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Redlich Amirav, Dorit, Denise Larsen y Elizabeth Taylor. "Imbuing Occupations with Spiritual Significance Fosters Experiences of Hope". OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health 41, n.º 3 (12 de enero de 2021): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1539449220985903.
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In theories of occupational therapy, occupation serves as a conduit for creating meaning and well-being. A crucial component of occupational therapy is developing and maintaining hope of clients during periods of major difficulty. Understanding the relationship between hope and occupation can prove helpful in stressful situations, such as caring for children with chronic illnesses. The aim of the present study was to identify occupations that foster experiences of hope among mothers of adult children with mental illness. A qualitative approach, informed by a constructivist framework and thematic analysis, was used to interpret and explicate relevant occupation-related themes that fostered hope in four mothers. The mother-participants reported engaging in various occupations, yet only occupations that were imbued with spiritual significance fostered experiences of hope. This study brings to the forefront of occupational therapy discourse the issue of spiritual connectedness as a potential link between occupations and hope.
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Palikhe, Amin, Netra Prasad Subedi, Hari Bahadur Bhandari y Nabin Bahadur Adhikari. "Causes of Occupational Changes among Dalit Communities of Kaski District". Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, n.º 01 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jjis.v10i01.42612.
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Occupational change from traditionally adopted occupations to new occupations is an increasing trend in the new generation of Nepalese society. And this seems relatively high in the people of Dalit communities. This study aims to investigate the status of occupational change and their causes among the Dalit communities of the Kaski district. This study has conducted by using the quantitative nature of data collected from primary sources with the help of a structured questionnaire. Total 300 head of the household covering 150 from each urban and rural area including 50 each from three Dalit caste groups namely Nepali (Sarki), Pariyar (Damai), and Bishowkarma (Kami) are the sample for this study. The information regarding the occupational change was collected from the head of the household. The study reveals that there is a statistically significant difference in the involvement in a particular occupation in the past and at present. The tendency of abandoning past & caste-based occupation and shifting to new & modern occupation is high (63.33%) among the people of the Dalit communities. While investigating towards causes for occupational change; insufficient for livelihood, low return compares to costs & efforts, lack of skills & knowledge of past occupations, skills & knowledge of other occupations, lack of work for a whole year in traditional occupations, have found as the key causes for the occupational change in the Dalit communities. However, 36.67 percent still involved in past occupations, and the key causes for no change in the past occupations are lack of other skill & knowledge, satisfaction in the past occupation, and lack of capital.
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Sánchez-Soto, Gabriela y Joachim Singelmann. "The Occupational Mobility of Mexican Migrants in the United States". Revista Latinoamericana de Población 11, n.º 20 (23 de diciembre de 2017): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31406/relap2017.v11.i1.n20.3.
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In this paper we analyze the pre-to-post migration occupational mobility of Mexican migrants to the U.S. using occupation and migration histories from the Mexican Migration Project. We compare the first occupation in the U.S. to the last occupation in Mexico, and the occupation in the last year spent in the U.S. to the occupation in the first year, by sex, using multinomial logistic regression models. The multivariate analyses account for individual, migration, and context characteristics. Our findings show rigidities in occupational structure for migrants and low opportunities for mobility after migration. Most men experience lateral mobility upon arriving to the U.S., and are unlikely to change occupations afterwards. Most women enter lower-status occupations or exit the labor force upon arrival, especially if highly educated or skilled. Undocumented men and university educated women are more likely to experience downward mobility. These patterns remain even after accounting for migrant networks.
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Kumar, Indraneel, Lionel J. Beaulieu, Andrey Zhalnin y Chun Song. "Occupational Competitiveness Analysis of the U.S. Transportation and Logistics Cluster". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120901677.
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This paper explores occupational or human capital attributes of transportation and logistics clusters in the U.S., by analyzing logistics clusters, such as Memphis and uncovers the differences in occupations or knowledge and skill contents of the workforce. The research builds on previous studies funded by the U.S. Economic Development Administration on U.S. occupation clusters providing insights on logistics clusters from a human capital perspective. The study draws specifically from the industry-and-occupation cluster crosswalks building on previous research on occupation cluster industry cluster-location quotient (OCIC-LQ), and recent research on computerization and automation of occupations. The research questions include how knowledge occupation clusters differ in specialization within the select logistics clusters. How can occupation clusters inform the traditional cluster-based economic development policies in the U.S.? How might automation impact the logistics cluster? The findings show that transportation and logistics clusters are unique in knowledge-based occupations with some commonalities found in different locations. Based on occupational and staffing patterns, nearly 71% of occupations or tasks and activities within the transportation and logistics cluster in Memphis is at risk of automation. The research builds a case for place-based cluster development and people-based workforce development for transportation and logistics cluster in the U.S.
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Morrison, Rodolfo y Maria José Poblete-Almendras. "Discourses on Sexuality and Occupations: Reflections for Occupational Therapy and Occupational Science". Sexes 4, n.º 3 (7 de agosto de 2023): 392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes4030025.
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Sexuality and occupation are two constructs studied in different fields of knowledge. Particularly, in occupational therapy and occupational science, their relationship has been sparsely explored from a philosophical perspective. In the following reflection, we present some philosophical approaches to sexuality, occupation, and performativity to inquire about the impact of discourses about sexuality on the practice of occupations. For this analysis, we take an example developed by Foucault in one of his classes at the Collège de France. We believe that this helps us question the established discourses surrounding truth, especially concerning sexuality. Subsequently, we address the concept of occupation, taking into consideration Schliebener’s proposal from existentialist philosophy. Understanding occupation as a dimension of being, we explain how it can be comprehended through Butler’s theory of performativity and, consequently, express a sexual dimension. Finally, we establish an interconnection between the preceding concepts, taking sexual dissidents as an example. We propose that this reflection can broaden the possibilities of understanding occupations as points of resistance against normative discourses about sexuality. This may be relevant for contemplating practice and research in occupational science and occupational therapy, as it expands the understanding of sexuality beyond mere activities and centers it as a form of expression of being through occupation.
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Bontje, Peter, Staffan Josephsson, Yumi Tamura, Yu Ishibashi, Yuki Sakane, Yasuyo Horibe y Eric Asaba. "Cocreation from Emerging Opportunities: Occupational Therapists’ Perspectives on Supporting Older Persons, in Japan". Occupational Therapy International 2022 (21 de julio de 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5495055.
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Introduction. Practices of occupational therapists, particularly those supporting older persons with physical impairments, remain overly focused on remediating impairments, and implementation of occupation-centered practices remains fraught with difficulties. In Japan, this issue exists across the continuum from acute care to rehabilitation settings and into the community. This is despite the existence of international models and frameworks that place occupation at the core of the profession. Accordingly, there is a need to better understand how occupational therapists respond to the call for occupation-centered practices across the said continuum of care with this population. The aim of this study was at exploring and understanding occupational therapists’ experiences of supporting the resumption of occupations among older persons with physical impairments, in Japan. Methods. Embedded in a constructivist world view, this was a qualitative focus group study. Four focus groups (two in urban areas and one each in rural and semirural areas), consisting of seven or eight occupational therapists with at least three years of relevant practice experience, convened twice to narrate and explore their support of older persons. All were participating voluntarily with confidentiality of their participation being guaranteed by the researchers. They met for a third time to verify emerging analytic results. Data were analysed using a reflective thematic analysis. Results. Identified were three themes, namely, calling forth powers of occupations, imagining client’s future, and cocreating plots, which we synthesized into recurring cocreations from emerging opportunities. Discussion. Supporting the resumption of occupations among older persons with physical impairments hinges on repeated processes of identifying possibilities for occupation, followed by actions to bring these (e.g., images of clients’ future) into reality. Occupations’ healing properties (i.e., occupations’ powers) can be used to assist clients in experiencing health and well-being. The results suggest a reframing of occupational therapy practices as recurring processes of recognizing opportunities for occupation, followed by actions whereby these possibilities are turned into reality. Occupational therapy effectiveness might be enhanced when goals and methods are repeatedly and creatively aligned with the evolving plots cocreated between the client, therapist, and stakeholders.
