Tesis sobre el tema "Nuages convectifs"
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Strauss, Clément. "Quelle turbulence sur les bords des nuages convectifs ?" Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30289.
Texto completoImproving the representation of turbulence at kilometre and hectometre scales is an important issue for nu- merical weather prediction models. The turbulence parametrization according to Cuxart et al. (2000) (noted CBR), currently used in the AROME and Méso-NH models, is not satisfactory in convective clouds, but a new parameterization introduced by Moeng (2014) has shown a strong potential to represent vertical thermodynamic fluxes on a mature cumulonimbus case (Verrelle et al., 2017). In this thesis, two LES (Large Eddy Simulation) of deep convection at 50-m then 5-m resolutions allow to generalize these results to a population of convective clouds at different phases of their life cycle then to a cumulus congestus and to study most of the 2nd order moment turbulent fluxes at different horizontal resolutions (50 m, 100 m, 250 m, 500 m, 1 km and 2 km) by filtering the fields of the LES. The Moeng parametrization provides better results than the CBR parametrization for vertical thermody- namical fluxes but also, to a lesser extent, for horizontal thermodynamical fluxes, both inside the cloud and at its edges. The improvement is less obvious for dynamical fluxes. The LES at 5 m then allows to characterize and quantify the turbulence, instabilities and thermodynamic and dynamic processes at the edges of the cumulus. The turbulence at the edges has a finer scale than that inside the cumulus. The dynamical production of subgrid turbulence largely dominates over the thermal production in the whole cloud. The cloudy air is strongly renewed by a mainly lateral entrainment. This is caused by different types of instabilities with, in particular, a large-scale toroidal circulation near the top of the cloud. There are few and shallow penetrative downdrafts at the top of the cloud. Near the edges of the cumulus, downdrafts coexist with a buoyancy inversion. Evaporative cooling, mainly present on the edges of the cumulus, contributes to this inversion and decreases the convective circulation. It also influences the path of the air entrained in the cloud but has little impact on the instabilities. The in-depth study carried out on the basis of numerous diagnoses, such as budgets or lagrangian tracers over large grid simulations, contributes to improve our understanding of the processes driving the exchanges between the cloud and its environment
Burnet, Frédéric. "Validation des mesures aeroportees de la microphysique nuageuse et etude des processus d'entrainement-melange dans les nuages convectifs". Toulouse 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU30097.
Texto completoPeroni, Raphaël. "Télédétection du contenu en vapeur d'eau au-dessus et autour de nuages convectifs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR083.
Texto completoDespite significant advances in atmospheric physics research over the past few decades, many uncertainties persist regarding our understanding of climate change. Current knowledge indicates that clouds play a major role in these uncertainties due to complex interactions involving aerosols, water vapor, clouds, global atmospheric circulation, convection, and precipitation. Water vapor plays a crucial role in clouds formation and development, especially those resulting from convective phenomena that redistribute water vapor in the atmosphere through exchanges between clouds and their immediate environment. Therefore, a better understanding of water vapor content above and around clouds is necessary to improve our comprehension of interactions between water vapor and clouds and to help the scientific community better constrain LES models and numerical weather forecasting models. Our research is part of the C³IEL space mission, which aims to enhance our knowledge of the 3D envelope of convective clouds, their horizontal and vertical development velocities, the water vapor content above and around clouds, and the electrical activity associated with these convective systems. The focus of this thesis concerns the retrieval of integrated water vapor content in the presence of clouds from satellite observations. This retrieval was achieved through a Bayesian probabilistic approach: the optimal estimation method. So far, few studies have explicitly demonstrated the feasibility of such inversion under cloudy atmosphere because of the complexity related to the penetration and scattering of radiation within the cloud. This increases the number of parameters involved in the relationship between radiance and water vapor content.Radiative transfer simulations were conducted in the three SWIR spectral bands defined for the study of water vapor content in the context of the C³IEL mission. The atmosphere was assumed to be composed of homogeneous plan-parallel layers, and synthetic radiance datasets were generated for testing the retrieval algorithm developed in this thesis. The feasibility of retrieving integrated water vapor content above a cloud and over the ocean from SWIR radiances was shown with a precision of approximately 1 kg/m² for optically dense clouds. However, the precision of this retrieval decreases as the cloud optical thickness decreases. Tests were then realized with realistic water vapor and cloud extinction profiles that present non-homogeneous cloudy vertical profiles. This shows that integrated water vapor content above liquid water clouds could be retrieved with a positive bias related to cloud penetration of approximately 2.18 kg/m². This value is of the same order of magnitude than those obtained in previous work under clear-sky conditions. In the presence of convective clouds containing both liquid and ice water, characterized by a significant vertical extension and thus a high top altitude, very high optical thickness and very low water vapor content, the retrieval algorithm does not succeed to provide a valid retrieval. Suggestions are therefore proposed to improve water vapor content retrievals in realistic cases and define the retrievable limit for water vapor content
Verrelle, Antoine. "Modélisation de la turbulence dans les nuages convectifs profonds aux résolutions kilométrique et hectométrique". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14522/1/Verrelle_partie_1_sur_5.pdf.
