Tesis sobre el tema "Nuages – Arctique"
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Coopman, Quentin. "Impact des aérosols sur les nuages en Arctique". Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10154/document.
Texto completoThe Arctic region is warming particularly rapidly. The aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI) plays an important role on cloud radiative properties and climate change but aerosol impact on cloud microphysical parameters is still poorly understood.In this study we combine measurements from the satellite instruments POLDER-3 and MODIS to temporally and spatially co-localize cloud microphysical properties with carbon monoxide concentrations, passive tracer of aerosol content, from GEOS-Chem and FLEXPART. We also add ERA-I reanalysis of meteorological parameters to stratify meteorological parameters, such as specific humidity and lower tropospheric stability. Thus, observed differences in cloud-microphysical-parameters can be attributed to differences in aerosol content and not in meteorological parameters. We define a net ACI (ACInet) which can be interpreted as a measure of the sensitivity of a cloud at any given location to pollution plumes from distant sources. We study the impact of aerosols from anthropogenic and biomass-burning sources on liquid-cloud microphysical properties in Arctic, between 2005 and 2010, above ocean, and for different meteorological regimes. Our results suggest that the effect of biomass pollution plumes is smaller than the effect of anthropogenic pollution plumes. Meteorological parameters can significantly influence the ACI. We analyze the impact of anthropogenic aerosol on thermodynamic phase transition. The smaller the effective radius, the greater the supercooled temperature, whereas the greater the aerosol concentration, the smaller the supercooled temperature
Jouan, Caroline. "Les nuages de glace en arctique : mécanismes de formation". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843520.
Texto completoLoyer, Lilian. "Étude de processus-clés de la couche limite nuageuse en Arctique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS251.
Texto completoThe study of the Arctic atmosphere is of growing scientific interest, as its surface temperature increases two to three times faster than in the rest of the world. Clouds are a key element in the energy balance of the ocean-ice atmosphere system in the Arctic because of the modulation they exert on the radiation. However, the formation and persistence of these clouds are still poorly represented in atmospheric models, as well as the boundary layer where they reside. A better understanding of the feedbacks between clouds and ice surfaces is crucial to analyze and predict the evolution of the Arctic climate. As part of the IAOOS project, an integrated observing system aboard buoys drifting in the Arctic Ocean collected simultaneous real-time information on the state of the upper ocean, the lower atmosphere and the Arctic sea ice. Part of these observations coincided with the N-ICE field campaign north of Svalbard in 2015. The work carried out in this thesis aims at better quantifying the different terms of the surface energy balance under various environmental and surface conditions and to improve the representation in the regional model Polar-WRF of clouds in the Arctic boundary layer
Maillard, Julia. "Boundary layer processes impacting the surface energy balance in the Arctic". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS515.pdf.
Texto completoThe Arctic is warming at two to three times as fast as the rest of the Earth, and it is therefore a crucial area of study for atmospheric scientists. This thesis aimed to gain insight on two characteristics of the Arctic boundary-layer (clouds and surface based temperature inversions) and to determine their impact on the surface energy balance through a combination of novel measurements and modelling. First, a novel statistic of cloud frequency and characteristics over the Arctic sea-ice was derived from a set of 1777 lidar profiles obtained during the 5-year Ice, Atmosphere, Ocean Observation Systems (IAOOS) campaign. Clouds were found to occur more than 85% of the time from May to October and single cloud layers were optically and geometrically thickest in October. Total cloud radiative forcing over a typical summer cycle was estimated to be negative for optically thin clouds, but positive for optically thick clouds. Second, the impact of wind speeds on the development of surface-based temperature inversions (SBIs) in the continental Arctic was investigated. The analysis of measurements from the pre-ALPACA winter 2019 campaign that took place in Fairbanks, Alaska, showed that a local, likely topographically driven flow developed under anticyclonic conditions. This flow inhibited the development of strong SBIs by sustaining significant turbulence even under very strong radiative cooling. The modelling of clear-sky surface layer temperature inversions and their dependence on wind speed was then studied, with a focus on forest areas. A 2-layer analytical model of the vegetated surface layer was developed. This model exhibited a slower decrease of the SBI strength with wind speed compared to a 1-layer model, which was shown to be coherent with observations at an Ameriflux site close to Fairbanks. These models were then compared to two WRF surface layer schemes, which were found to place excessive limits on the turbulence, preventing the development of large temperature gradients
Blanchard, Yann. "Analyse du potentiel de la radiométrie infrarouge thermique pour la caractérisation des nuages de glace en Arctique". Phd thesis, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00753586.
