Tesis sobre el tema "Obligations administratives"

Par une étude d’ensemble de la jurisprudence, de la législation et de la doctrine, cette thèse a pour objet de proposer une définition renouvelée de la notion de décision créatrice de droits tout en procédant à l’analyse critique du régime juridique applicable à cette catégorie d’actes administratifs.Le travail de définition a été mené sous un angle à la fois fonctionnel, tenant au régime de sortie de vigueur, et conceptuel, tenant aux effets des décisions créatrices de droits. Du point de vue de la fonction, il est apparu que le périmètre de la notion étudiée était plus large que celui traditionnellement retenu. La catégorie des décisions créatrices de droits regroupe ainsi l’ensemble des décisions administratives individuelles dont le retrait ou l’abrogation ne sauraient être décidés de manière discrétionnaire par l’administration. Elle s'oppose ainsi à la catégorie des actes non créateurs de droits dont l'abrogation peut intervenir pour tout motif. Du point de vue des effets, les décisions créatrices de droits ont de surcroît pour caractéristique d’être, en principe, la source de droits publics subjectifs et d’obligations administratives. La mise en place d’un régime de sortie de vigueur protecteur est ainsi corrélée avec la possible identification d’un droit au sens conceptuel du terme. Cette nouvelle conception des décisions créatrices de droits ouvre la voie à une analyse renouvelée des règles qui gouvernent leur adoption, leur exécution et leur révocation. Une attention particulière est ainsi portée sur les garanties qui permettent au bénéficiaire de la décision de jouir paisiblement des droits subjectifs et avantages dont il est titulaire, ainsi que sur les mécanismes anciens ou contemporains qui encadrent l’exécution par l’administration de ses obligations
Through a comprehensive study of the case law, legislation and legal literature, this thesis seeks to propose a renewed definition of the notion of decisions creating rights. In doing so, it critically analyses the legal regime applicable to this category of administrative acts. The definitional work has been carried out from both a functional perspective, relating to the revocation regime, and a conceptual perspective, relating to the effects of decisions creating rights. From a functional point of view, it appeared that the scope of the concept under study was broader than the one that is traditionally used. The category of decisions creating rights thus includes the entirety of individual administrative decisions whose withdrawal or repeal cannot be decided on a discretionary basis by the administration. As regards the effects of decisions creating rights, their main characteristic is that they are, in principle, the source of subjective public rights and administrative obligations. The establishment of a protective revocation regime is thus correlated with the potential identification of a right in a conceptual sense. This new conception of decisions creating rights opens the way to a renewed analysis of the rules governing their adoption, enforcement and revocation. Particular attention is thus paid to the guarantees which allow the beneficiary of the decision to peacefully enjoy the subjective rights and advantages of which he or she is the holder. Furthermore, emphasis is also placed on the various mechanisms which govern the execution of the administration’s obligations

Principe trouvant une expression solennelle à l’article 6 C.E.D.H., le droit au procès équitable irradie aujourd’hui l’ensemble de notre droit interne. Dans un contexte de subjectivisation du droit, le droit administratif n’échappe pas à cette « irrésistible extension du contentieux du procès équitable » (Mme KOERING-JOULIN). Cette assertion trouve une manifestation éclatante quant aux pouvoirs de sanctions et de règlement des différends reconnus aux autorités administratives. La définition européenne du champ d’application du droit au procès équitable, suivie par la Cour de cassation et adaptée par le Conseil d’État, permet, en effet, à l'article 6 précité de faire florès en ce domaine. Ainsi, en l’état actuel de la jurisprudence administrative, le moyen tiré de la violation de cette stipulation peut utilement être invoqué à l’encontre des autorités administratives indépendantes, tant dans le cadre de leur activité répressive que contentieuse. Depuis maintenant huit ans, le respect de cette garantie s’impose à la procédure d’établissement des sanctions fiscales. A suivre cette ligne jurisprudentielle, l’extension du droit au procès équitable à l’ensemble des autorités administratives répressives voire contentieuses pourrait être la voie de l’avenir. Une telle évolution n’est toutefois pas sans soulever certaines questions. La processualisation croissante de la répression administrative, sous l’effet du droit au procès équitable, n’est-elle pas une contradiction en soi ? Ne va-t-elle pas à rebours de l’objectif initialement poursuivi par l’externalisation de la sanction ? Plus fondamentalement, l’assujettissement de l’administration aux garanties spécifiques à la procédure juridictionnelle ne participe-t-il pas au rétablissement d’une certaine confusion entre l’administration et la juridiction ? N'y a-t-il pas là renaissance, sous une forme évidemment nouvelle, de la figure que l'on croyait révolue de l'administrateur-juge ?
The right to a fair trial is enshrined in the article 6§1 of the European Convention on Human Rights and irradiates now all French law. In the context of the subjectivization of the law, administrative law is also subject to this "unstoppable rise of disputes in the name of the right to a fair trial" (Mrs. KOERING-JOULIN). This assertion is particularly true regarding the powers of sanction and the settlement of disputes granted to the administrative authorities. The European definition of the right to a fair trial applied by the Court of Cassation and adapted by the Council of State allows a wide application of this right. So, given the current state of the administrative case law, the right to a fair trial can be usefully claimed against independent administrative authorities as regard either their law enforcement activities or litigation practice. And the tax administration has also been compelled to respect this fundamental right for eight years now. In line with this settled jurisprudence, the extension of the right to a fair trial to all the administrative authorities may be the way of the future. But such an evolution raises a few questions. Isn't the increasing jurisdictionalization of the administration activities as a result of the right to a fair trial an inconsistency in itself? Doesn't it go against the primary goal of the outsourcing of the administrative penalties? More fundamentally, doesn't subjecting the administrative authorities to the specific principles of court procedures participate in reinstating some confusion between administration and jurisdiction? Isn’t it the rebirth, under a new form, of the administrator-judge we thought was long gone?

Alors que la tolérance administrative a longtemps été caractérisée par sa précarité absolue vis-à-vis de ceux qui en bénéficient, l’administration pouvant décider de revenir brutalement à une application des règles de droit, l’évolution récente du droit positif remet en cause cette conception traditionnelle. La Cour européenne des droits de l’homme juge en effet que la tolérance administrative d’une construction irrégulière sur un terrain public permet de reconnaître à son bénéficiaire un droit au respect de ses biens. Cette césure entre droit français et droit européen invite à une étude du phénomène. Elle invite d’abord à en proposer une définition. A cet égard, la tolérance administrative désigne juridiquement le fait, pour une autorité administrative, de s’abstenir volontairement et illégalement d’utiliser les moyens dont elle dispose pour sanctionner une illégalité commise par un administré. Cette définition permet de faire le départ entre la tolérance et de nombreuses notions avec lesquelles elle est parfois confondue. Elle invite ensuite à en proposer un régime juridique orienté sur la protection des bénéficiaires de tolérance. Fondé sur le nécessaire respect de la confiance légitime créée par certaines tolérances, ce régime général permettrait notamment d’empêcher que l’administration revienne brutalement sur son comportement
For quite some time, the administrative tolerance was characterized by a precarious situation for those who beneficiate from it. The Administration could indeed abruptly decide to operate a strict return to lawfullness. Nowadays, this traditional conception is being questionned by the recent evolution of positive law. Regarding an irregular construction on public land, The European Court of Human Rights ruled in favor of the administrative tolerance's beneficiary, acknowledging his right to have his property respected. The caesura existing between French and European law is worthy of further study. First of all, rises the necessity of a definition. Thereupon, the legal notion of administrative tolerance refers to the fact, for an administrative authority, to willingly and illegaly abstain from using the means in its power to sanction the irregularity perpetrated by an administered. The notion of administrative tolerance is often mixed up with others, hence the need for a definition as a starting point. The next step would then be to suggest a legal regime, oriented towards the beneficiaries of the tolerance. Based on the idea that the legitimate trust emanating from some tolerances must be respected, such a regime would notably prevent the Administration from revising its position

El presente estudio tiene por finalidad determinar de qué manera la regulación de la subsanación voluntaria como eximente de responsabilidad en la Ley N° 27444, Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo General ha afectado la seguridad jurídica y la protección al medio ambiente, respecto de las actividades de la industria manufacturera. De acuerdo a ello, en el presente estudio se expone de manera general la potestad sancionadora de la Administración Pública; definición y elementos de las infracciones administrativas; los eximentes de responsabilidad administrativa, la subsanación voluntaria como eximente de responsabilidad, las obligaciones ambientales aplicables a los titulares de la industria manufacturera, entre otros. Asimismo, para determinar el efecto mencionado, se ha evaluado la normativa y las resoluciones emitidas por el Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental (OEFA), en el sector industria manufacturera, desde el año 2017 al 2019. Verificándose una afectación negativa tanto a la seguridad jurídica como a la protección al medio ambiente, respecto de las actividades de la industria manufacturera. Motivo por el cual, se recomienda la modificación de la Ley 27444, Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo General y el Reglamento de Supervisión del OEFA.
The purpose of this study is to determine how the regulation of voluntary remedy as an exemption from responsibility in the Law 27444, Law of General Administrative Procedure has affected the legal security principle and the protection of the environment, regarding of the activities of the manufacturing industry. Therefore, this research exposes about the sanctioning power of the Public Administration; the definition and elements of administrative infractions; exemptions of administrative responsibility, the voluntary remedy as a responsibility exemption, the environmental obligations applicable to the holders of the manufacturing industry, and others. Also, to determine the aforementioned effect, the regulations and resolutions issued by the Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental (OEFA), in the manufacturing industry sector from 2017 to 2019, have been evaluated in this study. Verifying a negative impact on both legal security principle and environmental protection, regarding of the activities of the manufacturing industry. Accordingly, it´s recommended the modification of the Law 27444, Law of General Administrative Procedure and the Supervision Regulation of the OEFA.
Trabajo de investigación

