Tesis sobre el tema "Nuages de glace stratosphériques"
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Mouzay, Julie. "Etude de l'évolution photochimique des aérosols de Titan". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0473.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with the study of the photochemical evolution of aerosols in Titan's stratosphere. At the beginning of the autumn season at the South Pole, the stratosphere, reached by FUV solar radiations, cooled and was particularly enriched in organic materials: aerosols as well as benzene (C6H6) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), formed at high altitudes, and were responsible for the formation of seasonal ice clouds. Experimentally, the photochemistry of these systems, induced by UV radiations similar to those reaching the lower stratosphere (l > 230 nm), leads to the formation of a volatile phase and a refractory phase that represents experimentally an analogue of Titan stratospheric aerosols formed by polymerization of organic ice. Our results show that the spectroscopic properties of aerosols from the polymerization of ices of benzene mixed with hydrogen cyanide are more similar to aerosols present in the stratosphere, according to the data collected by the Cassini/VIMS and CIRS spectrometers, than those of aerosols produced by the irradiation of pure benzene ices
Jouan, Caroline. "Les nuages de glace en arctique : mécanismes de formation". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843520.
Texto completoJumelet, Julien. "Etude des particules stratosphériques par couplage entre mesures Lidar et modélisation microphysique". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066449.
Texto completoDavid, Christine. "Etude des nuages stratosphériques polaires et des aérosols volcaniques en régions polaires par sondage laser". Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066821.
Texto completoFierli, Federico. "Caractérisation des nuages stratosphériques polaires en Scandinavie : étude qualitative de leur impact sur l'air activé aux moyennes latitudes". Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066603.
Texto completoTencé, Florent. "Apport de la mesure lidar dans l'étude des aérosols et nuages stratosphériques polaires et de leurs perturbations climatiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ004.
Texto completoAs the understanding of the interactions between stratospheric ozone chemistry and climate change progresses, the consequences of both temperature change and perturbations in stratospheric aerosol loading are becoming a topic of major scientific interest.It is well established that volcanism is the main source of stratospheric aerosols and that major volcanic episodes are associated with negative ozone anomalies. However, the high latitude effect of an overload of sulphate aerosols, precursors of polar stratospheric clouds (PSC), remains poorly understood.In addition, stratospheric injections of carbonaceous aerosols have been observed during major fires in recent years. In Canada in 2017 and Australia in 2020, aerosol masses comparable to those emitted by moderate volcanism were reported. This is of great scientific interest, as carbon does not naturally occur in the stratosphere and the effects of its significant intake are yet to be studied. Also, climate change is expected to favour the occurrence of major fires, adding the question of long-term trends in aerosol loading to the need to finely characterise the effect of such a disturbance.PSCs, formed on aerosols, are the precursors of seasonal ozone destruction and are at the heart of these issues. Lidar is a suitable instrument for studying these condensed phases. Using the lidar at the French Antarctic station Dumont d'Urville (DDU) and relevant space instruments, this thesis investigates trends and processes related to PSCs and stratospheric aerosol perturbations.Measurements acquired at DDU use different classifications of PSCs to illustrate fine processes that are only accessible through the geometry of a ground-based instrument. The parameterisation of the PSCs is based on a concise and representative classification, and the coastal location of the station is an advantage due to the high variability of the particle observations it allows. A trend in the number of PSC days per year at DDU from 2007 to 2020 is established by combining lidar and temperature measurements. This trend, of -4.4 PSC days per year per decade, reflects an opposite trend in stratospheric temperatures over this period. The latter, recently confirmed by other studies, raises questions about long-term trends in the context of climate change.The Australian fires in 2020 injected an unprecedented mass of aerosols into the stratosphere, some of which was transported to the high southern latitudes. The DDU lidar was able to probe these aerosols from January to October 2020. This allowed a rich characterisation of the plumes over time. Their presence within the vortex was confirmed and raises the delicate question of the interactions between carbonaceous aerosols and PSC. The high ozone depletion reported at DDU in October 2020 can only be compared to the year 2015, marked by an aerosol overload due to the Calbuco eruption. We also highlight the technological challenge around aerosol speciation on fine signatures.In order to adapt to recent scientific questions, a field campaign allowed the evolution of the lidar installed at DDU towards a multispectral infrared / visible / ultraviolet laser source. This configuration offers new possibilities, including access to granulometry that can directly resolve aerosol and cloud speciation. The historical eruption in Tonga in January 2022 injected a large amount of aerosols, partly detected at DDU from February to September 2022. This thesis therefore includes work on this event using field instrumentation as a technical and especially scientific perspective for the study of aerosols and clouds at high latitudes
Montmessin, Franck. "Aspects microphysiques de l'atmosphère martienne : de la poussière aux nuages de glace d'eau". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010657.
