Tesis sobre el tema "Normes de comportement"
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Clemente, Marco. "Social Evaluations in a Multiple-Audience Context : The Impact of a Social Misconduct on People's Complaints, Share Price and Media Evaluation". Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHEC0012/document.
Texto completoLiterature on social evaluations has mainly analyzed the “audience-candidate” dyad,leaving underexplored the way the evaluation of a main audience (e.g. a social-control agent)influences the evaluation of another audience. This dissertation looks at social evaluations in amultiple-audience context. It focuses on organizational social misconduct - an important, yetunderstudied social evaluation - and it investigates “Why does an audience change its evaluationfollowing organizational social misconduct?”. Each of the three essays focuses on a differentaudience (evaluation): people (people’s complaints), investors (share price) and the media(newspapers’ evaluation). Two novel settings and unique databases were used: advertising selfregulationin the UK and Calciopoli, the scandal that affected the Italian Serie A in 2006. Resultsshow that in case of organizational social misconduct, the evaluation of a social control agent doesinfluence the evaluation of another audience, however this effect is not mechanical. Three primarymoderators emerge from the three essays: the ambiguity of the norm, the saliency of the event, andlocalness of the transgressors. In summary, this dissertation shows that social norms are betterunderstood in a triadic framework: “candidate – social-control agent – another audience”. Socialnorms are not set exogenously, but are endogenously created by the actions of the candidates andthe evaluations of (at least) two audiences
Câmpian, Cristina Mihaela. "Contribution à l'étude du comportement et au calcul de poteau mixtes acier-béton (sous des charges transversales de variation monotone ou cyclique alternée)". Rennes, INSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ISAR0016.
Texto completoThe present study is concerning with steel-concrete composite columns of fully encased type. This work was carried out in the “Laboratoire de Mécanique des Structures et Matériaux “ of INSA Rennes Laboratory, France and at the Steel Department of Civil Engineering Faculty, of the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The columns, of different lengths were subjected to a variable transverse load at one end , according to the ECCS procedure, while keeping a constant value of the axial compression force. On the base of the experimental results on monotonic tests as well as on the cyclic ones, with an original experimental gauge made at the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, an analytical interpretation could be developed for the characterization of the behavior of these types of columns. The analytical interpretation of the results of the monotonic tests leads, in the first place, to a critical examination of the flexural stiffness and ultimate resistance of the investigated columns, for the serviceability loading, allowing to make a correction to the formula given by the EN 1994-1-1. A simplified analytical modeling of bi-linear type is proposed, on the base of the concept of a plastic hinge extended on a certain critical length, allowing an evaluation with simplified computation for the ultimate resistance and of the associated displacement. A comparation between the global obtained characteristics for the cyclic behavior and for the monotonic tests was made. The study of the evolution of the maximal resistance parameters, flexural stiffness in unloading and of the degree of dissipated energy related to the ideal cycle was necessary for evaluation of the global behavior factor q, for the seismic design, established here by using a cumulated dissipation energy concept. Only for application with an classical elastic spectrum, the numerical q value was determined for two cases of inverted pendulum frame, in zones of low and medium seismicity; it seems that the presence of ordinary hinges at the bottom of the column and the use of slender columns subjected to a significant normal effort can lead to take q values lower than 2, even in low seismicity zones
Sbeity, Hoda. "Optimisation sur un modèle de comportement pour la thérapie en oncologie". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0038.
Texto completoSolid tumors in humans are believed to be caused by a sequence of genetic abnormalities that arise in both normal and premalignant cells. Understanding these sequences is important for improving cancer treatments, which can differ from chemotherapy to radiotherapy and surgery. In the past 15 years, molecular biologists and geneticists have uncovered some of the most basic mechanisms by which normal stem cells in certain tissues develop into cancerous tumors. This biological knowledge serves as a basis for various models of carcinogenesis. These biological theories can then be transformed into mathematical models, supported by relevant methods of statistical data analysis. Mathematical models will allow the novel biological findings to be quantitatively tested against human data, helping researchers develop efficient diagnostic, controlling, curative and preventive strategies for cancer. These models belong to different categories, including deterministic, state space, compartment and stochastic models. In this thesis, for the deterministic models, we summarize the mathematical models used to describe the evolution of cancer cells, as well as those used for drug delivery in chemotherapy. However, chemotherapy is a complex treatment mode that requires balancing the benefits of treating tumors with the adverse toxic side effects caused by the anti-cancer drugs. In reality, observations in biological cases are often presented in a fuzzy way. For this reason, we attempt to introduce probabilities, which are used in stochastic models. Among the various stochastic models that are able to describe biological processes, such as cancer, we have the following: the Moran Model, Wright-Fisher (WF) Model, Galton–Watson branching process (GWBP), Markov chain Processes, and Model of Moolgavkar, Venzon, and Knudson (MVK). With these models in mind, one of the goals of this thesis is to develop models to follow the evolution of this disease and simulate suitable chemotherapy treatments that cause the death of cancer. Some methods of computational optimization, genetic algorithms (GA) in particular, have proven useful in helping to strike the right balance. Another purpose of this thesis is to study how the GA optimization method can be used to follow the evolution of cancer and facilitate finding optimal chemotherapeutic treatments that cause the death of cancer cells with fewer side effects. All these ideas are summarize by generated our own strategy to optimize the treatment of chemotherapy using real protocols. Our strategy is defined as follows, i) The first step is to define the genre of cancer treated with his parameters, ii) The second step is to choose a real treatment protocol defined by the cancerologist, iii) The third step is to choose a deterministic / stochastic model that can describe the trajectory of cancer cells with / without treatment and iv) The last step is the application of the optimization method
Lacroix, Benoit. "Normer pour mieux varier ? La différenciation comportementale par les normes, et son application au trafic dans les simulateurs de conduite". Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00527846.
Texto completoNguyen, Minh Duc. "Performances mécaniques des bétons incorporant des granulats recyclés et applicabilité des normes de dimensionnement". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CERG0912.
