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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Nuclear disruption"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Nuclear disruption"

Riccardo, V. y JET EFDA contributors. "Disruptions and disruption mitigation". Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 45, n.º 12A (17 de noviembre de 2003): A269—A284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/45/12a/018.

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Aymerich, E., G. Sias, F. Pisano, B. Cannas, S. Carcangiu, C. Sozzi, C. Stuart, P. J. Carvalho, A. Fanni y JET Contributors. "Disruption prediction at JET through deep convolutional neural networks using spatiotemporal information from plasma profiles". Nuclear Fusion 62, n.º 6 (4 de abril de 2022): 066005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac525e.

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Abstract In view of the future high power nuclear fusion experiments, the early identification of disruptions is a mandatory requirement, and presently the main goal is moving from the disruption mitigation to disruption avoidance and control. In this work, a deep-convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed to provide early detection of disruptive events at JET. The CNN ability to learn relevant features, avoiding hand-engineered feature extraction, has been exploited to extract the spatiotemporal information from 1D plasma profiles. The model is trained with regularly terminated discharges and automatically selected disruptive phase of disruptions, coming from the recent ITER-like-wall experiments. The prediction performance is evaluated using a set of discharges representative of different operating scenarios, and an in-depth analysis is made to evaluate the performance evolution with respect to the considered experimental conditions. Finally, as real-time triggers and termination schemes are being developed at JET, the proposed model has been tested on a set of recent experiments dedicated to plasma termination for disruption avoidance and mitigation. The CNN model demonstrates very high performance, and the exploitation of 1D plasma profiles as model input allows us to understand the underlying physical phenomena behind the predictor decision.

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Thornton, J. W. "Nonmammalian nuclear receptors: Evolution and endocrine disruption". Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, n.º 11-12 (1 de enero de 2003): 1827–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375111827.

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Most research to identify endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their impacts has relied on mammalian models or in vitro systems derived from them. But nuclear receptors (NRs), the proteins that transduce hydrophobic hormonal signals and are major mediators of endocrine disruption, emerged early in animal evolution and now play biologically essential roles throughout the Metazoa. Nonmammalian vertebrates and invertebrates, many of which are of considerable ecological, economic, and cultural importance, are therefore potentially subject to endocrine disruption by synthetic environmental pollutants. Are methods that rely solely on mammalian models adequate to predict or detect all chemicals that may disrupt NR signaling? Regulation of NRs by small hydrophobic molecules is ancient and evolutionarily labile. Within and across genomes, the NR superfamily is very diverse, due to many lineage-specific gene and genome duplications followed by independent divergence. Receptors in nonmammalian species have in many cases evolved unique molecular and organismal functions that cannot be predicted from those of their mammalian orthologs. Endocrine disruption is therefore likely to occur throughout the metazoan kingdom, and a significant number of the thousands of synthetic chemicals now in production may disrupt NR signaling in one or more nonmammalian taxa. Many of these endocrine disruptors will not be detected by current regulatory/scientific protocols, which should be reformulated to take account of the diversity and complexity of the NR gene family.

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Yang, Zongyu, Fan Xia, Xianming Song, Zhe Gao, Shuo Wang y Yunbo Dong. "In-depth research on the interpretable disruption predictor in HL-2A". Nuclear Fusion 61, n.º 12 (12 de noviembre de 2021): 126042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac31d8.

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Abstract In-depth research is implemented on the disruption predictor in HL-2A to improve the accuracy and interpretability of the model. For higher accuracy, four adjustments are tried to solve four corresponding problems in a baseline model. Reductive comparison experiments are designed to evaluate their contribution to performance. The result shows that these adjustments together can improve the AUC (area under receiver operating characteristic curve) of the baseline model by 0.039. For interpretability of model, an interpretation method is proposed to evaluate the real-time importance of each input signal. The result of single shot interpretation shows good coherence with the causes of disruptions. To further validate the reasonability of this interpretation method, disruption causes of shot nos. 20000–36000 are analysed to make a disruption cause dataset. Statistical analysis of the output of the interpretation algorithm on this dataset also shows a good coherence with the disruption causes. Then a Bayes classifier is developed to recognize the cause of disruption based on the interpretation algorithm’s output. This classifier has an accuracy of 71.2% on the labelled dataset, which contains 605 disruptive shots categorized into five disruption causes.

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Fyfe, Ian. "TDP pathology leads to nuclear disruption". Nature Reviews Neurology 14, n.º 3 (19 de enero de 2018): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2018.2.

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Wie, B. "Hypervelocity nuclear interceptors for asteroid disruption". Acta Astronautica 90, n.º 1 (septiembre de 2013): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.04.028.

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Furukawa, Manabu, Yanping Zhang, Joseph McCarville, Tomohiko Ohta y Yue Xiong. "The CUL1 C-Terminal Sequence and ROC1 Are Required for Efficient Nuclear Accumulation, NEDD8 Modification, and Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of CUL1". Molecular and Cellular Biology 20, n.º 21 (1 de noviembre de 2000): 8185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.20.21.8185-8197.2000.

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ABSTRACT Members of the cullin and RING finger ROC protein families form heterodimeric complexes to constitute a potentially large number of distinct E3 ubiquitin ligases. We report here that the highly conserved C-terminal sequence in CUL1 is dually required, both for nuclear localization and for modification by NEDD8. Disruption of ROC1 binding impaired nuclear accumulation of CUL1 and decreased NEDD8 modification in vivo but had no effect on NEDD8 modification of CUL1 in vitro, suggesting that ROC1 promotes CUL1 nuclear accumulation to facilitate its NEDD8 modification. Disruption of NEDD8 binding had no effect on ROC1 binding, nor did it affect nuclear localization of CUL1, suggesting that nuclear localization and NEDD8 modification of CUL1 are two separable steps, with nuclear import preceding and required for NEDD8 modification. Disrupting NEDD8 modification diminishes the IκBα ubiquitin ligase activity of CUL1. These results identify a pathway for regulation of CUL1 activity—ROC1 and the CUL1 C-terminal sequence collaboratively mediate nuclear accumulation and NEDD8 modification, facilitating assembly of active CUL1 ubiquitin ligase. This pathway may be commonly utilized for the assembly of other cullin ligases.