Texto completoCaniaux, Guy. "Paramétrisation de la phase glace dans un modèle non hydrostatique de nuage : application à une ligne de grains tropicale : [thèse en partie soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]". Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30071.
Texto completoGosset, Marielle. "Une méthode radar bi-longueur d'onde pour la discrimination eau-glace dans les nuages mixtes". Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30140.
Texto completoRivière, Emmanuel. "Modélisation physico-chimique de la stratosphère arctique : études des nuages stratosphériques polaires et des interactions entre composés halogénés et composés azotés". Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2054.
Texto completoGaussiat, Nicolas. "Mesure du contenu en eau et en glace des nuages en phase mixte par radars multifréquences". Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30216.
Texto completoBlanchard, Yann. "Analyse du potentiel de la radiométrie infrarouge thermique pour la caractérisation des nuages de glace en Arctique". Phd thesis, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00753586.
Texto completoRey-Hanot, Laurence. "Adsorption de gaz traces sur la glace : application à la chimie des nuages et du manteau neigeux". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10063.
Texto completoHolz, Ralf. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'une climatologie globale des cirrus : étude de l'impact de la variabilité des propriétés optiques infrarouges des cristaux de glace sur la restitution du diamètre effectif à partir d'observations spatiales". Palaiseau, École polytechnique, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EPXX0029.
Texto completoGalligani, Victoria Sol. "La radiométrie micro-onde et millimétrique pour la caractérisation et quantification des nuages de glace et de la neige". Observatoire de Paris, 2014. https://hal.science/tel-02095287.
Texto completoQuantification of the cloud frozen phase on a global basis is essential to fully capture and quantify the Earth energy budget and hydrological cycle. The estimation of frozen quantities from satellite remote sensing, however, is at a very early stage. The main reason is the complex variability of the cloud frozen phase and the lack of parameterizations of their microphysical properties, and thus radiative properties. This thesis contributes to the development of the ice cloud remote sensing, by providing a better understanding of the sensitivity of microwave and millimeter satellite observations to the microphysical properties of the frozen phase, specifically snow. Current microwave and millimeter observations are interpreted via radiative transfer simulations, mainly for passive observations, but active measurements are also considered. Two main studies are pursued: (1) the analysis and interpretation of specific polarized scattering signatures over ice and snow clouds, and (2) the simulation of realistic passive and active microwave responses over ice and snow clouds, and their evaluation with satellite observations. Polarized observations are carefully analyzed with ancillary data and are interpreted with radiative transfer simulations, including the first polarized passive observations above 100GHz with Megha-Tropiques. Finally, the radiative transfer model is coupled to a meso- scale cloud model to simulate consistently coincident active and passive observations of real scenes, and assess the sensitivity of active and passive simulations to the different microphysical parameters
Wang, Die. "Millimeter and sub-millimeter satellite observations for ice cloud characterization : towards the ice cloud imager onboard MetOp-SG". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066366.
Texto completoThe meteorological observations from satellites in the microwave domain are currently limited to 190 GHz. The next generation of European operational Meteorological Satellite (EUMETSAT Polar System-Second Generation-EPS-SG) will carry an instrument, the Ice Cloud Imager (ICI), with frequencies up to 664 GHz, to provide unprecedented measurements in the sub-millimeter spectral range, aiming to improve the characterization of ice clouds over the globe. To prepare this upcoming satellite-borne sub-millimeter imager, during this thesis, scientific efforts have been made on four complementary aspects. Realistic radiative transfer simulations have been performed from 19 to 700 GHz, for real meteorological scenes, covering a large variability of clouds in Europe. The goal was two fold, first to better understand the sensitivity of the microwave to sub-millimeter waves to the cloud frozen phases, and second, to create a robust training database for a statistical cloud parameter retrieval. The Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS) is coupled with atmospheric profiles from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, for twelve diverse European mid-latitude scenes. The single scattering properties of the hydrometeors (cloud ice, snow, graupel, rain, and cloud water) are carefully selected, especially for the frozen phases, and compatibility with the micro- physics in WRF is tested: the Discrete-Dipole Approximation (DDA) is adopted for snow particles. The resulting simulations have been systematically compared with coincident satellite observations from imagers and sounders up to 200 GHz. The agreement between simulations and observations shows the good quality of the simulated training database, at least up to 200 GHz
Wang, Die. "Millimeter and sub-millimeter satellite observations for ice cloud characterization : towards the ice cloud imager onboard MetOp-SG". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066366/document.