Texto completoSane, Youssouph. "Représentation du cycle de vie des systèmes convectifs dans le modèle LMDZ pendant la campagne AMMA 2006". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066051.
Texto completoCHAUMAT, LAURE. "Etude experimentale des processus de condensation dans les nuages convectifs : elargissement des spectres et distribution spatiale des gouttelettes". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF21118.
Texto completoKayiranga, Théoneste. "Contribution a l'etude du cycle diurne des nuages convectifs au moyen de l'imagerie satellitaire au dessus de l'afrique tropicale". Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066322.
Texto completoKayiranga, Théoneste. "Contribution à l'étude du cycle diurne des nuages convectifs au moyen de l'imagerie satellitaire au-dessus de l'Afrique tropicale". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37614722s.
Texto completoShamekh, Sara. "The impact of sea surface temperature on the aggregation of deep convective clouds". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLE041.
Texto completoThis study investigates the impact of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) heterogeneities on the aggregation of convective clouds, using 3D cloudresolving simulations of radiativeconvective equilibrium. The SST heterogeneities are either imposed or interactive. In imposed cases, a spatiotemporally fixed warm SST anomaly (Hot-spot) with radius R and temperature anomaly ΔT is introduced at the center of the domain. The hot-spot significantly accelerates aggregation and extends the range of SSTs for which aggregation occurs. A convective instability over the hot-spot leads to stronger convection and generates a large-scale circulation, forcing subsidence drying outside the hot-spot. A large/warm hot-spot drives the aggregation even without radiative feedbacks. In cases where SST heterogeneities are interactive, the ocean is modeled as one layer slab ocean, with a constant mean but spatially varying temperature. The interactive SST decelerates the aggregation, especially with shallower slab. SST anomaly in dry regions is positive at first, thus opposing the diverging shallow circulation known to favor self-aggregation. With further drying, it becomes negative and favors the shallow circulation. The shallow circulation is found to be well correlated with the aggregation speed. It can be linked to a positive surface pressure anomaly, itself the consequence of SST anomalies and boundary layer radiative cooling. Including a diurnal cycle in simulations with interactive SST results in faster triggering of dry patches and accelerates the aggregation for shallow slabs, thus reducing the dependency of aggregation on slab depth
Durieux, Laurent. "Etude des relations entre les caractéristiques géographiques de la surface et les nuages convectifs dans la région de l'arc de déforestation en Amazonie". Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX10059.
Texto completoChopin, Franck. "Aide à l'interprétation automatique des amas convectifs sur les images des satellites géostationnaires (GOES, Météosat) en prévision de la future exploitation des images du satellite MSG". Saint-Etienne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STET4014.
Texto completoDetection and automatic tracking of convective clusters are the subject of many researches in meteorology and image processing. The study of the trajectories and the distortion of this type of hydrometeors can provide a lot of informations. These can induce a better understanding of big scale weather phenomena such as tropical storms. After a brief presentation of the geostationary satellites, the characteristics of convective clusters on thermal infrared images are studied. A systematic comparison of different filters of image processing is applied to isolate the tropical convective systems, and to delimite their borders. New segmentation filters, some of them using a "contours" approach (continuous gradient, CFB) and others, an "areas" approach (adaptative thresholding, LPER and NMR) are described. The methods of image processing giving the best results are then used to study displacements and trajectories of convective clusters. An original follow-up method, based on the methods of correlation and overlapping betweeen clusters, is established. Tests relating to one month of GOES data are then carried out in order to check the coherence of the results. Finally the segmentations methods selected previously are introduced into the model in order to see whether the follow-up can be improved
Fontaine, Emmanuel. "Masse des cristaux de glace et facteurs de réflectivité radar dans les systèmes de nuages convectifs de moyenne échelle formés dans les Tropiques et la région de la mer Méditerranée". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22527/document.