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Lim, Sok Mui y Sylvia Rodger. "An Occupational Perspective on the Assessment of Social Competence in Children". British Journal of Occupational Therapy 71, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2008): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260807101104.
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Maintaining relationships and interacting socially are essential aspects of the occupational performance of childhood and adolescence. Social participation occurs during many childhood occupations, such as play and school work. Occupational therapists assess and treat children with difficulties in social participation. Rather than assessing a child's social skills deficits in isolation, the use of occupation-based theoretical models guides clinicians to consider the individual in his or her environments and during occupations. Familiarity with existing models of social competence and available assessment tools provides occupational therapists with the basis for a comprehensive assessment of children. This paper presents an occupational therapy model (the Model of Human Occupation), models of social competence from cognate fields and a range of assessment tools in order to guide occupational therapists in assessing and treating children with social participation difficulties in a more occupation-centred manner. The paper also presents a rationale for the use of multiple methods for a comprehensive assessment of a child's social competence.
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Tudor-Locke, Catrine, Barbara E. Ainsworth, Tracy L. Washington y Richard Troiano. "Assigning Metabolic Equivalent Values to the 2002 Census Occupational Classification System". Journal of Physical Activity and Health 8, n.º 4 (mayo de 2011): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.4.581.
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Background:The Current Population Survey (CPS) and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) use the 2002 census occupation system to classify workers into 509 separate occupations arranged into 22 major occupational categories.Methods:We describe the methods and rationale for assigning detailed Metabolic Equivalent (MET) estimates to occupations and present population estimates (comparing outputs generated by analysis of previously published summary MET estimates to the detailed MET estimates) of intensities of occupational activity using the 2003 ATUS data comprised of 20,720 respondents, 5323 (2917 males and 2406 females) of whom reported working 6+ hours at their primary occupation on their assigned reporting day.Results:Analysis using the summary MET estimates resulted in 4% more workers in sedentary occupations, 6% more in light, 7% less in moderate, and 3% less in vigorous compared with using the detailed MET estimates. The detailed estimates are more sensitive to identifying individuals who do any occupational activity that is moderate or vigorous in intensity resulting in fewer workers in sedentary and light intensity occupations.Conclusions:Since CPS/ATUS regularly captures occupation data it will be possible to track prevalence of the different intensity levels of occupations. Updates will be required with inevitable adjustments to future occupational classification systems.
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Kaunnil, Anuchart, Supalak Khemthong, Sarinya Sriphetcharawut, Peeradech Thichanpiang, Veerawat Sansri, Surachart Thongchoomsin, Kannika Permpoonputtana y Cristina R. Smith. "Occupational therapists’ experiences and perspectives towards occupation-based practice in Thailand: A mixed-methods study". British Journal of Occupational Therapy 84, n.º 1 (8 de abril de 2020): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308022620910402.
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Introduction Occupation-based practice is a core tenet of occupational therapy. This study explores perspectives and experiences with occupation-based practice among Thai occupational therapists. Method Using mixed methods, a focus group was conducted with eight occupational therapists, and the results were interpreted using thematic analysis. A questionnaire survey was also completed concerning practitioner perspectives ( n = 216). Findings Three major themes were identified: (a) perspectives on occupation-based practice were related to practice areas and felt to strengthen the identity of occupational therapy (52% strongly agree), leading to improved services and better outcomes for clients (44% strongly agree); (b) approaches focused on activities of daily living were appropriate for cross-practice areas; and (c) occupation-based practice is consistent with integrated medical sciences and occupations for clients (52% strongly agree). Conclusion Implementing occupation-based practice will be of value to clients, provide benefits as a compass to direct processes, and enhance clinical reasoning and outcomes.
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Law, Mary, Barbara Cooper, Susan Strong, Debra Stewart, Patricia Rigby y Lori Letts. "The Person-Environment-Occupation Model: A Transactive Approach to Occupational Performance". Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 63, n.º 1 (abril de 1996): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841749606300103.
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Occupational therapy theory, practice and research has increasingly emphasized the transactional relationship between person, environment and occupation. Occupational performance results from the dynamic relationship between people, their occupations and roles, and the environments in which they live, work and play. There have, however, been few models of practice in the occupational therapy literature which discuss the theoretical and clinical applications of person-environment interaction. This paper proposes a Person-Environment-Occupation Model of occupational performance which builds on concepts from the Occupational Therapy Guidelines for Client Centered Practice and from environment-behaviour theories. The model describes interactions between person, occupation and environment, outlines major concepts and assumptions, and is applied to a practice situation.
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Freeland, Robert E. y Catherine E. Harnois. "Bridging the Gender Wage Gap: Gendered Cultural Sentiments, Sex Segregation, and Occupation-Level Wages." Social Psychology Quarterly 83, n.º 2 (6 de febrero de 2020): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272519875777.
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The extent to which cultural beliefs about gender shape occupation-level wages remains a central yet unresolved question in the study of gender inequality. Human capital theorists predict that gendered beliefs have no direct effect on occupation-level wages. Devaluation theorists argue that occupations associated with women and femininity are systematically devalued and thus underpaid. We test these explanations using data from the American Community Survey, the Occupational Information Network, and an affect control theory (ACT) data set of affective meanings. We use the ACT data set to operationalize occupational gendered cultural sentiments along two distinct dimensions: evaluation (goodness, caring, warmth) and potency (power, strength, competence). Hierarchical linear models show that potency but not evaluation affects occupational income net of individual and occupational controls. Path analyses show that potency has a direct effect net of occupational traits. The gender composition of an occupation indirectly affects occupational income through potency. The cultural meanings of potency/competence associated with masculinity, rather than the devaluation of feminine nurturant occupations, is the primary cultural mechanism linking gender composition and occupational reward.
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Laditka, Sarah, James Laditka y Ahmed Arif. "Linking Work-Life Occupational Exposures With Distress and Mortality Before and After Retirement". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1425.
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Abstract Mental health problems have surpassed musculoskeletal injuries as causes of work disability. Workers in certain occupations may have high risks for mental health problems and premature death even after retirement. People in high risk occupations for many years may be particularly vulnerable, along with groups with higher health risks such as rural residents. Little research examines their occupation-related risks. No research has examined how occupational exposures affect mental health in retirement. We studied these life course risks using the nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics, following participants 36 years beginning 1981, with annual measures of occupation and distress (n=16,994; 129,880 occupation measures; 415 deaths). We estimated hazards of developing distress in occupations hypothesized to have high and low distress risks, adjusted for factors associated with occupational choice and mental health including age, education, income, race/ethnicity, sex, childhood and midlife health, and family trauma. Compared to low risk occupations, working in high risk occupations was associated with 20% elevated odds of distress (adjusted odds ratio, OR 1.20, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.13 1.28) and 55% elevated risk of death (hazard ratio 1.55, CI 1.11-2.16). Each additional year in a high risk occupation increased the odds by 5%. Rural residents had the highest occupation-related distress risk (adjusted OR 3.05, CI 2.39-3.97). At ages 70+ each additional past exposure year was associated with 2% higher distress risk (p<0.05), and 4.6% higher mortality (p<0.05). Workers in certain occupations have high risks of psychological distress and death, even after retirement.
