Tesis sobre el tema "Obligation verte"
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Bao, Li. "Three Essays on Green Finance". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU10003.
Texto completoFirms are facing increasing expectations to address environmental issues, yet the conflicting goals of shareholder value-maximization and the costs of pollution prevention present significant challenges. This thesis explores two potential solutions: the long-term benefits of firms' early adoption of green practices and the preference of investors for green firms.The first chapter studies the long-term benefits that early adopters of green practices can obtain. Specifically, it investigates the impact of heightened enforcement of air pollution abatement regulations by local governments on the financial performance of Chinese listed firms. Using a two-stage least squares methodology, the study analyzes the impact of increased pollution control actions resulting from the transfer of monitoring station control rights from local governments to the central government. It compares the profitability of firms that implemented green practices early with those that did not. The findings reveal that firms with early green actions experience an increase in profitability, primarily attributed to reduced financial expenses. To further examine whether firms with early green actions can effectively manage and smooth the transition costs associated with adopting green practices in the initial years, the performances of firms with and without early green actions is tracked over time. The study discovers that their performances are similar until local governments intensify their enforcement efforts, and firms with early green actions outperform afterwards. The second chapter examines how stock and bond investors perceive firms' green status. Leveraging the Climate Bonds Initiative's three-tier verification system for green bonds, the study disentangles the influence of a company's green status and its issuance of green bonds. The analysis reveals that stock investors value a company's green status. The status is released to the market when a firm's green bond framework is verified or when it issues its first green bond if the framework is not verified. However, bond investors solely value certified green bonds and do not have a preference for other green bonds or conventional bonds issued by green firms. The third chapter investigates the growing trend of passive investors and their voting behavior during annual general meetings, aiming to shed light on their potential influence on green practices. While passive funds lack internal incentives to intervene in governance, external incentives from the same fund family's active funds may play a significant role. The study explores how active funds adjust their holdings based on passive funds' positions and how this affects voting patterns. Results show that active funds’ portfolios are affected by inflows of passive funds, while their own inflows do not have an impact. Moreover, when the product of passive and active funds’ ownership from the same fund family increases due to inflows of passive funds, both passive and active funds are more likely to vote against ISS recommendations.In summary, this thesis emphasizes the outperformance of firms with early green actions and highlights stock investors' preference for firms' green status. The findings contribute to the adoption of green practices in corporate decision-making
Glavas, Dejan. "Why do firms issue green bonds?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E041.
Texto completoThis thesis topic is the green bond market and the incentives pushing firms into issuing this new type of security. Three key hypotheses were stated to explain the motive for a firm to issue a green bond. The first hypothesis (“long-term value creation”) asserts green bond issuers invest in green technologies to generate long-term value. The second hypothesis (“delegated philanthropy”), professes stakeholder pressure engenders the fundamental reason for a firm to issue green bonds. The third hypothesis (“agency view”) contends that managers of green bond issuing firms serve their own objectives. This thesis aims at testing these hypotheses through three empirical articles and a synthesis article added in the appendix
Boucard, Hélène. "L'agréation de la livraison dans la vente : essai de théorie générale". Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT3010.
Texto completoElek, Brigitte. "Les obligations du vendeur selon la Convention de Vienne de 1980 sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises". Lyon 3, 2001. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2001_in_elek_b.pdf.
Texto completoBoulanger, David. "L'indétermination de l'objet pécuniaire des contrats engendrant vente de marchandises : contribution à la notion d'objet dans la théorie générale des obligations". Lille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL20011.
Texto completoFrench substantive law is particularly incoherent regarding the determination of the price in delivery contracts. Jurisprudence is very difficult to analyse and justify. And, in case the price cannot be determined, it imposes a devastating sanction, which results from the nullity of the contractual whole, whereas the indetermination of the price often is just pretence for distributors who are willing to swerve from a contractual relationship, from which they no longer take any advantage. However, although the main textual provisions in this case are the section 1129, paragraph 2, of the code of civil law, which requires that the purpose, in particular the pecuniary one, must be determinate or determinable, this text allows a solution in order to reduce difficulties. It authorises the parties of the delivery contract to decide freely that one of them, the supplier, the creditor for the price, will unilaterally state the price for the delivered merchandise as an execution of the initial agreement. In order to avoid abuses during the determination of the pecuniary object, the supplier will have to practise his bona fide power, under control of the judge. The latter will also be able to use, as a mean of control, domestic and. .