Texto completoThis work is part of the ANR VBD ECOREB which aims with the project PN RECYBETON to remove the technological locks for the use of recycled aggregates for the formulation of structural concretes.For this study, six concretes of recycled aggregates corresponding to two classes of compressive strength C25 / 30 and C35 / 40 and S4 class of workability are developed. These mixtures, defined in the framework of the PN RECYBETON, are derived from two reference formulations by substituting partially or completely the natural aggregates with materials resulting from the recycling of concretes. An experimental program was carried out to determine the properties of concrete in fresh state and hardened state. The results of mechanical tests show that for the same class of compressive strength, the incorporation of recycled aggregates into the concrete induces a decrease in the tensile strength and the elastic modulus as well as an increase in the peak and ultimate strains. Under loading-unloading compression, the damage at the peak stress increases when the substitution rate is high while the damage rate becomes lower The creep tests carried out on beams loaded under three-point bending indicate that creep kinetics are influenced by the presence of recycled aggregates and is accelerated as the replacement rate is important.The experimental results of the present study together with an extensive number of results reported in the literature have allowed evaluating the current relationships used for predicting mechanical properties of recycled concrete aggregates (RAC). The validity of many analytical expressions of the stress-strain relationship has been also studied and the effect of replacement ratio was taken into account. It was pointed out that design codes relationships dedicated to assess the mechanical properties and the stress-strain compressive curve of natural aggregates concretes (NAC) are not adequate to predict the behavior of recycled aggregates concrete (RAC). It is established that these properties are related to fcm and to a parameter, which takes into account the effect of the recycled aggregates. The comparison between the stress-strain curves obtained in this thesis and some models shows that, with the proposed modifications, these models satisfactorily describe the behavior up to failure
Lacroix, Benoît. "Normer pour mieux varier ? : la différenciation comportementale par les normes, et son application au trafic dans les simulateurs de conduite". Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835831.
Texto completoMorissette, Éric. "Évaluation des normes de calcul et du comportement des cornières simples en compression utilisées comme contreventements dans les pylônes à treillis en acier". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1462.
Texto completoChekroun, Peggy. "Le contrôle social : approches expérimentales des sanctions sociales négatives face à un comportement déviant". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF20001.
Texto completoMartyniak, Valentin. "Etude du comportement différé des revêtements dans les galeries souterraines". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02573431.
Texto completoStress equilibrium in concrete lining of deep tunnels, or in soft rocks, is a complex phenomenon. It results from the coupled behavior of the rock and the concrete of the lining. The creep behavior of the rock implies a progressive loading of the gallery lining. The magnitude of this phenomenon is strongly related to the rigidity of the concrete lining. Numerical simulation led to predict the stress generated in the lining are generally done by integrating very complex models in rock behavior, but the results can show a higher stress than those measured in real galleries. The origin of the mistakes in these numerical models can be multiple. These differences can be explained by the omission of certain phenomena which can influence the balance of the stress in the lining.Through various approaches with increasing complexity, the phenomena that can influence the evolution of the stress in deep underground tunnel lining have been studied. These phenomena can be related to the behavior of the concrete lining or to the behavior of the ground. A semi-analytical convergence-confinement approach have been developed by integrating the long term behavior of the ground effects with a Singh-Mitchell phenomenological model. The creep and shrinkage of the concrete lining follow an empirical model of Eurocode. This allowed for determining an order of magnitude of the different phenomena and to select those having a significant effect. Moreover, thanks to an analysis of experimental data on the Chamoise and Bure galleries, we have been able to show that the evolution of the stress velocity in the lining seems to follow a linear evolution of log(dσ)/log(t) with a constant slope despite the differences between the structures. The study of these experimental data have quantified the long time behavior of concrete lining through the analysis of stress and strain measurements.The second level of complexity integrates the L&K viscoplastic model into a numerical model. In order to study more precisely the amplitude of these phenomena, their effects can depend on the method of construction, we have defined two reference cases. These two cases correspond to the two configurations most commonly encountered in underground structures: the first is a gallery excavated in a traditional way with a horseshoe section, the second one is a tunnel with a circular section dug with a TBM. A sensitivity study of the parameters of the numerical model, and of the L&K model was performed to determine the possible range of variation of the concrete lining stress velocity parameter.Finally, the third level of complexity integrates a concrete model coupling the mechanical model to the effects of hydration and drying of the concrete. An analysis of these phenomena will be performed on samples through creep tests in the numerical model, then the model will be integrated into one of the reference cases. This will provide a better estimation of the effect of concrete lining creep, which appears to be the most noticeable effect on concrete lining stress evolution
Sercomanens, Jade. "Les polices du corps féminin : normes et modes de comportement pour les jeunes filles, les épouses et les mères entre Renaissance et Réforme (1488-1589)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUL156.
Texto completoIn sixteenth-century discourse, women, in their nature deemed weak and easily turned to vice, are considered as having the power to endanger society as a whole. This problem has all the more implications during the years of confessional conflicts. This is why an intention can be seen in the prescriptive texts to ‘police’ women’s bodies and make them as exemplary as possible, so that this exemplarity in their practices is then reflected on the social body. The reading of the selected sources – which include behavioural manuals, sermons, moral treatises and literary sources – makes it possible to understand the way in which the various authors, whether humanist, catholic or reformed, sought to shape the bodies of young girls, wives and mothers. This is done through an instruction that is perpetuated throughout life, and which concerns the mind, movements, appearances, clothing, posture, or even the body in its maternal power. At the same time, texts written by women or featuring women bear witness to their agentivity and self-affirmation, which sometimes differs from the idealized and policed portrait put forward by the dominant normative discourse
Magassa, Ousmane. "Comparaison du comportement de génisses laitières Holstein nourries avec du lactoremplaceur selon la recommandation canadienne ou en ad libitum". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68782.
Texto completoThe objective of this study was to compare, on commercial farms, the behaviour of Holstein dairy calves fed milk replacer equivalent to the current Canadian recommendation or ad libitum at peak milk replacer intake, during the weaning period and after weaning. To do so, 114 heifers from two commercial dairy farms were randomly assigned to the two milk replacer feeding regimes and were group-housed, fed with an automatic milk replacer from day 7 to day 76 of age (weaning). Accelerometers were used to determine lying time, lying bouts, and bouts duration. Direct visual behavioural observations by an observer (feeding behaviour, drinking behaviour, and lying behaviour) were also assessed discontinuously while redirect behaviour (displacement of one calf by another at the automated milk feeder, and cross-suckling) were observed continuously for two one-hour periods of live observations for each of the three selected periods. Daily lying time increased at the peak of milk replacer intake relative to the other observational periods. Mean bout duration varied between periods and treatments. Lying bouts were more frequent after weaning and under the ad libitum treatment during peak milk replacer intake. Feeding and drinking behaviours were more frequent in the post-weaning period while lying time was higher at the peak milk replacer intake period. There was a tendency for more suckling between calves at postweaning when calves were fed ad libitum. Overall, all behavioral observations remained acceptable for both treatments. Therefore, despite the difference observed, both treatments appeared to be adequate in terms of calf behaviour
Sonntag, Jan. "Three essays in applied microeconomics : of norms and networks". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0020.
