematically simulating the processes that affect the fate of the spilled oil. Processes simulated by the model include evaporation from the slick, dissolution of the slick into the water, volatilization from the water, and longitudinal dispersion in the river. The model also computes the location and size of the slick as it drifts downstream and spreads across the water surface. The model is versatile yet relatively simple and easy to use. The model requires minimum information on the river and oil, and it can be applied whenever the assumption of a laterally well-mixed river is acceptable. Most applications can be solved in several minutes on a 486-based personal computer. Sample applications show that the concentration of a compound in the water phase is strongly linked to its concentration in the oil phase and to its aqueous solubility. Concentrations in the water phase were also found to be most sensitive to variations in the dissolution rate. Concentrations were much less sensitive to variations in the volatilization rate, slick evaporation rate, and longitudinal dispersion.
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Bragg, James R. y Edward H. Owens. "SHORELINE CLEANSING BY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OIL AND FINE MINERAL PARTICLES". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1995): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-219.
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ABSTRACT Interactions of fine mineral particles with oil stranded on shorelines following spills has been shown to be an important natural cleansing process, capable of accelerating oil removal in most environments, and particularly in low energy environments where wave action and abrasion are negligible. This process involves formation of solids-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions by flocculation of micron-sized mineral fines with oil droplets in the presence of water containing ions (such as sea water). Once flocculated, the oil droplets do not coalesce, and the oil no longer adheres strongly to shoreline sediments, facilitating its removal and dispersion by waves and tidal currents. The importance of the flocculation process to the rate of oil removal from sediments, the conditions needed for the process to occur, and the properties of the resulting floe have been studied in detail for the Exxon Valdez spill. Its potential role in shoreline cleansing also has been studied for other recent spills: Metula (1974, Chile), Arrow (1970, Nova Scotia), BIOS test spill (1981, Cape Hatt, Northwest Territories), Nosac Forest (1993, Tacoma, Washington), and Fred Bouchard (1993, Tampa, Florida). This paper summarizes the various laboratory and field studies and discusses the findings within the contexts of natural shoreline cleansing, and the use of certain treatment techniques.
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Zhang, Jia Ning, Xiao Liang y Wei Li. "Numerical Simulation of Ship Oil Spill under Ocean Environment". Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (octubre de 2011): 2814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.2814.
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To clean the spilled oil from wreck ships and protect the marine ecological balance and prevent the damage to marine environment, the simulation of oil spill in deep water with the wave motion, wind and current was built in FLUENT platform. The dispersion and diffusion of oil spill in deep water was simulated dynamically. Also the oil spilling trajectories under the conditions of different current velocities, wavelengths and wind velocities were compared and analyzed, respectively. The results showed that the current, wind and wave decided the location and areas of oil films on the sea surface. The water depth influenced by the wave which increased with the increasing wavelength. Meantime, the areas of oil films on sea surface increased with current velocity decreasing, while the distance between the oil film and the source of oil increased. With the wind velocity increasing, the extended length of oil dispersion underwater and the oil film area on surface increased.
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Dąbrowska, Ewa. "Oil Discharge Trajectory Simulation at Selected Baltic Sea Waterway under Variability of Hydro-Meteorological Conditions". Water 15, n.º 10 (22 de mayo de 2023): 1957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15101957.