Cauvin, Grégory. "La volonté débordée par la morale. L'exemple de la vente d'immeuble". Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC0079.
Texto completoThe real estate sale has become a contract of distrust. In this contract, various rights and obligations conflict. Specifically, there are seller’s rights versus purchaser’s rights or third party rights like that of the property’s occupant. In the face of this crisis of trust, the moral stakes of this contract raise great interest, in particular regarding the moralization of real estate sale by the combined action of the legislature and judges. They are interested in the good of all contracting parties where the mere domain of law is exceeded. Indeed, in terms of morality, an action is evaluated according criteria of right and wrong, whereas, in terms of justice, an action is evaluated according criteria of fair and unfair. Law, which is based on justice, concerns « the fair balance of assets sharing between citizens ». The good consists of « an equilibrium where harmony among all parties is realized by a fair measure ». The subject of this thesis is about balance between the contract of real estate sale and the behavior of contract players
Borel, Jean-Philippe. "La vente d'immeuble au XIXème siècle : analyse du transfert conventionnel de propriété immobilière dans le code civil de 1804". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1023.
Texto completoCommon Sales Law , characterized by the immediate effect of the transfer of ownership from the meeting consents has been a source of difficulties in real estate in the nineteenth century. This excessive simplicity that makes transferring ownership instant hits and occult reality and the difficulties inherent in immovables . The use of many exceptions in the Civil Code of 1804 has made the general economy unreadable transfer practitioners , security estate transmissions requiring reconstitute an effective instrument of evidence. If the transfer operation lies in a deliberate design by focusing on the formation of the contract by a dematerialization of the obligation to give, its effectiveness is dependent on contractual arrangements and post- contract formalities . This overhaul will be done on the notion of authenticity and erects a review of legality embodied by the notary will have the advantage of preserving the consensus fiction and repel any scheme as dualistic land books considered by a majority of the French doctrine as contrary the spirit of French law
Cornet, Alexis. "Algorithmes et résultats de complexité pour des problèmes de graphes avec contraintes additionnelles". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC034/document.
Texto completoDomination problems (dominating set, independant dominating set, ...) as well as covering problems (vertex-cover, Steiner tree, ...) are NP-complete. However, for most of these problems, it is always possible to construct a (eventually bad) solution in polynomial time, or at least it is possible to determine whether a solution exists. Those problems originally came from industry, but are simplified modelizations of the real life problems. We add additional constraints modeling plausible practical constraints : conflicts which are pairs of elements that cannot apear simultaneously in a solution (to modelize various incompatibilities), connexity in a second graph (elements of the solution must be able to communicate, and the communication links are a second graph), and obligations which are subsets of interdependant vertices which must be added simultaneously in a solution.We don't aim to model a specific real-world problem, but to study how these plausible constraints affect the complexity of the studied problems. We will see that, in many cases, even determining the existence of a solution (regardless of its size) become hard. The firefighter problem models firefighters aiming to contain a fire spreading turn by turn in a (eventually infinite) graph. We studied this problem with the addition of deplacement constraints for the firefighters (a limited moving speed between turns). We will see that, most of the time, this constraint increase the number of firefighters necessary to contain the fire, but does not trigger such major change as constraints studied in the others problems
Elek, Brigitte Schmidt-Szalewski Joanna Sortais Jean-Pierre. "Les obligations du vendeur selon la Convention de Vienne de 1980 sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises". Lyon : Université Lyon 3, 2006. http://thesesbrain.univ-lyon3.fr/sdx/theses/lyon3/2001/elek_b.
Texto completoThèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. Index.
Hochart, Catherine. "La garantie d'éviction dans la vente". Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010282.