Texto completoThe meteorological observations from satellites in the microwave domain are currently limited to 190 GHz. The next generation of European operational Meteorological Satellite (EUMETSAT Polar System-Second Generation-EPS-SG) will carry an instrument, the Ice Cloud Imager (ICI), with frequencies up to 664 GHz, to provide unprecedented measurements in the sub-millimeter spectral range, aiming to improve the characterization of ice clouds over the globe. To prepare this upcoming satellite-borne sub-millimeter imager, during this thesis, scientific efforts have been made on four complementary aspects. Realistic radiative transfer simulations have been performed from 19 to 700 GHz, for real meteorological scenes, covering a large variability of clouds in Europe. The goal was two fold, first to better understand the sensitivity of the microwave to sub-millimeter waves to the cloud frozen phases, and second, to create a robust training database for a statistical cloud parameter retrieval. The Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS) is coupled with atmospheric profiles from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, for twelve diverse European mid-latitude scenes. The single scattering properties of the hydrometeors (cloud ice, snow, graupel, rain, and cloud water) are carefully selected, especially for the frozen phases, and compatibility with the micro- physics in WRF is tested: the Discrete-Dipole Approximation (DDA) is adopted for snow particles. The resulting simulations have been systematically compared with coincident satellite observations from imagers and sounders up to 200 GHz. The agreement between simulations and observations shows the good quality of the simulated training database, at least up to 200 GHz
Peybernès, Nathalie. "Etude de l'adsorption de composés organiques volatils oxygénés sur des surfaces de glace entre 193 et 223 k. : application à la chimie des nuages de la haute troposphère". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13046.
Texto completoThe Upper Troposphere (UT) defines a region of the atmosphere characterised by its low temperatures and where cirrus clouds cover a substantial portion (~25 %) of the earth's surface. The atmospheric pollutants can be adsorbed on ice crystals in cirrus clouds and eventually react on ice surfaces. The goal of this thesis was to estimate both experimentally and theoretically the influence of ice particles in cirrus clouds on oxidation cycles of the organic volatile compounds in the Upper Troposphere. This study was within the framework of the European project cut-ice (chemistry of the Upper Troposphere : laboratory studies of heterogeneous process on ice). First, a vertical coated wall flow tube (CWFT) has been constructed, tested and validated to study the gas-ice interactions of atmospheric interest. Afterwards, the adsorption on ice surfaces of acetone, of 2,3-butanedione, of ethanol and of acetic acid has been studied between 193 and 223 k. Adsorption isotherms obtained in this experimental work permit us to obtain the monolayer capacity of the studied compound on ice surfaces and the corresponding enthalpy. To complete the experimental approach, the dynamics and the structure of ethanol molecules on the ice surface was investigated by molecular dynamics. Our theoretical results are in good agreement with those determined experimentally, notably with regard to the monolayer capacity and the energy of adsorption. This theoretical study also permitted to better understand the behaviour of ethanol molecule in the neighbourhood of the surface of the ice. Finally, this work allowed us to estimate the partitioning of those pollutants between gaseous and solid (particles of ice) phases at equilibrium in the clouds of the Upper Troposphere
Gazeaux, Julien. "Méthodes probabilistes d'extraction de signaux cachés appliquées à des problèmes de sciences de l'atmosphère". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00747464.
Texto completoHemmer, Friederike. "Characterization of cirrus clouds from ground-based remote sensing using the synergy of lidar and multi-spectral infrared radiometry". Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R050/document.