Le contrat administratif est une norme concrète de droit public, issu d'un accord de volontés (être), qui impose un commandement (devoir être). Il s'agit d'une norme individuelle dont les conditions de validité formelle diffèrent de celles des contrats de droit commun. En effet, le contrat administratif étant entouré d'actes unilatéraux, la légalité de ses actes "périphériques" constitue une condition de validité du contrat administratif. A fortiori, l'ouverture du recours pour excès de pouvoir à une catégorie spécifique de contrats conforte la thèse selon laquelle la validité du contrat est soumise à la légalité. Au demeurant, le juge administratif privilégie une "lecture administrative" de la jurisprudence érigeant l'ordre public contractuel en condition de validité. Il ne se réfère que ponctuellement aux dispositions de l'article 1108 du Code civil. Cette singularité du contrat administratif tend à remettre en cause une théorie générale des obligations, malgré l'ingérence de l'unilatéralisme dans le droit commun des contrats
The public service contract is a concrete norm of public law, stemming from an agreement of will (being), which imposes a commandment (duty-being). It is about an individual norm the conditions of formal validity of which postpone from those contracts of common law. Indeed, the public service contract being surrounded with one-sided acts, the legality of its acts "peripherals" constitutes a condition of validity of the public service contract. All the more, the opening of the appeal for abuse of power to a specific category of contracts consolidates the thesis according to which the validity of the contract is subjected to the legality. However, the administrative judge privileges a "administrative reading" of the case law setting up the contractual law and order as condition of validity. He refers only punctually to the provisions of the article 1108 of the civil Code. This peculiarity tends to question a general theory of the obligations, in spite of the premature intervention of the unilateralism in the common law of contracts

The administrative duties of the tax system are determined by the legislation. This thesis is focused on the administrative duties of the tax system, which cause the considerable compliance costs to the private sector. The main aim of the thesis is the detailed analysis of the administrative obligations connected with the major taxes -- social security contributions, health insurance contributions, personal income tax from wages and corporation income tax. By using the questionnaire, the administrative obligations are evaluated from the accountants' point of view and also the advantages of accounting software are discussed.

Apparu il y a près d’une vingtaine d’années dans le discours doctrinal en droit administratif, le terme d’externalisation est encore aujourd’hui paradoxalement très peu présent dans le langage théorique des juristes, et quasiment absent du droit positif et des prétoires. Le plus souvent employé en tant que vocable « cosmétique » et idéologique, il est en effet principalement destiné à rendre compte, de manière générale, du tournant managérial emprunté par l’organisation et la gestion de l’action administrative dans le cadre de la réforme de l’État, et sous l’influence des préceptes du New Public Management. Il n’est toutefois pas voué à demeurer simplement un idiome caractéristique de l’émergence d’une nouvelle posture de l’État et des personnes publiques. Il peut en l’occurrence être envisagé comme un concept à part entière intégré à la théorie générale du droit adminsitratif : l’externalisation administrative. En tant que tel, il offre l’opportunité d’une approche originale des transformations contemporaines traversant ce champ disciplinaire, et permet de proposer une définition et un contenu proprement administratif à ce terme maintes fois évoqué et si peu souvent précisé. Inspirée des acquis des sciences économiques, et de gestion et des travaux menés par la doctrine civiliste, la conceptualisation de l’externalisation administrative aboutit à la découverte d’un mode de gestion inédit de l’action administrative fondé sur une logique de coopération, et recouvrant l’emploi par les personnes publiques d’instruments juridiques traditionnels dotés d’une fonction singulière afin d’habiliter un tiers à participer à la réalisation d’une compétence qui leur est attribuée par l’ordre juridique. Ainsi élaboré, le concept d’externalisation administrative se déploie dans le cadre de l’accomplissement de la compétence matérielle des autorités administratives, sous de multiples formes juridiques et dans des domaines d’activités divers, par le moyen d’une instrumentalisation de l’obligation révélant une conception renouvelée de celle-ci. Il apporte par conséquent des éléments de compréhension inédits de l’évolution des modes d’intervention des personnes publiques. Du titre au sous-titre, l’utilité théorique de ce concept se mesure alors à l’aune du contenu qui lui est assigné, lequel pose les jalons d’une théorie de l’externalisation administrative et, au-delà, d’une théorie de la gestion coopérative de l’action administrative
Appeared almost twenty years ago in the doctrinal discourse of administrativ law, still today the term of externalisation is paradoxically not very present in the theoretical language of lawyers, and nearly absent in the positiv law and in the courtrooms. Indeed it is employed most of the time as a « cosmetic » and ideological term mainly destined to realize, generally, of the managerial turn borrowed by organization and management of administrative action in the framework of state reform, and under the influence of the New Public Management precepts. However, it is not dedicated to remain simply as an idiom representative of emergence of a new posture of state and public authorities. As it happens, it can be considered as a concept in full integrated to the general theory of administrativ law. As such, it offers opportunity of an original approach of contemporary transformations crossing this disciplinary purview, and allows to provide a definition and a contents properly administrative to this term many times mentioned and so litte specified. Inspired by the achievements of economics and management, and the works conducts by civil law doctrine, the conceptualization of administrative externalisation leads to the discovery of an novel management mode of administrative action based on a logic of cooperation, and covering the recourse by public authorities at traditional juridical instruments endued of a singular function to empower a third party to share in the realisation of an ability assigned to them by the legal order. Thus elaborated, the administrative externalisation concept unflods in the framework of fulfillement of the concret public authorities ability, under multiple juridical forms and in various fields of activity, by the means of an instrumentalization of the obligation revealing a renewed conception of this one. Therefore, it brings unprecedented elements of understanding of evolution of methods of intervention by the administrative authorities. From title to subtitle, theoretical utility of this concept is measured so in terms of the content assigned to it, wich sets the milestones of an administrative externalisation theory and, beyond, of a cooperative management of administrative action theory

Alors que la tolérance administrative a longtemps été caractérisée par sa précarité absolue vis-à-vis de ceux qui en bénéficient, l’administration pouvant décider de revenir brutalement à une application des règles de droit, l’évolution récente du droit positif remet en cause cette conception traditionnelle. La Cour européenne des droits de l’homme juge en effet que la tolérance administrative d’une construction irrégulière sur un terrain public permet de reconnaître à son bénéficiaire un droit au respect de ses biens. Cette césure entre droit français et droit européen invite à une étude du phénomène. Elle invite d’abord à en proposer une définition. A cet égard, la tolérance administrative désigne juridiquement le fait, pour une autorité administrative, de s’abstenir volontairement et illégalement d’utiliser les moyens dont elle dispose pour sanctionner une illégalité commise par un administré. Cette définition permet de faire le départ entre la tolérance et de nombreuses notions avec lesquelles elle est parfois confondue. Elle invite ensuite à en proposer un régime juridique orienté sur la protection des bénéficiaires de tolérance. Fondé sur le nécessaire respect de la confiance légitime créée par certaines tolérances, ce régime général permettrait notamment d’empêcher que l’administration revienne brutalement sur son comportement
For quite some time, the administrative tolerance was characterized by a precarious situation for those who beneficiate from it. The Administration could indeed abruptly decide to operate a strict return to lawfullness. Nowadays, this traditional conception is being questionned by the recent evolution of positive law. Regarding an irregular construction on public land, The European Court of Human Rights ruled in favor of the administrative tolerance's beneficiary, acknowledging his right to have his property respected. The caesura existing between French and European law is worthy of further study. First of all, rises the necessity of a definition. Thereupon, the legal notion of administrative tolerance refers to the fact, for an administrative authority, to willingly and illegaly abstain from using the means in its power to sanction the irregularity perpetrated by an administered. The notion of administrative tolerance is often mixed up with others, hence the need for a definition as a starting point. The next step would then be to suggest a legal regime, oriented towards the beneficiaries of the tolerance. Based on the idea that the legitimate trust emanating from some tolerances must be respected, such a regime would notably prevent the Administration from revising its position