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The paper deals with an important issue related to the identification, modelling, and prediction of environmental pollution in aquatic ecosystems of the Baltic Sea caused by anthropopressure. Water ecosystems are in danger nowadays because of the negative influence of chemical releases in seas, oceans, or inland waters. The crucial issue is to prevent the oil spills and mitigate their consequences. Thus, there is a need for methods capable of reducing the water pollution and enhancing the effectiveness of port and marine environment preservation. The challenge in implementing actions to remove and prevent horizontal oil discharge lies in accurately determining its shape and direction of oil spreading. The author employed a self-designed software utilizing modified and developed mathematical probabilistic models to forecast the movement and dispersion of an oil spill in diverse hydrological and meteorological conditions. This involved determining the trajectory and movement of a spill domain, which consists of elliptical sub-domains undergoing temporal changes. The research results obtained are the initial results in the oil spill simulation problem. This approach represents an expanded and innovative method for determining the spill domain and tracking its movement, applicable to oceans and seas worldwide. It expands upon the methodologies firstly discussed, thereby broadening the range of available techniques in this field. A simple model of an oil spill trajectory simulation and a surface oil slick as an ellipse is illustrated using a time-series of selected hydro-meteorological factors that change at random times. The author proposes a Monte Carlo simulation method to determine the extent of an oil spill in an aquatic ecosystem, taking into account the influence of varying hydro-meteorological conditions. A semi-Markov model is defined to capture the dynamics of these conditions within the spill area and develop an enhanced algorithm for predicting changes in the shape and movement of the spill domain under changing these conditions. By applying the algorithm, a simulation is conducted to provide short-term prediction of the oil discharge trajectory in a selected Baltic Sea waterway. To enhance the accuracy of predicting the process of changing conditions, uniformly tested joint datasets from the open sea water area were incorporated. Finally, the potential future prospects and directions for further research in this field are discussed.
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Jayko, Katherine, Malcolm L. Spaulding, Eoin Howlett, Will Knauss, Tatsu Isaji, Eric L. Anderson, Ronald Goodman y Bruce McKenzie. "Personal Computer Oil Spill Response Model: Canadian Beaufort Sea". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 1991): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-607.
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ABSTRACT An oil spill response model, configured for operation on a personal computer, was developed for the Canadian Beaufort Sea (in the Mackenzie Bay-Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula area) for a consortium of oil companies operating in the region. The spill model predicts the drift, spread, evaporation, dispersion, emulsification, and shoreline interaction of spilled oil in ice-infested waters. Wind conditions and ice distribution data are input by the user. Currents are provided by a three-dimensional, fine-grid hydrodynamic model of the study region forced by river flow and wind. The spill model allows the user to reinitialize the spill location based on observations and to simulate either instantaneous or continuous spill scenarios. The model predicts the spill's trajectory, the areal distribution of the oil slick, the oiled shoreline, and the oil mass balance as a function of time. Model output is provided on a color ink printer or a color graphics monitor.
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Dunnewind, B., M. A. Bos y W. Koops. "Entrainment of Oil from Oil Spills into the Water Column: A New Theory". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2003): 1059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-1059.
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ABSTRACT Dispersion of oil into the water column is one of the oil spill response options. Under certain circumstances natural dispersion may be efficient enough. In other situations dispersant may be added to improve the dispersion efficiency. An empirical model for natural dispersion, based on laboratory results of Delvigne and Sweeney (1988), has been used for many years now, to estimate the entrainment of oil in the water column. That model, however, does not include surface rheological properties and, hence, is not sufficient to describe both natural and chemical dispersion. In the present paper we propose a new approach based on theory on emulsification processes as occurring in homogenizers. This approach includes all relevant physical characteristics of water and oil and their interface and of the turbulence of breaking waves. The deformation of oil droplets in the turbulent flow, the adsorption of surface active material to the surface of oil droplets, the encounter between oil droplets and the eddies of the turbulent flow were each described in a characteristic time. This characteristic time gives an indication of the time needed for the process to proceed. The ratios between the characteristic times of the different processes determine to what extent droplets can be broken-up. Maximum and minimum droplet sizes were estimated, from which a droplet size distribution was calculated. From the size distribution the percentage of the oil that would be present in droplets smaller than 100 μm, was estimated. The results show similarities with observations from practice. A large influence of the wave height, interfacial tension and oil viscosity was noticed. Therefore, this new approach may form the basis for a new oil spill dispersion model.
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Dickins, David, Per Johan Brandvik, John Bradford, Liv-Guri Faksness, Lee Liberty y Roger Daniloff. "SVALBARD 2006 EXPERIMENTAL OIL SPILL UNDER ICE: REMOTE SENSING, OIL WEATHERING UNDER ARCTIC CONDITIONS AND ASSESSMENT OF OIL REMOVAL BY IN-SITUBURNING". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2008): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-681.