Texto completoThere is a broad consensus that cirrus clouds strongly influence the climate of the Earth. However, their net radiative effect is still poorly quantified nowadays due to an insufficient knowledge of their microphysical properties. This thesis aims to improve our understanding of the complex microphysics of this cloud type mainly composed of irregularly shaped ice crystals and thereby improve estimates of the ice water content (IWC). For this purpose, we developed an algorithm to retrieve vertical profiles of the IWC of cirrus clouds. The methodology combines the measurements of a ground-based lidar and a thermal infrared (TIR) radiometer in a common optimal estimation framework. It follows three steps: (1) An algorithm to retrieve the vertically integrated amount of ice (ice water path, IWP) from the passive TIR measurements is established. (2) The information about the vertical distribution of the IWC inside the cloud is obtained from the active lidar measurements. These retrievals strongly depend on the backscatter-to-extinction ratio of the ice crystals which is obtained from a bulk ice microphysical model. The scattering phase function of this model used to define the backscatter-to-extinction ratio assumes a flat ending without backscattering peak. We show that this assumption is unrealistic since it results in the retrieval of IWC profiles which are inconsistent with the TIR measurements. (3) Consequently, both types of measurements are combined in a synergistic algorithm allowing to estimate together with the IWC profiles a correction factor for the phase function in backscattering direction. Finally, the retrieval results and associated hypotheses are discussed
Bénit, Jean. "Effets d'irradiation par des ions de grande énergie dans de la glace H₂O et applications astrophysiques". Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112229.
Texto completoThis thesis presents the study of radiation effects induced in H20 ice by MeV/u ions: desorption of ionized species, "erosion" of the irradiated film and molecular synthesis within the ice. The desorption is analysed by time of flight mass spectroscopy. We describe the mass spectra of the desorbed ions, both positively and negatively charged, up to 400 uma. The absolute yields are given, as well as their dependence with the energy and energy loss of the primary ions. The "erosion" of the ice is analysed by infrared spectroscopy, on line during the irradiation. Absolute yields are derived, as a function of the ions beam flux, the mass and energy of the ions, and the thickness of the samples. A linear dependence of the yield with the thickness is interpretated as follows: the erosion comes primarely from the dissociation of the molecules all along the ion tracks. Some astrophysical implications of the results are discussed in the framework of irradiation of icy material in a variety of environments: magnetospheres of giant planets, cometary nuclei, circumstellar shells and molecular clouds. Lt is emphasized that the irradiation by energetic ions plays a major role in cosmochemistry
Mioche, Guillaume. "Validation des produits d'inversion des observations satellitaires CALIPSO/CloudSat pour la caractérisation des propriétés optiques et microphysiques des nuages de glace et en phase mixte". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719316.
Texto completoCazenave, Quitterie. "Development and evaluation of multisensor methods for EarthCare mission based on A-Train and airborne measurements". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV020/document.
Texto completoThe impact of ice clouds on the water cycle and radiative budget is still uncertain due to the complexity of cloud processes that makes it difficult to acquire adequate observations of ice cloud properties and parameterize them into General Circulation Models. Passive and active remote sensing instruments, radiometers, radars and lidars, are commonly used to study ice clouds. Inferring cloud microphysical properties (extinction, ice water content, effective radius, ...) can be done from one instrument only, or from the synergy of several. The interest of using instrumental synergies to retrieve cloud properties is that it can reduce the uncertainties due to the shortcomings of the different instruments taken separately. The A-Train constellation of satellites has considerably improved our knowledge of clouds. Since 2006, the 532nm backscattering lidar CALIOP on board the satellite CALIPSO and the 94GHz cloud radar CPR on board the satellite CloudSat have acquired cloud vertical profiles globally and many lidar-radar synergetic methods have been adapted to CloudSat and CALIPSO data. In 2021 will be launched a new satellite, EarthCARE, boarding state of the art remote sensing instrumentation, in particular ATLID, a High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) at 355nm and a Doppler cloud radar at 94 GHz. The main mission of this satellite is to quantify interactions between clouds, aerosols and the Earth's radiation budget in order to improve weather prediction and climate models. Thanks to its advanced instrumentation mounted on a single platform, this new mission is expected to provide unprecedented observations of clouds from space. However, to do so, the synergistic algorithms that were developed for A-Train measurements have to be adapted to this new instrumental configuration. During my PhD, I focused on the Varcloud algorithm that was developed in 2007 by Delanoë and Hogan, based on a variational technique. The first part of the work consisted in adapting some parameters of the microphysical model of the algorithm to recent studies of a large dataset of in-situ measurements. In particular, the questions of a parameterization of the lidar extinction-to-backscatter ratio and the choice of the mass-size relationship for ice crystals were addressed. The second part of my work consisted in adapting the Varcloud retrieval algorithm to airborne platforms. Airborne platforms are ideal to prepare and validate space missions, allowing for direct underpasses of spaceborne instruments. Moreover, German and French aircraft, respectively HALO and French Falcon 20 have very complementary payloads and are perfectly designed for the preparation, the calibration and the validation of EarthCare. Both aircraft board a high spectral resolution lidar (355 nm on the French Falcon and 532 nm on the HALO) and a Doppler radar at 36 GHz (HALO) and 95 GHz (Falcon). In fall 2016 a field campaign related to the NAWDEX project took place in Iceland, Keflavik with both aircraft involved. The measurements collected during this campaign provide an interesting dataset to characterize cloud microphysics and dynamics in the North Atlantic, which are of high interest regarding the Cloudsat-CALIPSO and EarthCARE missions. In addition, a series of common legs with the same cloud scene observed by both platforms were performed, providing data to study the influence of the instrumental configuration on the retrieved ice cloud properties
Marchant, Benjamin. "Étude des propriétés optiques des cristaux de glace composant les cirrus : influence de la variabilité verticale de la distribution granulométrique des cristaux sur les propriétés radiatives de ces nuages". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10159.