Cette Thèse est intitulée « Les droits et les obligations des parties du contrat administratif entre les droits français et libyen. Etude comparative ». La première partie traite des pouvoirs de l’administration face à son contractant ; les pouvoirs dont l'administration dispose sont autant de droits exercés à l'égard du cocontractant, qu'elle tire de ses prérogatives légales dans l'organisation de la gestion des services publics et qui constituent l'axe de son action. L'administration dispose ainsi du pouvoir de contrôle de l'exécution du contrat administratif, du pouvoir de modification unilatéral de ce même contrat et du pouvoir d'infliger des pénalités à son cocontractant dans le cas où il aurait manqué à ses obligations contractuelles. La deuxième partie a été consacrée aux droits et obligations du cocontractant. Celui-ci tire ses droits du contrat administratif et l'administration devra donc en assurer l'exécution de telle sorte qu'il puisse réaliser ses droits dont les plus importants sont les droits financiers qui constituent la motivation réelle qui l'ont poussé à contracter. En contrepartie de ces droits, de nombreuses obligations pèsent sur le cocontractant et parmi elles, les plus marquantes sont celles de l’exécution personnelle qu’il doit mener dans les délais fixés
This thesis is entitled: “The rights and obligations of the parties of the administrative agreement between the French and Libyan rights. Comparative analysis”. The first part deals with the powers of the administration against its contractor; the powers available to the administration are all rights exercised in respect of the other party, it derives its legal prerogatives in the organization of the management of public services and constitute the axis of its action. The administration and execution has the power to control the administrative contract, the unilateral power of amendment of that contract and the power to impose penalties to the other contracting party if it breached its contractual obligations. The second part was devoted to the rights and obligations of the contracting party. It derives its rights of administrative contract and the administration will have to enforce it so that it can carry out its duties, the most important are the financial rights which constitute the real motivation that led him to contract. In return for these rights, many obligations weighing on the other party and among them the most notable are those of personal performance that must be taken in a timely manner

La question des fondements de la responsabilité a été l’une de celles qui a le plus intéressé la doctrine depuis l’abandon du principe de l’irresponsabilité des personnes publiques. Tantôt compris comme un principe général d’explication, tantôt comme une véritable règle juridique, le fondement de la responsabilité est un élément de justification. Afin de clarifier le discours visant à expliquer le mécanisme de responsabilité, le fondement juridique de la responsabilité doit être distingué des principes qui justifient l’existence de cette règle et des conditions parfois mises à l’application de celle-ci. Jurisprudence et doctrine ont fait du risque et du principe d’égalité devant les charges publiques les deux fondements de la responsabilité sans faute en droit administratif. Cette présentation classique est aujourd’hui dépassée du fait de la création par le Conseil d’Etat de régimes de responsabilité dans lesquels la faute n’est pas exigée et qui ne sont pas pour autant rattachables à ces fondements classiques. Il apparaît donc que la présentation classique de la responsabilité sans faute doit être abandonnée au bénéfice d’une présentation centrée sur la notion d’obligation. Les hypothèses de responsabilité dans lesquelles la condition de faute n’est pas exigée peuvent alors être classées en deux catégories. Celles dans lesquelles le fait générateur méconnaît une obligation préexistante sont constitutives de véritables régimes de responsabilité, et celles dans lesquelles le fait générateur ne méconnaît aucune obligation préexistante et qui ne sont alors qu’abusivement rattachées à la responsabilité. La responsabilité sans faute, qui n’est qu’une catégorie négative n’ayant aucune unité, n’a pas de fondements propres ce qui la distinguerait par nature d’autres hypothèses de responsabilité
Cause of liability has been one of the most discussed questions since the principle of administrative irresponsibility was given up. Sometimes seen as a general principle of explanation, sometimes as a legal rule, cause of liability is an element of justification. In order to clarify the discourse on liability, cause of liability has to be distinguished from principles which justify the legal rule of liability. For doctrine and jurisprudence, the risk theory and the principle of public expenses equality are the two causes of liability. This presentation has to be renewed because of the creation by the Conseil d’Etat of cases of liability in which the proof of a fault is not compulsory but which do not relate to classical cases. A new presentation with two categories based on the notion of obligation should be preferred. When the event giving rise to the damage ignores a pre-existing obligation it is a true system of responsibility but when the event giving rise to the damage doesn’t ignores such an obligation it is a mechanism of guarantee and not a system of responsibility. “Liability without fault” is a negative category with no unity and no specific causes. Fault is only a condition of liability: liability with fault and liability without fault are not different in nature

Le tiers étant communément défini comme la personne qui est étrangère à un groupe ou à une situation, l’on pourrait croire que le droit n’a aucune raison de s’y intéresser et qu’il ne lui consacre, dès lors, aucune place. L’étude relative au tiers en droit de la responsabilité administrative révèle pourtant le contraire. Cette thèse a ainsi pour objet de démontrer que, bien qu’il soit particulièrement difficile de l’identifier et, par là même, d’en donner une définition, le tiers y occupe une véritable place et y joue un rôle indéniable : celui-ci est susceptible d’exercer une influence sur la responsabilité encourue, devant le juge administratif, par l’administration (ou par toute personne qui est y assimilée). Une distinction doit, toutefois, être opérée selon la situation du tiers par rapport au dommage. Il existe en effet une pluralité de tiers qu’il convient de répartir en deux catégories : tiers victimes et tiers auteurs ou coauteurs. Des conséquences juridiques spécifiques s’attachent bien à l’identification du tiers victime. La reconnaissance d’une telle qualité étant notamment susceptible de conduire à l’application d’un régime juridique présentant des particularités par rapport à celui qui est habituellement appliqué aux autres catégories de victimes, se pose même la question de l’existence d’un droit de la responsabilité administrative du fait des dommages causés aux tiers. Le caractère relatif de la spécificité de cette matière, conjugué à l’absence d’unité de celle-ci, conduisent cependant à y apporter une réponse négative.Quant au tiers auteur ou coauteur, il peut également influer sur la responsabilité de l’administration. Le juge administratif est effectivement susceptible de prendre en considération l’intervention d’une tierce personne dans la production du dommage en cause et, par conséquent, de faire varier la part de responsabilité de la personne poursuivie. Il peut le faire de manière immédiate, c’est-à-dire dans les rapports entre celle-ci et la victime, lorsqu’il met notamment en œuvre la théorie du fait du tiers. Il peut encore le faire de manière différée, à savoir dans le cadre des rapports entre les coauteurs et/ou les coresponsables du dommage, lorsqu’il s’agit de répartir entre eux la charge finale de la dette de réparation. Dans un souci de protection de la victime et à l’instar du principe appliqué en droit civil, la prise en compte différée du rôle du tiers dans la réalisation du dommage doit cependant être préférée à sa prise en compte immédiate
The third party is commonly defined as the person who is foreign to a group or a situation; therefore we might think that the law has no reason to be focused on it and that it then devotes no space to him. The study on the third party in law of administrative responsibility yet reveals the opposite. This thesis aims to demonstrate that, while it is particularly difficult to identify it and, thereby, to define it, the third party is real and play an undeniable role: it is likely to exert influence on incurred liability, before the administrative law judge, by the administration (or by any person who is y equated). However, a distinction must be made according to the situation of the third party in relation to the damage. There is indeed a plurality of third parties. They are nevertheless likely to be divided into two categories: third parties victims and third parties authors or co-authors. Specific legal consequences are actually attached to the identification of the third party victim. Recognition of such quality is particularly likely to lead to the application of a legal regime with features compared to the one which is usually applied to the other categories of victims. Therefore, the question of the existence of a law of administrative responsibility for the damages caused to third parties arises. The relative nature of this topic’s specificity, combined with the lack of unity; however lead to a negative answer.The third party author or co-author, may also affect the responsibility of the administration. The administrative judge is actually likely to take into account the intervention of a third party in the production of the damage and, consequently, to vary the share of responsibility of the person prosecuted. This can be done immediately, i.e. as part of the relationship between it and the victim, in particular when the administrative judge implements the third’s act theory. This can also be done later, i.e. as part of the relationship between the co-authors and/or the co-responsible for the damage, when it comes to apportion among themselves the final burden of debt relief. However, in the interest of the victim’s protection and as applied in civil law, to take account of the role of the third party in the realization of the damage in a deferred way must be preferred to its immediate consideration

This thesis investigates competition law, State aid law and free-movement law in their interaction with Article 11 TFEU’s obligation to integrate environmental protection requirements into all activities and policies of the Union. The Article is formulated in broad and sweeping terms which makes integrating environmental protection requirements complex and context-dependent. The challenge of integrating environmental considerations is further increased as such integration in competition, State aid and free- movement law is different from other areas of EU action. The three areas are the core provisions protecting the internal market by prohibiting certain actions of the Member States and undertakings. Unlike in other areas, the EU is therefore not in the position to develop or design the actions but has to scrutinise the measure according to pre-established parameters. To address this challenge, a novel functional approach to environmental integration is developed. The approach should facilitate a better understanding of environmental integration and in particular its application to competition law, State aid and free-movement law. An important element of this thesis equally the comparison between the three areas of law. It sheds light on conceptual issues that are not only relevant to the integration of environmental protection. The comparison advances the understanding in relation to questions such as how restrictions are defined and how the respective balancing tests are applied. The contribution of this research is therefore twofold. One the one hand, it compares how the different tests in competition, State aid and free-movement law operate, thereby offering opportunities for cross-fertilisation. On the other hand, this comparison and the improvements suggested as a result help to conceptualise environmental integration thereby paving the way for a more transparent and consistent integration of environmental protection in competition, State aid and free-movement law.