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Clark-Walker, G. D. y X. J. Chen. "Dual Mutations Reveal Interactions Between Components of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Kluyveromyces lactis". Genetics 159, n.º 3 (1 de noviembre de 2001): 929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.3.929.

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Abstract Loss of mtDNA or mitochondrial protein synthesis cannot be tolerated by wild-type Kluyveromyces lactis. The mitochondrial function responsible for ρ0-lethality has been identified by disruption of nuclear genes encoding electron transport and F0-ATP synthase components of oxidative phosphorylation. Sporulation of diploid strains heterozygous for disruptions in genes for the two components of oxidative phosphorylation results in the formation of nonviable spores inferred to contain both disruptions. Lethality of spores is thought to result from absence of a transmembrane potential, ΔΨ, across the mitochondrial inner membrane due to lack of proton pumping by the electron transport chain or reversal of F1F0-ATP synthase. Synergistic lethality, caused by disruption of nuclear genes, or ρ0-lethality can be suppressed by the atp2.1 mutation in the β-subunit of F1-ATPase. Suppression is viewed as occurring by an increased hydrolysis of ATP by mutant F1, allowing sufficient electrogenic exchange by the translocase of ADP in the matrix for ATP in the cytosol to maintain ΔΨ. In addition, lethality of haploid strains with a disruption of AAC encoding the ADP/ATP translocase can be suppressed by atp2.1. In this case suppression is considered to occur by mutant F1 acting in the forward direction to partially uncouple ATP production, thereby stimulating respiration and relieving detrimental hyperpolarization of the inner membrane. Participation of the ADP/ATP translocase in suppression of ρ0-lethality is supported by the observation that disruption of AAC abolishes suppressor activity of atp2.1.

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Ohkawa, Taro y Matthew D. Welch. "Baculovirus Actin-Based Motility Drives Nuclear Envelope Disruption and Nuclear Egress". Current Biology 28, n.º 13 (julio de 2018): 2153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.027.

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Spann, Timothy P., Anne E. Goldman, Chen Wang, Sui Huang y Robert D. Goldman. "Alteration of nuclear lamin organization inhibits RNA polymerase II–dependent transcription". Journal of Cell Biology 156, n.º 4 (18 de febrero de 2002): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200112047.

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RTegulation of gene activity is mediated by alterations in chromatin organization. In addition, chromatin organization may be governed in part by interactions with structural components of the nucleus. The nuclear lamins comprise the lamina and a variety of nucleoplasmic assemblies that together are major structural components of the nucleus. Furthermore, lamins and lamin-associated proteins have been reported to bind chromatin. These observations suggest that the nuclear lamins may be involved in the regulation of gene activity. In this report, we test this possibility by disrupting the normal organization of nuclear lamins with a dominant negative lamin mutant lacking the NH2-terminal domain. We find that this disruption inhibits RNA polymerase II activity in both mammalian cells and transcriptionally active embryonic nuclei from Xenopus laevis. The inhibition appears to be specific for polymerase II as disruption of lamin organization does not detectably inhibit RNA polymerases I and III. Furthermore, immunofluorescence observations indicate that this selective inhibition of polymerase II–dependent transcription involves the TATA binding protein, a component of the basal transcription factor TFIID.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Nuclear disruption"

Milani, Federico. "Disruption prediction at JET (Joint European Torus)". Thesis, Aston University, 1998. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10606/.

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The sudden loss of the plasma magnetic confinement, known as disruption, is one of the major issue in a nuclear fusion machine as JET (Joint European Torus), Disruptions pose very serious problems to the safety of the machine. The energy stored in the plasma is released to the machine structure in few milliseconds resulting in forces that at JET reach several Mega Newtons. The problem is even more severe in the nuclear fusion power station where the forces are in the order of one hundred Mega Newtons. The events that occur during a disruption are still not well understood even if some mechanisms that can lead to a disruption have been identified and can be used to predict them. Unfortunately it is always a combination of these events that generates a disruption and therefore it is not possible to use simple algorithms to predict it. This thesis analyses the possibility of using neural network algorithms to predict plasma disruptions in real time. This involves the determination of plasma parameters every few milliseconds. A plasma boundary reconstruction algorithm, XLOC, has been developed in collaboration with Dr. D. Ollrien and Dr. J. Ellis capable of determining the plasma wall/distance every 2 milliseconds. The XLOC output has been used to develop a multilayer perceptron network to determine plasma parameters as ?i and q? with which a machine operational space has been experimentally defined. If the limits of this operational space are breached the disruption probability increases considerably. Another approach for prediction disruptions is to use neural network classification methods to define the JET operational space. Two methods have been studied. The first method uses a multilayer perceptron network with softmax activation function for the output layer. This method can be used for classifying the input patterns in various classes. In this case the plasma input patterns have been divided between disrupting and safe patterns, giving the possibility of assigning a disruption probability to every plasma input pattern. The second method determines the novelty of an input pattern by calculating the probability density distribution of successful plasma patterns that have been run at JET. The density distribution is represented as a mixture distribution, and its parameters arc determined using the Expectation-Maximisation method. If the dataset, used to determine the distribution parameters, covers sufficiently well the machine operational space. Then, the patterns flagged as novel can be regarded as patterns belonging to a disrupting plasma. Together with these methods, a network has been designed to predict the vertical forces, that a disruption can cause, in order to avoid that too dangerous plasma configurations are run. This network can be run before the pulse using the pre-programmed plasma configuration or on line becoming a tool that allows to stop dangerous plasma configuration. All these methods have been implemented in real time on a dual Pentium Pro based machine. The Disruption Prediction and Prevention System has shown that internal plasma parameters can be determined on-line with a good accuracy. Also the disruption detection algorithms showed promising results considering the fact that JET is an experimental machine where always new plasma configurations are tested trying to improve its performances.