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Keptner, Karen M. y Rachel Rogers. "Competence and Satisfaction in Occupational Performance Among a Sample of University Students: An Exploratory Study". OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health 39, n.º 4 (22 de noviembre de 2018): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1539449218813702.
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Success at university may be influenced by concerns with occupation and occupational performance. To understand occupations of concern and occupational performance among a sample ( N = 144) of university students in the Midwest United States, the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure was administered. Socially related ( n = 103), academic-related ( n = 75), and work-related ( n = 64) occupations were the three most frequently reported occupational concerns. Time management ( n = 79) was the most frequent person-level concern. Mean self-perceived competence in occupations was 29.83 ( SD = 7.18) out of 50 and mean performance satisfaction was 26.80 ( SD = 8.01) out of 50. There were no differences in occupational performance across gender, race/ethnicity, class standing, living environment, or work status. However, within participants, there was a significant and clinically relevant difference between performance satisfaction and self-perceived competence in occupation, t(143) = 7.052, p < .0005, d = 0.58. Students have varied occupations that they find important, and future research should explore how occupational performance and performance satisfaction influence university success.
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Albornoz, Facundo, Antonio Cabrales y Esther Hauk. "Occupational Choice with Endogenous Spillovers". Economic Journal 129, n.º 621 (8 de enero de 2019): 1953–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12634.
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Abstract We study a model that integrates productive and socialising efforts with occupational choice, and endogenous spillovers. We show that more talented individuals work harder and contribute more to externalities, but also have incentives to segregate. Average socialising increases the productivity of the occupation. The size of an occupation grows with its synergies. Individuals underinvest in productive and socialising effort, and sort themselves inefficiently into occupations. We derive the optimal subsidy for sorting into different occupations. Finally, we derive a rule to identify overpopulated sectors and establish the connection between inequality of talents, socialising, productive efforts and occupation size.
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Tsolak, Dorian y Marvin Bürmann. "Making the Match: The Importance of Local Labor Markets for the Employment Prospects of Refugees". Social Sciences 12, n.º 6 (8 de junio de 2023): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060339.
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We examine how local labor markets shape the employment prospects of refugees in Germany, where refugees are assigned to regions through a dispersal policy. While it is known that the characteristics of these regions affect the overall employment probability of refugees, previous studies have not investigated how refugees’ chances of regaining their pre-migration occupation are affected by the local opportunities to find employment in these occupations. To address this gap, we use a large survey of refugees in Germany and link local-occupational labor market characteristics to their region of residence and pre-migration occupation. We decompose the effects of these detailed context characteristics by estimating linear probability regressions with and without fixed effects for regions and/or occupations. While our analyses show that the employment probability of refugees is indeed strongly influenced by the general local characteristics of their place of residence and general, nationwide characteristics of their pre-migration occupation, our analyses also show that the chances of refugees being employed in their pre-migration occupation are additionally driven by the local characteristics of their occupation. More specifically, our models reveal that a one standard deviation higher local share of foreigners in refugees’ pre-migration occupation increases the average probability of an occupational match by around 25 percent.
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Law, Mary, Sandy Steinwender y Leanne Leclair. "Occupation, Health and Well-Being". Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 65, n.º 2 (abril de 1998): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841749806500204.
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Occupational therapists believe that there is a relationship between occupation, health and well-being but there is little evidence in the occupational therapy literature to support this belief. This paper describes the results of a critical review of research examining the relationship between occupation and health and well-being. Twenty-two studies from the health and social sciences literature were reviewed using specific methodological review criteria. The findings of these studies provide moderate to strong evidence that occupation has an important influence on health and well-being. Because most of this research has been completed with persons without disabilities, further research is required to explain the nature of the relationship between occupation and health and well-being for persons who experience a disability which affects their daily occupations
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Boucher, Emily, Christian Cao, Sean D’Mello, Nathan Duarte, Claire Donnici, Natalie Duarte, Graham Bennett et al. "Occupation and SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies: a systematic review". BMJ Open 13, n.º 2 (febrero de 2023): e063771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063771.
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ObjectiveTo describe and synthesise studies of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence by occupation prior to the widespread vaccine roll-out.MethodsWe identified studies of occupational seroprevalence from a living systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42020183634). Electronic databases, grey literature and news media were searched for studies published during January–December 2020. Seroprevalence estimates and a free-text description of the occupation were extracted and classified according to the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 2010 system using a machine-learning algorithm. Due to heterogeneity, results were synthesised narratively.ResultsWe identified 196 studies including 591 940 participants from 38 countries. Most studies (n=162; 83%) were conducted locally versus regionally or nationally. Sample sizes were generally small (median=220 participants per occupation) and 135 studies (69%) were at a high risk of bias. One or more estimates were available for 21/23 major SOC occupation groups, but over half of the estimates identified (n=359/600) were for healthcare-related occupations. ‘Personal Care and Service Occupations’ (median 22% (IQR 9–28%); n=14) had the highest median seroprevalence.ConclusionsMany seroprevalence studies covering a broad range of occupations were published in the first year of the pandemic. Results suggest considerable differences in seroprevalence between occupations, although few large, high-quality studies were done. Well-designed studies are required to improve our understanding of the occupational risk of SARS-CoV-2 and should be considered as an element of pandemic preparedness for future respiratory pathogens.
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Mazumder, Bhashkar y Miguel Acosta. "Using Occupation to Measure Intergenerational Mobility". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 657, n.º 1 (10 de diciembre de 2014): 174–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716214552056.
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Scholarly investigations of intergenerational mobility typically focus on either the occupations of fathers and sons or their incomes. Using an identical sample of fathers and sons, we examine how estimates of intergenerational mobility in income and occupational prestige are affected by (1) measurement that uses long time averages and (2) varying the point in the life cycle when outcomes are measured. We find that intergenerational occupational mobility is overstated when using a single year of fathers’ occupation compared to a 10-year average centered on mid-career. We also find that for both income and occupation, mobility estimates are largest when sons are in their mid-career, suggesting that this may be the ideal period in which to measure their status. Finally, we see differences in the pattern of estimates across the two types of measures: for income, estimates of intergenerational persistence are highest when fathers are in their mid-career; for occupation, estimates are much larger when fathers’ occupations are accounted for late in their careers.
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Ronen, Yaël. "Illegal Occupation and Its Consequences". Israel Law Review 41, n.º 1-2 (2008): 201–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700000224.