Texto completoRivière, Emmanuel. "Modélisation physico-chimique de la stratosphère arctique : études des nuages stratosphériques polaires et des interactions entre composés halogénés et composés azotés". Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2054.
Texto completoGuyot, Gwennolé. "Caractérisation des propriétés microphysiques des nuages et de l'interaction aérosol-nuage en Arctique à partir de mesures in-situ au sol pendant la campagne CLIMSLIP-NyA, Svalbard". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22699/document.
Texto completoThe arctic region is especially sensitive to climate change. At high latitudes, arctic clouds have an important effect on the surface radiative budget. The first part of this work consists in a ground based cloud instrumentation intercomparison in the PUY station in May 2013. The measurements showed a good correlation between the effective diameters and the droplet size distributions obtained by the instruments, but with a systematical bias on the concentrations. These biases have been relied to the assessment of the sampling volume and we thus proposed a methodology to standardize the data according to an ensemble of particles probe. Moreover, the FSSP and the FM have been the subject of experiments to assess the influence of the deflection angle according to exterior wind and the wind speed. The second part of this work is about the measurement campaign at the Mount-Zeppelin station, Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, from March to May 2012 in the frame of the CLIMSLIP project. A comparison has been performed between a « polluted » case, with air masses coming from East Asia and Europe, and a « clean » case, where the aerosol sources are predominantly local and do not exceed the northern Europe. The results showed that the polluted case possessed higher concentrations in BC, aerosols and drops, an accumulation mode more important, weaker droplet diameters and higher activation fraction. Finally, the first and second aerosol indirect effects have been quantified
Mariage, Vincent. "Développement et mise en oeuvre de LiDAR embarqués sur bouées dérivantes pour l'étude des propriétés des aérosols et des nuages en Arctique et des forçages radiatifs induits". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066580/document.
Texto completoTo improve our knowledge of the processes and interactions which occur in Arctic between atmosphere, sea ice and ocean, an EQUIPEX funding was granted to the IAOOS project. This improvement will be reached by deploying a network of multi-instrumented buoys. For the atmospheric analyses an innovative backscattering LiDAR meeting with constraints of the project and arctic environment has been developed. An analytical model of signal to noise ratio in clear sky led to the instrumental key parameters, and numerical simulations helped in improving the system performances. An evolutive prototype has been realized within the tight planning of this EQUIPEX. The first whole equiped buoy was deployed close to the north pole in April 2014 and worked until the beginning of December 2014. A second deployment of two buoys, including a polarized version, was then realized within the N-ICE campaign from January to June 2015. These first campaigns gave first statistics of aerosols and clouds distribution in the central arctic region with an autonomous LiDAR. First results show frequent aerosols layers in mid-troposphere during spring, as well as a high occurence of very low clouds. LiDAR measurements were also used to estimate downwelling longwave and shortwave at surface. Results obtained from these first deployments and comparisons with analysis and outputs from the WRF model show a first overview of what can be expected from this network of multi-instrumented buoys in the central arctic region
Arouf, Assia. "Surface longwave cloud radiative effect derived from space lidar observations : application in the Arctic". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS173.