Texto completoThis study focuses on the variability of mass-diameter relationships (m(D)) and shape of ice hydrometeors in Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS). It bases on data base which were recorded during four airborne measurement campaigns: (i) African monsoon’s MCS (continent; MT2010), (ii) Indian Ocean’s MCS (MT2011), (iii) Mediterranean’s MCS (costs; HyMeX), (iv) North-Australian monsoon’s MCS (costs; HAIC-HIWC). m(D) of ice hydrometeors are derived from a combined analysis of particle images from 2D-array probes and associated reflectivity factors measured with a Doppler cloud radar on the same research aircraft. Usually, m(D) is formulated as a power law (with one pre-factor and one exponent) that need to be constrained from complementary information on hydrometeors. A theoretical study of numerous hydrometeor shapes simulated in 3D and arbitrarily projected on a 2D plan allowed to constrain the exponent β of the m(D) relationship from the exponent σ of the surface-diameter S(D) relationship, which is likewise written as a power law. Since S(D) always can be determined for real data from 2D optical array probes or other particle imagers, the evolution of the m(D) exponent can be calculated. After that, the pre-factor α of m(D) is constrained from theoretical simulations of the radar reflectivity factor matching the measured reflectivity factor along the aircraft trajectory. Mean profiles of m(D) coefficients, particles size distributions and Condensed Water Content (CWC) are calculated in functions of the temperature, and are different for each type of MCS. For the four types of MCS, it is shown that the variability of m(D) coefficients is correlated with the variability of the temperature. Four types of m(D) parametrisations are calculated since the analysis of the variability of the m(D) coefficients. The significant benefit of using variable m(D) relations instead of a single m(D) relationship is demonstrated from the impact of all these m(D) relations on Z-CWC and Z-CWC-T fitted parametrisations
Coutris, Pierre. "Analyse des propriétés dimensionnelles et massiques des cristaux de glace pour l’étude des processus microphysiques dans les systèmes convectifs à méso-échelle". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC007/document.
Texto completoThe detailed characterization of ice cloud microphysics is key to understand their role in theEarth’s hydrological cycle and radiation budget. The developement of atmospheric models and remote sensingalgorithms relies on parametrisations derived from in situ measurements. These measurements are also usedby the aviation industry to handle the problem of ice crystal icing. This PhD work presents an analysis of themass and size properties of ice crystals observed in high ice water content areas embedded in tropical mesoscaleconvective systems (MCS) during two airborne field campaigns of the HAIC-HIWC international project.A new approach is developped to derive mass-size relationships (m - D) from size distributions and icewater contents. The retrieval is formulated as an inverse problem which waives the power law constraint, aclassical assumption that proves to be an oversimplification when applied to heterogeneous populations of iceparticules typical of MCS anvils.The horizontal variability of size distributions and the aging of MCS anvils is described in terms of microphysicalprocesses. The importance of the aggregation growth process is emphasized as it efficiently removessmall ice particles brought into the upper troposphere by deep convection and significantly contributes to theformation of large agregates, precusor of the stratiform precipitations. The analysis of mass properties revealsthat distinctive microphysical regimes may be identified from the m-D relationship retrieved in various conditions.It paves the way toward a statistical model of the effective density of ice particles as a function of environmentalparameters
Guichard, Françoise. "Impact d'un ensemble de nuages sur l'environnement de plus grande échelle vu par un modèle de convection nuageuse explicite (cas GATE et TOGA-GAte)". Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT034H.
Texto completoOueslati, Boutheina. "Interaction entre convection nuageuse et circulation de grande échelle dans les tropiques". Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1795/.
Texto completoThe spurious double intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is a systematic bias affecting state-of-the-art coupled general circulation models (GCM); there is still no consensus on its causes. The goal of this thesis is to shed some light on this outstanding problem toward the improvement of climate model performances. This work emphasizes the roles of coupled ocean-atmosphere and dynamics-thermodynamics feedbacks in the ITCZ structure. The first step was to study the response of the atmospheric GCMs ARPEGE-climat and LMDz in aquaplanet configuration, to a range of SST latitudinal distributions. The purpose was to investigate the existence of multiple precipitation regimes, explore their characteristics and untangle the mechanisms at play in regime transition. The transition from the double regime with two ITCZs to the single regime with only one ITCZ at the equator was analyzed. In both models, the transition between these regimes is mainly driven by changes in the low-level convergence that are forced by the atmospheric boundary layer temperature gradients. Model-dependent, dry and moist feedbacks intervene to reinforce or weaken the effect of the temperature forcing. Dry dynamical feedbacks are mainly driven by horizontal advection of cold subtropical air. Moist thermodynamics which are only active in LMDz; they act as negative feedbacks on low-level convergence and are associated with cooling in the stratospheric cold top and in the boundary layer by convective downdrafts. Moist processes play a crucial role in the ITCZ structure through their influence on the vertical profile of convective heating and modulation of moisture-convection feedbacks, two variables that are very sensitive to the convection scheme and, in particular, to lateral convective entrainment. The influence of lateral convective entrainment on the ITCZ structure is analyzed through a hierarchy of model configurations (coupled ocean-atmosphere, atmospheric and aquaplanet) using the CNRM-CM5 GCM. The sensitivity of the ITCZ structure to this parameter is robust across our hierarchy of models. In response to an increased entrainment rate, the realistic simulations exhibit a weakening of the southern side of the double ITCZ over the southeastern Pacific. The change in ITCZ configuration is associated with a more realistic representation of the tropical circulation driven by feedbacks between large-scale dynamics and deep convection. Together with vertical dynamics, SST and associated coupled feedbacks drive the ITCZ location. Sensitivity experiments to lateral entrainment show that ocean-atmosphere feedbacks amplify the double ITCZ bias. A multi-model analysis using CMIP5 GCMs show that the double ITCZ bias has become small in atmosphere-only simulations, and that coupled atmosphere-ocean feedbacks account for a large part of this bias in coupled simulations
Leroy, Delphine. "Développement d'un modèle de nuage tridimensionnel à microphysique détaillée - Application à la simulation de cas de convection profonde". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00170274.