Texto completoClouds are a major source of uncertainties in current climate models. These uncertainties arise from the difficulty to establish parameterizations to integrate properly the radiative properties of clouds in climate models. To improve and optimize these parameterizations, it is necessary to collect a large amount of information on macrophysical and microphysical cloud properties. The determination of these properties is mainly based on the comparison of satellite measurements to simulations from radiative transfer models in cloudy atmosphere. In this study, we investigate the radiative properties of cirrus clouds which are composed of ice crystals with various shapes and sizes. Thus, a correct representation of cirrus radiative properties depends on a good understanding of the scattering and absoption properties of ice crystals encountered in this clouds. For this, we have developped several algorithms for the calculation of the single scattering and polarization properties of differents ice crystals model. In addition, the satellite cirrus retrieval algorithms is based on the common assumption that the radiative properties of a cirrus cloud may be represented by a homogeneous cloud model with a specific ice crystal shape and a single particle size distribution. However, in situ observations of cirrus clouds have shown that the shapes and sizes of ice crystals may vary substantially with height within the clouds. So, it is necessary to assess the sensibility of cirrus radiative properties to vertical heterogeneity of ice crystal habit and size distributions. In a second part of this study, we have developed a cirrus cloud models that can account for this vertical heterogeneity. The results suggests that it is critical to take into account cirrus vertical heterogeneity in order to correctly model their radiative properties. Additionally, the results provide guidance for the development of new approach to infer vertical size distribution in ice clouds
Champeau, François. "Paramétrisation des processus physico-chimiques de formation des nuages et étude de leurs impacts sur l'évolution de la composition chimique atmosphérique". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717866.
Texto completoChampeau, François. "Paramétrisation des processus physico-chimiques de formation des nuages et étude de leurs impacts sur l'évolution de la composition chimique atmosphérique". Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21748.
Texto completoFontaine, Emmanuel. "Masse des cristaux de glace et facteurs de réflectivité radar dans les systèmes de nuages convectifs de moyenne échelle formés dans les Tropiques et la région de la mer Méditerranée". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22527/document.
Texto completoThis study focuses on the variability of mass-diameter relationships (m(D)) and shape of ice hydrometeors in Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS). It bases on data base which were recorded during four airborne measurement campaigns: (i) African monsoon’s MCS (continent; MT2010), (ii) Indian Ocean’s MCS (MT2011), (iii) Mediterranean’s MCS (costs; HyMeX), (iv) North-Australian monsoon’s MCS (costs; HAIC-HIWC). m(D) of ice hydrometeors are derived from a combined analysis of particle images from 2D-array probes and associated reflectivity factors measured with a Doppler cloud radar on the same research aircraft. Usually, m(D) is formulated as a power law (with one pre-factor and one exponent) that need to be constrained from complementary information on hydrometeors. A theoretical study of numerous hydrometeor shapes simulated in 3D and arbitrarily projected on a 2D plan allowed to constrain the exponent β of the m(D) relationship from the exponent σ of the surface-diameter S(D) relationship, which is likewise written as a power law. Since S(D) always can be determined for real data from 2D optical array probes or other particle imagers, the evolution of the m(D) exponent can be calculated. After that, the pre-factor α of m(D) is constrained from theoretical simulations of the radar reflectivity factor matching the measured reflectivity factor along the aircraft trajectory. Mean profiles of m(D) coefficients, particles size distributions and Condensed Water Content (CWC) are calculated in functions of the temperature, and are different for each type of MCS. For the four types of MCS, it is shown that the variability of m(D) coefficients is correlated with the variability of the temperature. Four types of m(D) parametrisations are calculated since the analysis of the variability of the m(D) coefficients. The significant benefit of using variable m(D) relations instead of a single m(D) relationship is demonstrated from the impact of all these m(D) relations on Z-CWC and Z-CWC-T fitted parametrisations
Ovigneur, Bertrand. "Description des propriétés macrophysiques et microphysiques des nuages par télédétection active et passive : application à la campagne aéroportée FRENCH/DIRAC". Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Ovigneur.pdf.