Texto completoClouds play an important role in regulating Earth’s energy budget at the surface. For example, clouds absorb thermal radiation emitted by Earth’s surface and reemit it toward the surface and warming the surface. This can be quantified through surface LongWave (LW) Cloud Radiative Effect (CRE). However, surface LW CRE on a global scale is not well retrieved and its instantaneous and interdecadal variability is poorly known. Indeed, it depends highly on vertical cloud distribution, which is poorly documented globally. In this thesis, we propose to retrieve the surface LW CRE over 13 years (2008 − 2020) at a global scale using Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) spaceborne lidar observations. From 1D radiative transfer computations, we establish linear parametrizations between surface LW CRE and cloud properties including cloud altitude. Combining the parametrizations with the cloud observations, we derive two datasets of surface LW CRE, at monthly–2° × 2° gridded scale and instantaneously at full CALIPSO horizontal resolution (90 m cross-track; 330 m along orbit-track). We found that clouds warm the surface by 27.0 W/m2 over the 2008 − 2020 time period at a global scale. Surface LW CRE is particularly important in polar regions such that clouds may have an effect on ice melting. By instantaneously co-locating surface cloud warming and sea ice observations in regions where sea ice varies, we showed that large surface cloud warming values (> 80 W/m2 ) are much more frequent over open water than over sea ice during late Fall. Our results suggest that clouds may delay sea ice freeze-up later into the Fall
Mariage, Vincent. "Développement et mise en oeuvre de LiDAR embarqués sur bouées dérivantes pour l'étude des propriétés des aérosols et des nuages en Arctique et des forçages radiatifs induits". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066580.
Texto completoTo improve our knowledge of the processes and interactions which occur in Arctic between atmosphere, sea ice and ocean, an EQUIPEX funding was granted to the IAOOS project. This improvement will be reached by deploying a network of multi-instrumented buoys. For the atmospheric analyses an innovative backscattering LiDAR meeting with constraints of the project and arctic environment has been developed. An analytical model of signal to noise ratio in clear sky led to the instrumental key parameters, and numerical simulations helped in improving the system performances. An evolutive prototype has been realized within the tight planning of this EQUIPEX. The first whole equiped buoy was deployed close to the north pole in April 2014 and worked until the beginning of December 2014. A second deployment of two buoys, including a polarized version, was then realized within the N-ICE campaign from January to June 2015. These first campaigns gave first statistics of aerosols and clouds distribution in the central arctic region with an autonomous LiDAR. First results show frequent aerosols layers in mid-troposphere during spring, as well as a high occurence of very low clouds. LiDAR measurements were also used to estimate downwelling longwave and shortwave at surface. Results obtained from these first deployments and comparisons with analysis and outputs from the WRF model show a first overview of what can be expected from this network of multi-instrumented buoys in the central arctic region
Ayyala, Somayajula Srikanth y Somayajula Srikanth Ayyala. "Effets des grands angles de zénith et de la couverture nuageuse sur l'éclairement sous-marin : implications pour la production primaire dans l'océan Arctique". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37887.
Texto completoLe processus de la photosynthèse nécessite l'énergie de la lumière solaire et, dans l’océan, se déroule essentiellement dans la couche euphotique. Outre les autres variables (à savoir la chlorophylle a et les paramètres photosynthétiques), une connaissance appropriée du champ lumineux en termes de rayonnement incident disponible sur la photosynthèse (PAR) à un emplacement, une profondeur et une heure et une date donnés, est requise par les modèles d'écosystème marin. Le travail inclus dans cette thèse examine comment des angles de zénith solaires plus grands et différentes conditions nuageuses caractéristiques des régions de haute latitude, en particulier dans l'Arctique, peuvent affecter la précision des estimations de l'éclairement de surface et dans la colonne d’eau. L’accent est également mis sur les variations du champs lumineux à haute fréquence liées à la nébulosité sur les estimations de la productivité primaire. Les PAR de surface estimés à partir de différents modèles ont été comparés à des mesures en série chronologique in situ à haute fréquence de données de PAR d'une bouée située en mer Méditerranée. Nous avons examiné comment les incertitudes dues aux angles de zénith solaires plus grands, en conditions nuageuses variables, pouvaient affecter la précision des estimations de l'éclairement de surface. La méthode de classement objectif a été utilisée pour identifier les meilleures méthodes. Le produit PAR de la NASA-Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG) a montré les meilleures performances globales, tandis que les PAR basées sur la méthode de la table de conversion (LUT) ont présenté les meilleures performances en termes de différence carrée moyenne, de biais sous ciel clair et également par temps couvert. D'autres méthodes basées sur des formulations empiriques ont montré la troisième meilleure performance par temps clair, tandis que par temps nuageux, elles présentaient de plus grandes incertitudes. Trois méthodes testées par faible ensoleillement ont montré des incertitudes allant jusqu'à 50% dans toutes les conditions du ciel. Les performances du modèle dépendent des propriétés et des produits de nuage...