Texto completoLe modèle DESCAM-3D a été validé par comparaison avec des mesures aéroportées dans un nuage convectif de la campagne CRYSTAL-FACE (Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers – Florida Area Cirrus Experiment) et avec des observations de la précipitation au sol dans un cas de convection moyenne au dessus des Cévennes (Expérience Alès 2004). Enfin, les premières études des interactions aérosol-nuages avec DESCAM-3D ont déjà montré que le nombre des particules d'aérosol influence la précipitation au sol mais aussi la dynamique du nuage et de ce fait peut avoir des répercussions sur les propriétés de l'enclume des nuages convectifs.
Deaconu, Lucia-Timea. "Study on multi-layer "aerosol" situations and of "aerosol-cloud" interactions". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10165.
Texto completoOne of the main objectives of this study is to analyze the consistency between the aerosol above clouds (AAC) retrievals from passive and active satellite measurements. We consider the method based on the passive polarization measurements provided by the POLDER instrument, the operational method developed for the space borne lidar CALIOP, and the CALIOP-based depolarization ratio method (DRM), for which we also propose a calibrated version. We perform a regional analysis and a global multi-annual analysis to provide robust statistics results. Our findings show good agreement between DRM and POLDER AOT retrievals (R2=0.68 at global scale). This result gives confidence in our ability to measure the properties of AAC. Differences occur when the aerosol and cloud layers are in contact. CALIOP operational method is largely underestimating the above cloud AOT, compared to the other two methods.The second objective is to study the impact of aerosols on the cloud properties and their radiative forcing, over the South Atlantic Ocean. We perform a synergy between CALIOP vertical profiles and POLDER retrievals, with collocated meteorological parameters. We performed radiative transfer calculations in the short- and longwave domains, and analyzed the effect of aerosol loading on the cloud properties and meteorology. We found that aerosols and water vapor effects could impact the cloud convection. Our results show that under large loads of AACs, clouds become optically thicker, with an increase in liquid water path of 20 g.m-2 and their cloud top altitudes are lower by 200 m, which may indicate a potential semi-direct effect of aerosols above clouds
Tobin, Isabelle. "Contribution à l'étude du rôle de l'organisation de la convection tropicale dans le système climatique". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066204.
Texto completoDeep convection is a key process for water and energy exchanges in the climate system. In the Tropics, convection gets organized over a wide range of spatio-temporal scales, from the mesoscale to the planetary scale. The motivation for this present work is to understand better the climatic role of this complex convective organization. Idealized high-resolution simulations of convective cloud ensembles have suggested the existence of relationships between the aggregation state of convection and the large-scale atmosphere. To investigate such relationships in observations, we have defined a diagnostic of the degree of convective aggregation and applied it to a long time series of satellite data over tropical oceans. At both synoptic scale and mesoscale, statistical relationships have been found between the degree of convective aggregation and the large-scale atmosphere. When convection is aggregated, the free troposphere is drier, high and mid-level cloudiness is reduced, outgoing longwave radiation is enhanced and reflected shortwave radiation is weaker than when convection is scattered. At the synoptic scale, when convection is aggregated, surface turbulent fluxes are stronger. These results suggest that the aggregation state of convection modulates interactions between convection and the large-scale atmosphere. Thus, a deficient representation of the aggregation state of convection and its associated effects in General Circulation Models may affect performance of climate modeling and forecasts
Kubicki, Agnès. "Modèle rhéologique pour la diffusion d'ondes de gravité en air humide saturé et application à la convection nuageuse". Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-407.pdf.
Texto completoTaufour, Marie. "Validation et amélioration du schéma microphysique à deux moments LIMA à partir des observations de la campagne de mesures HyMeX". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30325/document.