Texto completoThis dissertation revolves around two wider topics: social norms and production networks. The first chapter investigates a specific modern-day case study where social norms are leveraged in the fight against online hate speech to shed light on how norms shape political behavior more broadly. Using machine learning techniques, I show that speaking out against hateful views is an effective way of deterring further hate speech. The mechanism that most likely explains this effect is that vociferous contradiction in fact serves as a form of non-monetary punishment that raises the salience of a social norm. The second chapter focuses on the crucial role of image concerns in explaining the effect of social norms on behavior. While there are now plenty of studies showing that image concerns affect people on average, we still know very little about which individuals specifically drive that effect. I introduce a novel laboratory experiment designed to fill this gap. It generates an individual-specific measure of image concern, shows that there is substantial heterogeneity even in a small laboratory sample, and investigates how it correlates with other social preferences. The final chapter of my thesis focuses on production networks and in particular on vertical integration. Vertical integration give rise to anticompetitive behavior or indeed be a motive for it. I discuss one such mechanism, called vertical foreclosure, by which vertically integrating firms disrupt the supply of critical inputs to competitors. I leverage novel production network data to identify mergers and acquisitions between vertically related firms and show taht these mergers affect the supply chains of their rivals, which I interpret as evidence for foreclosure
Thomas, Jérôme. "Les normes de comportement imposées aux Indiens dans les Andes (XVIe-XXe siècles) : de la "Disciplina clericalis" médiévale à la "Policía cristiana" coloniale : acculturation, stéréotypes et "conquêtes des corps"". Montpellier 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON30068.
Texto completo1492 was the beginning of a new politic to transformthe indigenous societies thank to the evangelization and the action of the catholic church. Spiritual conquest of Amerindian's populations throught the modelling of their body and the transformation of their way of life was know under the name of "policía cristiana". After a lot of controversies, Spanish Crown recognized their humanity and set up a strategy of evangelization in the aim of integrate themselves in christian communauty throught the imposition of news values, a new moral and spanish customs. This politic was an estate of the Middle Age and before, from the Antiquity. Theologists ans scholar wanted to characterize an ideal of behaviour. After 1492, spanish authorities tried to impose christian's precepts to save the "savage" from barbary and ignorance. To reach this purpose, clergymen, on the one hand, reduced the populations in communauties called "reduccion". On the other hand, indigenous people must lived nowadays according to laws similar to the human nature (cloths, health education, morality). It was absolutely necessary to educe Ameridians' s people and to control their bodies ; the goal was to create a new christian society and a new man
Murtada, Dima. "L’implication dans la création normative en milieu de travail : étude d’une entreprise d’installation et de maintenance de matériel électrique et thermique". Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100036.
Texto completoThe creation of norms within organizations is a phenomenon that is subject to social influences, interactions between individuals, negotiations between actors and the diffusion of innovations. The individual has a key role in this phenomenon through the initiation of a new norm, its acceptance or its diffusion. However, the contribution of individuals to normative creation is not fully exploited by the literature. The objective of the current research was to bridge this gap by isolating cases of individual commitments for the creation of specific norms. The purpose is to capture the richness of individuals' contributions to this creation and to better understand the reasons behind their actions in favour of a new norm. The research presents the formation of commitment in the form of a three-phase process : questioning the status quo, evaluating commitment positively and manifesting commitment through actions and behaviours. This process is driven by emotional and cognitive determinants within individuals and is enabled by personal, interpersonal, societal and organizational factors
Boudjema, Sophia. "Infections nosocomiales, comportement soignants et technologies innovantes". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5055.
Texto completoNosocomial infections are responsible for thousands of deaths each year. Healthcare workers (HCW), patients and the hospital environment can be a source of contamination. Fomites such as cell phones, stethoscopes, tensiometers, ties, gowns and rings are used by HCW and may be contaminated. They become potential vectors that can be responsible for nosocomial infections. The HCWs hands' can also be a vector for the transmission of pathogens. Respecting all the rules of hand hygiene in everyday life is essential but can be binding for the HCW. In order to have a more accurate measurement of hand disinfection, an automatic measuring tool called MédiHandTrace® (MHT) was developed and patented. It makes it possible to trace the HCWs with tags into their shoe hoofs. MHT shows compliance rates below 50% and also that hand hygiene is individual. Also, we wanted to understand the reasoning of HCW with regard to their hygiene practices. Through the video, we have highlighted some singular behaviors of HCWs. Improving hand hygiene remains a priority. As a result, we introduced tools coupled with MHT, sent sms to the phones of HCWs showing their individual performance. Hand hygiene is a simple gesture, but its realization takes place in often complex care situations. Adherence to hand hygiene remains multifactorial, requiring new learning and communication tools to deliver simple and effective messages to HCWs
Gicquel, Yohan. "Entre norme et déviance. Exploration des pratiques liminales de consommation". Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST0076.
Texto completoThis research focuses on deviant consumption practices. It examines when these consumers are caught in conflicting normative systems : the world of consumption and their practice. Based on an ethnographic method, two cases are studied: the excessive alcohol consumption and of online video games practice. Data were analyzed by constant comparison and an iterative process of coding, categorization and data abstraction. From an interactionist reading the findings indicate the main stages of the career of these consumers : (1) engaging in practice, (2) entry into the deviance, and (3) the construction of normal appearances. Finally, the results show that, during the meetings with 'normal' consumers, deviant mobilize naturalization methods to negotiate their place in the scale of normalities structuring the world of consumption
Le, Conte Johanna. "Comparer sa consommation d'électricité à celle d'autrui : perspectives temporelles, habitudes et feedbacks". Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100077/document.