Texto completoBy comparison with authors "liking for a closely related obligation - the implied warranty against hidden defects - the implied warranty against dispossession in contracts of sale seems rather quaint in view of the forthcoming birth a unified europe ; yet, this subject is being brought into prominence by the impending single market. This covenant, incorporated in contracts of sale in roman times, shows itself nowadays no longer to be justified as such, on account of several factors inherent in the very organization of the French law on contracts of sale, and in the profound need to ensure effective and equitable protection for the consumer. In fact, coerced as it has been, into fitting into situations beyond its traditional scope, the very existence of the implied warranty against dispossession in brought into question, and its recent adaptation to the sphere of commercial sales are far from being at variance with this state of affairs. In any event, its correlation with the ordinary contracts law and its various remedies, shows us that protection from the non-performance of the vendor's covenants, is available to the dispossessed purchaser by other means than this system, out with the normal rules against such non-performance. Thus, with the spur of international law encouraged by the unification effected by the Vienna convention. In force in France since january 1,1988, the implied warrenty against dispossession and the sanctions against non-performance can at last combine to give birth to a single night of action arising from: failure of the object of the sale to comply with legal implied warranties, able to take over from pre-existing remedies if the French legislateur sees fit
Venturi, Silvio. "La réduction du prix de vente en cas de défaut ou de non-conformité de la chose : le Code suisse des obligations et la Convention des Nations Unies sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises /". Fribourg, Suisse : Éd. Univ, 1994. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/271954159.pdf.
Texto completoTaghzouti, Hassan. "Les Obligations de délivrance et de conformité dans les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises l'apport de la convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37595187f.
Texto completoFahim, Nia Mostafa. "Les obligations de livraison et de conformité du vendeur dans les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises : (étude comparative de la Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980 et du droit français des ventes internes)". Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010322.
Texto completoSigaux, Jean-David. "Essays on Sovereign Bond Markets". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLH005/document.
Texto completoIn the first chapter, I ask if short-sellers are superiorly informed about sovereign auctions. I find a large average increase in demand for short-selling prior to auctions. Yet, the demand for short-selling a bond does not predict a subsequent increase in the bond's yield. Overall, there is no evidence that short-sellers predict or interpret auction outcomes better than the market.In the second chapter, I develop and test a model explaining the gradual price decrease observed in the days leading to large anticipated asset sales such as Treasury auctions. In the model, risk-averse investors anticipate an asset sale which magnitude, and hence price, are uncertain. I show that investors face a trade-off between hedging the price risk with a long position, and speculating on the difference between the pre-sale and the expected sale prices. Due to hedging, the equilibrium price is above the expected sale price. As the sale date approaches, uncertainty about the sale price decreases, short speculative positions increase and the price decreases. In line with the predictions, I find that the yield of Italian Treasuries increases by 1.2 bps after the release of auction price information, compared to non-information days.In the third chapter, I study the link between prices and repo rates during the subprime crisis. I find that the no-arbitrage relationship between prices and repo rates in Duffie (1996) fares worse during the crisis. However, low-repo-rate bonds have an 18.0% higher probability of being more expensive than identical high-repo-rate bonds during the crisis, compared to only 9.0% before the crisis. Overall, while there are high limits of arbitrage, prices and repo rates feature larger co-movements during the crisis
Sagaut, Jean-François. "Ecrits de droit civil". Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020024.
Texto completoTo be a “notaire” means completing a seven-year university course leading first to a Master 2 specialising in notarial law. This is followed by a Higher Diploma in Legal Practice, which is a recognition of the theoretical ability to exercise as a “notaire”. Subsequently it is possible to pursue applied research during one’s professional activities. This is what the author has done in the fifteen years since he obtained the “Diplôme Supérieur de Notariat”. He has published three books, has been a contributor to seven other collections, and has published nearly seventy articles which are listed in the appendix, classified according to theme. They represent the culmination of a first period of professional practice in which, kindly encouraged by the university which also welcomed him as a part-time lecturer for the same period, the author continued to carry out applied research in the disciplines he practiced in his professional activities. The published works encompass various issues of private law which fall broadly under three main categories. Firstly, there is professional law which covers articles and works dealing with both the status of “notaire” and more specifically the rules of conduct which form the essentials of the profession. Secondly family inheritance law – a discipline where the expertise of notaires has always been recognised and welcomed. And finally, what the profession calls “actes courants”, where notaires handle alternatively or cumulatively the law on obligations, special contracts and securities
Sagaut, Jean-François. "Ecrits de droit civil". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020024.