Texto completoThe triggering and growth of Convective systems is a complex process that extends from the synoptic scale, with the establishment of atmospheric circulations promoting convection, to the microscale, with the formation and growth processes of hydrometeors. This PhD focuses on these finest scales and investigates the contribution of complex cloud-microphysics to the occurrence and morphology of heavy precipitation events. The two-moment microphysical scheme LIMA evaluated in this study takes into account the evolution of a multimodal aerosol population and the prognostic treatment of its interaction with liquid and ice clouds and precipitation. First, the contribution of LIMA is evaluated in comparison to the ICE3 one-moment bulk microphysical scheme, which is less sophisticated and currently operational in the AROME model at Météo-France. In order to measure the performance of this new scheme, two case studies of the HyMeX campaign were simulated with the Meso-NH model and compared to a wide variety of available measurements. The assessment of cumulative precipitation shows a moderate impact of each of these microphysical schemes, but the difference is more pronounced in terms of convective systems composition and structure: the two moment microphysics develops a more realistic vertical structure and introduces more microphysical variability. The evaluation also identified biases in the scheme (such as an overestimation of rain drop diameters). Some improvements to the implementation of LIMA were proposed and evaluated on the same cases. Then, the scheme is used to perform a sensitivity test to the aerosol population on the same case studies. Tests on the concentration of idealized populations have shown that aerosols do not only affect primary production of cloud droplets and ice crystals but also precipitating hydrometeors, causing impacts on the development of simulated convective systems in terms of cloud composition and generated precipitation. Simulations based on a realistic aerosol population initialized from CAMS analyses also showed a moderate impact on cumulative precipitation, but a more significant improvement on the temporal evolution of the system (intensification, dissipation) and cloud composition, leading to a reduction of rain drop diameters in the studied cases
Gondot, Pascal. "L'electrisation des nuages orageux : etude d'un cas de centre positif de basse altitude par des moyens aeriens in situ". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CLF21091.
Texto completoWang, Di. "What controls the 3D distribution of water vapor isotopic composition in East Asia?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS567.pdf.
Texto completoUnlike polar ice core records, the isotope variations in Tibetan ice cores challenge the interpretation of temperature signals. One of the main reasons is that in monsoon regions at low and middle latitudes, water isotopes are influenced by convective and cloud processes. A deeper understanding of water isotope behavior and the dynamical controls involved in moisture transpiration and convection is needed. Large-scale in-situ observations and vertical profiles of vapor isotopes during convection would be helpful. However, such data are rare. The aim of this thesis was to document horizontal, vertical, and temporal variations in the isotopic composition of water in East Asian monsoon region. First, to document the horizontal and seasonal variations of water isotopes near the surface across China, we made in-situ observations of near-surface vapor isotopes over a large region (over 10000 km) across China in both pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, using a newly-designed vehicle-based vapor isotope monitoring system. We found that the observed spatial variations of vapor δ18O are mainly controlled by Rayleigh distillation along air mass trajectories during the pre-monsoon period, but are significantly influenced by different moisture sources, continental recycling processes, and convection along moisture transport during the monsoon period. These results provide an overview of the spatial distribution and seasonal variability of water isotopic composition in East Asia and their controlling factors and emphasize the need to interpret proxy records in the context of the regional system and moisture sources. Second, to better understand the physical processes that control the vertical distribution of vapor isotopes and its intra-seasonal and seasonal variability, we observed the vertical profiles of atmosphere vapor isotopes up to the upper troposphere (from the ground surface at 3856m up to 11000m a.s.l.) from June to October in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau using a specially-designed unmanned-aerial-vehicle (UAV) system. For the sampling, we chose to carry air bags on UAVs as a portable sampling device, but encountered the permeability problem commonly associated with these bags. To corrected for this problem, we developed a diffusion model with diffusion parameters calibrated through laboratory experiments. This allows us to document for the first time the vertical distribution of atmospheric water vapor isotopes across the entire monsoon period up to the upper troposphere, boasting an unprecedented vertical resolution and altitude range. We find that the vertical profiles of water vapor isotopic composition reflect a combination of large-scale processes, in particular deep convection and continental recycling along trajectories, and local convective processes, in particular convective detrainment, and sublimation of ice crystals. The observed seasonal and intra-seasonal variations are generally vertically coherent, due to the strong vertical convective mixing and local convective detrainment of vapor originating from the low levels, and are mainly due to deep convection along trajectories
Pergaud, Julien. "Étude et paramétrisation de la turbulence et des nuages de couche limite". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2340/.
Texto completoThe main objective of this thesis was to develop a new parameterization enabling to improve the mixing and representation of clouds in convective boundary layers. We thus developed a parameterization based on the concept EDMF for Eddy- Diffusivity/Mass Flux and in which the mass _ux scheme represents idealized thermal which can exchange air with its environment and whose air parcels can condensate. In the dry part of the updraft, entrainment and detrainment are defined as proportional to the buoyancy and inversely proportional to the vertical velocity in the updraft. This formalism allows the exchanges to adapt depending on the type of boundary layer or the intensity of convection. In the cloud, the buoyancy sort formalism was chosen. Indeed, it is well suited to represent exchanges between the cloud and its environment. Tests in a single column model helped highlight the contribution of such a scheme in the representation of the turbulence but also boundary layer clouds. It allows a good representation of the counter-gradient area and corrects a well-knwon defect of eddy-diffusivity parameterizations. 3D results are presented and demonstrate the need for such a scheme for models with 2. 5km resolution. It has been well implemented in the new operational mesoscale model at Météo-France named AROME
Rio, Catherine. "Paramétrisation de la couche limite atmosphérique convective et représentation du cycle diurne des nuages dans un modèle de climat". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003728.