La responsabilité de l'État du fait des lois déclarées contraires à la Constitution, parmi les derniers îlots d'irresponsabilité de la puissance, est en passe d'être consacrée en droit français. Le développement d'un régime constitutionnaliste d'expression de la volonté générale, parachevée par l'entrée en vigueur de la question prioritaire constitutionnalité, a conduit le tribunal administratif de Paris à reconnaître une voie de droit permettant l'indemnisation des préjudices consécutifs à l'application d'une loi inconstitutionnelle. En effet, en vertu du principe constitutionnel de responsabilité, que le Conseil constitutionnel a dégagé de l'article 4 de la Déclaration de 1789, l'État a l'obligation de répondre des fautes causées par son organe législatif. Si la faute n'a pas été retenue à propos de la responsabilité de l’État du fait des lois méconnaissant les engagements internationaux de la France, elle devrait l'être concernant les lois inconstitutionnelles. Le principe constitutionnel de responsabilité, en tant que fondement juridique, constitue une habilitation autorisant le juge administratif à qualifier les inconstitutionnalités prononcées par le Conseil constitutionnel de faute de nature à engager la responsabilité de l'État. Par suite, faire entrer la responsabilité de l'État-législateur dans le droit commun de la responsabilité de la puissance publique parachève sa soumission à l'État de droit. La loi n'est plus cet acte incontestable et incontesté. Dorénavant, toute irrégularité d'une disposition législative peut être à l'origine de l'engagement de la responsabilité de l'État
The responsibility of the State for unconstitutional statutes, which is among the last islets of sovereign immunity, is about to be enshrined in French law. The flourishing of a constitutional mode of parliamentary sovereignty as expression of the general will, completed by the entry into force of an original form of indirect concrete review of parliamentary legislation -the so-called "priority preliminary ruling on the issue of constitutionality" (Question prioritaire de constitutionnalité) -, led the Paris Administrative tribunal to recognize a legal remedy allowing the compensation for damages resulting from the application of an unconstitutional statute. Indeed, by virtue of the constitutional principle of responsibility, which the Constitutional Council has derived from article 4 of the Declaration of 1789, the State is held accountable for the unlawful acts committed by its legislative body. In this kind of situation, if an act cannot be considered "unlawful" on the basis of the State's responsibility because of laws that disregard France's international commitments, it can always be so on the basis of the responsibility of the State for unconstitutional statutes. The constitutional principle of responsibility, as a legal basis, constitutes a norm that confer power to the administrative judge to qualify the unconstitutionalities pronounced by the Constitutional Council as a fault of a nature to engage the responsibility of the State. The parliamentary legislation is no longer this indisputable and uncontested act. From now on, any irregularity in a legislative provision can justify engaging the responsibility of the State

Le problème de la détermination de la personne publique responsable comporte deux points à examiner : tout d’abord il s’agit de trouver un débiteur pour indemniser la victime ensuite de répartir la charge indemnitaire entre les responsables du dommage. Il existe trois critères utilisés par le juge administratif afin de déterminer la personne publique responsable : le critère matériel, le critère fonctionnel et le critère décisionnel. Pourtant aucun d’eux ne s’avère suffisant pour expliquer tout les cas de responsabilité. Toutefois on peut dire qu’en principe la responsabilité suit la compétence. Dans ce cas devient important de limiter précisément les compétences des différentes personnes publiques ce qui n’est pas toujours le cas. Concernant la répartition de la charge indemnitaire, il peut être utilisé deux critères soit celui de la gravité des fautes respectives soit celui des rôles causals des coresponsables dans la survenance du dommage
The problem of determining the person public responsible has two points: first step is finding a debtor to indemnify the victim second step is distribution of the financial load among those responsible for compensation of the damage. There are three criteria used by the administrative judge to determine the person responsible public: organic criterion, functional criterion and decision criterion. Yet none of them is sufficient to explain all cases of responsibility. However; in principle we can say that the responsibility follows the competence. In this instance it becomes particularly important to determine the powers of the different public bodies, but in reality it is not always perfectly characterised. On the other hand, concerning the distribution of the load compensation two criteria can be used one of them is the severity of each fault, the other one is the causal roles of each co-responsible on the formation of the damage

L'administration pénitentiaire française connaît, depuis plusieurs années, d'importantes mutations vis-à-vis de ses missions, qui tendent vers une externalisation et de son personnel. l'amélioration de la réinsertion des détenus est devenue un impératif majeur, surtout en ce qui concerne les mineurs incarcérés, en vue de réduire les risques de récidive. il s'agit d'expliquer et de qualifier ces changements correspondants à un besoins d'adaptation de cette administration envers l'évolution de la population carcérale, tout en améliorant ses relations avec les autres organismes publics (le ministère de l'education nationale notamment) afin de confirmer la politique de décloisonnement et de partenariat, suivie par l'administration pénitentiaire. cette étude tentera également de dresser un premier bilan concernant les efforts fournis par cette administration publique dans le cadre particulier des établissements pénitentiaires pour mineurs
The correctional institution is experiencing a profound process of modernization under the influence of European and constitutional law, which tends to assign to it all the characteristics of a public service and significantly adds to the law of enforcement of sentences.This normative development, under the control of an administrative judge, has introduced the basis of a genuine legal status for minors as coerced users of this public service. Efforts carried out by the penitentiary administration in the aim of establishing detention rules that apply and are adjusted to the different categories of prison population, and particularly to minors, are changing the traditional/classic conception of the prison‟s missions.The specificity of detention rules, as confirmed by the creation of detention facilities for minors and the search for a legal status for the minor inmate, is endorsed by the opening up of the penitentiary administration and the building of partnerships with other institutional actors.The mobilization of new resources constitutes a fundamental axe in the preparation of the social rehabilitation of minors, in their own best interest and benefit. The issues around the correctional framing in the objective to define the administrative status of the minor inmate lead to double angled analysis: the fixing of the foundations of prison law applicable to minors, and the application of this law which illustrates the need for an adaptation of the penitentiary action when it comes to minors

C’est à la faveur de l’émergence d’une économie de marché, puis récemment de la révolution technologique que le droit de la consommation a connu un développement considérable. Dès lors, la protection du consommateur s’est imposée comme le moyen de rééquilibrer les rapports inégalitaires entre le consommateur, considéré comme partie faible dans une relation contractuelle devenue complexe et le professionnel à qui le rapport de force est favorable. Dans un tel contexte, l’intérêt d’une étude de la protection du consommateur en droit libyen à la lumière du droit français se précise et peut se décliner sous deux axes : d’une part, il est stimulant scientifiquement de comprendre comment un Etat comme la Libye, dont l’ouverture au monde et le développement du secteur privé sont très récents, intègre la protection du consommateur dans son système juridique. D’autre part, le rapprochement avec le droit français présente une plus-value dans la mesure où il s’agit, à travers le droit de la consommation français plus développé, de mesurer le niveau de protection du consommateur en droit libyen. La pertinence de l’usage de l’approche comparative dans le cadre de cette recherche réside dans l’une des fonctions même du droit comparé, à savoir qu’il est un moyen de perfectionnement du droit positif national. Ici, l’hypothèse de départ était que le droit de la consommation en Libye est sous-développé par rapport au droit de la consommation en France. La méthode comparative a donc pour objectif d’aider à une amélioration de la protection du consommateur en droit libyen si éventuellement l’hypothèse de départ était confirmée. Dès lors, nous avons étudié, dans les deux ordres juridiques, la protection du consommateur de la période pré-contractuelle à la période d’après contrat en passant par le moment d’échange des volontés (conclusion proprement dite). Il ressort de cette recherche que le consommateur libyen est moins protégé que le consommateur français. Cela est dû, entre autres, à des facteurs sociopolitiques et économiques, en l’occurrence le faible développement du secteur privé et une faible culture de la justice qui ne permet pas de développer la jurisprudence à l’égard du droit de la consommation. Cette étude a aussi révélé que le législateur libyen est confronté à un nouveau défi, à savoir l’émergence des contrats à distance ; ce qui complexifie davantage la protection du consommateur
Thanks to the emergence of a market economy and more recently of the technological revolution, consumer law has been significantly developed. Therefore, consumer protection was required as the means to rebalance the unequal relations between the consumer, regarded as the weaker party to the complex contractual relation, and the professional for whom the power balance is in favour.In this context, the interest of a study about consumer protection in Libyan law in the light of French law is clearer and can be approached from two angles : on the one hand, it is scientifically challenging to understand how a State like Libya, whose opening up to the world and the private sector development are very recent, integrates consumer protection into its legal system. On the second hand, comparing it with French law provides an added value, because the level of consumer protection in Libyan law has to be measured through French consumer law which is more developed. The comparative approach is relevant in this research as one of the functions of comparative law is to improve the national substantive law.Here, according to the starting hypothesis, consumer law in Libya is underdeveloped compared to French consumer law. So, the comparative approach aims to help improving consumer law in Libya if the starting hypothesis is confirmed. Therefore, we studied consumer protection from the precontractual period to the after contract period including the actual contract conclusion in both legal orders.This research shows that the Libyan consumer is less protected than the French consumer. This is due, amongst others, to socio-political and economic factors, in this case, the low development of the private sector and the low level of the culture of justice which does not enable to develop case-law regarding consumer law. This study has also proved that the Libyan legislator is facing a new challenge, that is, the emergence of distance contracts, which makes consumer protection even more complex