Texto completoTo be a “notaire” means completing a seven-year university course leading first to a Master 2 specialising in notarial law. This is followed by a Higher Diploma in Legal Practice, which is a recognition of the theoretical ability to exercise as a “notaire”. Subsequently it is possible to pursue applied research during one’s professional activities. This is what the author has done in the fifteen years since he obtained the “Diplôme Supérieur de Notariat”. He has published three books, has been a contributor to seven other collections, and has published nearly seventy articles which are listed in the appendix, classified according to theme. They represent the culmination of a first period of professional practice in which, kindly encouraged by the university which also welcomed him as a part-time lecturer for the same period, the author continued to carry out applied research in the disciplines he practiced in his professional activities. The published works encompass various issues of private law which fall broadly under three main categories. Firstly, there is professional law which covers articles and works dealing with both the status of “notaire” and more specifically the rules of conduct which form the essentials of the profession. Secondly family inheritance law – a discipline where the expertise of notaires has always been recognised and welcomed. And finally, what the profession calls “actes courants”, where notaires handle alternatively or cumulatively the law on obligations, special contracts and securities
Banga, Josué. "Essays on climate finance". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALE001.
Texto completoThis dissertation is a collection of five supportive essays on the topic of climate finance. By combining qualitative and quantitative methods, it provides policymakers and investors with new insights for rethinking their decision making in a time of a changing climate. While climate finance remains critical to addressing climate change, the results of these essays show that it can also be an effective driver of sustainable structural transformation in developing countries, provided it is allocated productively. Furthermore, climate risks would have significant yet differentiated impacts on financial stability. As guardians of this latter, central banks should play a proactive role in addressing climate change. The development of innovative financial instruments, such as green bonds, can help mitigate climate risks while unlocking investment for the low-carbon transition
Delecourt, Benoist. "Les contrats civils appliqués aux actions". Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00577724.
Texto completoRiano, Saad Anabel. "La cession de créance en droit français et en droit colombien". Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020084/document.
Texto completoThe assignment of claims is a mechanism enshrined in both French ordinary law and Colombian ordinary law. According to the classical analysis in these two legal systems, the assignment of claims is a contract transferring the obligation considered active. Thus, the obligation would pass as it is from the patrimony of the assignor to that of the assignee. The debtor of the assigned claim would therefore have nothing to fear as the obligation would not be affected by the assignment. He would remain liable to the assignee in the same terms as he was to his original creditor: the assignor. The assignment of a claim would thus operate a mere transfer of an intangible property. Despite the anchored nature of this conception, it is open to criticism. The obligation remains above all a legal bond so that the idea of its transmissibility, at least by inter vivos transaction, is not convincing. In fact, we can notice that the assignment of claim creates a modification in the obligation by change of creditor, without the debtor's consent, the passive subject of the legal bond. The debtor thus undergoes such a modification, which is never without consequence on his legal situation, which explains why he deserves special protection. Hence the classical attempts to qualify the debtor of a party or third party in the assignment and, consequently, the question whether the assignment produces a relative effect or an enforceability effect in his regard is undesirable.However, this analysis must not hide this other truth: the assignment of a claim is also an act transferring of the claim, which is intangible property, not to be confused with the obligation, even if the relationship between the claim and the obligation is narrow. As an act transferring of the assignment, intangible property, the assignment presents specificities which prevent it from being framed in a particular legal act. Indeed, the assignment allows the realization of different legal operations, which explains its versatile nature. Moreover, the intangible nature of the claim explains the specificity of certain rules governing the relationship between the parties and the assignment and that relating to third parties and assignment, in particular, those relating to the extent of the transfer and the guarantee owed by the assignor to the assignee as well as those concerning the effectiveness of the transfer to third parties
Gozlan, Audi. "BA'S : The practice and law of bankers' acceptance". Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4362.