Texto completoPar des méthodes stéréoscopiques ou basées sur l'absorption par le dioxygène, POLDER fournit une information sur l'altitude des nuages. Celle-ci est moins précise mais présente l'avantage de rendre compte du large champ spatial couvert par l'instrument. Les mesures polarisées de POLDER ou de LEANDRE permettent une estimation de la phase thermodynamique des nuages, mais par commodité, une méthode simple basée sur le rapport des luminances mesurées dans le visible et le moyen infrarouge par MiniMIR est développée et privilégiée dans cette étude. Finalement, une méthode d'estimation optimale est développée et mise en œuvre pour déterminer l'épaisseur optique des nuages et la dimension des particules qui les constituent à partir de mesures passives dans le visible et dans le moyen infrarouge. Comparée aux méthodes précédemment développées au laboratoire, cette méthode permet d'obtenir des précisions similaires sur les paramètres nuageux déterminés. Toutefois, elle offre l'avantage d'exploiter naturellement les mesures multidirectionnelles de POLDER ainsi que d'autres informations ou données auxiliaires. De part sa modularité, cette méthode pourrait permettre d'exploiter en synergie les mesures de l'A-train
Tinel, Claire. "Restitution des propriétés microphysiques et radiatives des nuages froids et mixtes à partir des données du système RALI (RAdar-LIdar)". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004241.
Texto completoPetitjean, Mélanie. "Interactions des composés organiques volatils avec des surfaces de glace pure ou dopée représentatives des conditions atmosphériques rencontrées dans la moyenne et la haute troposphére : application à la chimie des nuages mixtes et des cirrus". Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/PETITJEAN_Melanie_2010.pdf.
Texto completoThe upper troposphere (UT) is characterized by its low temperatures, from 188 to 233 K and the presence of cirrus clouds. These clouds, composed of ice crystals, can cover up to 25% of the Earth's surface. Mixed and cirrus clouds may be a potential sink for many gaseous species and can promote heterogeneous or photochemical reactions. In this work, the establishment of the adsorption isotherms on pure or doped ice surfaces between 253 and 203 K, provides quantitative information on the partitioning of organic species between the gas and condensed phases at temperatures encountered at medium altitudes and in the UT. The presence of Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds (OVOC) such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids, in the UT is well established. As carbonyl compounds are involved in the formation of photooxidants such as ozone, this work has been focused on the study of these compounds. In addition, other molecules (aromatic hydrocarbons) have been studied to better understand the relationships between the structure of the molecule and its ability to be adsorbed on ice surfaces. Besides, computer simulations have led to some details at the molecular level on the three dimensional structure of the adsorption layer. This work has also allowed the determination of the vapor pressure of both hydroxyacetaldehyde and hydroxyacetone ,providing reference values for future laboratory studies and permitting estimation of their partitioning between the gas and particle atmospheric phases
Cazenave, Quitterie. "Development and evaluation of multisensor methods for EarthCare mission based on A-Train and airborne measurements". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV020.