Texto completoHiron, Thibault. "Experimental and modeling study of heterogeneous ice nucleation on mineral aerosol particles and its impact on a convective cloud". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC074/document.
Texto completoOne of the main challenges in understanding the evolution of Earth's climate resides in the understanding the ice formation processes and their role in the formation of tropospheric clouds as well as their evolution. A newly built humidity-controlled cold stage allows the simultaneous observation of up to 200 monodispersed droplets of suspensions containing K-feldspar particles, known to be very active ice nucleating particles. The ice nucleation efficiencies of the individual residual particles were compared for the different freezing modes and the relationship between immersion ice nuclei and deposition ice nuclei were investigated. The results showed that the same ice active sites are responsible for nucleation of ice in immersion and deposition modes.The atmospheric implications of the experimental results are discussed, using Descam (Flossmann et al., 1985), a 1.5-d bin-resolved microphysics model in a case study aiming to assess the role of the different ice nucleation pathways in the dynamical evolution of the CCOPE convective cloud (Dye et al., 1986). Four mineral aerosol types (K-feldspar, kaolinite, illite and quartz) were considered for immersion and contact freezing and deposition nucleation, with explicit Ice Nucleation Active Site density parameterizations.In sensitivity studies, the different aerosol types and nucleation modes were treated seperately and in competition to assess their relative importance. Immersion freezing on K-feldspar was found to have the most pronounced impact on the dynamical evolution and precipitation for a convective cloud
Schaeffer, Nicolas. "Modélisation et simulation numérique des phénomènes de nucléation et de croissance en écoulement confiné". Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MARN0129.
Texto completoPilon, Romain. "Transport et élimination des radionucléides naturels par les processus nuageux : Mécanismes et représentation dans un modèle de climat". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066151.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the distribution of radionuclides in the atmosphere and of its spatial and temporal variability. Randionuclides, studied in this thesis, are thus from the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, particularly the two natural radionuclides 7Be et 210Pb which are frequently uses for atmospheric transport study. The main tool is the LMDz climate model. Thanks to the high/low tropospheric radionuclides sources, these tracers are useful for the evaluation of processes which affect its distribution. Tropics are the region where radionuclides surface concentrations are the worst simulated by the LMDz model. The disagreement between observations nd simulations underlines the need to a better representation of transport in convective systems et a better understanding of physical processes in the model. We developed a parametrization of transport of radionuclide and its removal by incloud condensation and by precipitation by convective clouds. The scheme follows closely the Emanuel moist convection scheme and has been developed in LMDz climate model. The analysis of the different processes affecting tracers distribution in the unicolum version of LMDz show how convective and large-scale processes combine their effects to move vertically tracers. Convective precipitating downdrafts move down 7Be at the surface, with the help of the evaporation of convective and large-scale precipitation, whereas large-scale condensation removes the radionuclide from the whole troposphere
Bolot, Maximilien. "Approche théorique de la distribution des isotopologues stables de l'eau dans l'atmosphère tropicale, de l'échelle convective aux grandes échelles". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066527.
Texto completoThe goal of this thesis is to establish the principles of water stable isotopologues distribution in convecting atmospheres and, in turn, to explore the potential of isotopic measurements for the study of deep convection. First, we revisit the treatment of water isotopic effects in convective updrafts, with a special focus on the out-of-equilibrium conditions arising from supersaturation and the presence of a mixed-phase layer, where liquid water and ice coexist. We show that these effects can lead to significant shifts in the deuterium excess of vapour at high altitude. We also show that combined measurement of isotopic ratios at cloud base and over restricted altitude regions at cloud top could be used to estimate supersaturation and supercooled liquid water. Then, we study the distribution of isotopic ratios inside ice crystals and relate this distribution to the nucleation and growth history of crystals. Using measurements from the TC4 campaign, we show how diffusive growth and aggregation processes have a distinct signature in terms of crystal isotopic composition and can be characterised accordingly. Finally, we seek to determine the relative importance of moist convection and large-scale circulation in controlling isotopic ratios and their variations in the tropical troposphere. We conclude on the feasibility of using water isotopologues to gain information on convective entrainment and on the recycling of moisture in actively convecting areas of the tropics
Santiago-Jegaden, Armelle. "Impact des états de surface continentaux sur la dynamique pluvieuse au Cameroun : répartition statio-temporelle des indicateurs météosat : occurences de nuages à sommet froid et températures maximales de brillance". Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOL027.
