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1
National Research Council (U.S.), ed. National Science Education Standards: Observe, interact, change, learn. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996.
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Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Labour : Convention Concerning Minimum Standards in Merchant Ships (ILO No. 147), Geneva, October 29, 1976, ratified by Canada May 25, 1993, in force for Canada May 25, 1994 =: Travail : Convention concernant les normes minima à observer sur les navires marchands (OIT No 147), Genève, le 29 octobre 1976, ratification du Canada le 25 mai 1993, en vigueur pour le Canada le 25 mai 1994. Ottawa, Ont: Queen's Printer = Imprimeur de la Reine, 1997.
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Papsin, Blake Croll. Auditory temporal integration in normal and hearing-impaired observers. 1985.
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Woods, Charles Barrie. Color discrimination and color-opponent strength in normal, protan, and deutan observers. 1990.
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Yin Li, Eva Cheuk. Desiring Queer, Negotiating Normal. Hong Kong University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390809.003.0008.
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This chapter explores the entanglement between queer desires and struggles with normativities in fandoms through the case study of Denise Ho (a.k.a. HOCC) in Hong Kong. HOCC is one of the few celebrities in the Chinese-language entertainment industry to have come out as a lesbian. Data is drawn from participant observation and semi-structured interviews with 29 fans between 2009 and 2014. By analyzing the interplay between Hong Kong sexual cultures, fans’ everyday lives, and fans’ interactions with global media, it is found that fans struggled with negotiating HOCC’s gender and sexuality and their own before HOCC’s coming-out, leading to the paradoxical celebration and self-policing of queer reading at the same time. HOCC’s coming out in 2012 has significantly reshaped her queer fandom. It is observed that fans have turned their attention to the negotiation of HOCC’s “proper” lesbian embodiment as the “correct” representation of the LGBT/tongzhi movement. By revealing the complex relations between heteronormativity and homonormativity, this chapter concludes that HOCC fans in Hong Kong, who are situated within macrostructural and micropolitical forces, desire to be queer by transgressing normal and paradoxically desire to be normal by tactically negotiating the limits of queer.
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Schroeder, Charles E., Jose L. Herrero y Saskia Haegens. Neuronal Dynamics and the Mechanistic Bases of Selective Attention. Editado por Anna C. (Kia) Nobre y Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.031.
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Selective attention is a process by which the brain enhances its representation of task relevant, over irrelevant information. This ‘active control’ is essential to normal perception and cognition because it enables information processing to adapt to the immediate goals of the observer. This chapter places the focuses on recent conceptual/empirical developments in four areas that the authors think have significantly advanced the discussion and debate on the mechanistic underpinnings of selective attention: (1) the role of neuronal oscillations, (2) the distinctions between differing modes of dynamic operation, (3) potentially unique roles of specific oscillatory frequencies, (4) the neurochemistry of attention. The authors end by replacing attention within an ‘active sensing’ framework, and posing a set of prime questions for future study.
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Sutcliffe-Braithwaite, Florence. Mass Observers’ Attitudes to Class, 1990. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812579.003.0006.
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This chapter uses responses to Mass Observation’s 1990 directive on ‘social divisions’ to examine what the Mass Observers thought about class. It concludes that earlier accounts have overstated these (largely middle-class) writers’ comfortableness with technical, sociological class language. Rather, many were hostile to or ambivalent about using such terms, and drew on popular culture, especially humour, when talking about class. A rejection of ‘class’ and snobbishness, and an emphasis on ordinariness and authenticity, were again central to many Mass Observers’ writings about class. In their testimonies, we can also see that new ethnic diversity and new, more diverse norms of gender in post-war Britain had disrupted the old class categories. Upwardly mobile people were particularly over-represented among the Mass Observers and their writing shows that upward social mobility—which expanded in the post-war decades—could lead to a cultural ‘homelessness’ and critiques of both traditional working-class and traditional middle-class cultures.
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Hanau, Hans y Wenzel Matiaske, eds. Entgrenzung von Arbeitsverhältnissen. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845296159.