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This Article explores the grounds and consequences of illegal occupation. It proposes that an occupation may be considered illegal if it is involves the violation of a peremptory norm of international law that operates erga omnes, and is related to territorial status. Accordingly, illegal occupations are primarily those achieved through violation of the prohibition on the use of force and of the right to self-determination, or maintained in violation of the right to self-determination. This examination forms the basis for a systematic analysis of specific occupations that have been declared illegal by U.N. organs. The second part of the Article addresses the consequences of an occupation's illegality, in view of the political and legal objectives of determining such illegality. It considers the international responsibility for an illegal occupation; the obligation of non-recognition and the law applicable to an illegal occupation; and the right to self-defense. The Article concludes by commenting on the role of “illegal occupation” as a category under international law.
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Rosenbaum, David I., Mathew J. Cushing y Daniel Baquet. "Worklife by Occupation Physical Requirements: A Three-State Model". Journal of Forensic Economics 27, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2018): 145–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5085/jfe-436.
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Abstract Do workers in more physically demanding jobs have different worklives than those in more sedentary occupations? To answer this question, we link individual data from the Current Population Survey with occupation characteristics from the Occupational Information Network to categorize individuals into three mutually exclusive initial labor market states: inactive, or active in either a more or less physically demanding occupation. A three-state Markov model estimates worklives given transitions across states over time. There is not a significant difference in worklives between the two occupation groups, even when controlling for sex, age and education. Men and women initially in more physically demanding occupations can be expected to work just as long as their counterparts initially in less physically demanding occupations.
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Unruh, Anita M. "Spirituality and Occupation: Garden Musings and the Himalayan Blue Poppy". Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 64, n.º 1 (abril de 1997): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841749706400112.
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Spirituality is a key dimension in occupational therapy models of practice, but definitions of spirituality and its relationship to occupation have eluded us. Nevertheless, if the writings of people who are deeply involved in their occupations are examined, we discover that spirituality can be expressed through our engagement in occupations with personal meaning in our lives. In these reflections, the author examines spirituality as it is expressed by gardeners in their garden musings, and suggests that this occupation has the capacity to enrich spirituality in everyday life. Further study of the relationship between specific occupations and spirituality may illuminate the construct of spirituality and demonstrate the ways in which occupation can be used to facilitate a richer spiritual life for individuals and communities.
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Unruh, Anita M. "Reflections on …: Spirituality and Occupation: Garden Musings and the Himalayan Blue Poppy". Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 64, n.º 3 (junio de 1997): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841749706400312.
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Spirituality is a key dimension in occupational therapy models of practice, but definitions of spirituality and its relationship to occupation have eluded us. Nevertheless, if the writings of people who are deeply involved in their occupations are examined, we discover that spirituality can be expressed through our engagement in occupations with personal meaning in our lives. In these reflections, the author examines spirituality as it is expressed by gardeners in their garden musings, and suggests that this occupation has the capacity to enrich spirituality in everyday life. Further study of the relationship between specific occupations and spirituality may illuminate the construct of spirituality and demonstrate the ways in which occupation can be used to facilitate a richer spiritual life for individuals and communities.
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Atwal, Anita, Sharon Owen y Richard Davies. "Struggling for Occupational Satisfaction: Older People in Care Homes". British Journal of Occupational Therapy 66, n.º 3 (marzo de 2003): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260306600306.
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In the United Kingdom, a wide range of health care reforms has been introduced to enhance the wellbeing of older people. These reforms should ensure that both the public and the private sectors deliver best practice to older people. The role of the occupational therapist with older people is well established in a variety of health and social care settings but there is a noticeable absence of input in care homes, despite evidence that has demonstrated the importance of occupations for wellbeing. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) was used in a research study to determine the types of occupation that seven older people perceived as important, their perceptions of their performance and their perceived level of satisfaction. It was found that these older people most valued leisure and self-care occupations, although occupations related to productivity were also cited. A perceived high performance rating often transferred to a high satisfaction rating and a perceived low performance rating to a low satisfaction rating. The challenge for occupational therapists is to implement occupation-based therapy that meets all the needs of older people. Furthermore, there is a requirement to develop the evidence base and to look at strategies to promote occupation in order to ensure occupational satisfaction for all.
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Roll, Lara C., Hans De Witte y Hai-Jiang Wang. "Conceptualization and Validation of the Occupation Insecurity Scale (OCIS): Measuring Employees’ Occupation Insecurity Due to Automation". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n.º 3 (31 de enero de 2023): 2589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032589.
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Increased use and implementation of automation, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, gives rise to a new phenomenon: occupation insecurity. In this paper, we conceptualize and define occupation insecurity, as well as develop an Occupation Insecurity Scale (OCIS) to measure it. From focus groups, subject-matter expert interviews, and a quantitative pilot study, two dimensions emerged: global occupation insecurity, which refers to employees’ fear that their occupations might disappear, and content occupation insecurity, which addresses employees’ concern that (the tasks of) their occupations might significantly change due to automation. In a survey-study sampling 1373 UK employees, psychometric properties of OCIS were examined in terms of reliability, construct validity, measurement invariance (across gender, age, and occupational position), convergent and divergent validity (with job and career insecurity), external discriminant validity (with organizational future time perspective), external validity (by comparing theoretically secure vs. insecure groups), and external and incremental validity (by examining burnout and work engagement as potential outcomes of occupation insecurity). Overall, OCIS shows good results in terms of reliability and validity. Therefore, OCIS offers an avenue to measure and address occupation insecurity before it can impact employee wellbeing and organizational performance.
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Guvenen, Fatih, Burhan Kuruscu, Satoshi Tanaka y David Wiczer. "Multidimensional Skill Mismatch". American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 12, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2020): 210–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20160241.
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What determines the earnings of a worker relative to his peers in the same occupation? What makes a worker fail in one occupation but succeed in another? More broadly, what are the factors that determine the productivity of a worker-occupation match? To help answer questions like these, we propose an empirical measure of multidimensional skill mismatch that is based on the discrepancy between the portfolio of skills required by an occupation and the portfolio of abilities possessed by a worker for learning those skills. This measure arises naturally in a dynamic model of occupational choice and human capital accumulation with multidimensional skills and Bayesian learning about one’s ability to learn skills. Not only does mismatch depress wage growth in the current occupation, it also leaves a scarring effect—by stunting skill acquisition—that reduces wages in future occupations. Mismatch also predicts different aspects of occupational switching behavior. We construct the empirical analog of our skill mismatch measure from readily available US panel data on individuals and occupations and find empirical support for these implications. The magnitudes of these effects are large: moving from the worst- to best-matched decile can improve wages by 11 percent per year for the rest of one’s career. (JEL E24, J24, J31, J41)
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Twinley, Rebecca, Leonie Boland, Lisa Bunn y Gayle Letherby. "A Scoping Review Protocol to Map Empirical Evidence that Illuminates the Dark Side of Occupations Among Adults". Social Science Protocols 3 (24 de marzo de 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7565/ssp.2020.2807.
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The objective of this review is to explore existing literature to identify, map, and synthesise past accounts of occupations that could be considered as constituting the dark side of occupation and which could, consequently, be identified and discussed as such. Presenting findings through use of a synthesis matrix, and formulating a descriptive account of the types of occupations (including their form, function, meaning, and contribution to identity and becoming) that constitute the dark side of occupation, is anticipated to assist with prioritising future collaborative research endeavours, as part of an intended programme of research.
Specifically, the review questions are:
What past accounts of occupations have been discussed or explored in the literature that would constitute falling under the conceptual ‘umbrella’ of the dark side of occupation?
What specific occupations that challenge the pervasive belief in the link between health and occupation have been discussed for the adult population, across all cultures?