Texto completoThe representation of electric energy consumption and the-related behaviours is addressed from the perspective of the individual's forecasting. According to the construal level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2003) we asked individuals to assess their electric energy consumption in terms of actions (low level of construal) and consumption (high level of construal) at different time perspectives (from today to 15 years from now). In a first research program, the assessments were expressed comparatively (same as people of my age). A long temporal distance leads to more desirable assessments in that the individuals (students and general population) reported more actions relatively to their peers. Participants stated that they would perform more actions and consume less electric energy consumption in long term rather than short term. This effect is cancelled through strong pro-environmental habits and disappears beyond 50 years old. Normative feedbacks allow for correcting these assessments. A second research program dealt with the influence of normative feedbacks on the use of the computer sleep mode within a professional context. This type of feedback provides significant increase in setting up sleep mode (up to one month after) for individuals that previously didn't do it much. The promotion of energy conservation can be enhanced by construal levels and normative feedbacks
Nugier, Armelle. "Déviance, émotions morales, et contrôle social informel : le rôle des émotions dans la régulation des comportements contre-normatifs". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CLF20008.
Texto completoPetitclerc, Amélie. "Mépris des règles chez les jeunes enfants : trajectoires de développement, facteurs de risque précoces et étiologie génétique-environnementale". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25919/25919.pdf.
Texto completoNguyen, Quang Tam. "Etude du comportement du néoprène et d'appareils d'appui parasismiques en néoprène fretté". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAD038/document.
Texto completoHigh Damping Rubber Bearings (HDRB) composed of alternating thin horizontal layers of elastomer bonded to steel plates are used to support permanent static loading in compression and cyclic shear in case of earthquakes. The behaviour of HDRB is considered to be linear elastic or linear hysteretic according to The European Standard Eurocode 8 and The Standard EN 1337 - 3. The mechanical behaviour of HDRB under loading is actually very complex and essentially linked to the behaviour of elastomer such as nonlinear elasticity, viscosity, plasticity, Payne effect, and Mullins effect. However, the coupling of Mullins effect and nonlinear viscosity as well as influence of hydrostatic stress on viscoelasticity of elastomer or of HDRB has not been studied yet. The aim of this thesis is thus the study of these effects on elastomer and on HDRB. In order to reach these objectives, characterization of these effects on elastomer is firstly performed with different types of loading such as relaxation test, cyclic tensile test, cyclic compression test and combined static compression – cyclic shear test. Furthermore, an original biaxial device is designed and manufactured in order to characterize the behaviour of HDRB under combined static compression – cyclic shear. Based on these experiments a new finite model is developped to simulate simultaneously Mullins effect, nonlinear viscosity and influence of hydrostatic stress on viscoelasticity of elastomer. Subsequently, this model is used to simulate the response of the HDRB under combined static compression - cyclic shear
Somat, Alain. "Normativité, valeur sociale et structuration en mémoire de l'information explicative". Grenoble 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE29013.
Texto completoThree series of experimentations validate the general idea that normativity penetrates the subject's cognitive organisation and its processing levels, even the lowest ones. Thus, some cognitive contents linked to internal causal explanations (ice) could be more accessible. The results show that ice treatment is more automatical than the cognitive contents connected to external causal explanations (ece). Considering cognitive and socio cognitive developpemental psychology theories, we finally assume that : 1. Ice are more based on semantic memory elements than ece. 2. The social value of ice is transfered in semantic memory and, because of its specific treatment, it is immediatly captured. There might be an automatic extraction of the social value linked to ice. 3. Internalisation could be this transfer of social value in semantic memory
Sgro, Nathalie. "Le rejet dogmatique d'autrui : analyse des fonctionnements cognitifs et appartenance idéologique". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF20005.
Texto completoKlamt, Martin. "Verortete Normen : öffentliche Räume, Normen, Kontrolle und Verhalten /". Wiesbaden : VS, Verl. für Sozialwiss, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/510123309.pdf.
Texto completoAnier, Nolwenn. "Le Rôle des Normes Culturelles d’Intégration dans l’Explication des Comportements de Discrimination : Le Cas de la Laïcité". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAL009/document.
Texto completoThe times in which we live constantly remind us that the fight against discrimination is a major challenge for our societies. In social psychology, the study of the causes of discrimination has been at the heart of research for many years. Nevertheless, the work done to date often offers explanations presented as identical in all countries and in all cultures. In the context of research on prejudice and discrimination, recent studies have highlighted the existence of culture-specific norms, derived from laws in each country and focused on the behaviors to be adopted to integrate within each society: the cultural norms of integration. The existence of such norms in a given society influences the level of prejudice of its members. On the basis of this work, the aim of this thesis is to study the effect of cultural integration norms on the emergence of discriminatory behaviors. Specifically, this thesis focuses on a political principle little studied in psychology: laïcité. Previous work has shown that this principle can be interpreted in two very different ways: a historical, inclusive form, and a new, exclusive form. Can cultural norms relating to this principle of laïcité be considered as important factors in the emergence of discrimination against ethnic or religious minorities? In order to study this fundamental question, this thesis is structured in six chapters: two theoretical chapters (chapters 1 and 6) and four empirical chapters, composed of eight studies (chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5). Chapter 1 introduces theoretically the different notions addressed in the thesis. Chapter 2 is composed of two pilot studies that form the basis of this thesis. Study 1 aims to compare five countries, including France, in terms of cultural norms of integration. This study highlights the importance of the norm of new laïcité in France. Study 2 aims to validate a computerized task to measure discriminatory behavior. In Chapter 3, two studies (Studies 3 and 4) were conducted to test the effect of new and historical laïcité norms on discrimination behaviors. The socio-political context at the time of these studies also led us to consider the influence of the real cultural context on the interpretation of the principle of laïcité. Chapter 4 explores another type of influence of integration norms. In fact, the two studies in this chapter (studies 5 and 6) suggest, both experimentally (Study 5) and from a more diverse sample (Study 6), that integration norms influence the requirements of members of majority groups concerning minority acculturation strategies. Finally, Chapter 5 introduces the study of the effect of laïcité norms in a country other than France: Belgium. Taken together, the results of this thesis highlight the importance of considering the influence of cultural context in social psychology studies. More specifically, these studies suggest that culture-specific integration norms can have a direct and indirect effect on intergroup attitudes and behaviors. In addition, the work of this thesis also suggests that the "real" cultural context in which a study is conducted may influence the effect of experimental manipulations performed in the laboratory. In the current context, putting the cultural context at the heart of the debate on replication in psychology, these works come to provide arguments supporting the importance of conceptual replication (which precisely proposes to take into account the specificities related to the context during replication). At applied level, this work also highlights the importance of promoting inclusive standards (such as historical laïcité in France) to improve intergroup relations
Le, Coënt Philippe. "Agri-environmental schemes : behavorial insights and innovative designs". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD006/document.