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Angelini, Sarah Martha. "Disruption mitigation and real-time detection of locked modes". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44766.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 41).
Disruptions are one of the largest problems facing tokamaks. In a large-scale experiment such as ITER, disruptions may cause crippling damage and severe setbacks in experimentation. One method for disruption mitigation involves the use of a gas jet which has been tested on both stable plasmas and vertical displacement events (VDEs) on Alcator C-Mod. In both cases, the jet was successful in mitigating disruption effects. The gas jet has not yet been tested on other types of disruptions. Locked-mode disruptions are easily created in C-Mod and could be used to test the effectiveness of the gas jet as a mitigation method if the jet could be fired early enough. It has been empirically observed that the electron cyclotron emissions (ECE) signal displays a flattening of the normally-present sawteeth before the current quench occurs in certain locked-mode disruptions. A procedure has been written which detects the ECE sawtooth suppression by calculating changes in the standard deviation of the signal over a moving time-window. This procedure has been programmed into the digital plasma control system (DPCS) for real-time testing. The procedure successfully located the locked modes present during a run.
by Sarah Martha Angelini.
S.M.

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Vu, Amber Marie. "Mechanisms of nuclear lamina disruption and regulation of nuclear budding of herpes simplex virus type-1". Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6659.

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During herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication, newly constructed capsids escape the nucleus to undergo maturation in the cytoplasm via a process termed nuclear egress. Capsids perform nuclear egress through localized disruption of the nuclear lamina, envelopment of the inner nuclear membrane to create a perinuclear enveloped virion, and de-envelopment of the outer nuclear membrane for capsid release into the cytoplasm. Critical virial factors for this process are viral proteins pUL31 and pUL34 that interact to form heterodimers. These heterodimers form larger hexameric arrays to drive membrane budding. Through the characterization of phenotypes of UL34 point mutants, we are able to further study the underlying mechanisms of nuclear lamina disruption and nuclear budding. One such mutant, UL34(Q163A), results in impaired virus production, cell-cell spread, and an inability to disrupt lamin A/C networks. Selection for extragenic suppression of UL34(Q163A) yielded the UL31(R229L) mutation, that partially rescued the growth and spread defects of UL34(Q163A), but was unable to regain the ability to disrupt lamin A/C networks. Through this study we concluded that disruption of lamin A/C networks was not required for efficient HSV-1 replication. In order to understand the underlying mechanisms of membrane budding, the previously characterized UL34(CL13) double mutant, which results in a 100-fold reduction in virus production, a severe impairment in cell-cell spread, and an accumulation of capsid-less perinuclear vesicles was further studied. Characterization of the single mutations of UL34(CL13), UL34(R158A) and UL34(R161A) revealed that neither single mutation was responsible for spread or growth defect, but that either single mutation resulted in a promiscuous budding phenotype. Through this study, we concluded that although individual steps of the nuclear egress pathway are tightly regulated, alteration of the regulation at a single step does not grossly impact HSV-1 replication.

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Sharpe, John Phillip. "Particulate Generation During Disruption Simulation on the SIRENS High Heat Flux Facility". NCSU, 2000. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20000323-115005.

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Successful implementation of advanced electrical power generation technology into the global marketplace requires at least two fundamental ideals: cost effectiveness and the guarantee of public safety. These requirements can be met by thorough design and development of technologies in which safety is emphasized and demonstrated. A detailed understanding of the many physical processes and their synergistic effects in a complicated fusion energy system is necessary for a defensible safety analysis. One general area of concern for fusion devices is the production of particulate, often referred to as dust or aerosol, from material exposed to high energy density fusion plasma. This dust may be radiologically activated and/or chemically toxic, and, if released to the environment, could become a hazard to the public. The goal of this investigation was to provide insight into the production and transport of particulate generated during the event of extreme heat loads to surfaces directly exposed to high energy density plasma. A step towards achieving this goal was an experiment campaign carried out with the Surface InteRaction Experiment at North Carolina State (SIRENS), a facility used for high heat flux experiments. These experiments involved exposing various materials, including copper, stainless steel 316, tungsten, aluminum, graphite (carbon), and mixtures of carbon and metals, to the high energy density plasma of the SIRENS source section. Material mobilized as a result of this exposure was collected from a controlled expansion chamber and analyzed to determine physical characteristics important to safety analyses (e.g., particulate shape, size, chemical composition, and total mobilized mass). Key results from metal-only experiments were: the particles were generally spherical and solid with some agglomeration, greater numbers of particles were collected at increasing distances from the source section, and the count median diameter of the measured particle size distributions were of similar value at different positions in the expansion chamber, although the standard deviation was found to increase with increasing distances from the source section, and the average count median diameters were 0.75 micron for different metals. Important results from the carbon and carbon/metals tests were: particle size distributions for graphite tests were bi-modal (i.e. two distributions were present in the particle population), particles were generally smaller than those from metals-only tests (average of 0.3 micron), and the individual particles were found to contain both carbon and metal material. An associated step towards the goal involved development of an integrated mechanistic model to understand the role of different particulate phenomena in the overall behavior observed in the experiment. This required a detailed examination of plasma/fluid behavior in the plasma source section, fluid behavior in the expansion chamber, and mechanisms responsible for particulate generation and growth. The model developed in this work represents the first time integration of these phenomena and was used to simulate mobilization experiments in SIRENS. Comparison of simulation results with experiment observations provides an understanding of the physical mechanisms forming the particulate and indicates if mechanisms other than those in the model were present in the experiment. Key results from this comparison were: the predicted amount of mass mobilized from the source section was generally much lower than that measured, the calculated and measured particle count median diameters were similar at various locations in the expansion chamber, and the measured standard deviations were larger than those predicted by the model. These results implicate that other mechanisms (e.g., mobilization of melted material) in addition to ablation were responsible for mass removal in the source section, a large number of the measured particles were formed by modeled mechanisms of nucleation and growth, and, as indicated by the large measured standard deviations, the larger particles found in the measurement were from an aerosol source not included in the model. From this model, a detailed understanding of the production of primary particles from the interaction of a high energy density plasma and a solid material surface has been achieved. Enhancements to the existing model and improved/extended experimental tests will yield a more sophisticated mechanistic model for particulate production in a fusion reactor.