Where do gaps of knowledge remain regarding the less explored occupations people subjectively experience, and which indicate the priority research areas that need to be explored from an occupational perspective?
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Chen, Ming-Shu, Chi-Hao Chiu y Shih-Hsin Chen. "Risk assessment of metabolic syndrome prevalence involving sedentary occupations and socioeconomic status". BMJ Open 11, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2021): e042802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042802.
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ObjectivesTo determine whether occupation type, distinguished by socioeconomic status (SES) and sedentary status, is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk.MethodsWe analysed two data sets covering 73 506 individuals. MetS was identified according to the criteria of the modified Adult Treatment Panel III. Eight occupational categories were considered: professionals, technical workers, managers, salespeople, service staff, administrative staff, manual labourers and taxi drivers; occupations were grouped into non-sedentary; sedentary, high-SES; and sedentary, non-high-SES occupations. A multiple logistic regression was used to determine significant risk factors for MetS in three age-stratified subgroups. R software for Windows (V.3.5.1) was used for all statistical analyses.ResultsMetS prevalence increased with age. Among participants aged ≤40 years, where MetS prevalence was low at 6.23%, having a non-sedentary occupation reduced MetS risk (OR=0.88, p<0.0295). Among participants aged >60 years, having a sedentary, high-SES occupation significantly increased (OR=1.39, p<0.0247) MetS risk.ConclusionsThe influence of occupation type on MetS risk differs among age groups. Non-sedentary occupations and sedentary, high-SES occupations decrease and increase MetS risk, respectively, among younger and older adults, respectively. Authorities should focus on individuals in sedentary, high-SES occupations.
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Torosyan, Karine, Sicheng Wang, Elizabeth A. Mack, Jenna A. Van Fossen y Nathan Baker. "Assessing the impact of technological change on similar occupations: Implications for employment alternatives". PLOS ONE 18, n.º 9 (18 de septiembre de 2023): e0291428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291428.
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Background The fast-changing labor market highlights the need for an in-depth understanding of occupational mobility impacted by technological change. However, we lack a multidimensional classification scheme that considers similarities of occupations comprehensively, which prevents us from predicting employment trends and mobility across occupations. This study fills the gap by examining employment trends based on similarities between occupations. Method We first demonstrated a new method that clusters 756 occupation titles based on knowledge, skills, abilities, education, experience, training, activities, values, and interests. We used the Principal Component Analysis to categorize occupations in the Standard Occupational Classification, which is grouped into a four-level hierarchy. Then, we paired the occupation clusters with the occupational employment projections provided by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. We analyzed how employment would change and what factors affect the employment changes within occupation groups. Particularly, we specified factors related to technological changes. Results The results reveal that technological change accounts for significant job losses in some clusters. This poses occupational mobility challenges for workers in these jobs at present. Job losses for nearly 60% of current employment will occur in low-skill, low-wage occupational groups. Meanwhile, many mid-skilled and highly skilled jobs are projected to grow in the next ten years. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the utility of our occupational classification scheme. Furthermore, it suggests a critical need for skills upgrading and workforce development for workers in declining jobs. Special attention should be paid to vulnerable workers, such as older individuals and minorities.
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Cancio, Jill M. y Wendy Stav. "590 An Occupation-Based Review of Outcome Assessments Used in Hand Function After Burn Injury". Journal of Burn Care & Research 45, Supplement_1 (17 de abril de 2024): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irae036.224.
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Abstract Introduction Since over 50% of those who survive burn injury have hand involvement, one of the most important functional outcomes of burn rehabilitation is hand function. Occupational therapists leverage the use of occupation to restore function. While occupation began as the central concept of occupational therapy at the dawn of the profession, the use of occupation throughout the therapy process, including assessment, has wavered in recent decades. Knowledge of the occupational nature of assessments is important to the delivery of authentic occupational therapy. Methods Outcome measures that have been cited in the burn rehabilitation literature to assess hand function were included in this review and were classified into 3 categories (traditional components, performance, and patient-reported outcome measures). Psychometrics to include established validity in the burn population were also described. The extent to which each measure utilizes occupation to assess function was determined with the Occupation Based Performance Assessment (OPBA). The OBPA consists of several scales (authentic occupation, meaningful and purposeful value, and therapeutic intent) to measure the presence of occupation in assessment tools and practice patterns used in occupational therapy practice. The OPBA is interpreted along a continuum divided into 3 categories: occupation-based, intermediate, or discrete. Results The searches of the data bases yielded identification of 2 traditional component measures, 4 performance measures, and 4 patient-reported measures. According to the OPBA there are 3 discrete measures, 6 intermediate measures, and 1 occupation-based measure. Of the 10 assessments identified in the literature, 6 are performance-based assessment tools. None of the performance-based assessments were classified above intermediate on the occupation-based continuum. A novel occupation-based measure was identified, the Suitcase Packing Activity (SPA); however, it has not been validated in the burn population. Conclusions This review of outcome measures to assess hand function after burn injury revealed a paucity of occupation-based assessments in this practice area which has implications for delivery of occupation-based care. The majority of outcome measures used in upper extremity burn rehabilitation are discrete in nature and do not measure occupations of clients. The SPA, after validation in the burn population, may be a viable addition to an assessment battery to address this essential need. Applicability of Research to Practice There is a paucity of occupation-based assessments in this practice area which has implications for delivery of occupation-based care. Valid occupation-based performance measures in the burn population are needed.
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Jenkins, P. J., D. Srikantharajah, A. D. Duckworth, A. C. Watts y J. E. McEachan. "Carpal tunnel syndrome: the association with occupation at a population level". Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 38, n.º 1 (24 de julio de 2012): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193412455790.
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The aim of this study was to examine the association of occupation and gender with the incidence and severity of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). We examined 884 patients of working age, diagnosed with CTS, in a specialist hand clinic that was the only provider of hand services to a health board area. We categorized occupation using the Standard Occupational Classification 2010 (SOC2010) and used local census data to calculate the incidence in each of the nine major occupational groups. The greatest incidence was in caring and leisure occupations (197 per 100 000 population per year), while the lowest incidence was in the associate professional group (37 per 100 000). Professional occupations had a high incidence of CTS, along with skilled trades and elementary occupations. Women had a higher incidence of CTS than men in managerial, professional, skilled trades, and elementary occupations (OR 2.9–3.6). The Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) score varied across occupational groups ( p < 0.001) and was worst in the caring and leisure group. As traditional heavy industry associated with previously described occupational risks declines, new patterns of occupational association may emerge. We recommend ongoing observational research of potential occupational risk factors to identify these new trends.