The process of photosynthesis requires the energy from sunlight and takes place essentially in the euphotic layer of the oceans. In addition to other variables (i.e., chlorophyll a and photosynthetic parameters) a suitable knowledge of light field in terms of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) at any given location, depth and time is an important input parameter required by marine ecosystem models. The work included in this thesis examines how larger solar zenith angles, different cloud conditions that are characteristic features of high latitude regions, especially in Arctic, might affect the accuracy of surface irradiance estimates. Further, main focus was on the effects of high frequency variations in the light field on primary production. Surface PAR estimated from different models were compared with high frequency in situ time series measurements of PAR a buoy located in Mediterranean Sea. It was examined how uncertainties due to larger solar zenith angles under varying cloud conditions might affect the accuracy of surface irradiance. Objective ranking method was used to identify the best methods. Methods tested under low sun elevations exhibited uncertainties as large as 50% under all sky conditions. Model performances were dependent on cloud properties and products. Accuracy of a semianalytical model for coefficient of vertical diffuse attenuation of surface irradiance (kd!) based on optical properties inherent to the water itself (absorption and scattering), and solar zenith angle was examined under larger solar zenith angels and cloud conditions. Extensive radiative transfer simulations were performed to quantify the uncertainties due to large solar zenith angles and clouds on the estimates of diffuse attenuation coefficient. The uncertainties under both these conditions are due to the variability in the proportions of direct and diffuse parts of the total irradiance reaching the surface and in the water column. Also, an improved model parameterization proposed to estimate !"# under large solar zenith angels and cloud conditions was evaluated with Arctic in situ data exhibited good performances...
The process of photosynthesis requires the energy from sunlight and takes place essentially in the euphotic layer of the oceans. In addition to other variables (i.e., chlorophyll a and photosynthetic parameters) a suitable knowledge of light field in terms of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) at any given location, depth and time is an important input parameter required by marine ecosystem models. The work included in this thesis examines how larger solar zenith angles, different cloud conditions that are characteristic features of high latitude regions, especially in Arctic, might affect the accuracy of surface irradiance estimates. Further, main focus was on the effects of high frequency variations in the light field on primary production. Surface PAR estimated from different models were compared with high frequency in situ time series measurements of PAR a buoy located in Mediterranean Sea. It was examined how uncertainties due to larger solar zenith angles under varying cloud conditions might affect the accuracy of surface irradiance. Objective ranking method was used to identify the best methods. Methods tested under low sun elevations exhibited uncertainties as large as 50% under all sky conditions. Model performances were dependent on cloud properties and products. Accuracy of a semianalytical model for coefficient of vertical diffuse attenuation of surface irradiance (kd!) based on optical properties inherent to the water itself (absorption and scattering), and solar zenith angle was examined under larger solar zenith angels and cloud conditions. Extensive radiative transfer simulations were performed to quantify the uncertainties due to large solar zenith angles and clouds on the estimates of diffuse attenuation coefficient. The uncertainties under both these conditions are due to the variability in the proportions of direct and diffuse parts of the total irradiance reaching the surface and in the water column. Also, an improved model parameterization proposed to estimate !"# under large solar zenith angels and cloud conditions was evaluated with Arctic in situ data exhibited good performances...
Mioche, Guillaume. "Validation des produits d'inversion des observations satellitaires CALIPSO/CloudSat pour la caractérisation des propriétés optiques et microphysiques des nuages de glace et en phase mixte". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719316.
Texto completoSimjanovski, Dragan. "Évaluation des processus radiatifs et des nuages par le modèle GEM-LAM pour l'année SHEBA en Arctique". Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2934/1/M11391.pdf.
Texto completoGrenier, Patrick. "Étude de l'effet d'inhibition du gel induit par les sulfates dans les nuages arctiques à l'aide des mesures satellitaires de CloudSat et CALIPSO". Thèse, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3790/1/D1968.pdf.
Texto completoDorais, Johanne Gabrielle. "Évaluation de la performance de quatre schémas microphysique pour la simulation des nuages arctiques en phase mixte avec le modèle Gem-Lam". Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2793/1/M11300.pdf.
Texto completo