Texto completoThe agri-environmental policy of the European Union strongly relies on financial incentives provided through Agri-envrionmental Schemes (AES) to stimulate farmers’ adoption of pro-environmental practices. A rational economic assumption is that farmers enroll if they are paid enough to cover their opportunity costs. However, behavioral economics consider that psychologic factors may be involved in this decision. The first aim of this thesis is to determine the role of behavioral factors in AES adoption. Chapter 1 uses a social-psychology model, the Theory of Planned Behavior, to measure the weight of behavioral factors in farmers’ decision to enroll in a pesticide-reduction AES. The survey reveals that farmers are both driven by traditional economic motivations and norms (social and personal). Chapter 2 studies in more details the role of norms. A theoretical model reveals that social norms may either hamper or facilitate the participation in AES and a web-survey, confirms the importance of social injunctive norms and personal norms. In the second part of the thesis, we analyze the performance of innovative designs and how it may be affected by behavioral factors. In chapter 3, to address cases of environmental threshold, we test with an economic experiment a contract in which payment is conditioned to collective farmers’ participation. This contract appears to be more effective and efficient than traditional AES. The two last chapters analyze a new application of AES: biodiversity offsets. Based on a survey, chapter 4 highlights factors that influence the participation in such contracts as well as issues of effectiveness and efficiency. In chapter 5, we show with a choice experiment that farmers, especially the most environmentally sensitive, are influenced by the contracts’ goal framing: they prefer contracts that aim at biodiversity conservation rather than at the compensation of biodiversity losses. We conclude by insisting on the complementarity between traditional and behavioral environmental policy instruments
Martin, Nathalie. "Comportements des personnes âgées à l'égard des pressions normatives". Tours, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOUR2002.
Texto completoAccording to Baltes and Brim (1984) persons became more consciousness of normative pressures and thus less dependent around fifty years old. These authors think that at this age individuals develop a sentiment of liberty toward daily norms. These results indicate that person around fifty years old are less conformist. Does this tendancy continue in getting older? To know if aged persons are really less conformist mat young adults we have compared answers of young subjects to answers of aged adults, in six paradigms the norm is a general norm. It is the internality norm. Concerning this norm three paradigms were used: self-presentation, judgement, identification. In two others protocols the norm is specific. It is paradigms of social influence. The origin of influence (majority or minority) gives a wrong information, in these eight protocols the subject can conform him or differenciate him. In the last experience the subject may adopt this two comportments simultaneously when we request to compare him to a young person or to a aged person. That is the effect of superior conformity of the self. (or P. I. P. Effect). Concerning the internality norm we have found that young subjects are more conformists that old persons. On me contrary with a specific norm aged subjects are more influenced that young adults. In our last protocol studying P. I. P. Effect we have observed that all subjects are expressed a desire of conform him and a desire of differenciate him. They present themself as "more in the norm" than their peers
Giordano, Florent. "La géographie (dés)organisante : savoirs, pouvoirs, normes : analyse interprétative du dispositif de gestion de la santé en région Centre-Val de Loire". Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR1010/document.
Texto completoThe main question of this thesis can be formulated as follows: How can discourses, norms and spatial practices, in the context of inter-organisational relations, produce good spatial conduct of agents in a relation of delegation? Rooted in strategic management, our theoretical framework mobilise approaches from the domain of geography and the Foucauldian notion of dispositif. The methodology we used is based on a unique case study: the health system in the region of Centre-Valde- Loire. The analysis of the empirical material shows the creation of an inter-organisational self-regulation chain, enabling the dissemination of this dispositif based on three types of space (absolute, relative and relational) by giving the illusion to each one of these links that he is responsible for his actions. We also highlight the independent nature of the dispositif that can create room for manoeuvre for actors as well as results that are sometimes counter-productive with regard to the original policies of the mandator
Pagani, Victoria. "La fabrique des comportements : analyse du processus de normativité et prise en compte de l'éthique en santé publique". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0275.
Texto completoContext - There is growing interest in ethics in the health world. If the questions of medical ethics (end of life, doctor / patient relationship ...) and research ethics (Helsinki declaration ...) focus our attention, is it about ethics in health? public health and more specifically the ethics of prevention policies? While the rationale for prevention seems obvious: to promote healthy behaviors, this evidence is only apparent. The prevention at stake of many personal, cultural, societal and collective values: the definition of "good health", the freedom, the justification of the intervention of the authorities in the private life, the equity, the social justice ... As many questions as the essential ethical reflection. Thus, prevention policies and tools can not overcome ethical questioning when we are interested in the subject of health behaviors, we seek to change the "habitus" of individuals, seats of their values and their cultures. These questions are necessary and can orient strategies more precisely and contribute to their acceptability and effectiveness among the populations. Or, this ethical reflection in the field is undeveloped in France, even though it has helped research and public action. Objective - The objective of this study was to characterize the consideration of an ethical reflection during the creation of the norm in public health through a study on preventive nutritional policies. Methods - To meet this objective, in three steps: 1) Analysis of the literature on normativity, 2) analysis of the literature on tools of ethical analysis in public health Nutrition policies: the texts relative to the PNNS 3 were analyzed and Stakeholders were interviewed to reconstruct the process of developing a public health policy and price analysis of ethics and human rights. Results-This multidisciplinary research has made it possible to highlight the different definitions and types of norms as well as the interest and opportunities of ethical questioning both in the normative process in prevention and in the process of health policy development public. Perspectives- The perspectives of this study are conceptual and practical: to illustrate the relationship between norms and values, and to develop a tool for analyzing ethical issues in public health plans
Alpman, Anil. "Consumer behavior, household production and shadow prices : applications to the allocation of time and to social interactions". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E045.