Texto completoThe objective of this study is to expose the role that the continental surface characteristics have in the distribution of cloud banks of the cumuliform type and rain in Cameroon this research lies within a larger framework of improving pluviometric forecast in a region of the globe where population is very dependant on the spatio-temporal variability of precipitation. Cameroon is quite appropriate for this study as it enjoys a wide range of climates, ranging from constant humidity of equatorial areas to sahelian atmosphere in the surroundings of lac chad. The relief and vegetation are particular, especially in the south of the country, while, in the north, life is narrowly dependent upon a single, short, rainy season. Here, a new method has been developed. It is based on correlating satellite findings from the period 1990- 1993 (meteosat thermic synthesis) with digitalised cartographical documents relative to the characteristics of the ground. Radiation emitted by the ground and the atmosphere in the thermic infrarouge towards space is filtered to extract two major facts relating to convection and rainfall formation. Convection developements appear to be disturbed essentially by large land formations. The influence of slope directions and orographic masses is clear the role of secondary ground characteristics is more difficult to prove. Nevertheless, the presence of free water sheet and areas which are periodically flooded in the north seem to have repercussions on convection. In addition, the interactions between the lower levels of the atmosphere and vegetation were able to be specified in the forest/savanna border in the south of the country where new elements were introduced due to the climatic consequences of human activities (slash-and-burn farming, land clearing). The relation between these observations and the variability of rainfall have been established, leading to interesting perpectives for similar research for longer periods of time and in other areas
Ramage, Karim. "Contribution à l'estimation des précipitations et à la caractérisation des nuages en Afrique de l'Ouest à partir des observations des satellites METEOSAT et TRMM". Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077159.
Texto completoPatou, Maximilien. "Analyse temporelle des propriétés optiques, microphysiques et macrophysiques de systèmes nuageux fortement précipitants à partir de SEVIRI/MSG". Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R006/document.
Texto completoFormation of precipitation and its intensity are the result of the microphysical processes that contribute to the growth of precipitating hydrometeors. Macrophysical features of cloud formation and growth provide a framework of environmental conditions constraining microphysical processes. Cloud observations at high temporal resolution can highlight microphysical processes to better understand them which is essential for short-term prediction of heavy rainfall events within the context of nowcasting. A new methodology to track convective cloud systems with a time resolution of five minutes was developed from SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) on board Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary satellite. A temporal analysis of cloud top microphysical properties (cloud top phase, cloud effective radius), cloud optical properties (cloud optical thickness), cloud top macrophysical properties (perimeter to area ratio, mean temperature) and ground based precipitation estimation was conducted. Particular temporal trends of cloud top properties was observed over a 30 minutes to 2h rainfall enhancement period. This result provides an analytical basis to determine future precursors of heavy rainfall events
Piriou, Jean-Marcel. "Représentation de la convection dans les modèles globaux et régionaux : concepts, équations, études de cas". Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30163.
Texto completoIn this study we address the question of convection modelling inside global and regional models, i. E. The concepts expressing the mean effect of a large ensemble of convective updrafts and downdrafts. The main points addressed in this study are causality, equations at the model resolved scale, and entrainment. A ne-dimensional test-bed is developed, comparing simulations from parameterizations to those of high resolution models used as a reference. The main results are: * Proposal of the BCC concept (Buoyant Convective Condensation) to solve the causality dilemma inside convective parameterizations. * Proposal of a new set of convective equations at resolved scale, releasing the hypothesis underlying the most widely used equation set: that of Yanai (1973). The new equations set can be used as a basis to develop convective parameterizations, while being closer to that used in high resolution models (CRM). It is shown that this approach is relevant to build parameterization schemes: a scheme is developped, using this equations set, associated with an ascent scheme, a vertical velocity scheme, and a closure. The resulting convective parameterization is validated on a single-column test-bed. .
Figoureux, Karine. "Coefficients de diffusion dans la convection de fluides géophysiques hétérogènes : application à l'air nuageux et à l'eau de mer". Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-241.pdf.
Texto completoSaüt, Carine. "Transport et évolution de l'ozone et de ses précurseurs au-dessus de l'Océan Pacifique : impact de la convection nuageuse organisée". Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30141.