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ABSTRACT This paper describes the findings from an experimental spill of 3,400 liters of Statfjord crude under first-year sea ice in Svalbard, Norway in March 2006. The objectives were to:1. Test commercially available radar and acoustics systems for detecting oil spilled under ice.2. Document the weathering processes governing crude oil behaviour in ice.3. Confirm the effectiveness of in-situ burning as an oil removal strategy. The results of this project will be used in planning new Arctic oil exploration and development programs. With the growing awareness of the Arctic basin as a potentially important province for new oil and gas discoveries, there is a critical need to: (1) develop new technologies to detect and map spills under ice; (2) increase the understanding of oil behaviour in ice and: (3) continue to demonstrate the capabilities of in-situ burning as an important and safe Arctic response tool. Tank tests conducted in 2004 (Dickins et al., 2005) showed that radar systems could detect and map oil pools as thin as 2 to 3 cm under controlled conditions under model sea ice up to 40 cm thick. This field experiment created a much larger-scale spill under thicker 65 cm natural sea ice to further evaluate potential remote sensing systems as practical operational spill response tools. The findings of the 2006 experiment: (1) demonstrated for the first time the ability of ground penetrating radar to detect and map oil under natural sea ice from the surface; (2) documented oil weathering with a relatively warm ice sheet under spring conditions; and (3) confirmed the effectiveness of in situ burning as a primary oil removal strategy under Arctic conditions. Oil weathering results are discussed and compared with small-scale field experiments performed on Svalbard during the period 2003–2006. Low temperatures and lack of waves in ice act to reduce oil spreading, evaporation, emulsification and dispersion. As a result, the operational time window for several spill response strategies such as dispersants and in-situ burning may be significantly extended compared to oil spills in open water.
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Khrestenko, Ruslan, Ekaterina Sokolova, Dmitrii Okulovsky y Valeri Azarov. "The gasoline vapors spread from “small” spills in an urban environment at low wind speeds". E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016401006.
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It is noted that the urban environment is polluted by oil products; in particular, there is a large pollution of atmospheric air. It is indicated that one of the pollution sources is the “small” spills, which are characteristic of urban areas. Experimental studies have been carried out on the gasoline distribution in atmospheric air at “small” spills. A single experiment at a low wind speed is considered. Data were obtained on the dependence of gasoline concentration in atmospheric air on the distance from the spill, the height above the level of the spill and the time of the spill. The component composition was studied using chromatographic studies. It is indicated that the distribution of gasoline vapors in the atmosphere is influenced by the ambient temperature, wind speed, surface area of the spill, time from the moment of spilling and the distance above the level of the spill. The gasoline dispersion in atmospheric air was calculated with the software using experimental and calculated data on the surface area of the spill. It is indicated that at low wind speeds (up to 0.5 m/s) from “small” spills of gasoline (up to 3 liters), significant excesses of standards for the content of harmful substances in the atmospheric air can be observed. It was determined that during spilling there is an excess of maximum permissible concentrations of single, hazardous substances such as ethyl benzene, m-xylene and amyl alcohol in the air.
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Rong, Zhan Dong, Bo Yang y Hai Peng Qu. "Design and Implementation of the Simulation Information System of Marine Oil Spill". Applied Mechanics and Materials 302 (febrero de 2013): 652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.302.652.
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Migration and diffusion of oil spill in sea is an extremely complex issue by the impact of the oil features and a variety of environmental factors, undergoing expansion, drift, evaporation, dispersion, emulsification, dissolution, photo-oxidation, biodegradation and their interactionsand many other processes ，at the same time has a direct relationship with the local meteorological conditions and law motionofseawater. Marine oil spill behavior analysis and research of the system, using VB technology and C#technical design and development of a marine oil spill simulation system based on Geographic Information System (GIS). The system using cloud-based GIS for a platform, using the Monte-Carlo method to simulate the behavior of chemicals in seawater on the system of cloud computing, the organic integration of GIS system application model
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Mearns, Alan, Glen Watabayashi y Caitlin O'Connor. "Using a New Dispersed Oil Model to Support Ecological Risk Assessment". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2003): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-523.