Texto completoMany resources cannot be exchanged and priced on the markets but they can be valued by shadow prices. In this thesis, I theoretically derive 3 kinds of shadow prices and structurally estimate them at the individual level to analyze their effects on the behavior and the welfare of individuals. I combine the consumer expenditure and the American time use surveys (2004-2012) using a statistical matching procedure that overcomes the shortcomings of standard procedures. I first estimate the shadow price of time, which involves several steps where a utility function is estimated as a proxy for a new kind of well-being measure that depends on the amounts of time and market goods: it is shown that the reallocation of the forgone market work hours absorbed 30% of the Great Recession's negative welfare impact. Then, I compute the shadow prices of 5 home-produced activities (e.g., leisure and food) to estimate the elasticities of the time allocation functions (including the labor supply) and the demand elasticities of the activities with respect to the full income, the shadow price of time, the shadow price of the activities, the wage rate, and the price of market goods. The third shadow price addressed in this thesis yields the costs of under/unemployment as a function of demographic characteristics, which is essential for evaluating the opportunity cost of unemployment policies and for setting the level of unemployment benefits. Finally, I propose a reformulation of the theory of social norms where I analyze the determinants of the disobedience level to social norms along the effects of the disobedience on shadow prices, individuals' behavior, and, eventually, on economic growth
Burlet, Mélanie. "Des cadres à l'organisation, de l'organisation aux cadres : le cas des ingénieurs et cadres techniques du secteur de la conception de Renault". Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL12005/document.
Texto completoBased on a microsociological research, this thesis points out the existence of a bilateral relationship between an organizational form and the characteristics of a professional group. The most recent organizational changes in the engineering department of a worldwide firm have noticeably altered the characteristics of the engineers' working situations. Although traditionally considered as impossible to rationalize, today the engineers' technical activities can be specialized, planned, affected by a strong process of standardization and controlled in several ways. These changes have occured in a context of a cross-functional organization, raising contradictions and uncertainty. Consequently, individuals adopt different ways to deal with opportunities and constraints provided by the context according to their position in the structure, but also according to their previous career paths and their social multi-positionning. Precisely, the feminization and the diversification of qualification inside the professional group are thus made decisive in the understanding of what is going on within the organization. The different ways of acting then play a part in strengthening some structural characteristics and developping weak social links within the organization like punctual commitments and a conditional and hypothetical solidarity between individuals. Actually, under such conditions, four types of working commitment are triggered: involvement, contribution, consent and withdrawal. They are the expression of several models of social success, which means that the relationships to time, work and organization are now the determining factors in the segmentation of the professional group
Holvoet, Claire. "La préférence des jeunes enfants pour les comportements prosociaux est-elle robuste ? : études expérimentales et oculométriques à 6,12,18,24 et 36 mois". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0386.
Texto completoIn 2007, a study carried out by Hamlin, Wynn, and Bloom showed that infants aged 6 months are able to make social evaluation, that could be identified through their preference for prosocial characters. Since, a number of studies have tried to confirm this preference for prosocial characters. Of these, some did not find similar result, raising question on the robustness of this ability.This dissertation aims to test the existence and the strength of the preference for prosocial behaviors in infants by manipulating: 1) age (6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months), the type of the social scenario (help, play, share), and the facial appearance of the prosocial and antisocial agents (familiar or unusual). To that end, four studies have been carried out with 446 infants aged 6 to 36 months who were shown specially designed animated cartoons in which prosocial and antisocial agents interacted. Infants’ preference was identified through their pointing/reaching gesture or assessed by an eye-tracker. Our results show that the preference for the prosocial behaviors was observed in nearly all the tested age, and varied according to the social scenario. Finally, in the situation assumed to be conflicting infants' preferences, infants mostly did not express any preference. All results challenge the strength of the preference for prosocial behaviors as well as the conditions that must be met to observe it. The results of this dissertation are discussed in the light of methodological issues and recent studies that weaken Hamlin and collaborators’ original results
Robert, Philippe. "Etude des indicateurs relatifs à la connaissance descriptive et évaluative des personnes : les comportements d'une personne et les comportements attendus à l'égard d'une personne". Rennes 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN20039.
Texto completoThis work is a validity study of two indicators in the personality description. It argues that evaluative knowledge of personality is an expression of social value and not only an affect value. This social value is an encoding of social utility (Beauvois et Dubois, 1993). Two behaviors types are used for each trait, as " the target's behavoirs " (TB) and " the other person's behaviors towards the target " (OB) respectively relate to descriptive knowledge and evaluative knowledge. 3 chapters devoted to theoretical part and 5 chapters to 9 experimental studies. The theoretical part concerns personality tools, accuracy of personality judgments, inferentials processes and values theories. Studies uses judge paradigm or impression formation paradigm. The results show, for judge paradigm, that OB is a better predictor of social value than TB, and increase the judge confidence rating. In impression formation paradigm, TB's component decrease and OB component increase for each traits when judges know that they will work with the target as if the will not. The OB component seems a good predictor of social value and better than TB behaviors. OB component is discussing in the sense for giving an expression of practical value (cArthur & Baron, 1983) and personality social utility
Chopinaud, Caroline. "Contrôle de l'émergence de comportements dans les systèmes d'agents cognitifs autonomes". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066587.
Texto completoGheorghiu, Alexandra. "Comportements dangereux au volant chez les jeunes. Le rôle des mécanismes d’influence sociale dans le groupe". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21991/document.
Texto completoRoad crashes remain a significant public health problem at international, national and regional level. World Health Organization estimates that more than a million persons die each year in road car crashes and that 20 to 50 million other persons are injured in those crashes ("Global status report on road safety: time for action," 2009). Among the drivers that die in car crashes almost a quarter are young drivers (OECD, 2006). The main causes of car crashes identified by WHO are driving while intoxicated, speeding, driving while tired, phone use, low visibility and poor road conditions (Peden et al., 2004). To these causes, in the case of young drivers we can add sensation seeking, excitability and peer influence (A. F. Williams, 2006). Peer influence on young drivers’ behaviour is a controversial topic in the literature due to the rather contradictory conclusions of the researches on this theme. Some researchers have found a negative effect of peer presence (Arnett et al., 1997; Doherty et al., 1998; Moller & Gregersen, 2008), while others have found a protective effect (Delhomme, 1994; Engstrom, Gregersen, Granstrom, & Nyberg, 2008; Rueda-Domingo et al., 2004; Vollrath, Meilinger, & Krager, 2002). This research analyses the effect that peers can have on young drivers’ risky behaviours by using the theory of planned behaviour approach and by looking into the effect that peer pressure type can have on the young driver. The results highlight that subjective norms and especially friend’s perceived norms contribute significantly to explaining young drivers’ intention to speed or to drive while intoxicated. The comparative analysis showed some interesting differences among the two populations. For example, for the Romanian drivers norms play a much more important role in explaining risky driving behaviours that for the French population. Also, young French drivers perceive the car as having rather an instrumental role while Romanian drivers see it more like a way to impress. Another interesting result emphasizes on the situational character of young drivers risk taking but also on the implications that risk taking peers might have. Finally, the results obtained regarding the role of norms and the effects of peer pressure on young drivers’ behaviour are rather encouraging
Adamiec, Camille. "Devenir sain : morales alimentaires, pratiques de santé et écologie de soi". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAG035.