En analysant le droit des contrats des administrations françaises, allemandes et européennes ainsi que les évolutions engendrées dans les droits français et allemand par le droit de l’UE, la présente étude met à jour une circulation de modèles entre le droit européen et les droits nationaux. Ces interactions permettent d’étudier comment les paramètres de départ des droits nationaux influencent leur manière d’intégrer les exigences européennes, ce qui permet en retour de tirer des conclusions quant au droit de l’Union lui-même. Dans ce contexte, l’étude des droits français et allemand, antagonistes en matière de contrats de l’administration, leur mise en perspective avec le contrat en droit interne de l’Union et l’analyse des évolutions engendrées par le droit européen, met en lumière que la question de l’articulation entre exorbitance et droit commun est au centre des rapports entre le droit européen et le contrat en tant que moyen d’action des administrations nationales et européennes
The present study analyzes the law applicable to contracts of French, German and European administrations, as well as evolutions triggered in French and German law by EU law, and brings into focus a circulation of models between EU and national law. These interactions show how the original parameters of national legal orders influence the latters’ way of integrating European requirements, which in return allows drawing conclusions concerning European law itself. In this context, studying French and German law (antagonist models concerning contracts of public administrations), putting them in perspective with contracts in internal EU law and analyzing the evolutions triggered by the impact of EU law, highlights that the issue of the articulation of specific powers and duties of the contracting administration with the contractual obligations of the parties is central in the relationship between European law and contracts as a tool for the action of national and European administrations

S’il est une activité judiciaire qui exprime à elle seule les métamorphoses de la fonction de juger, c’est bien celle de l’homologation, procédure judiciaire qui assure le contrôle d’actes déjà valides entre les parties ou qui le deviendront si leur conformité aux exigences du droit substantiel est judiciairement reconnue. Mais si l’homologation implique toujours un acte conventionnel auquel s’adjoint une intervention du juge, force est d’observer que les procédures d’homologation n’ont de commun que le nom. Car, ce que l’on désigne par homologation judiciaire, ce sont, en termes de finalités, des procédures distinctes les unes des autres. Il faut dire que les règles procédurales de l’homologation judiciaire dépendent fortement du droit substantiel en cause. Ici, le fond commande la procédure. C’est le droit de fond qui, dans chaque matière dans laquelle l’homologation est demandée, dicte sa conduite procédurale au juge. A preuve, l’étendue du contrôle judiciaire exercé sur l’acte des parties. Large en matière administrative et en droit du travail, le contrôle judiciaire est restreint dans le cadre des autres transactions extrajudiciaires. Qu’en est-il du régime des accords homologués ? C’est encore, et d’abord, une affaire de droit substantiel. On pourrait multiplier les exemples. Bornons-nous à l’autorité de la chose jugée, reconnue à l’accord homologué dans les matières pénale et de divorce consensuel, et refusée à l’acte notarié homologué en matière de changement de régime matrimonial. Chose jugée également reconnue aux transactions homologuées en matière administrative, mais refusée aux transactions homologuées dans les matières civiles. Ces brèves indications confortent sans doute cette idée que l’homologation judiciaire relève d’abord des exigences du droit substantiel. Elles expriment aussi le fait qu’il n’existe pas une, mais des notions d’homologation. Partant, l’activité judiciaire d’homologation des actes juridiques se prêtera mal à une théorie générale
Judicial approval shows in a remarkable way how the function of judging contains different aspects. This Judicial activity is in itself a judicial procedure which ensures the control of agreements validly concluded between parties or which will become valid if their conformity with the requirements of substantive law is judicially recognized / if their conformity with the requirements of substantive law is established/ if these agreements fulfil the conditions required by the substantive law.If there is no doubt that the process of judicial homologation is unique, it must be however observed that the homologation procedures according to their purposes are distinct from each other. In fact, the procedural rules of judicial approval/judicial depend considerably on the substantive law to be applied. That’s why, it can be said in this context, that substantive law controls procedural law; for it is substantive law which determines the judge's procedural conduct when judicial approval is requested. The degree or level of the judicial control exercised over the agreements of the parties is a proof of this.What about the registration judgment regime? It is inspired by the substantive law of each subject in which the registration judgment is rendered. We could give more examples. Let us confine ourselves to the authority of res judicata, allowed in the approved agreement on divorce by mutual consent, and refused in the approved notarial deed on change of matrimonial regime. The authority of res judicata is also considered to be admitted for certified transactions in administrative matters, but rejected for certified transactions in civil matters. These brief indications probably support the idea that judicial homologation is primarily a matter of substantive law. In other words, contrary to what is often said in doctrine, homologation is a matter of substantive law before it is a procedural matter

L'administration pénitentiaire française connaît, depuis plusieurs années, d'importantes mutations vis-à-vis de ses missions, qui tendent vers une externalisation et de son personnel. L’amélioration de la réinsertion des détenus est devenue un impératif majeur, surtout en ce qui concerne les mineurs incarcérés, en vue de réduire les risques de récidive. Il s'agit d'expliquer et de qualifier ces changements correspondants à un besoins d'adaptation de cette administration envers l'évolution de la population carcérale, tout en améliorant ses relations avec les autres organismes publics (le ministère de l'éducation nationale notamment) afin de confirmer la politique de décloisonnement et de partenariat, suivie par l'administration pénitentiaire. Cette étude tentera également de dresser un premier bilan concernant les efforts fournis par cette administration publique dans le cadre particulier des établissements pénitentiaires pour mineurs
The correctional institution is experiencing a profound process of modernization under the influence of European and constitutional law, which tends to assign to it all the characteristics of a public service and significantly adds to the law of enforcement of sentences. This normative development, under the control of an administrative judge, has introduced the basis of a genuine legal status for minors as coerced users of this public service. Efforts carried out by the penitentiary administration in the aim of establishing detention rules that apply and are adjusted to the different categories of prison population, and particularly to minors, are changing the traditional/classic conception of the prison’s missions. The specificity of detention rules, as confirmed by the creation of detention facilities for minors and the search for a legal status for the minor inmate, is endorsed by the opening up of the penitentiary administration and the building of partnerships with other institutional actors. The mobilization of new resources constitutes a fundamental axe in the preparation of the social rehabilitation of minors, in their own best interest and benefit. The issues around the correctional framing in the objective to define the administrative status of the minor inmate lead to double angled analysis: the fixing of the foundations of prison law applicable to minors, and the application of this law which illustrates the need for an adaptation of the penitentiary action when it comes to minors