Texto completoBrosse, Fabien. "Influence de la couche limite convective sur la réactivité chimique en Afrique de l'Ouest". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30324/document.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the influence of the convective and cloudy boundary layer on the chemical reactivity in West Africa. To answer this question, high resolution simulations (50m) are performed on the atmospheric model Meso-NH coupled to a detailed chemical scheme representing the gaseous and aqueous phases. This spatial scale allow to explicitly represent the spatial and temporal characteristics of turbulent structures. Thermals in the boundary layer are identified by a conditional sampling based on a radioactive-decay passive scalar. The turbulent transport influence on the redistribution of chemical species depends on the chemical lifetimes of these species. Spatial segregation is created within the convective boundary layer that increases or decreases the mean reaction rates between compounds. AMMA campaign field study, and more recently DACCIWA, are used to define dynamical and chemical forcing of two simulated environments. The first one is representative of a biogenic environment dominated by natural emissions of VOC. The second reproduces a moderately polluted typical urban area of the Guinean Gulf (Cotonou in Benin). For the sake of simplicity, simulations analysis are limited to the chemical reaction between isoprene and OH in the biogenic case, and the reaction between C>2 aldehydes and OH in the anthropogenic case. The convective boundary layer influence is studied at thermal and domain scale. This makes the connection with coarse resolution models for which a hypothesis of perfect and immediate mixing is made, neglecting the spatial variability of chemical species within a grid cell. The first results are based on the gaseous phase only. Cloudy development in the convective boundary layer only affects the vertical transport of chemical species. The simulations show that thermals are preferential reaction zones where the chemical reactivity is the highest. The top of the boundary layer is the region characterized by the highest calculated segregation intensities but of the opposite sign in both environments. In the biogenic environment, the inhomogeneous mixing of isoprene and OH in this zone leads to a maximum decrease of 30% of the mean reaction rate. In the anthropogenic case, the effective rate constant for OH reacting with aldehydes is 16% higher at maximum than the averaged value. The OH reactivity is higher by 15 to 40% inside thermals compared to the surroundings depending on the chemical environment and time of the day. Because thermals occupy a small fraction of the simulated domain, the impact of turbulent motions on the domain-averaged OH total reactivity reaches a maximum 9% decrease for the biogenic case and a maximum of 5% increase for the anthropogenic case. LES simulations including the aqueous reactivity reveal a significant decrease in OH mixing ratios associated to the presence of clouds. Consequently, isoprene and C>2 aldehydes mixing ratios increase at these altitudes
Trraf, Mohamed. "Étude de la convection nuageuse dans le sud-ouest de la France, cas du 2 juin 1984 : effet du relief pyrénéen". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CLF21084.
Texto completoTrraf, Mohamed. "Etude de la convection nuageuse dans le sud-ouest de la France, cas du 2 juin 1984 effet du relief pyrénéen /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37618984v.
Texto completoReinares, Martinez Irene. "Les mécanismes de contrôle des précipitations dans le nord de l'Afrique pendant un épisode poussiéreux". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30382/document.
Texto completoPrecipitation in northern Africa occurs mainly during the monsoon season. It arises from the interaction of atmospheric processes across a wide range of scales, making its prediction challenging. The control mechanisms on precipitation are examined during a well-documented case study of dust emission and transport on 9-14 June 2006. The same method for cloud detection and tracking was applied on satellite observations and several numerical simulations (with explicit or parameterized convection) to investigate the precipitating systems. Among the various types of systems identified, mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) yield most of the total precipitation, with an observed contribution of 66%. The greatest precipitation producers are the long-lived MCSs (i.e., that last more than 6 h), at the origin of 55% of precipitation. These MCSs become more organized, i.e., larger, longer-lived and faster, as they propagate westward. The convection-permitting simulations capture the rainfall partition, but do not fully reproduce the organization of the long-lived MCSs. The simulation with parameterized convection fails to correctly represent the rain partition. This shows the added-value provided by the convection-permitting simulations. The radiative effect of dust is then analyzed, by comparing two convection-permitting simulations, with and without dust-radiation interaction. The direct effects are a mid-level warming and a near-surface cooling mainly in the western parts of northern Africa, which tend to stabilize the lower atmosphere. One semi-direct effect is a decrease in precipitation. This rainfall drop is explained by a too low number of long-lived MCSs which, nevertheless, are longer-lived and more efficient in terms of precipitation production. The diminution in the number of long-lived MCSs is due to the stabilization of the atmosphere inhibiting the triggering of convection
Domingues, Ramos Maria Helena. "Analyse de la pluviométrie sous des systèmes nuageux convectifs : étude de cas sur des données de la ville de Marseille et de la méthode ISIS de Météo-France". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE10062.
Texto completoRandriambelo, Tantely. "Détection satellitaire des feux de végétation et des zones de convection en zone tropicale : application à l'étude climatologique de l'ozone troposphérique". La Réunion, 1998. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/98_11_Randriambelo.pdf.
Texto completoRoux, Frank. "Les lignes de grains de copt81 : environnement, precipitations, cinematique, thermodynamique". Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077154.
Texto completoLefeivre, Brigitte. "Etude expérimentale et par modélisation des caractéristiques physiques et chimiques des précipitations collectées en forêt équatoriale africaine". Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30077.
Texto completoBechara, Joelle. "Impact de la mousson sur la chimie photooxydante en Afrique de l'Ouest". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00496705.
Texto completoPapon, Cynthia. "Paramétrage des nuages de convection restreinte". Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3039/1/M11398.pdf.
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