Texto completoThe impact of ice clouds on the water cycle and radiative budget is still uncertain due to the complexity of cloud processes that makes it difficult to acquire adequate observations of ice cloud properties and parameterize them into General Circulation Models. Passive and active remote sensing instruments, radiometers, radars and lidars, are commonly used to study ice clouds. Inferring cloud microphysical properties (extinction, ice water content, effective radius, ...) can be done from one instrument only, or from the synergy of several. The interest of using instrumental synergies to retrieve cloud properties is that it can reduce the uncertainties due to the shortcomings of the different instruments taken separately. The A-Train constellation of satellites has considerably improved our knowledge of clouds. Since 2006, the 532nm backscattering lidar CALIOP on board the satellite CALIPSO and the 94GHz cloud radar CPR on board the satellite CloudSat have acquired cloud vertical profiles globally and many lidar-radar synergetic methods have been adapted to CloudSat and CALIPSO data. In 2021 will be launched a new satellite, EarthCARE, boarding state of the art remote sensing instrumentation, in particular ATLID, a High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) at 355nm and a Doppler cloud radar at 94 GHz. The main mission of this satellite is to quantify interactions between clouds, aerosols and the Earth's radiation budget in order to improve weather prediction and climate models. Thanks to its advanced instrumentation mounted on a single platform, this new mission is expected to provide unprecedented observations of clouds from space. However, to do so, the synergistic algorithms that were developed for A-Train measurements have to be adapted to this new instrumental configuration. During my PhD, I focused on the Varcloud algorithm that was developed in 2007 by Delanoë and Hogan, based on a variational technique. The first part of the work consisted in adapting some parameters of the microphysical model of the algorithm to recent studies of a large dataset of in-situ measurements. In particular, the questions of a parameterization of the lidar extinction-to-backscatter ratio and the choice of the mass-size relationship for ice crystals were addressed. The second part of my work consisted in adapting the Varcloud retrieval algorithm to airborne platforms. Airborne platforms are ideal to prepare and validate space missions, allowing for direct underpasses of spaceborne instruments. Moreover, German and French aircraft, respectively HALO and French Falcon 20 have very complementary payloads and are perfectly designed for the preparation, the calibration and the validation of EarthCare. Both aircraft board a high spectral resolution lidar (355 nm on the French Falcon and 532 nm on the HALO) and a Doppler radar at 36 GHz (HALO) and 95 GHz (Falcon). In fall 2016 a field campaign related to the NAWDEX project took place in Iceland, Keflavik with both aircraft involved. The measurements collected during this campaign provide an interesting dataset to characterize cloud microphysics and dynamics in the North Atlantic, which are of high interest regarding the Cloudsat-CALIPSO and EarthCARE missions. In addition, a series of common legs with the same cloud scene observed by both platforms were performed, providing data to study the influence of the instrumental configuration on the retrieved ice cloud properties
Jourdan, Olivier. "Caractérisation in situ des propriétés microphysiques et optiques des nuages : Contribution à l'amélioration des modèles de transfert radiatif et des méthodes d'inversion satellitales". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003911.
Texto completoIkhenazene, Abd Raouf. "Étude d’analogues de suies d’avion : propriétés physico-chimiques et activité glaçogène". Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R038.
Texto completoNowadays, the air transport sector is still booming with an increasing number of flights and passengers over the years. This has consequences for the environment because it contributes to the intensification of emissions of solid particles in the atmosphere. In fact, these particles are involved in many physical and chemical processes that can affect the atmospheric radiative forcing, or even the formation of clouds and their lifetime expectancy. Our work focuses on aircraft soot particles analogs, i.e., particles similar to those emitted by aircraft engines during the incomplete combustion of kerosene fuel. These particles, once released in the troposphere, act as nucleating agents and promote the formation of ice crystals. Hence, they favor the formation of contrails that may persist and further evolve into cirrus clouds. To assess how efficient different soot particles are at nucleating ice crystals upon water vapor exposure, we designed and developed IDroNES (Ice and Droplet Nucleation Experimental Setup). This device enables nucleation experiments to be performed in deposition mode at controlled temperature, pressure, and humidity ratios. To interpret ice nucleation activities of various soot samples, detailed analyses of their physico-chemical properties (morphology, structure and chemical composition) were performed using Raman micro-spectrometry and data provided in the scientific literature. The goal is to establish a link between the physicochemical properties of soot particles and their ice nucleation activity
Coutris, Pierre. "Analyse des propriétés dimensionnelles et massiques des cristaux de glace pour l’étude des processus microphysiques dans les systèmes convectifs à méso-échelle". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC007/document.