Texto completoBecoming wholesome is a dynamic way crossed by events, paradoxes and contradictions of everyday life. Norms to take care of yourself and your health are redefined in terms of food investments and the pleasures and limitations of flesh generate a redefinition of healthy, vulnerable and illness bodies. The construction of a health-food requires global individual thinking, conflict and creative obligations and generate an ecology of self. It affects all areas of life and gives the illusion to control the future. This qualitative research is based on individual and group interviews, as well as observations, collected stories and eaters practices. These eaters reveal the consequences of reflexive society where uncertainty defines the relation to knowledge and institutions. They express the requirements of orthorexic society and seek to transcend them
Hanan, Audrey. "L'influence de la transgression des normes de distribution de l'enseigne sur son image de marque et sa relation avec le consommateur : le cas des produits alimentaires dits "moches"". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0607.
Texto completoThis research has based itself on the relationship between the consumer and the brand to demonstrate the consequences of an act of transgression done by the brand. Such breaches constitute ruptures with customs so widespread that they escape the consumer’s attention, while simultaneously remaining predominant and visible enough to impregnate its consumption experience and ultimately its expectations. This theoretical approach is highlighted by a real case of a breach of distribution norms: the recent offer of “ugly” products by supermarkets, which constitutes a breach to the usual norm of standardised products. This transgression occurred subsequently after the controversy over food waste. The research model presented herein is based on a review of literature, in addition to two qualitative exploratory studies. A longitudinal study examining regular customers of E.Leclerc supermarkets, which was conducted on the same respondents during two different sessions, is used to measure and validate our research hypothesis. The results exhibit the evolution of the consumer’s behavior following the introduction of the transgressive offer and confirm the deterioration of the brand image and the engagement process. If the transgression can be destructive, it can also create value through its innovative nature, its ability to attract consumers and its power of differentiation
FREJAVILLE, ANTOINE. "Normes, comportements et mecanismes dans la litterature economique : l'exemple de leon walras". Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EVRY0015.
Texto completoProust, Erwan. "Retraits et fluages des bétons auto-plaçants : vers une meilleure compréhension des comportements différés". Toulouse, INSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAT0020.
Texto completoÈve, Arnaud. "Appropriation d'une norme de management et son influence sur les attitudes au travail pour la maîtrise de l'activité de l'organisation : le cas de la norme ISO 9001". Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUED006.
Texto completoThe research aims to understand the appropriation and the perception of ISO 9001 by employees and its influence on their attitude in favour of the control of organizational activity. Quality management standard ISO 3301 is a tool for management control. Based on the process approach to business and continuous improvement of business functions, ISO 9001 standard focuses on employee attitudes. Despite the extensive literature on the ISO 9001 standard, which focuses on the reason for its adoption and its impact on the organizations, the effects of its perception by operational employees are poorly understood. Supported by an analysis framework which aims to explain the appropriation and the perception of ISO 9001, the research explores determinants of the perception of ISO 9001 and its effects on workplace attitudes, by using the methodology of cognitive maps. Twenty-seven interview with representative employees were conducted in four French companies covering all major sectors. The study leads to a typology of perceptions of ISO 9001 : favorable, distances, contradictory, and non-perception. The results show that employees perceive positively the standard and, also, positive workplace attitudes result from standard. The research validates the sequence where management influences the perception of ISO 9001 standard, which in turn influences workplace attitudes. The study concludes that the quality management according to ISO 9001 promotes organizational control
Senemeaud, Cécile. "Norme de consistance et de changement d'attitude post-comportemental en situation de soumission forcée". Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX10043.
Texto completoIruela, Marion. "La sanction du comportement du contractant". Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU10008.
Texto completoThe study of the sanction of the behavior of the contractor is of particular interest at a time when the law of ratification of 21 April 2018, introduces a movement of consecration of the concept. This momentum is mainly reflected in a political will to strengthen the attractiveness of contracts, and legal certainty. However, despite its omnipresence, the sanction of behavior remains a polysemic notion whose meaning is uncertain. Is it a reaction? A punishment? A reparation? It’s sometimes considered as a remedy, sometimes characterized by its preventive, restorative or punitive function. Therefore, the task undertaken is to delineate the contours of the sanction of behavior, in order to define it, and to explore its implementation. It’s a question of showing why it’s not a remedy why it’s not only a punishment and why it should not be considered only in the past, the present, or the future, but rather in each of these temporal dimensions. Through both a normative and proactive approach, the sanction of behavior appears as a real guidance instrument justifying the proposal of a specific regime
Varet, Florent. "Comportements à risques et infractionnistes chez les automobilistes : relations entre valeurs, normes sociales et différences liées au sexe, au genre et à l'âge". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0266.
Texto completoMen and young drivers are more often involved in serious and fatal road accidents than women and older drivers. According to the literature, risky and offending behaviours (ROBs) at the wheel could be motivated by the search for a sense of belonging and social status, but also by the affirmation of values relating to competence, power and masculinity. Few studies have proposed to directly test the mediating role of these values and normativity in gender and age differences affecting ROBs. Our work proposes to explore the role of adherence to certain values in the occurrence of ROBs at wheel; (b) to test the mediating role of these values in gender and age differences; (c) to verify the normativity of these behaviours according to gender and age. Six studies were carried out. The main results indicate that (a) adherence to values centred toward the pursuit of a high social status is particularly associated with ROBs; (b) these values partially mediate the observed gender and age differences; (c) ROBs related to speed are more socially valued by men and young drivers, but this phenomenon is not supported by the same motivations for these two populations. The theoretical implications of its results are discussed in terms of empirical relationships between the different models used. Applied perspectives for behaviour change in the field of road safety are also discussed
Rosselli, Vincent. "Etude du comportement visuel humain : application à l'optimisation et la sécurisation du cinéma numérique". Poitiers, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009POIT2326.