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Zhou, Weifeng. "Resilience analysis of nuclear fuel cycle scenarios". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI055.

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Les systèmes du cycle du combustible nucléaire, composés de réacteurs, de divers combustibles et de différentes installations de cycle, sont complexes et en constante évolution. Grâce à leur capacité à faire des projections de stratégies industrielles et à évaluer les impacts associés sur le système du cycle du combustible nucléaire, les scénarios électronucléaires sont considérés comme un outil puissant d'aide à la décision. Les études de scénarios aident les décideurs à identifier les forces et les faiblesses des différentes stratégies d'évolution d’un parc nucléaire et puis à proposer des trajectoires d'évolution possibles pour l'industrie nucléaire en fonction des contraintes de la physique, de l'économie, de l'industrie, etc.Cependant, les études de scénarios sont généralement soumises à différents types d'incertitudes, en particulier la soi-disant « incertitude profonde » (« deep uncertainty » en anglais). Ce concept fait référence à des « inconnues inconnues », auxquelles les résultats de l'étude de scénarios ne conviennent pas. En effet, sous l'impact des incertitudes profondes, c'est-à-dire les disruptions, les trajectoires proposées par les études de scénarios peuvent devenir invalides : elles ne satisfont plus aux contraintes du scénario.Afin de rendre les trajectoires valides à nouveau après une disruption due à l'incertitude, la première possibilité est d'étudier la stratégie de résistance. La stratégie de résistance consiste à trouver des trajectoires qui restent valides sous l'impact de l'incertitude sans réajustements exogènes des trajectoires. Cependant, les capacités de résistance des scénarios sont limitées : la résistance n'est adaptée qu'aux incertitudes à faible impact, alors que l'impact d'une incertitude profonde est généralement fort.Comme solution complémentaire à la stratégie de résistance, nous proposons d'utiliser les stratégies de résilience. Les stratégies de résilience consistent à utiliser des mesures préconçues, appelées « leviers », pour réajuster la trajectoire lorsque la stratégie de résistance est insuffisante. Nous cherchons à utiliser l'effet des réajustements exogènes des trajectoires, qui sont introduits à travers les leviers, pour contrebalancer l'impact de la disruption et garder la trajectoire valide. Pour évaluer la résilience des scénarios, nous avons développé un cadre d'analyse de résilience, basé sur l'algorithme SUR (Stepwise Uncertainty Reduction).Nous avons appliqué la stratégie de résilience développée à deux problèmes de scénario dans lesquels un parc nucléaire français simplifié avec une réduction de puissance incertaine est considéré. Pour définir la validité des trajectoires, nous avons imposé cinq contraintes sur le taux d'utilisation des usines de retraitement, la séparation du plutonium, la teneur de plutonium dans le combustible MOX et le stockage du combustible usé. Dans chaque problème, nous avons donné une trajectoire préalable supposée à la suite d'une étude de scénarios avec une hypothèse pour maintenir la puissance installée constante à l’avenir. Nous avons supposé qu'à la suite de la disruption du contexte de l'étude, la puissance électrique totale est disruptée et réduite à l’avenir. Les résultats ont montré que les trajectoires préalables dans les deux problèmes sont résilientes vis-à-vis des disruptions supposées : il est possible de maintenir les trajectoires préalables valides en réajustant le retraitement et les charges de combustible MOX dans les réacteurs. Ces résultats démontrent que les évolutions du parc nucléaire dans les trajectoires préalables sont flexibles face à la disruption de la puissance électrique totale
Nuclear fuel cycle systems, composed of reactors, various fuels, and different cycle facilities, are complex and in constant evolution. Thanks to their abilities to make projections of industrial strategies and to assess the associated impacts on nuclear fuel cycle systems, nuclear fuel cycle scenarios are considered as a powerful tool for decision-making analyses. Scenario studies assist decision-makers in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of different strategies for a nuclear fleet evolution and then proposing possible evolution trajectories for the nuclear industry according to constraints from physics, economics, industry, etc.However, scenario studies are usually subject to different kinds of uncertainties, especially the so-called “deep uncertainty.” This concept refers to “unknown unknowns,” which scenario study results are unsuited to address. Indeed, under the impact of deep uncertainty, i.e., disruptions, the trajectories proposed by the scenario studies can become invalid: they do not satisfy the scenario constraints anymore.In order to make the trajectories valid again after disruption due to uncertainty, the first possibility is to study the resistance strategy. The resistance strategy consists of finding scenario trajectories that remain valid under the impact of uncertainty without exogenous readjustments of trajectories. However, the resistance capabilities of scenarios are limited: resistance is only adapted to uncertainties with small impact, while the impact of deep uncertainty is usually strong.As a complementary solution to the resistance strategy, we propose using resilience strategies. The resilience strategies consist of using predesigned measures, called “levers,” to readjust the scenario trajectory when the resistance strategy is insufficient. We aim to use the effect of the exogenous readjustments of trajectories, which are introduced through the levers, to counterbalance the impact of disruption and remain the trajectory valid. To evaluate the resilience of scenarios, we developed a resilience analysis framework, based on the start-of-the-art SUR (Stepwise Uncertainty Reduction) algorithm.We applied the developed resilience strategy to two scenario problems in which a simplified French nuclear fleet with uncertain power reduction is considered. To define the validity of trajectory, we imposed five constraints about the reprocessing plant utilization ratio, plutonium separation, plutonium content in MOX fuel, and spent fuel storage. In each problem, we gave a prior trajectory supposed as a result of a scenario study with a hypothesis to keep the installed power constant in the future. We assumed that following the disruption of the study context, the total electricity power is disrupted and reduced in the future. The results showed that the prior trajectories in both problems are resilient for the assumed disruptions: it is possible to keep the prior trajectories valid by readjusting the reprocessing and the MOX fuel loadings in reactors. Such results demonstrate the evolutions of the nuclear fleet in the prior trajectories are flexible in front of the disruption of total electricity power

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Aparicio, Navarro Jose. "The effect of anomalous resistivity on the internal disruption in a tokamak". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281762.