碩士
國防大學
法律學系
102
The remedy procedures for administrative execution measures are only provided in Article 9 of the Administrative Execution Act. Much controversy is generated when said Article 9 is applicable due to the limitation of article content. Some scholars and early in practice hold the opinions that the remedy for administrative execution is an exceptional procedure to avoid impeding execution and even causing a long delay. Therefore, the person who submits a motion of objection has no right to file an appeal against the decision of superior administrative authority. On the contrary, majority of scholars are against said opinion and put forward their different opinions as a result that the Supreme Administrative Court finally change its interpretation. However, when overview those documents directed to the remedy procedure for administrative execution, it is found that almost all the documents focus on the related issues concerning whether the person who submits a motion of objection still has the right to file an administrative appeal or administrative litigation when the superior administrative authority has made its decision. The other doubts in practice derived from aforementioned article, however, are seldom mentioned in those documents. Decision of the Third Division-Chief Judges and Judges Joint Meeting (3) of Supreme Administrative Court held on December 2008 declares that there are judicial remedies for all of administrative execution measures. People’s right of instituting legal proceedings ensured by Constitution is workable in this decision, and this decision also conforms to the legal principle of“where there is a right, there is a remedy. However, to make a comprehensive survey of said decision, it is found that said decision just abstractly indicated that “what kinds of execution measures can be remedy by administrative litigation or by what kinds of administrative litigation should be determined case by case according to the characteristics of execution measures and the related regulations of Administrative Litigation Act. If the execution measures with administrative act property, the obligor should still fulfill the proceeding of administrative appeal according to the law.” It seems not to take the complexities of types of execution measures and its characteristics, the diversities of facts of objection, the property of determination of objection and how to teach for remedy, how to express not satisfied with the determination of objection, the necessity of submitting administrative appeal, whether the determination conforms to the legal principle of administrative remedy etc. into consideration in said decision. Therefore, it is necessary to overall review the current system of remedy for administrative execution and the judicial interpretations of remedy for administrative execution, and seek for resolution of related defects. By way of intensive study and analysis, the author has found that scholars and in practice have a difference of opinion for legal nature of individual execution measure of monetary payment obligation in public law. If it is difficult to determine the way of remedy for administrative execution based on legal nature of individual administrative execution, the judicial interpretations may be unworkable. Because there is no difference in function between motion of objection and administrative appeal, the person who is not satisfied with the result of motion of objection may initiate administrative litigation directly with no administrative appeal has been raised. The related procedures of motion of objection, however, should be amended in accordance with the regulations of Administrative Appeal Act. It should be clearly stipulated that the person who is not satisfied with the results of execution measures has the right to initiate administrative litigation. However, considering the execution proceedings must be rapid, simple litigation proceeding should be adopted in said administrative litigation. Additionally, because there is deficiency exited in current regulations of Administrative Execution Act, it is necessary to revise said Act to have related regulations of the obligor, the third party and the objection lawsuit filed by the person who participates in the distribution of the proceeds from the court-enforced sale of a property be included in said Act. The objection lawsuit filed by obligor and the termination proceeding of administrative execution are related to arguments in substantive law, they both thus should be applicable cooperatively to fully exhibit their own efficacy. Accordingly, it is suggested that the Administrative Execution Act should be amended to completely establish the administrative remedy system for monetary payment obligation in public law.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
95
The right against self-incrimination is a universal human right acknowledged in every modern country ruled by law. Its root can be traced back to the Bible, which has the nature of Natural Law. It is believed that the origin of the right against self-incrimination was to fight against the oath ex officio, and the oath ex officio was abolished because it infringed the natural human right (“freeborn right”). Owing to humans’ innate rationality, there is no modern country that does not recognize the right against self-incrimination as a basic human right. Basic human rights should be unconditionally protected by the Constitution. Based on the supremacy of the Constitution, all measures taken by the government should not violate the Constitution. No matter how the government infringes people’s constitutional right, the infringement should be forbidden by the Constitution as long as it violates the core value of the constitutional right. Thus, since the right against self-incrimination is included in the Constitution, all kinds of infringement of the right against self-incrimination should also be forbidden. In the field of administrative law, people are obligated to disclose information to fulfill the “regulatory purpose”. They are required to report, produce documents, and answer questions or they will be fined and imprisoned. Although “laws of regulatory purpose” are not directly related to the right against self-incrimination, this right must be sacrificed to the “regulatory purpose” in many cases such as the Hit and Run Statute. However, what is the “regulatory purpose” (or regulatory interest)? Is it possible to completely separate it from the criminal purpose? How do we deal with the conflict between them? This thesis refers to the cases ruled by the United States Federal Supreme Court and argues that the five elements of the right against self-incrimination – No person, shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness, against himself – should be used to effectively define the obligation of disclosure in the field of administrative law, whether it has the regulatory purpose or not. In other words, people can invoke their right against self-incrimination to refuse to disclose incriminating information when they are asked to do so by the criminal law or administrative law. Some may argue that the compulsory self-report system of the administrative law may totally fall apart if people are allowed to invoke the right against self-incrimination when they face the legal compulsion to disclose incriminating information. However, based on the element, “to be a witness”, mentioned above, the obligation to present documents will not be protected by the right against self-incrimination. Therefore, most conditions within the compulsory self-report scheme such as the disclosure obligation of finances in Security and Exchange Act or the property disclosure obligation of government officials are not affected by the right again self-incrimination. Only when the administrative law compels people to testify will the right against self-incrimination be involved. For example, people are requested to answer questions asked by the administrative agency or to notify the police of the automobile accident they involved, which only takes a small part. In addition, this thesis argues that the administrative agency should grant immunity to remove the danger of self-incrimination and compel people to disclose information. The immunity suggested here is not “use and derivative use” immunity but “indirect immunity”, meaning the incriminating information obtained by the administrative agency must not be used by other prosecution-related agency. Under the circumstances, even if people have provided incriminating information for the administrative agency, the prosecution department can still prosecute people with the evidence obtained from legitimate sources wholly independent without proving that it is not derivative evidence. This way the danger of self-incrimination can be removed effectively and the right of investigation by the prosecution department will not be excessively violated. Finally, since the “regulatory purpose” can be fulfilled and the damage to the interest of prosecuting criminals is almost invisible by granting indirect immunity, this thesis asserts that the right against self-incrimination can be invoked when people are under the legal compulsion of the administrative law to disclose information and there is no exception even if the government has a legitimate regulatory purpose. Therefore, in the circumstances that the administrative law compels people to serve as a witness, people should be allowed to invoke their right against self-incrimination to refuse to comply with the obligation until the government grants them indirect immunity.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
科際整合法律學研究所
106
Provisional attachment before administrative execution is the provisional remedy of the future administrative execution for the administrative authority. Compared to the regulations on the provisional attachment of Taiwan Code of Civil Proceture (article 522 and its following), or Administrative Litigation Act, the “special” provisional attachment talked about in this article is for the administrative authority to use. And the purpose of this institution is to secure the monetary obligation pursuant under public law which should be performed by the people can be fulfilled in avoid of the people intend to conceal or transfer his/her/its property or to evade payment. The situation of law institution in Taiwan, rules of provisional attachment before administrative execution are composed of “basic article” and “special articles”. The former is The Administrative Execution Act, article 11(2); the latter are the rules such as Tax Collect Act, article 24(2), Customs Act, article 48(2), Customs Anti-smuggling Act, article 49-1, Waste Disposal Act, article 71(1) and so on. Upon these “special articles”, the constitutive elements are not exactly the same, which have influenced the judgement on “the ground for provisional attachment” in current court practice. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss from the legal aspect and the practicial aspect. In addition, as the institution based on the administrative authority, provisional attachment before administrative execution secures agencies’ obligatory right, which means, on the other hand, restricts people’s poverty right. How to handle this institution on people’s side, is there any legal remedy for people to use, all these questions will be unveiled in this article.

碩士
世新大學
新聞學研究所(含碩專班)
103
This study is about the incidental provisions of administrative dispositions of the competent authority in media mergers and acquisitions, and it also sorts out types and obligation of the incidental provisions. There is trend of ownership concentrating of media industry, and it is intensified with digital convergence. The competent authorities approve media mergers and acquisitions with incidental provisions of administrative dispositions, and requests media group the public interest. The public interests of media group carrying depend on permission and obligation in law and regulations. This study sorts out obligation of media vertical and horizontal regulation with industrial value chain. This study finds that the obligation of content provider and broadcasring media is content regulation and program self-making rate. The obligation of services Provider and cable operator is negotiation of dominant player. The obligation of network provider and cable is universal service.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
103
People get the rights and obligations into established the "tax legal relations" from the tax law, in view of the general tax dispute most contentious events are concentrated in the "how much tax should be paid", if the taxpayer or his tax agent on mastered the field of taxation management information intentionally false representations, providing false information or conceal important facts about the taxation relationship, when deceived by the tax authority staff, will inevitably cause between the taxpayer and the tax collection authorities on whether facts exist to generate a dispute, the fact that it is difficult to taxation presents a true and complete. Private economic behavior is being waged by the taxpayer, tax information has mastered the essence of the taxpayer, as well as tax collection authority may fall into the investigation difficult or impossible to expect the taxpayer to provide factual, tax offices in passive state. When the tax collection agency was asked to be specific and clear elements of assessment when, in the case of the executive power of investigation is limited, the extent of the burden of proof why, affecting tax offices to nuclear law from taxation validity. When the tax collection authorities investigate, the obligation of taxpayer to assist what belongs to the substantive law, and constitute the limit of the duty to investigate. Some scholars believe that the " obligation to assist " is not only a lesson in taxpayer’ obligations, the taxpayer while participating clarify the facts through taxation work together to fulfill its obligation to ensure that the constitutional guarantee of freedom, privacy and human dignity will not be affected by the behavior of the terms of reference survey infringement. Work together to fulfill the obligations of the non-taxpayer's obligation, however, is more meaningful rights to practice procedures. This article will discuss the arising problem from the taxpayer' obligation to assist under the tax collection procedure. This study begins with the domestic and foreign tax laws, the substance of the doctrine, and further，the integration and analysis of the dispute occurred on practical issues, and then observe how this criterion about the taxpayer's obligation to assist under the administrative remedies on the obligation of a third case of taxpayers and tax authorities recommend at the end of the text how should the tax collection practices blending both the responsibilities and obligations in order to comply with the rule of law and the proper functioning of First Instance mitigation source.