Texto completoWhen dealing with a BA transaction several types of relationships may develop, some more direct than others. In any given transaction, aside from the customer and bank, there may be one or more participating banks, investment dealers, or multiple investors, who become holders of the BA. The situation may be complex and the legal relationships may become quite intricate. However, it is important to identify whether the relationship is established through the BA instrument, or whether it exists by ordinary contractual relationship or by operation of law. Proper analysis of the surrounding circumstances, the connecting factors, and the obligations and the rights which exist between the parties, will be necessary in determining whether or not the contractual rules of the provinces, or federal law rules apply, and to what extent. Granted, the BA instrument is clearly governed by the Bills of Exchange Act. Any solution introduced to a problem involving a BA must, in principle, respect the inherent nature of the BA as a negotiable instrument, governed by federal law. In the case of BAs, either the Bills of Exchange Act or the Depository Bills and Notes Act will apply to the instrument. Since there are applicable federal rules to BAs, the purpose of our study is to determine if, and under what circumstances, provincial law, such as the Civil Code of Quebec, would find application with respect to BAs and complement the provisions of the Bills of Exchange Act where the statute is silent or ambiguous. The simple solution would be to apply provincial law to those matters not addressed in the Act, as provincial law typically compliments federal legislation. However, the Bills of Exchange Act contains a peculiar provision, namely section 9, which provides: “9. The rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques.” This provision has created confusion as to the appropriate application of Quebec civil law to matters of bills of exchange. Indeed, there is doubt as to whether section 9 is in fact an incorporation by reference that effectively precludes the application of civil law. The problem continues to be a contentious issue in the doctrine and jurisprudence. The "inexorable character" of the problem created by the interpretation of this provision has given rise to a number of diverse theories regarding the extent of the applicability of common law to matters of bills of exchange. As we can clearly conclude from a review of the jurisprudence, the courts, for the most part, have been conciliatory to the application of provincial law in issues involving bills of exchange. The majority of judges express a hesitance to jeopardize the integrity of the provincial law as complimentary law in order to accommodate the idea that Parliament's desire was to enact an extensive and far-reaching law of bills and notes. The position of most doctrinal writers is very much the same. The essential question of our analysis is which rules will govern the issues, which emerge within BAs - the Civil Code of Quebec or the common law of England? From a Canadian perspective, understanding which law is applicable to BAs is of paramount importance, since courts are dealing with an increasing amount of banker's acceptance transactions. To answer this question, we will begin with an examination of the origin and evolution of the banker's acceptance. In Chapter Two, we will also analyze the nature and legal character of the BA. This will establish the framework through which we can identify the rules and principles that apply to the various aspects of the BA transaction. In Chapter Three, we examine the mechanics of the BA operation step-by-step, paying close attention to the requirements imposed by legislation. We look at the laws applicable to the BA and describe the various agreements pertaining to the BA. Having examined the legal nature of the BA as being a negotiable instrument governed by federal law and a contract and moveable pursuant to the Civil Code of Quebec, we will proceed in Chapter Four to consider the applicability of provincial law to aspects of the BA transaction. To this end, we examine different approaches to understanding the Bills of Exchange Act, particularly the problematic section 9, as well as the applicable law as understood in Quebec jurisprudence during the past century. Judges and jurists alike have attempted to understand what was meant when the legislator stated in section 9, "[t]he rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques." Is this section to be interpreted literally, requiring us to apply English common law to every issue that might arise in connection with bills and notes? Does Parliament intend this provision to apply equally to Quebec, whose private law is based on the civil law system? Our study will look to interpretive approaches offering a variety of different solutions to the problem of section 9. Finally, given new legislative developments, in Chapter Five, we offer a proposed method to determine the law applicable to various aspects of the BA transaction. Our analysis has lead us to adopt the result advocated by the majority of jurists, but with the recognition that our approach to section 9 is based on reasons of policy. We have adopted the strict/wide dichotomy, (as a negotiable instrument on the one hand, and as a specie of contract and property on the other hand) realizing the difficulties inherent in determining where one ends and the other begins. Therefore, in our opinion there exist two solutions. Firstly, there is the possibility that section 9 could be repealed. In this case, all matters not expressly dealt with in the Act would fall to be governed by provincial law, as is the case with other federal legislation. In these situations, Quebec civil law takes on a suppletive role in applying a federal law in Quebec. Secondly, there is the possibility of modifying rather than repealing section 9. Incorporating the strict/wide dichotomy into section 9 itself seems to us to be a more preferable solution. The provision could read, "The rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques in a strict sense. For greater certainty, bills and notes in a strict sense include the form, issue, negotiation and discharge of bills, notes and cheques." Alternatively, a Law Reform Commission could draft an Act that defines section 9 according to the strict /wide dichotomy. These types of changes would prove to be an important step to clarifying the law, and strike the appropriate balance between the application of federal and provincial law to bankers' acceptances.