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Gupta, Pallavi. "Lamin AC mutations and heart: Nuclear envelope damage or disruption of transcription?" Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28596.

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Mutations in the LMNA gene, which encodes the nuclear lamin A/C protein, are implicated in the pathogenesis of over ten phenotypically diverse diseases, including dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the tissue specificity of LMNA mutations: 1) Nuclear fragility which may affect to a greater extent mechanically stressed tissues such as cardiac muscle (structural hypothesis); and 2) dysregulation of gene transcription. The objective of this study was to determine which hypothesis explains how LMNA mutations cause DCM. In our cohort of 25 DCM patients, 34% displayed cardiomyocytes with nuclear abnormalities, however, point mutations or large deletions of the lamin A/C gene were found in both patients with or without nuclear envelope damage. Moreover, some DCM patients with nuclear damage were free of lamin A/C gene somatic mutation. These results provide support for the structural hypothesis, but do not exclude the hypothesis of dysregulation of gene transcription. To test the latter hypothesis, we used cellular models expressing lamin A/C mutant proteins. We showed that, although the distributions of some proteins known to be involved in transcription regulation, such as SUMO1 or Ubc9 are disturbed, lamin A/C mutants have no significant effect on transcriptional activity of GATA-4 and MEF2C, two sumoylated transcription factors involved in cardiac gene transcription. In conclusion, we confirmed that structural hypothesis plays a role in DCM pathogenesis, however at this point, the gene-regulation hypothesis can not be excluded. We showed for the first time that a large deletion encompassing several exons of the LMNA gene and leading to a marked reduction of lamin A/C proteins in cardiac tissue, and thus to haploinsufficiency, is a new molecular mechanism associated with dilated cardiomyopathy.

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Aretskin-Hariton, Eliot Dan. "Micrometeoroid Fluence Variation in Critical Orbits due to Asteroid Disruption". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/937.

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Micrometeoroids and orbital debris (MMOD) is a growing issue with international importance. Micrometeoroids are naturally occurring fragments of rock and dusk that exist throughout the solar system. Orbital debris is human made material like rocket bodies, paint flakes, and the effluent of spacecraft collisions. Even small MMOD particles on the order of 1 cm in diameter have the potential to destroy critical spacecraft systems. Because of this, MMOD is a threat to all spacecraft in orbit. Even governments that most sternly oppose US international policy have a stake when it comes to minimizing MMOD flux. Space-based assets are essential to support the growing demand for high-capacity communications networks around the world. These networks support services that civilian and military users have grown accustomed to using on a daily basis: Global Positioning System (GPS), Satellite Radio, Internet Backhaul, Unmanned Areal Vehicles (UAVs), and Reconnaissance Satellites [Figure \ref{figure:skynet}]. A sudden loss of these services could degrade the warfighter's capabilities and cripple commercial enterprises that rely on these technologies. Manned space efforts like the International Space Station (ISS) could also suffer as a result of increased MMOD flux.

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Tumburu, Laxminath. "CRUSTACEAN ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION THROUGH A PATHWAY INVOLVING NUCLEAR RECEPTORS, CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES AND CALCIUM TRANSPORTERS". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1283261955.

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Eyre, David E. "A genetic screen for the disruption of the nuclear architecture of yeast telomers, based on ectopic recombination". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393571.

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Libros sobre el tema "Nuclear disruption"

Dirty bomb: Weapon of mass disruption. New York, NY: Chamberlain Bros., 2004.

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Carman, Rita L. Meteorological data for four sites at surface-disruption features in Yucca Flat, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada, 1985-86. Carson, City, Nev: U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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Office, General Accounting. Electricity supply: Efforts under way to improve federal electrical disruption preparedness : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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G, Schumacher, Henkel P. R, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Systems Research. y Sandia National Laboratories, eds. In-pile observation of fuel and clad relocation during LMFBR core-disruptive accidents. Washington, DC: Division of Systems Research, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1989.

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M, Schenk Paul y United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Cometary nuclei and tidal disruption: The geologic record of crater chains on Callisto and Ganymede. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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King, Gilbert y Gil King. Dirty Bomb: Weapons of Mass Disruption. Chamberlain Bros., 2004.

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Clean disruption of energy and transportation : how Silicon Valley will make oil, nuclear, natural gas, coal, electric utilities and conventional cars obsolete by 2030. Clean Planet Ventures, 2014.

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Sincavage, Dr Suzanne, Dr Hans C. Mumm, Wayne Lonstein, CPT John Paul Hood, Randall Mai, Dr Mark Jackson, Mike Monnik et al. DRONE DELIVERY OF CBNRECy – DEW WEAPONS Emerging Threats of Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption ( WMDD). Editado por Randall K. Nichols. New Prairie Press Open Book Publishing, 2022.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Nuclear disruption"

Garolla, Andrea, Andrea Di Nisio, Luca De Toni, Alberto Ferlin y Carlo Foresta. "Endocrine Disruption in the Male". En Environment Impact on Reproductive Health, 131–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36494-5_7.