碩士
國立臺北大學
法學系
95
In order to execute kinds of administrative law as well as regulation, ensure that people would obey the concerning rules, and guarantee that the governmental agencies would perform their authorities properly, modern governments have to conduct administrative inspections or investigations to collect information. These inspections are essential part of administrative law. In hope that an administrative investigation can conform to the principles of rule of law and protection individuals rights, this paper aims at structuring the legal system of collecting information. First to ascertain the concept of administrative investigation, and then by adopting the methodology of comparative law, this study observes and learns from cases related to the privilege against self-incrimination applied in administrative procedure. Finally, the conclusion is about the relation between administrative investigation and the privilege against self-incrimination.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
95
This research is composed of six parts as follows Part Ⅰ ‘introduction’ Mutual fund recently becomes the main trend of the investment market. For protect the investors’rights ,the authorities uses the executive power surveillance to affect the rights and obligations of civil contracts. This becomes the exception of the freedom of contract principle. This also the reason why I attempt to research the relations of mutually affects between the executive power surveillance and the civil legal relationship. Part Ⅱ ‘the generalization of mutual fund’ This chapter expounds the concept,origions,types and characteristics of mutual fund. It also introduce the legislation styles of America,Australia and Canada. Part Ⅲ ‘The Domestic legal structure of mutual fund’ The chapter explains the legal relationship of mutual fund and the rights and obligations of contract litigant based on the domestic administrative regulations of mutual fund. Part Ⅳ ‘The Administrative Regulations of mutual fund’ This chapter introduces the possible methods of administrative oversight and the regulations of mutual fund at present. Part Ⅴ ‘civil rights and obligations Impacted by Administrative Regulations’ The chapter explains the affects of rights and obligations of civil contract, and the civil duties of the country initiated by the methods of administrative oversight. Part Ⅵ ‘conclusion’ This chapter inspects the the flaws of the methods of administrative oversight, and proposes the concrete revision principles and suggestions.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
102
This paper is about the burden of proof and indirect method of proving taxable income of export commission. We discuss the issue that what is the appropriate way to allocate the burden of proof and the problems in the court. Then whether the obligation of cooperation in export commission is rational or not? What is the legal effect that the taxpayer violate his obligation of cooperation? If there any inconformity compared to the academia that the elements of export commission is proper or not? We collect the associated judgment and analysis the above issue. Hoping that we can get more respond about the result and stimulate the court to take this opinion seriously. Finally, wish we can deepen the protection of the taxpayers'' interest.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
政治學研究所
104
The choice about system of administrative enforcement on implementing the monetary obligation cases of public law in each country is based on her own political, economic, social and cultural backgrounds. As a relatively backward developed civil law country, the responsibility of Taiwan government is to regulate people''s rights and obligations by laws. The tasks of Administrative Agencies are to fulfill legal conditions by effectively public power, maintain the social order and so that fairness and justice may be upheld. As for “rights protection”, it should be regulated with the rule of law, including the principles of “legal reservation” and “preemption of statute” on law system, and implemented by review, administrative appeal and litigation on execution practice. It simplified the complexity of the problem for the legislators while attempting to resolve the problems by setting the organization of administrative enforcement in Ministry of Justice. Secondly, from the point of view of comparative institutional, as a civil law country, Germany and Japan’s administrative enforcement agencies on implementing monetary obligation cases of public law are the original agencies which made the administrative disposition. In US, the administrative enforcement agency on implementing financial obligation cases is the original agency, too. So, why not in Taiwan? Especially taxes authority. The separation of the enforcement agency and the original agency results in discord and communication costs between agencies, negatively affecting administrative efficiency and protection of obligators’ rights. Thirdly, although the implementing performances of branches of the administrative enforcement agency are much better than the courts’, it was at the expense of certain degree of restrictions or violations of human rights. There''s space for progress in the cases of overdue fees or fines exceeding NT$10,000,000. In the other word, the braches did very well in aspect of “enterprise management” and “performance management”, but the organization goals claimed by the Administrative Enforcement Agency, “Implementation of the public authority” and “protection of people’s rights”, have been marginalized by the “performance rating system”. The goals can’t induce the executors’ “resource utilization behavior” for better performance, too. Finally, this paper argues that, the best enforcement organization of implementing the monetary obligation cases of public law “enhance administrative efficiency” and “uphold fairness and justice” should be the original agencies. The second choice is the enforcement agency transfers to Ministry of Finance. The third is maintaining the system, but enhancing the corporation and connection between the original and enforcement agency, and amending the performance rating system.

碩士
國防大學管理學院
法律學系
101
This thesis aims to explore of the scope and coverage for the compulsory enforcement for the monetary obligations in public laws in the Administrative Execution Act. In accordance with the provisions of Article 2, Article 4 and Article 11 of the Administrative Execution Act, which come into force from the date of January 1, 2011, the compulsory enforcement for the monetary obligations in public laws shall be transferred to the branches of Administrative Enforcement Agency of the Ministry of Justice to be executed. With this, according to laws and regulations or administrative disposition ruling by the laws and regulations, if the obligor bound to monetary obligation in public laws has not performed his obligation within a specific period, his case will be transferred by the competent authorities to the branches of Administrative Enforcement Agency. However, the matters of monetary obligation pursuant to the public laws are not without exception applies to the Administrative Execution Act Law, there shall be in accordance with the law applicable to the enforcement of the Compulsory Enforcement Act, or the enforcement of Administrative Procedure Law. In order to resolve and avoid disputes in choosing the enforcement, it is necessary according to the characteristics of the administrative execution system and the nature of the administrative execution rights to reasonably narrow the interpretation of the scope and coverage for the compulsory enforcement for the monetary obligations in public laws in Article 2 of the Administrative Execution Act. In addition, the most controversial matter on the administrative execution practice, is the enforcement for the bid bond on Government Procurement Law. It is worth to analysis the legal nature of the recovery of the bid bond, and classify the 8 subject matters of the recovery provisions in the Article 31 of the Government Procurement Law. To clarify if this kind of cases apply to the Monetary obligation pursuant to the public laws in The Administrative Execution Act.

Tese no âmbito do Doutoramento em Direito, na área de especialização de Direito Público, apresentada à Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra
A tese trata a matéria dos acordos entre a administração fiscal e os contribuintes no direito fiscal, focando-se essencialmente nos problemas da admissibilidade e da necessidade do contrato como instrumento de resolução de litígios emergentes da relação jurídica fiscal e de pacificação dessas relações, num contexto em que os estudos sociológicos e de economia comportamental lançam ao jurista o desafio de construir um procedimento tributário que permita a implementação da lei sem destruir a confiança entre as partes do fenómeno fiscal. O modelo tradicional, apenas assente em formas autoritárias de exercício da atividade administrativa, está em claro declínio, mas o direito fiscal ainda não processou devidamente a panóplia de fatores que determinam a aceitação dos encargos fiscais e o cumprimento voluntário dessas obrigações. No primeiro capítulo da tese, como pressuposto para a mobilização de formas consensuais e cooperativas de ação e de renovação do esquema procedimental tradicional, pretendo considerar o problema da transformação das relações entre a administração e os particulares, no sentido imposto pela dinâmica do Estado administrativo cooperativo. Defende-se que a cooperação entre as partes corresponde a um fenómeno multinível que deve ocorrer em todas as fases da vida do imposto e que pode ser realizada através de diferentes instrumentos jurídicos que vão do “soft law” ao próprio ato administrativo unilateral. No segundo capítulo, faz-se uma análise comparada dos regimes alemão e italiano relativo à matéria do acordo, concluindo-se que a participação do contribuinte nas decisões da administração fiscal tem uma dinâmica dialógica e cooperativa, operando em diversas fases do procedimento fiscal e no próprio processo judicial. Ambos os sistemas jurídicos consideram as relações entre as autoridades fiscais e os contribuintes segundo um princípio de boa administração, revelando que a eficiência administrativa não prescinde da participação dos particulares, mas é exponenciada por esta. No terceiro capítulo da tese, consideram-se os princípios da legalidade fiscal e da igualdade em paralelo com os direitos fundamentais dos contribuintes como um triângulo que pode apresentar uma geometria variável. No contexto atual do Estado de direito, é necessário estabelecer uma concordância prática entre essas três dimensões: a ideia da máxima legalidade não é compatível com a realização da maior igualdade fiscal e ainda menos com os direitos fundamentais. Por fim, elabora-se um conceito de acordo vinculativo para o procedimento fiscal como uma transformação qualitativa do direito de participação e que pode ser qualificado como contrato procedimental. Considerando o seu carácter preparatório de atos administrativos subsequentes, estabelece-se um regime de adequação entre o contrato e o ato que o implementa, tratando-se igualmente a matéria dos vícios e da eficácia desse contrato.
The thesis deals with agreements between the tax administration and taxpayers in tax law, focusing essentially on the problems of admissibility and the necessity of the contract as an instrument for resolving disputes arising from the tax relationship and pacification of such relationships, in a context where sociological and behavioral economics studies give the jurist the challenge of constructing a tax procedure that allows the implementation of the law without destroying the trust between the parties of the fiscal phenomenon. The traditional model, based only on authoritative forms of administrative activity, is clearly declining, but tax law has not yet adequately addressed the range of factors that determine the acceptance of tax burdens and the voluntary compliance of these obligations. In the first chapter of the thesis, as a presupposition for the mobilization of consensual and cooperative forms of action and the renewal of the traditional procedural scheme, I intend to consider the problem of the transformation of the relations between the administration and individuals, in the sense imposed by the dynamics of the Cooperative Administrative State. It is argued that cooperation between the parties corresponds to a multilevel phenomenon that must occur at all stages of the tax life and can be carried out through different legal instruments ranging from soft law to unilateral administrative act itself. In the second chapter, a comparative analysis of the German and Italian regimes on the matter of the agreement is carried out. It is concluded that the participation of the taxpayer in the decisions of the tax administration has a dialogic and cooperative dynamic, operating in several phases of the fiscal procedure and also at the judicial process. Both legal systems consider the relationship between tax authorities and taxpayers in accordance with a principle of good administration, showing that administrative efficiency does not preclude the participation of private individuals, but it is emphasized by the latter. In the third chapter of the thesis, the principles of fiscal legality and equality in parallel with the taxpayers' fundamental rights are considered as a triangle that can present a variable geometry. In the current context of the rule of law, it is necessary to establish a practical agreement between these three dimensions: the idea of maximum legality is not compatible with achieving greater fiscal equality and still less with fundamental rights. Finally, a concept of binding agreement for the fiscal procedure is elaborated as a qualitative transformation of the right of participation and that can be described as procedural contract. In view of the preparatory nature of subsequent administrative acts, a system of adequacy is established between the contract and the act implementing it, as well as the matter of the vices and the effectiveness of this contract