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Xiu, Lin y Morley Gunderson. "Occupational segregation and the gender earnings gap in China: devils in the details". International Journal of Manpower 36, n.º 5 (3 de agosto de 2015): 711–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-03-2013-0047.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the gender earnings gap in China with a focus on the role of differences in the occupational distribution of males and females. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a procedure to model occupational attainments and decompose differences in earnings into an inter-occupational portion due to differences in the occupational distribution between males and females, and an intra-occupational portion due to differences in pay. The analysis is based on Chinese census data. Findings – The authors find that the male-female pay gap is virtually completely explained by wage discrimination defined as females being paid less than males within the occupation groups based on six broad occupations. Occupational segregation explains virtually none of the overall male-female pay gap, and in fact the “segregation” slightly favors women. However, the picture changes substantially when the analysis is conducted at the more disaggregate sub-occupation level within each of the six broad groups. Wage discrimination remains the prominent contributor to the pay gap across the disaggregated sub-occupations in each of the broad occupations. But there is considerable heterogeneity in the effect of occupational discrimination within the sub-occupations within the different broad occupational groups. Social implications – When females have the same occupation-determining characteristics as men, they are in lower paying sub-occupations within the professional group and to a lesser extent within manufacturing and operations jobs. There is considerable heterogeneity in the effect of occupational discrimination within the sub-occupations in the different broad occupational groups. Originality/value – The paper systematically examines the degree to which the gender earnings gap in China is due to the differences in occupational distributions of males and females, highlighting that the conventional Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions can under- or over- estimate the unexplained portion of the gender pay gap by controlling or not controlling for differences in the occupational distribution of males and females. The paper also shows that previous studies that have examined occupational segregation across aggregate occupational groups can mask important differences in the effect of occupational discrimination within the sub-occupations in the different broad occupational groups.
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Stansfeld, S. A., C. Pike, S. McManus, J. Harris, P. Bebbington, T. Brugha, A. Hassiotis et al. "Occupations, work characteristics and common mental disorder". Psychological Medicine 43, n.º 5 (21 de agosto de 2012): 961–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001821.
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BackgroundThe present study aimed to assess the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) by occupation in a representative sample of the English adult population. Another aim was to examine whether the increased risk of CMD in some occupations could be explained by adverse work characteristics.MethodWe derived a sample of 3425 working-age respondents from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. Occupations were classified by Standard Occupational Classification group, and CMD measured by the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule. Job characteristics were measured by questionnaire, and tested as explanatory factors in associations of occupation and CMD.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, gender, housing tenure and marital status, caring personal service occupations had the greatest risk of CMD compared with all occupations (odds ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.16–2.58). The prevalence of adverse psychosocial work characteristics did not follow the pattern of CMD by occupation. Work characteristics did not explain the increased risk of CMDs associated with working in personal service occupations. Contrary to our hypotheses, adding work characteristics individually to the association of occupation and CMD tended to increase rather than decrease the odds for CMD.ConclusionsAs has been found by others, psychosocial work characteristics were associated with CMD. However, we found that in our English national dataset they could not explain the high rates of CMD in particular occupations. We suggest that selection into occupations may partly explain high CMD rates in certain occupations. Also, we did not measure emotional demands, and these may be important mediators of the relationship between occupation type and CMDs.
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Wilcock, Ann A. "Occupational Science: Bridging Occupation and Health". Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 72, n.º 1 (febrero de 2005): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841740507200105.
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Background. The paper is based on a keynote address delivered at the 2004 CAOT Conference in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Occupational therapists are widely associated with a medical model of health care in which recognition of how engagement in occupation contributes to health status is poorly understood. Occupational science as the study of people as occupational beings has the potential to increase such understanding. Purpose. This paper considers some aspects of the relationship between health and the occupations of older people to highlight avenues for change and the research required to support them. Method. The paper is structured around a simple verse of dialogue between a healthy old man and an occupational therapist. Explanation of the dialogue draws upon historical and current literature as well as occupational science research to provide a rationale for future practice based on broader concepts of occupation for health. Results and Practice Suggestions. The dialogue promotes the need for discussion about health and about the health notion of Active Ageing. It highlights professional language as one impediment to change and suggests that research concerning occupation as it relates to population health is a primary requirement for the future of occupational therapy.
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Ambrose, David, Diane E. MacKenzie y Parisa Ghanouni. "The impact of person–environment–occupation transactions on joint attention in children with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review". British Journal of Occupational Therapy 83, n.º 6 (3 de marzo de 2020): 350–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308022620902681.
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Introduction Individuals with autism spectrum disorder demonstrate difficulty with joint attention, affecting social and occupational performance. Studies of joint attention in children with autism spectrum disorder employ a variety of instrumentation, environments and occupations. From the occupational therapy perspective, current literature lacks a rigorous analysis of the transactions of person, environment and occupation embedded within the procedures of these studies. The goal of this scoping review was to investigate how these components transact to affect occupational performance. Method Using the Person–Environment–Occupation model as an evaluative lens, a scoping review was completed to summarize person, environment and occupation transactions in studies examining joint attention in children aged 6–12 years with autism spectrum disorder. Results Six studies were included. Findings indicated that simplified social environments and demonstrations of joint attention promoted higher joint attention performance in children with autism spectrum disorder, at the cost of ecological validity. Maintaining ecological validity in complex social environments resulted in lower joint attention performance. Conclusion The Person–Environment–Occupation model can be used to develop an occupational therapy perspective on literature from outside the discipline. There is a relationship between the person, environment, occupation transactions and joint attention in children with autism spectrum disorder.
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Gay, Jennifer L., Harold W. Kohl, Jennifer J. Salinas, Joseph B. McCormick y Susan P. Fisher-Hoch. "Contribution of Occupation to High Doses of Light-Intensity Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Mexican American Adults". Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, n.º 7 (septiembre de 2014): 1342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0174.
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Background:The association between light-intensity activity and cardiovascular disease risk is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of light-intensity activity with census-based occupational activity classifications and cardiovascular risk factors among Mexican American adults.Methods:118 Mexican American adults (68.6% female) provided cross-sectional accelerometer and biological data. Self-reported occupations were classified by activity level (sedentary, low, moderate). Participants were classified as At-Risk for BMI, glucose, triglycerides, HDL, blood pressure, waist circumference, and percent body fat.Results:Participants engaged in > 5 hours of light-intensity activity on average, and those in sedentary occupations engaged in fewer light-intensity activity minutes than low-active or moderately active workers (P < .001). Self-reported occupation explained 14% of the variation in light-intensity activity (P < .001). Participants in moderately active occupations were at increased risk for high %body fat than other workers (P = .01), but no other associations between occupation and cardiovascular risk were detected.Conclusion:Early work in physical activity underscored the importance of occupational activity. This study presents evidence of a dose-response association for light-intensity activity by occupational category such that workers in sedentary occupations had less light-intensity activity than employees in more active occupations. Future research on how light-intensity activity derived from occupation may reduce the risk of chronic disease will contribute to improved interventions as light-intensity activity participation may be more feasible than meeting current physical activity guidelines.
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Freeman, Richard B., Ina Ganguli y Michael J. Handel. "Within-Occupation Changes Dominate Changes in What Workers Do: A Shift-Share Decomposition, 2005–2015". AEA Papers and Proceedings 110 (1 de mayo de 2020): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20201005.
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This paper measures aggregate changes in job characteristics in the United States from 2005 to 2015 and decomposes those changes into components representing shifts within occupations and changes in occupational employment shares. Per our title, within-occupation changes dominate, raising doubts about the ability of projections based on expected changes in the occupational composition of employment to capture the likely future of work. Indeed, our data show only weak relationships between automatability, repetitiveness, and other job attributes and changes in occupational employment. The results suggest that analysts give greater attention to within-occupation impacts of technology in assessing the future of work.
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Ward, Kristine, Jennifer Mitchell y Pollie Price. "Occupation-Based Practice and its Relationship to Social and Occupational Participation in Adults with Spinal Cord Injury". OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health 27, n.º 4 (octubre de 2007): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944920702700405.