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AbstractMany andrological pathologies seen in adults, including infertility, actually arose in younger age, due to the strong susceptibility and vulnerability of male gonads to external insults, starting from gestation age and during all growth phases. Three main phases are particularly susceptible for subsequent normal testis development and function: the intrauterine phase, the neonatal phase comprising the so called “minipuberty” and puberty. However, even during infancy, damaging causes with permanent effects on testicular function can occur. Among risk factors for alterations of sexual and reproductive organs and function, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have gained particular attention in last decades, given their ability to disrupt them at different levels and at different ages, with long-term consequences and possibly also transgenerational effects. Bisphenol, phthalates, perfluoroalkyl substances, heavy metals and dioxins are particularly intriguing, given the strong experimental evidence of effects on hormone nuclear receptors, hypothalamus–pituitary–testis axis and direct action on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. Although epidemiological studies in humans have shown controversial and inconsistent results, the overall conclusion points towards a positive association between exposure to EDCs and alteration of the reproductive system.

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Luminet, Jean-Pierre. "Explosive Disruption of Stars by Big Black Holes". En Nucleosynthesis and Its Implications on Nuclear and Particle Physics, 215–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4578-4_24.

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McKenna, Joseph F. y Katja Graumann. "Studying Nuclear Dynamics in Response to Actin Disruption in Planta". En The Plant Cytoskeleton, 203–14. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_15.

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Bennesved, Peter y Casper Sylvest. "Embedding Preparedness, Assigning Responsibility: The Role of Film in Sociotechnical Imaginaries of Civil Defence". En Cold War Civil Defence in Western Europe, 103–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84281-9_5.

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AbstractThis chapter examines the role of film and television in embedding sociotechnical imaginaries of civil defence during the early nuclear age (c. 1949–1965) by zooming in on Sweden and Denmark, two neighbouring countries that differed both in terms of their political position in the Cold War and in the scale of their civil defence efforts. Following a theoretical discussion of the psychosocial effects of films and their manner of circulation, we analyse Swedish and Danish films in two periods demarcated by the thermonuclear disruption of civil defence during the mid-1950s. The analysis highlights how films were used to frame technologies and script and perform social norms. We argue that films constitute an important source for understanding the difficulties of embedding sociotechnical imaginaries of civil defence.

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McCauley, Micah J., Joha Joshi, Nicole Becker, Qi Hu, Maria Victoria Botuyan, Ioulia Rouzina, Georges Mer, L. James Maher y Mark C. Williams. "Quantifying ATP-Independent Nucleosome Chaperone Activity with Single-Molecule Methods". En Single Molecule Analysis, 29–55. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3377-9_2.

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AbstractThe dynamics of histone-DNA interactions govern chromosome organization and regulates the processes of transcription, replication, and repair. Accurate measurements of the energies and the kinetics of DNA binding to component histones of the nucleosome under a variety of conditions are essential to understand these processes at the molecular level. To accomplish this, we employ three specific single-molecule techniques: force disruption (FD) with optical tweezers, confocal imaging (CI) in a combined fluorescence plus optical trap, and survival probability (SP) measurements of disrupted and reformed nucleosomes. Short arrays of positioned nucleosomes serve as a template for study, facilitating rapid quantification of kinetic parameters. These arrays are then exposed to FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription), a non-ATP-driven heterodimeric nuclear chaperone known to both disrupt and tether histones during transcription. FACT binding drives off the outer wrap of DNA and destabilizes the histone-DNA interactions of the inner wrap as well. This reorganization is driven by two key domains with distinct function. FD experiments show the SPT16 MD domain stabilizes DNA-histone contacts, while the HMGB box of SSRP1 binds DNA, destabilizing the nucleosome. Surprisingly, CI experiments do not show tethering of disrupted histones, but increased rates of histone release from the DNA. SI experiments resolve this, showing that the two active domains of FACT combine to chaperone nucleosome reassembly after the timely release of force. These combinations of single-molecule approaches show FACT is a true nucleosome catalyst, lowering the barrier to both disruption and reformation.

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Palouš, Jan. "Cloud Disruption and Formation". En Active Galactic Nuclei, 314–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0963-2_93.

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Meier, Henry L. y Charles B. Millard. "Effects of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors on the Sulfur Mustard-Induced Disruption of the Higher-Order Nuclear Structure of Human Lymphocytes". En Toxicity Assessment Alternatives, 213–22. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-718-5_20.

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Sponholz, Hanno. "Gas Release Through Tidal Disruption of Stars". En Physics of Active Galactic Nuclei, 244–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77566-6_61.

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Granja, Sara, Ibtissam Marchiq, Fátima Baltazar y Jacques Pouysségur. "Gene Disruption Using Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology". En Methods in Molecular Biology, 253–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0856-1_17.

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Tchekhovskoy, Alexander. "Launching of Active Galactic Nuclei Jets". En The Formation and Disruption of Black Hole Jets, 45–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10356-3_3.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Nuclear disruption"

Yamano, Hidemasa y Yoshiharu Tobita. "Next Generation Safety Analysis Methods for SFRs—(2) Experimental Analyses by SIMMER-III for the Integral Verification of the COMPASS Code on Fuel-Pin Disruption and Low-Energy Disrupted Core Motion". En 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75462.

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This paper describes experimental analyses using the SIMMER-III computer code, which is a two-dimensional multi-component multi-phase Eulerian fluid-dynamics code. Two topics of key phenomena in core disruptive accidents were presented in this paper: fuel-pin disruption, and low energy disrupted core motion. Related experimental database were reviewed to select appropriate experiments. To analyze the fuel-pin disruption behavior, the CABRI-EFM1 and the CABRI-E7 in-pile experiments were selected. The SIMMER-III calculation was in good agreement with the overall fuel-pin disruption and dispersion behavior, which was characterized by a thermal pin-failure mode, observed in the CABRI-EFM1 experiment. Since the code framework of SIMMER-III cannot treat a mechanical deformation and breakup behavior, the SAS4A code was applied to the CABRI-E7 experiment, where a mechanical pin-failure mode was realized. In this study, such a failure mode was also reasonably simulated. The low-energy disrupted core consists principally of fuel particles and liquid steel (or fuel). Under such a mixture condition, significantly reduced melt penetration length was obtained in the THEFIS out-of-pile experiments. SIMMER-III well simulated the melt freezing and blockage behavior observed in the experiment.