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ABSTRACT A new model is being used to support dispersant Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) workshops. User-driven output includes trajectory maps for both chemically dispersed and undispersed oil, and concentration isopleths reported by depth and over time. To help make toxicological sense of the output, oil concentration isopleths were nominally fixed at concentrations and exposure times of concern developed by consensus during past ERA workshops. Two No. 6 fuel spill scenarios, each with alternative outcomes (not dispersed vs 80% dispersed) were developed, one in open ocean water (10,000 bbls spill), and the other in an estuary (2000 bbls spill). Plume epicenter maximum dispersed oil concentrations peaked in the range of 10–20 ppm but decreased within 24 hours to 1–2 ppm or less. Average concentrations in the most contaminated portions of the dispersion area never exceeded 3 ppm in either scenario. Plankton in a small (< 25%) fraction of the open ocean plume were at moderate risk at 24 hours. These effects must be compared to those of the non-dispersion alternative, which could impact wildlife and shorelines.
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Wang, Peng Soon, Aqeel Ahmad, Masooma Nazar, Anisa Ur Rahmah y Muhammad Moniruzzaman. "Biocompatible and Biodegradable Surfactants from Orange Peel for Oil Spill Remediation". Molecules 28, n.º 15 (1 de agosto de 2023): 5794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155794.
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Oil spill remediation plays a vital role in mitigating the environmental impacts caused by oil spills. The chemical method is one of the widely recognized approaches in chemical surfactants. However, the most commonly used chemical surfactants are toxic and non-biodegradable. Herein, two biocompatible and biodegradable surfactants were synthesized from orange peel using the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) and organic solvent dimethylacetamide (CH3CN(CH3)2) as reaction media. The acronyms SOPIL and SOPOS refer to the surfactants prepared with BMIMCl and dimethylacetamide, respectively. The surface tension, dispersant effectiveness, optical microscopy, and emulsion stability test were conducted to examine the comparative performance of the synthesized surfactants. The Baffled flask test (BFT) was carried out to determine the dispersion effectiveness. The toxicity test was performed against zebrafish (Danio rerio), whereas the closed bottle test (CBT) evaluated biodegradability. The results revealed that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of SOPIL was lower (8.57 mg/L) than that of SOPOS (9.42 mg/L). The dispersion effectiveness values for SOPIL and SOPOS were 69.78% and 40.30%, respectively. The acute toxicity test demonstrated that SOPIL was ‘practically non-toxic’ with a median lethal concentration of more than 1000 mg/L after 96 h. The biodegradation rate was recorded as higher than 60% for both surfactants within 28 days, demonstrating their readily biodegradable nature. Considering these attributes, biocompatible and biodegradable surfactants derived from orange peel emerge as a promising and sustainable alternative for oil spill remediation.
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Daniel, Pierre. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE AEGEAN SEA OIL SPILL". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1995): 894–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-894.
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ABSTRACT A numerical study of the trajectory of the Aegean Sea oil slick was made, using the Météo-France oil spill model. The model, configured for operation on a workstation, predicts the drift, spread, dispersion, and shoreline interaction of the spilled oil. Its main component is a hydrodynamic ocean model, forced by the wind fields of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric model. Model predictions were compared with results of aircraft and beach surveys.
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Cho, Yong-Sik, Tak-Kyeom Kim, Woochang Jeong y Taemin Ha. "Numerical Simulation of Oil Spill in Ocean". Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/681585.
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The spreading of oil in an open ocean may cause serious damage to a marine environmental system. Thus, an accurate prediction of oil spill is very important to minimize coastal damage due to unexpected oil spill accident. The movement of oil may be represented with a numerical model that solves an advection-diffusion-reaction equation with a proper numerical scheme. In this study, the spilled oil dispersion model has been established in consideration of tide and tidal currents simultaneously. The velocity components in the advection-diffusion-reaction equation are obtained from the shallow-water equations. The accuracy of the model is verified by applying it to a simple but significant problem. The results produced by the model agree with corresponding analytical solutions and field-observed data. The model is then applied to predict the spreading of an oil spill in a real coastal environment.
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Payne, James R., Eric Terrill, Melissa Carter, Mark Otero, William Middleton, Andy Chen, Walter Nordhausen et al. "FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF FLUORESCEIN DYE DISPERSION TO INFORM DISPERSED-OIL PLUME SAMPLING AND PROVIDE INPUT FOR OIL-TRANSPORT MODELING1". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2008): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-515.