Texto completoThe study of the Human Visual System (HVS) is very interesting to quantify the quality of an image or to predict which information will be perceived or not. The Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) is one of the main ways to integrate HVS's properties in an imaging system. It caracterizes the sensitivity of the HSV to spatial and/or temporal frequencies. We developped a color difference metric based on the discrimination threshold. This later is obtained, using a novel CSF construction approach, by matching. The aim is to match the contrast level of a test stimulus with the one of a reference stimulus. As part of the European project EDCine on improving Digital Cinema, a CSF in cinematographic conditions was constructed. The ambient illumination is close to the mesopic vision and is not limited to the foveal vision. This led to the calculation of visual weightings integrated into the JPEG 2000 encoder. A characteristic of JPEG2000 is that, during the encoding of a sequence of images at a low bit-rate, flicker artefact may appear. Studies seeking to reduce such artifacts are based on changes in the core encoder using informations from the previously encoded images. We propose in this work a marginal method to reduce flicker. This method consists on a pre-processing of images according to their content, without affecting the encoder and without using informations from previous images. Finally, in the digital cinema context, a psychovisual study was conducted on the assessment of discomfort caused by a system of anti-piracy. Unfortunately only the static case has been completed. However, this proved to be a good working basis
Kadiri, Imad. "Modélisation hydromécanique des milieux fracturés". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL066N.
Texto completoBrunel, Fanny. "L’abstention du titulaire d’une prérogative en droit privé : ébauche d’une norme de comportement". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAD025/document.
Texto completoFrench law is usually understanding the abstention as the abstention fault. However, the abstention of the holder of a prerogative can not be analyzed this way and requires a new juridical approach. Abstention creates an equivocal situation by being a refusal, silent and temporary, to immediately enjoy the effects of a prerogative in order to retain them until the most appropriate moment. By being unclear unlike an active exercise or a real renunciation, it generates indeed unpredictability and a lack of legal safety. This insecurity is, moreover, exacerbated by erroneous interpretations of abstention and by the aggravation of the consequences affecting the one who suffers from it with the passing time. As a result, due to the absence of a legal status of abstention, it is imperative to take up the unpredictability problem of the abstention of the holder of a prerogative in order to attempt to mitigate it, while highlighting its legitimacy. The appearing necessary solution finds its way in the regulation of the behavior of the one abstaining in time. Consequently, from the end of a reasonable period, preserving his liberty within the time limit, he has to respect the standard of a reasonable agent. Failing that, his liability could be incurred. This would not exclude the accountability of the person who suffers from abstention
Saadaoui, Zied. "Norme de fonds propres et comportements des banques dans les pays émergents". Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX24020.
Texto completoButtarelli, Emilie. "Croissance et alimentation du jeune enfant (0-36 mois) en milieu urbain à Dakar (Sénégal)". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5012.
Texto completoA population-based study about growth and feeding practices was conducted with a cluster sample of 1479 aged 0 to 36 months and their mother, in the urban area of Dakar (Senegal). In this urban area, two socioeconomic contrasted areas were selected : Medina zone, in the center of Dakar and Pikine zone, located at the city's doorstep. This study is organized around an anthropometric survey of healthy children and their mother and an extensive data collection (socioeconomic, socio-demographic, health and biological data). Questionnaires were addressed to the mothers and belong to the quantitative approach of growth and feeding practices among children. The aim of the qualitative approach by focus groups was to shed light on trends revealed by questionnaires analysis. Cross-sectional data extracted from a growth survey were used to determine the variation in the growth parameters due to sex, child's age or place of residence. Some minor differences could be observed between Pikine and Medina. Nutritional status (assessed by new WHO Growth Standards) decline as children are getting older. Among the two areas, malnutrition exists in different form but it's not area specific since the less-favoured area (Pikine) is not more affected by it. Nonetheless, there are common factors associated with malnutrition, which indicate the low economic impact. Birth-weight and maternal body mass index systematically belongs to the same and most explicative statistics models. The role of feeding practices (apprehended by food consumption) is not that important to explain malnutrition
Reigeluth, Tyler. "Comporter la norme. La normativité de l’apprentissage algorithmique à partir du problème du comportement". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/264090.
Texto completoDoctorat en Philosophie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Lecocq, Xavier. "Comportements d'acteurs et dynamique d'un réseau interorganisationnel : le phénomène des écarts relationnels". Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50374-2003-23.pdf.
Texto completoMatteo, Laura. "Modélisation unidimensionnelle du comportement d’une pompe rotodynamique en fonctionnement normal et accidentel". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0038/document.
Texto completoConversion of mechanical energy into pressure inside a fluid -or inversely-, is necessary in numerous industries: transport, electricity production, air circulation... Rotating machineries are often used in these frames. They are constituted of at least one bladed rotating part giving energy to the fluid (the impeller) and connected to a shaft, which is entrained by a motor in the case of a pump. The design method of such turbomachines has evolved from the begining of the last century to these days. Nowadays Computational Flow Dynamics (CFD) local scale computations are used to optimize the pump components. Local simulation allows to obtain information on what is happening inside the machine in three dimensions. However, qualification of the local results of such simulations remains a challenge, mostly due to constraints on experimental technics. Additionally, computation cost of such local simulations is heavy even at the scale of the machine alone. That hardly allows the simulation of transient scenarii on whole and complex systems such as a reactor, which are studied in the frame of nuclear safety in particular. And even more when uncertainty propagation studies are intended, which involve a large number of simulations. In such a context, a model of an intermediate scale -between the global study of the machine using velocity triangles and local CFD computations- has been developed during this PhD thesis. The proposed approach consists in considering a mean stream line that is adopted by the flow inside each part of the machine, associated to a one-dimensional (1D) meshing. By defining main geometrical characteristics of the machine, it can predict its performances in terms of pressure rise and energy given to the fluid. Several turbomachines have been modelled using this 1D model: centrifugal pumps, mixed flow pumps and a radial compressor. Various working fluids have been simulated, such as water, liquid metal sodium and air non-condensable gas. Single-phase and two-phase flow regimes have been represented in those machines in steady and transient conditions. The model is able to predict performances of machines of various geometries in steady single-phase conditions with a relative error globally less than 15% for a large range of flow rates. The model allows also to detect the occurrence of cavitation for a centrifugal pump in various conditions of flow rate. It catches also pump fast startup transient dynamics in single-phase conditions. It subsists numerical difficulties when simulating the same transient in cavitating conditions. A pump modelled as described here can be included into the modelling of closed experimental loops or complex facilities such as nuclear reactors. This work opens up new possibilities to study accidental transient in the frame of safety analysis. Intented application prospects of the model are the modelling of turbines or multi-stage machines and the use of other fluids