Texto completoThe detailed characterization of ice cloud microphysics is key to understand their role in theEarth’s hydrological cycle and radiation budget. The developement of atmospheric models and remote sensingalgorithms relies on parametrisations derived from in situ measurements. These measurements are also usedby the aviation industry to handle the problem of ice crystal icing. This PhD work presents an analysis of themass and size properties of ice crystals observed in high ice water content areas embedded in tropical mesoscaleconvective systems (MCS) during two airborne field campaigns of the HAIC-HIWC international project.A new approach is developped to derive mass-size relationships (m - D) from size distributions and icewater contents. The retrieval is formulated as an inverse problem which waives the power law constraint, aclassical assumption that proves to be an oversimplification when applied to heterogeneous populations of iceparticules typical of MCS anvils.The horizontal variability of size distributions and the aging of MCS anvils is described in terms of microphysicalprocesses. The importance of the aggregation growth process is emphasized as it efficiently removessmall ice particles brought into the upper troposphere by deep convection and significantly contributes to theformation of large agregates, precusor of the stratiform precipitations. The analysis of mass properties revealsthat distinctive microphysical regimes may be identified from the m-D relationship retrieved in various conditions.It paves the way toward a statistical model of the effective density of ice particles as a function of environmentalparameters
Hiron, Thibault. "Experimental and modeling study of heterogeneous ice nucleation on mineral aerosol particles and its impact on a convective cloud". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC074/document.
Texto completoOne of the main challenges in understanding the evolution of Earth's climate resides in the understanding the ice formation processes and their role in the formation of tropospheric clouds as well as their evolution. A newly built humidity-controlled cold stage allows the simultaneous observation of up to 200 monodispersed droplets of suspensions containing K-feldspar particles, known to be very active ice nucleating particles. The ice nucleation efficiencies of the individual residual particles were compared for the different freezing modes and the relationship between immersion ice nuclei and deposition ice nuclei were investigated. The results showed that the same ice active sites are responsible for nucleation of ice in immersion and deposition modes.The atmospheric implications of the experimental results are discussed, using Descam (Flossmann et al., 1985), a 1.5-d bin-resolved microphysics model in a case study aiming to assess the role of the different ice nucleation pathways in the dynamical evolution of the CCOPE convective cloud (Dye et al., 1986). Four mineral aerosol types (K-feldspar, kaolinite, illite and quartz) were considered for immersion and contact freezing and deposition nucleation, with explicit Ice Nucleation Active Site density parameterizations.In sensitivity studies, the different aerosol types and nucleation modes were treated seperately and in competition to assess their relative importance. Immersion freezing on K-feldspar was found to have the most pronounced impact on the dynamical evolution and precipitation for a convective cloud
Thibert, Emmanuel. "Thermodynamique et cinétique des solutions solides HCl-H2O et HNO3-H2O : implications atmosphériques". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00755697.
Texto completoDelestre, Barbara. "Reconstruction 3D de particules dans un écoulement par imagerie interférométrique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NORMR116.
Texto completoFor many industrial or environmental applications, it is important to measure the size and volume of irregularly shaped particles. This is for example the case in the context of aircraft icing which occurs during flights, where it is necessary to measure in situ the water content and the ice content in the troposphere in order to detect and avoid risk areas. Our interest has been on interferometric out-of-focus imaging, an optical technique offering many advantages (wide measurement field, extended range of sizes studied [50 μm: a few millimeters], distance particle / measuring device several tens of centimeters ...). During this thesis, we showed that the 3D reconstruction of a particle can be done from a set of three interferometric images of this particle (under three perpendicular viewing angles). This can be done using the error reduction (ER) algorithm which allows to obtain the function f(x,y) from the measurements of the modulus of its 2D Fourier transform |F(u,v)| , by reconstructing the phase of its 2D Fourier transform. The implementation of this algorithm allowed us to reconstruct the shape of irregular particles from their interferometric images. Experimental demonstrations were carried out using a specific assembly based on the use of a micro-mirror array (DMD) which generates the interferometric images of programmable rough particles. The results obtained are very encouraging. The volumes obtained remain quite close to the real volume of the particle and the reconstructed 3D shapes give us a good idea of the general shape of the particle studied even in the most extreme cases where the orientation of the particle is arbitrary. Finally, we showed that an accurate 3D reconstruction of a "programmed" rough particle can be performed from a set of 120 interferometric images
Rey, Hanot Laurence. "Adsorption de gaz traces sur la glace : application à la chimie des nuages et du manteau neigeux". Phd thesis, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00765137.
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