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The objective of this study was to increase the evidence regarding the use of occupation-based practice and its effects on social and occupational participation in adults with spinal cord injury. Three individuals who had experienced a spinal cord injury 2 to 5 years previously, lived in the community, and received services from one of the two selected occupation-based occupational therapists participated in the study. Using a qualitative ethnographic design, they participated in one semi-structured, open-ended interview that contained questions designed to elicit experiences of life satisfaction, participation in meaningful occupations, social roles and responsibilities, and participation in occupational therapy. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, narrative analysis, literature review, and narrative smoothing. Seven occupation-based approaches appeared to directly support the participants' current level of occupational and social participation. This study provides occupational therapists with a more practical understanding of how to apply these approaches in their own practices.
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Noonan, Mary C., Freda B. Lynn y Mark H. Walker. "Boxed In: Beliefs about the Compatibility and Likability of Mother-Occupation and Father-Occupation Role Combinations". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 6 (enero de 2020): 237802312094244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023120942449.
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Researchers have long noted that role expectations of a “good” mother conflict with those of a “good” worker, described as the “cultural contradiction” of motherhood. But given that work roles vary tremendously in terms of the cultural meanings the public assigns them, the authors examine variability in the perceived compatibility of mother-occupation and father-occupation combinations. Building on previous research, the authors hypothesize that (1) some parent-occupation pairings will be viewed as significantly less compatible because of incongruent expectations and meanings, and (2) incumbents of supposedly compatible parent-occupation pairings will be evaluated more favorably than incumbents of incompatible pairings. Both hypotheses are tested using original survey data on perceptions of mothers and fathers in 28 occupations merged with occupational characteristics from secondary data sources. The results strongly suggest that even though there are well-known prescriptive norms for both mothers and fathers, mothers’ occupational choices are more actively policed compared with fathers’.
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Haltiwanger, Emily, Ivelisse Lazzarini y Homer Nazeran. "Application of Nonlinear Dynamics Theory to Neuro-Occupation: A Case Study of Alcoholism". British Journal of Occupational Therapy 70, n.º 8 (agosto de 2007): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260707000805.
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Nonlinear dynamics systems theory, also referred to as chaos theory, is infiltrating the biomedical and social sciences, including the practice of occupational therapy. Consequently, the Neuro-occupation model has emerged for the treatment of different illnesses, in which a therapist strives to apply the benefits of this theory. This model provides occupational therapists with a method of anticipating the natural flux between underlying or hidden order and chaos in occupations, which allows individuals to function at their highest level. These occupations typically involve the interaction of numerous variables over time. By considering a nonlinear dynamics approach in illnesses such as alcoholism, occupational therapists may understand how meaningful occupations serve as a catalyst to facilitate change, which may assist in better understanding the effect of the therapeutic relationship with the clients they serve. This paper explains the nonlinear dynamics of the interventions in a single case study on alcoholism using the Neuro-occupation model.
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Lee, Eun-Suk y Yonjeong Paik. "Sensemaking About the Organization–Occupation Relationship in Constructing Identification at Work: A Cross-Occupational Approach". SAGE Open 13, n.º 2 (abril de 2023): 215824402311739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440231173914.
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Departing from the prior assumption that identification with organization and identification with occupation are constructed separately, we explore how employee identifications with these multiple targets are co-constructed at work, using a grounded-theory approach. An analysis of interview data collected from members of three occupations (engineers, human resource [HR] staff, and marketers) in a large global company reveals that organizational identity’s impact on employee identification is not independent of but significantly influenced by occupational identity; specifically, occupational identity provides a lens through which individuals actively interpret the organizational identity. Using the occupational lens, individuals engage in sensemaking about the alignment between organization and occupation and, based on this sensemaking, construct their identification with both targets. We identify four types of identification configurations constructed under the nexus of these organizational and occupational identity inputs: holistic, prioritized, parallel, and conditional identification, which vary systematically across occupations.
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Kim, Lanu. "Geographical Locations of Occupations and Information and Communication Technology: Do Online Tools Impact Where People in the United States Live and Work?" SAGE Open 11, n.º 3 (julio de 2021): 215824402110376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211037663.
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This article investigates whether the development of information and communication technology (ICT) contributes to the dispersion of wealthy and talented people and helps prevent the concentration of wealth in only a few cities. In between some authors’ positive speculation on the role of ICT in reducing the necessity of physical distance and others’ emphasis on the vital role of offline interaction, the current research takes a broader view and investigates whether the technology impacts the concentration of jobs across the U.S. cities in the years 2006 and 2016. Using data from Occupational Employment Statistics surveys and the Occupational Information Network, I measure the significance of location for occupations by exploring geographical concentration and the interdependence of occupation dyads. The results show there is no evidence to support the assertion that ICT skills required for occupation were negatively associated with the geographical dispersion of the occupation in the study period. Instead, the research indicates that occupational ICT strengthened the geographical interdependence of occupations. The finds show that, in particular, jobs requiring higher ICT skills continued to be bounded to locations between 2006 and 2016. Overall, the results show there is no evidence for the claim that ICT is associated with the dispersion of geographical locations of occupations. The results suggest that rising communication technology will not necessarily diminish the concentration of good jobs or wealth inequality between cities.
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Gomes, Magno Rogério, Leonardo Aparecido Santos Silva, Ednaldo Michellon y Solange de Cassia Inforzato de Souza. "Occupational legacy: An analysis of young people in rural work". Economia & Região 8, n.º 2 (21 de agosto de 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/2317-627x.2020v8n2p169.
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This study aims to analyze the probability of young people living in rural areas performing the same occupations as their parents in the Brazilian labor market, based on the PNADC 2017 - National Continuous Household Sample Survey - and the measure of conditional probabilities. The results show that the profession of the young is marked by the family professional trajectory and family expectations. Male sons inherit their father's occupations, while daughters inherit their mother's occupations. Children whose fathers and mothers are in the same occupation, regardless of gender, are more likely to perform the same occupation as their parents, but this tendency is lower in single-parent families. Occupational legacy may promote a poverty trap whether occupation is secondary, with low wage and precarious work generating a vicious cycle of poverty. Young people are also influenced by their parents in relation to human capital, which will determine their occupation and work remuneration. The higher the educational level of young people the greater the chances of pursuing different professions from their parents. These results confirm the importance of education in rural areas, which contributes to a better quality of life for rural families.
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Kidd, Michael P. y Michael Shannon. "Does the Level of Occupational Aggregation Affect Estimates of the Gender Wage Gap?" ILR Review 49, n.º 2 (enero de 1996): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399604900209.
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The traditional decomposition of the gender wage gap distinguishes between a component attributable to gender differences in productivity-related characteristics and a residual component that is often taken as a measure of discrimination. This study of data from the 1989 Canadian Labour Market Activity Survey shows that when occupation is treated as a productivity-related characteristic, the proportion of the gender wage gap labeled explained increases with the number of occupational classifications distinguished. However, on the basis of evidence that occupational differences reflect the presence of barriers faced by women attempting to enter male-dominated occupations, the authors conclude that occupation should not be treated as a productivity-related characteristic; and in a decomposition of the gender wage gap that treats occupation as endogenously determined, they find that the level of occupational aggregation has little effect on the size of the “explained” component of the gap.
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Lobel, Thalma E. y Tamar Shavit. "TARGETS' AND PERCEIVERS' OCCUPATION AND GENDER AS DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL JUDGMENTS". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 25, n.º 4 (1 de enero de 1997): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1997.25.4.339.