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Uehara, Yasushi, Noriyuki Shirakawa, Masanori Naitoh, Hidetoshi Okada, Hidemasa Yamano, Yoshiharu Tobita, Yuichi Yamamoto y Seiichi Koshizuka. "Next Generation Safety Analysis Methods for SFRs—(6) SCARABEE BE+3 Analysis With SIMMER-III and COMPASS Codes Featuring Duct-Wall Failure". En 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75533.

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Governing key phenomena in core disruptive accidents (CDAs) in sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs) are supposed to be (1) fuel pin failure and disruption, (2) molten pool boiling, (3) melt freezing and blockage formation, (4) duct wall failure, (5) low-energy disruptive core motion, (6) debris-bed coolability, and (7) metal-fuel pin failure with eutectics between fuel and steel [1]. Although the systematic assessment program for SIMMER-III [4–7] has provided a technological basis that SIMMER-III is practically applicable to integral reactor safety analyses, further model development and validation efforts should be made to make future reactor calculations more reliable and rational. For mechanistic model development, a mesoscopic approach with the COMPASS code [1, 2, 3] is expected to advance the understanding of these key phenomena during event progression in CDAs. The COMPASS code has been developed since FY2005 (Japanese Fiscal Year, hereafter) to play a complementary role to SIMMER-III. In this paper, the overall analysis of SCARABEE-BE+3 test with the SIMMER-III and those with COMPASS, focusing the duct wall failure in a small temporal and spatial window cut from the SIMMER-III analysis results of the test, are described.

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Grinberg, Eduard I., Vadim S. Nikolaev, Veniamin A. Usov, Mohamed S. El-Genk y Mark D. Hoover. "Aerodynamic Disruption of a Spacecraft and TOPAZ-2 System at Reentry". En SPACE NUCLEAR POWER AND PROPULSION: Eleventh Symposium. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2950286.

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Yamano, Hidemasa y Yoshiharu Tobita. "Experimental Analyses by SIMMER-III on Debris-Bed Coolability and Metallic Fuel Freezing Behavior". En 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29296.

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This paper describes experimental analyses using the SIMMER-III computer code, which is a two-dimensional multi-component multi-phase Eulerian fluid-dynamics code. Two topics of key phenomena in core disruptive accidents were presented in this paper: debris-bed coolability and metallic fuel freezing behavior. Related experimental database were reviewed to choose suitable experiments. To analyze the debris-bed coolability, the ACRR-D10 in-pile experiments were selected. SIMMER-III well simulated the heat transfer mechanisms including conduction, boiling and channeling observed in the experiment. Metallic fuel may freeze onto the stainless steel (cladding or wrapper tube) together with eutectic formation during core disruption in a metallic-fueled reactor. The CAFE´-UT2 experiment carried out using pure UO2 melt to investigate such phenomena was selected for the experimental analysis. In spite of no eutectic formation model in the SIMMER-III code, the calculated fuel penetration behavior was in good agreement with the experimental data.

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Morita, Koji, Shuai Zhang, Tatsumi Arima, Seiichi Koshizuka, Yoshiharu Tobita, Hidemasa Yamano, Takahiro Ito et al. "Detailed Analyses of Specific Phenomena in Core Disruptive Accidents of Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors by the COMPASS Code". En 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29886.

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A five-year research project has been initiated in 2005 to develop a code based on the MPS (Moving Particle Semi-implicit) method for detailed analysis of specific phenomena in core disruptive accidents (CDAs) of sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs). The code is named COMPASS (Computer Code with Moving Particle Semi-implicit for Reactor Safety Analysis). The specific phenomena include 1) fuel pin failure and disruption, 2) molten pool boiling, 3) melt freezing and blockage formation, 4) duct wall failure, 5) low-energy disruptive core motion, 6) debris-bed coolability, and 7) metal-fuel pin failure. Validation study of COMPASS is progressing for these key phenomena. In this paper, recent COMPASS results of detailed analyses for the several specific phenomena are summarized. Simulations of GEYSER and THEFIS experiments were performed for dispersion and freezing behaviors of molten materials in narrow flow channels. In particular, the latter experiment using melt-solid mixture is also related to fundamental behavior of low energy disruptive core. CABRI-TPA2 experiment was simulated for boiling behavior of molten core pool. Expected mechanism of heat transfer between molten fuel and steel mixture was reproduced by the simulation. Analyses of structural dynamics using elastoplastic mechanics and failure criteria were performed for SCARABEE BE+3 and CABRI E7 experiments. These two analyses are especially focused on thermal and mechanical failure of steel duct wall and fuel pin, respectively. The present results demonstrate COMPASS will be useful to understand and clarify the specific phenomena of CDAs in SFRs in details.

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VOM SAAL, FREDERICK S., STEFANO PARMIGIANI y PAOLA PALANZA. "DISRUPTION OF DEVELOPMENT BY ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AND PSYCHO-SOCIAL STRESS". En International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies — 49th Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789811205217_0029.

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Pribaturin, N., S. Lezhnin, A. Sorokin, D. Arhipov, M. Bykov y D. Posusaev. "The Investigation of Shock Waves Forming by Disruption of Vessel With High-Enthalpy Coolant". En 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30297.

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The physical and mathematical model of the shock wave formation and evolution in the outflow of a boiling coolant from a vessel filled with the high pressure water after depressurization was investigated. For mathematical description of the pressure waves formation processes the half-empirical relaxation model and the model of maximum superheating was used that is correspond to the description of the boiling processes as vaporization initiated by fluctuation nucleation. The amplitudes of the shock waves and the time dependencies of the pressure acting on the obstacles situated on different distances from the tube rupture were calculated. The influence of the initial coolant pressure and temperature, time of disruption and diameter on the intensity of shock wave were revealed by a series of calculations. It was found that the pressure on obstacle after the normal shock wave falling is dramatically increasing and then decreasing. Relative growth of amplitude of the reflection shock wave is increasing with a growth of initial temperature of the coolant in vessel.