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ABSTRACT The California Department of Fish and Game Office of Spill Prevention and Response (CA OSPR) is utilizing oil-spill fate and transport modeling to develop the time and spatial scales, and equipment needs, for a formal Dispersed Oil Monitoring Plan (DOMP). When fully implemented, the DOMP will aid in documenting hydrocarbon concentrations in the water column, potentially exposed organisms (zooplankton), and the impacts of entrained oil and dissolved hydrocarbons with and without dispersant applications. Fluorescein dye studies off San Diego, California (USA) have been completed to test the operational framework for repeated sampling of dispersed oil plumes as outlined in the DOMP, to allow evaluation of high-frequency radar (HP-Radar) for providing surface current input data to oil spill models, and to provide verification of model-predicted movement of subsurface oil (dye) by comparison with drogue movement and measured dye concentrations over three dimensions and time. Aerial photodocumentation, subsurface drogues, dye transport, and HF-Radar were used to measure near-surface current fields at varying depths. High-resolution subsurface dye-plume structure was mapped using an in situ GPS-coupled towed fluorometer equipped with pressure sensors to provide dye concentration data as a function of time, position, and depth. In addition, data from the more traditional Special Monitoring of Applied Response Technology (SMART) protocols utilized by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) were compared with the in situ towed-fluorometer measurements, and conventional CTD data were collected to determine the mixed layer depth, an important variable in monitoring dispersion of oil in the water column. As a result of these efforts, significant progress has been made on developing and testing sampling protocols for the DOMP, and nearly continuous and synoptic data have been obtained from seven cruises conducted over a 12-month period. These data sets (available on-line through the Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC) website: http://www.crrc.unh.edu/) are being analyzed and integrated to support oil spill model development and verification with direct applicability to spill response decision making, net environmental benefit analysis, natural resource damage assessments, and educating the spill community and public.
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Semanov, G. N., A. N. Gutnik, S. N. Zatsepa, A. A. Ivchenko, V. V. Solbakov, V. V. Stanovoy y A. A. Shivaev. "Net environmental benefit analysis — a tool of decision-making at oil spill response". Arctic: Ecology and Economy, n.º 1(25) (marzo de 2017): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2223-4594-2017-1-47-58.
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Development of oilfields started in Arctic requires adequate response preparedness to potential oil spills. Mechanical recovery due to specific conditions of Arctic has a lot of limitation in application and cannot prevent pollution of Special protected areas (SPA). It is necessary to consider application of dispersants and in situ burning (ISB). Oil spill dispersants are mixtures of nontoxic surface active agents in organic solvent, specifically formulated to enhance the natural dispersion of oil into the sea water column thus enhancing the biodegradation processes. Dispersed oil is practically non adhesive to feather of birds and hair of mammals. The treatment of oil with dispersants requires a cautious strategy in making decisions. It can be achieved by usage of special tool –Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) procedures. The decision of dispersants application should be based on the following comparison: “What would be the impact of the pollution when treated with dispersant and when non treated with dispersant?” The NEBA should consider the behaviour of the treated non-treated oil, assess consequently the different resources which will be concerned either by the treated oil or by the surface film oil, assess the sensitivity of the different resources at concern towards the dispersed oil and toward the floating oil film. These analyses assist decision makers when considering whether or not the use of dispersants is appropriate to minimize the environmental/economic damage. This article describes the experience of NEBA application to substantiate decisions how to respond to potential oil spills at the sites on Aniva bay of Sakhalin-2 project at different oil spills scenarios. It was used incremental approach to choose them. Based on sensitivity maps, information about level of impact dispersed and floating oil on bioresources and results of mathematical modelling efficacy of different response methods application: monitoring (no actions to recover spilt oil), mechanical recovery and mechanical recovery together with dispersants application it was shown that SPA can be protected from pollution in most scenarios only in case of dispersants application. Amount of oil stranded on shore in case of application of response method was used as criteria of efficacy of method application level of damage.
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Thorpe, S. A. "Vertical dispersion of oil droplets in strong winds; the Braer oil spill". Marine Pollution Bulletin 30, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1995): 756–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(95)00149-h.
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