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This study investigated how inferences are influenced by the targets' and subjects' occupation and gender. Two hundred and forty male and female subjects enrolled in studies geared towards traditionally feminine or masculine occupations were presented with a description of one of four targets: A male target studying a traditionally masculine occupation, a male target studying a traditionally feminine occupation, a female target studying a traditionally masculine occupation and a female target studying a traditionally feminine occupation. Subjects made inferences about the femininity and masculinity of the targets' traits, roles and physical appearance (three components of the gender stereotype). Results indicated that both occupational information and the gender of the target were related to the inferences. However, their relative importance depended upon the particular gender component. Additionally, subjects studying a gender-counterstereotypic field showed less stereotypic inferences.
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GREENSTEIN, THEODORE N. "Occupation and Divorce". Journal of Family Issues 6, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1985): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251385006003006.
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Analyses of the combined General Social Surveys for 1972-1983 are used to estimate propensity to divorce (proportion of ever-married persons who have ever been divorced or legally separated) for major occupational categories and for selected occupations. Separate analyses for males and females show significant estimated effects of occupation on propensity to divorce even when occupational prestige, age, age at first marriage, income, education, and number of children are statistically controlled. Contrary to the findings of previous studies, male professional and technical workers do not have the lowest propensity to divorce. Propensity to divorce for male professional and technical workers, when adjusted for income, occupational prestige, age, age at first marriage, education, and number of children, is higher than for any occupational category except transport equipment operatives. For female workers, on the other hand, professional and technical workers do have the lowest propensity to divorce among nonfarm workers.
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Cortes, Patricia y Jessica Pan. "Cross-Country Evidence on the Relationship between Overwork and Skilled Women's Job Choices". American Economic Review 107, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2017): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171064.
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This paper examines the relationship between the prevalence of overwork and skilled women's labor force participation and occupational choice. Using country-level variation, we find a negative relationship between the share of males working 50+ hours a week and the LFP of young married women, with the correlation being much smaller for single women and older married women. Using a panel of occupations across countries, we find that overwork in an occupation is negatively correlated with the share of married women working in that occupation. This finding is robust to controlling for the occupational distribution of groups with fewer household responsibilities.
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Hyder, Asma y Ather Maqsood Ahmed. "The Dynamics of Moonlighting in Pakistan". Pakistan Development Review 48, n.º 4II (1 de diciembre de 2009): 497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v48i4iipp.497-507.
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The study explores the dynamics of moonlighting, demographics, human capital and association of occupations between primary and secondary job. The paper is based on cross-section data Labour Force Survey 2006-07 and limited to male wage workers residing in urban areas. Among two motives according to theoretical framework of moonlighting; first, constraint on hours worked in first job and second is wage rate is lower than the reservation wage in the primary occupation; within limited information available on different variables our results are skewed toward first motive and earnings from the primary occupation are insignificant in moonlighting decision. The model specification also attempts to correct the endogenous regressor in probit estimation. Among moonlighters ‘Professionals’ and ‘Technicians’ are holding their secondary job in same occupational category; apart from these two occupational categories managers and elementary occupations also seems popular for moonlighting. JEL classification: J22, J24 Keywords: Moonlighting, Labour Mobility, Occupational Association
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Hawkins, Devan, Laura Punnett, Letitia Davis y David Kriebel. "The Contribution of Occupation-Specific Factors to the Deaths of Despair, Massachusetts, 2005–2015". Annals of Work Exposures and Health 65, n.º 7 (23 de abril de 2021): 819–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxab017.
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Abstract Objectives In the USA, deaths from poisonings (especially opioids), suicides, and alcoholic liver disease, collectively referred to as ‘deaths of despair’, have been increasing rapidly over the past two decades. The risk of deaths from these causes is known to be higher among certain occupations. It may be that specific exposures and experiences of workers in these occupations explain these differences in risk. This study sought to determine whether differences in the risk of deaths of despair were associated with rate of occupational injuries and illnesses, job insecurity, and temporal changes in employment in non-standard work arrangements. Methods Usual occupation information was collected from death certificates of Massachusetts residents aged 16–64 with relevant causes of death between 2005 and 2015. These data were combined with occupation-level data about occupational injuries and illnesses, job insecurity, and non-standard work arrangements. We calculated occupation-specific mortality rates for deaths of despair, categorized by occupational injury and illnesses rates and job insecurity. We calculated trends in mortality according to changes in non-standard work arrangements. Results Workers in occupations with higher injury and illnesses rates and more job insecurity had higher rates of deaths of despair, especially opioid-related deaths. Rates of deaths of despair increased most rapidly for occupations with increasing prevalence of workers employed in non-standard work arrangements. Conclusions The findings suggest occupational factors that may contribute to the risk of deaths of despair. Future studies should examine these factors with individual-level data. In the meantime, efforts should be made to address these factors, which also represent known or suspected hazards for other adverse health outcomes.
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Townsend, Elizabeth, J. Pierre Galipeault, Karen Gliddon, Stephen Little, Cathy Moore y Bonnie Sherr Klein. "Reflections on Power and Justice in Enabling Occupation". Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 70, n.º 2 (abril de 2003): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841740307000203.
Texto completoResumen
Background. This descriptive paper offers reflections on power and justice associated with occupational therapy's client-centred practice, now described as the practice of enabling occupation. Framed as a contribution to the sociology of professions, the questions addressed are: How do power and justice work in occupational therapy today? What vision of power and justice guides the profession in implementing the client-centred practice of enabling occupation? Method. The paper opens with an overview of the analytic framework for reflections. Two sources for reflections are highlighted: the development of the Canadian guidelines and, client/consumer and occupational therapy perspectives. To illustrate the discussion of power and justice, two contrasting diagrams are presented, one on late 20th century power relations and the other on potential power relations. Results. Recommendations for research, education, practice, and guidelines development are offered prior to a conclusion that acknowledges the dissonance facing occupational therapists who struggle to focus on occupations in client-centred practice. Practice Implications. The paper offers insights and strategies for addressing power and justice as issues in implementing the client-centred practice of enabling occupation. The analysis may be used in raising awareness and guiding the strategic development of institutional change toward social inclusion and enabling occupation.
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Aryal, Badri, Durga Devkota y Naba Raj Devkota. "Inter-generational Mobility in Occupations of People in Rural Nepal". Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 8 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jjis.v8i0.27298.
Texto completoResumen
This paper attempts to investigate the causal factors for occupational variation between father and son using Nepalese data from rural context. A well-structured questionnaire schedule was used to collect information from a total of 385 father son pairs in Gajuri rural municipality of Province No 3 in Dhadingdistrict of Nepal. Information was collected from those father and/or son, the senior son of a father who was married at the time of interview and whose father was alive. Three sets of variables were isolated as having an effect on the occupational relationships between father and son; father's characteristics, son’s characteristics and household characteristics. Findings revealed that three fifths of all sons adopted occupations different than their fathers. Chi-square statistics revealed a statistically significant relationship between occupation of father and occupation of son revealing a high level of occupational persistence in between generations. Binary logistic regression revealed that sons of the fathers holding salaried job/business and trades as well as those having wage labour are more likely to catch father’s occupation than the sons of farmers. Among all explanatory measures, sons' own level of education and migration experiences are powerful determinant for whether son adopts occupations different than their fathers or not.