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Wagner, Sam y Bong Wie. "Analysis and Design of Fictive Post-2029 Apophis Intercept Mission for Nuclear Disruption". En AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-8375.

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Grinberg, Edward I., Vadim S. Nikolaev, Veniamin A. Usov y Albert A. Gafarov. "Reentry aerodynamic disruption analysis of thermionic reactor-thermo-converter TOPAZ-2". En Proceedings of the tenth symposium on space nuclear power and propulsion. AIP, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.43161.

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Dapper, Maik, Hermann-Josef Wagner y Marco K. Koch. "Assessment of Film Drop Release From Liquid Pools by an Empirical Correlation Approach". En 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48239.

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The present work deals with the topic of wet resuspension, particularly with regard to the basics of film drop release from bubbles and its impact on the aerosol source term as well as with the development of an empirical correlation approach adapted to the containment code system COCOSYS at low atmosphere motion. Film drops are discharged from the lamella of a bubble during the disruption process, while the bubble is resting at the fluid surface. Besides the description of the bubble disruption process, factors which have an influence on the mass and size distribution of the drops released from the bubble lamella are discussed. To analyse the distribution of the film drops of different bubble sizes, measured film drop distributions of several bubble diameters were collected from the literature. The analysis shows that with the presence of surfactants (surface-active agents) a log-normal count distribution can be used for the approximation of the drop distribution. By the evaporation of the liquid of the released film drops the solved and/or suspended materials remain as particles. In dependence of their size the drops or particles are airborne or fall back onto the liquid pool surface. The remaining airborne drops/particles are able to contribute in the late phase of a severe accident to the source term, if they are radioactive.

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Informes sobre el tema "Nuclear disruption"

Dorr, Adam y Tony Seba. Rethinking Energy: The Great Stranding: How Inaccurate Mainstream LCOE Estimates are Creating a Trillion-Dollar Bubble in Conventional Energy Assets. RethinkX, febrero de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.61322/uuda4616.

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We are on the cusp of the fastest, deepest, most profound disruption of the energy sector in over a century. Like most disruptions, this one is being driven by the convergence of several key technologies whose costs and capabilities have been improving on consistent and predictable trajectories – namely, solar photovoltaic power, wind power, and lithium-ion battery energy storage. Our analysis shows that 100% clean electricity from the combination of solar, wind, and batteries (SWB) is both physically possible and economically affordable across the entire continental United States as well as the overwhelming majority of other populated regions of the world by 2030. Adoption of SWB is growing exponentially worldwide and disruption is now inevitable because by 2030 they will offer the cheapest electricity option for most regions. Coal, gas, and nuclear power assets will become stranded during the 2020s, and no new investment in these technologies is rational from this point forward.

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Ho, Chih-Hsiang. Risk assessment for the Yucca Mountain high-level nuclear waste repository site: Estimation of volcanic disruption. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septiembre de 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/196582.

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Durkalec, J., A. Peczeli y B. Radzinsky. Nuclear decisionmaking, complexity and emerging and disruptive technologies: A comprehensive assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), enero de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1843557.

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Saalman, Lora, Larisa Saveleva Dovgal y Fei Su. Mapping Cyber-related Missile and Satellite Incidents and Confidence-building Measures. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, noviembre de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/rjmh1479.

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Cyber incidents that—whether due to human error, system malfunction or intentional targeting—impact satellite and missile systems have a history and future that extend beyond the ongoing war in Ukraine. These systems are essential to civilian and military operations and disrupting them has the potential to elicit conventional or even nuclear retaliation. Due to the centrality of satellite and missile-related infrastructure, cyber incidents impacting the functionality of such infrastructure have served as a catalyst for previous confidence-building measures (CBMs) that may provide a template for future ones. This paper builds on SIPRI work to map cyber-related missile and satellite incidents, as well as unilateral, bilateral and multilateral CBMs to provide takeaways meant to foster greater predictability and stability in cyberspace.

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Mevarech, Moshe, Jeremy Bruenn y Yigal Koltin. Virus Encoded Toxin of the Corn Smut Ustilago Maydis - Isolation of Receptors and Mapping Functional Domains. United States Department of Agriculture, septiembre de 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613022.bard.

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Ustilago maydis is a fungal pathogen of maize. Some strains of U. maydis encode secreted polypeptide toxins capable of killing other susceptible strains of U. maydis. Resistance to the toxins is conferred by recessive nuclear genes. The toxins are encoded by genomic segments of resident double-strande RNA viruses. The best characterized toxin, KP6, is composed of two polypeptides, a and b, which are not covalently linked. It is encoded by P6M2 dsRNA, which has been cloned, sequenced and expressed in a variety of systems. In this study we have shown that the toxin acts on the membranes of sensitive cells and that both polypeptides are required for toxin activity. The toxin has been shown to function by creating new pores in the cell membrane and disrupting ion fluxes. The experiments performed on artificial phospholipid bilayers indicated that KP6 forms large voltage-independent, cation-selective channels. Experiments leading to the resolution of structure-function relationship of the toxin by in vitro analysis have been initiated. During the course of this research the collaboration also yielded X-ray diffracion data of the crystallized a polypeptide. The effect of the toxin on the pathogen has been shown to be receptor-mediated. A potential receptor protein, identified in membrane fractions of sensitive cells, was subjected to tryptic hydrolysis followed by amino-acid analysis. The peptides obtained were used to isolate a cDNA fragment by reverse PCR, which showed 30% sequence homology to the human HLA protein. Analysis of other toxins secreted by U. maydis, KP1 and KP4, have demonstrated that, unlike KP6, they are composed of a single polypeptide. Finally, KP6 has been expressed in transgenic tobacco plants, indicating that accurate processing by Kex2p-like activity occurs in plants as well. Using tobacco as a model system, we determined that active antifungal toxins can be synthesized and targeted to the outside of transgenic plant cells. If this methodology can be applied to other agronomically crop species, then U. maydis toxins may provide a novel means for biological control of pathogenic fungi.

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