Une bourse d'études du Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines (CRSH) a été accordée à l'auteur pour la réalisation de ce projet de recherche.
Suite à l’étude de la genèse de deux régimes occupant une place fondamentale en droit du travail québécois, soit le régime public de réparation des lésions professionnelles institué par la Loi sur les accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles, et l’obligation d’accommodement raisonnable, issue du droit à l’égalité consacré à l’article 10 de la Charte québécoise, ce mémoire s’intéresse au déploiement du conflit normatif et du conflit juridictionnel découlant de l’évolution en parallèle de ces deux sources d’obligations pour les employeurs, dont l’objet est la réintégration et le maintien du lien d’emploi du salarié atteint d’un handicap. Cette étude propose ensuite d’explorer les conséquences juridiques de la solution retenue par la Cour d’appel du Québec, dans l’arrêt Caron rendu en juin 2015, laquelle décide de juxtaposer une obligation d’accommodement raisonnable au régime public de réparation des lésions professionnelles. Ainsi, ce mémoire met en évidence les conséquences en droit constitutionnel canadien et quasi constitutionnel québécois de la démarche utilisée dans l’arrêt Caron et des résultats auxquels elle a conduit, en recentrant la place du droit à l’égalité en droit public et en discutant de ses impacts sur la séparation des pouvoirs. En outre, ce revirement jurisprudentiel engendre maintes difficultés au regard de la particularité du droit administratif, plus spécifiquement quant au rôle et aux pouvoirs limités de la C.N.E.S.S.T. et du T.A.T.-D.S.S.T. Enfin, cette analyse fait ressortir que la solution retenue par la Cour d’appel porte atteinte à l’équilibre que s’efforce de maintenir ce régime public reposant sur un important compromis social.
Following the review of the genesis of two fundamental regimes in Quebec labour law, the public system that provides repairs to injured workers, established by the Act respecting industrial accidents and occupational diseases, and the duty to provide reasonable accommodation arising from the right to equality under section 10 of the Quebec Charter, this thesis focuses on the development of the normative conflict and the jurisdictional conflict stemming from the parallel evolution of these two sources of obligations for employers. Both of these are based on the reinstatement of disabled workers and the continuation of their employment relationship. This study proposes to explore the legal consequences of the solution adopted by the Quebec Court of Appeal in Caron’s case, dated June 2015, in which the Court decided to overlay the employer’s duty to accommodate onto the Workers’ Compensation public system. Thus, emphasizing on the role that the right to equality plays in public law and discussing its impact on the separation of powers, this thesis shows the consequences from the approach used in the Caron judgment and its particular results through Canadian constitutional and Quebec quasi-constitutional principles. Furthermore, this significant change gives rise to many difficulties regarding the particularities of administrative law, and more specifically, the role and the limited powers of C.N.E.S.S.T. and T.A.T.-D.S.S.T. Finally, this analysis highlights that the solution held by the Court of Appeal infringes on the balance attempted by the public system based on an important social compromise.

Choć sama problematyka udostępniania informacji publicznej jest przedmiotem wielu publikacji, to jednak kwestia udostępniania takich informacji przez podmioty prywatne nie doczekała się jak dotychczas kompleksowego opracowania. Celem rozprawy jest zatem całościowe zbadanie i omówienie problematyki udostępniania informacji publicznej przez podmioty prywatne, wychodząc od uwarunkowań prawnomiędzynarodowych oraz konstytucyjnych, a kończąc na praktycznych aspektach funkcjonowania regulacji ustawowej. Po krótkim wprowadzeniu, pracę rozpoczyna rys historyczny międzynarodowych regulacji w przedmiocie udostępniania informacji publicznej oraz analiza prawodawstwa wybranych państw obcych (Niemiec, Francji, Wielkiej Brytanii i USA) w zakresie udostępniania takich informacji przez podmioty prywatne. Dalej, już na gruncie polskich regulacji, badany jest zakres podmiotowy obowiązku udostępniania informacji, omawiane jest pojęcie informacji publicznej, sposoby jej udostępniania i możliwość odmowy udostepnienia żądanej informacji. Analizowane jest samo pojęcie podmiotu prywatnego, a szczegółowo omawiane główne typy podmiotów prywatnych, które obowiązane są do udostępniania informacji publicznej z racji wykonywanych zadań publicznych (m.in. przedsiębiorstwa energetyczne, przedsiębiorcy telekomunikacyjni, operatorzy publicznego transportu zbiorowego, przedsiębiorcy prowadzący działalność w zakresie gospodarki komunalnej, podmioty prowadzące szkoły i placówki oświaty, uczelnie niepubliczne, podmioty udzielające świadczeń z zakresu powszechnej opieki zdrowotnej, organizacje pozarządowe) z jednoczesnym wskazaniem na występowanie szeregu innych prywatnych podmiotów obowiązanych. Szczegółowo omawiane są także kwestie proceduralne związane tak z udostępnianiem jak i brakiem udostępnienia żądanej informacji, w tym wydawaniem przez podmioty prywatne decyzji administracyjnych oraz zaskarżaniem decyzji lub bezczynności podmiotów prywatnych do sądu administracyjnego. Analizowana jest także kwestia nadużywania prawa dostępu do informacji oraz aspekty odpowiedzialności karnej za nieudostępnienie informacji publicznej. Choć podmioty prywatne partycypują w działalności szeroko pojętego państwa (publicznoprawnej wspólnoty), to jednak ich rola nigdy nie będzie tożsama z rolą odgrywaną w tym zakresie przez organy władzy lub inne podmioty publiczne. Zakres kontroli społecznej nad działaniami podmiotów prywatnych nie może być zatem taki sam, jak nad działaniami władz i podmiotów publicznych. Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają dostrzec, że jakkolwiek podmioty prywatne są obowiązane do udostępniania informacji publicznych, to tylko w takim zakresie swojej działalności, w jakim wykonują zadania publiczne. Te zaś należy rozumieć jako zadania wykonywane w interesie ogólnym w ramach obowiązku służby publicznej (ang. public/universal service obligation – PSO/USO) nałożonego na podmiot prywatny ustawą, decyzją administracyjną lub umową zawartą z właściwym organem władzy publicznej. Nakładanie na podmioty prywatne obowiązków w zakresie udostępniania informacji musi przy tym respektować ich podstawowe wolności i prawa, w tym autonomię informacyjną oraz wolność działalności gospodarczej. Musi być także proporcjonalne do funkcji, jakie konkretny podmiot prywatny pełni w życiu publicznoprawnej wspólnoty. Ostatni rozdział rozprawy prezentuje wnioski de lege lata i de lege ferenda. Wnioski de lege lata wskazują kierunek interpretacji obowiązujących przepisów bliższy celom regulacji, jakim jest transparentność działalności szeroko pojętego państwa, a jednocześnie uwzględniający potrzebę ochrony interesów podmiotów prywatnych. Główne wnioski de lege ferenda wskazują zaś na potrzebę przemodelowania aktualnej regulacji ustawowej, nie tylko celem jej doprecyzowania, ale także dostosowania do ram normatywnych zakreślonych przez ustrojodawcę.
Although the issue of sharing public information has been the subject of many research and non-research publications, the issue of sharing such information by private entities has not yet been comprehensively discussed. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to comprehensively research and analyse the issue of sharing public information by private entities, starting from international law through constitutional law, and ending with practical aspects of application of statutory regulations. After a short introduction, the dissertation begins with a historical outline of international regulations on access to public information and the analysis of the legislation applicable in selected foreign countries (i.e. Germany, France, UK and USA) as regards sharing such information by private entities. Further, the scope of obliged entities, the concept of public information, the methods of its sharing and the possibility of refusing to share the information requested are examined under the Polish regulations. The concept of the private entity is also explained in the dissertation. Typical private entities obliged to share public information due to providing public services (e.g. energy undertakings, telecommunications undertakings, public transport operators, municipal economy undertakings, schools and educational establishments, universities, universal health care providers, NGOs) are discussed in detail, and other obliged entities are specified. The dissertation studies in detail the procedural issues related to sharing the requested information as well as the refusal to share such information, including the issuing of administrative decisions by private entities and appealing against the decisions or inaction of private entities to administrative courts. The abuse of the right to public information and aspects of criminal liability for failure to share public information are also analysed. Although private entities participate in the activities of the broadly understood state (public law community), their role will never be the same as the role played by the authorities or other public entities in this regard. Therefore, the scope of social control over the activities of private entities cannot be the same as the one over the activities of the authorities and public entities. The studies indicate that even though private entities are obliged to share public information, this obligation is limited to the activities in which they perform public functions. These should be understood as providing services of general interests (SGI) under specific public/universal service obligation (PSO/USO) imposed on a private entity by the law, administrative decision or contract concluded with the competent public authority. Imposing obligations on private entities regarding the access to public information must respect the fundamental freedoms and rights of these entities, including their privacy, their information autonomy and economic freedom. It must be proportional to the functions that a particular private entity performs in a public community life. The last chapter presents the de lege lata and de lege ferenda conclusions. De lege lata conclusions indicate the direction of interpretation of the binding provisions which is closer to the purpose of the regulation on access to public information, i.e. the transparency of the activities of the broadly defined state, and provides protection for the interests of private entities. The main de lege ferenda conclusions indicate the need for remodelling of the current statutory regulation, not only to clarify it, but also to adapt it to the normative framework outlined by the constitution-maker.