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For about a quarter of a century, social sciences have been a keen observer of the transformations of labor relations within organizations, which can readily subsumed under the term of ‘dissolution of boundaries’. This ongoing decentralization of the organization, spanning from outsourcing over strategic alliances to networks, has been accompanied by the flexibilization and subjectivization of work. What initially occurred in the periphery of large organizations, soon became the “new normal” for the core work force across the economy, for the core relationships of gainful employment. Organizational sciences, essentially belonging the most ardent promoters of the abovementioned developments, came to realize that some of their brainchildren, especially the “boundaryless organization”, might constitute an existential threat to the own discipline. Meanwhile, the dissolution of boundaries of working relations was not only eagerly discussed but also widely advocated in the subdiscipline of human resource management. As a result, key terms and notions of labor law (e.g. ‘firm‘, employee’ or ‘employer’) became blurred and now suffer from impaired relevance and effectiveness with regard to their legal protective functions and autonomy of bargaining. This edited volume aims to inspire and deepen a debate that moves beyond disciplinary boundaries. Some urgency is given, because at the end of the day, nothing else but the constitution of the social market economy is at stake.
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Dunne, Tim y Eglantine Staunton. The Genocide Convention and Cold War Humanitarian Intervention. Editado por Alex J. Bellamy y Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.3.
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It is conventional in IR literature to observe a sharp break between the Cold War and post-Cold War phases in the evolution of human protection norms. The chapter revisits these arguments in conjunction with the cases of India in Pakistan, Vietnam in Cambodia, and Tanzania in Uganda, where unilateral interventions had humanitarian effects but neither humanitarian justifications nor external legitimation. The predominant view regarding these cases is correct; namely, no evidence can be found for the emergence of a norm of legitimate intervention for protection reasons (in the absence of host state consent). However, this perspective underestimates the extent to which there was a consolidation of norms regarding state responsibilities and how these influenced state practice during the post-1945 period. The end of the Cold War should be seen as less of a stark turning point in the history of responsible sovereignty than has previously been believed.
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Goode, Erich. The Taming of New York's Washington Square. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479878574.001.0001.
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This book addresses the matter of how social audiences, both formal agents of social control (the NYPD and the Park Enforcement Control) and the ordinary, everyday park-goer, react when they encounter what they consider wrongdoing, or “deviance.” The focus is on the micro or face-to-face interactional level; the larger structural forces are held in abeyance and assumed to operate, but they are not analysed or accounted for here. Likewise, literary and philosophical speculations as well as considering political and ideological implications have been left to other analysts. What constitutes deviance in an unconventional public setting remains the central issue throughout the volume. Visitors to the park—one that is known for celebrating difference and diversity—observe behaviour or utterances by an actor or a speaker in their presence that, they feel goes too far in violating their sense of acceptable norms. What do they do? How do they sanction the offender? The analysis in this book presents the reader with a series of anecdotes—events or episodes observed or statements overheard by the researcher that audiences, judging by their reactions, consider untoward. The action-reaction-interaction dynamics constitutes the lodestone of this volume. Washington Square Park is a “text”; this book represents a sociological “reading” of that text.
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Kleege, Georgina. Dialogues with the Blind. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604356.003.0007.
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This chapter surveys literary and theoretical representations pairing blindness and visual art. Jacques Derrida observes that when visual artists depict blindness they are in fact making reference to their own artistic process. The chapter examines fiction by Rudyard Kipling, Wilkie Collins, Raymond Carver, Lorrie Moore, Hilary Norman, Paul Auster, Tracy Chevalier, and others. While many of these representations follow the contours of the Hypothetical Blind Man, some authors use depictions of blindness to posit the power of language to capture the ephemeral nature of the visual. Authors update the stock character of the blind seer to offer readers a mirror image of themselves.
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Distel, Marijn A. y Marleen H. M. de Moor. Genetic Influences on Borderline Personality Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199997510.003.0007.
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Borderline personality disorder (BPD) tends to “run in families.” Twin and twin family studies show that BPD is moderately heritable, with some evidence for nonadditive gene action. BPD co-occurs with Axis I and other Axis II disorders, as well as with a certain profile of normal personality traits. Multivariate twin (family) studies have shown that these phenotypic associations are partly due to genetic associations, and this is observed most strongly for BPD and neuroticism. Candidate gene-finding studies for BPD suggest the possible role of genes in the serotonergic and dopaminergic system, but this needs to be confirmed in larger genome-wide studies. Future studies will complement the knowledge described in this chapter to enable us to move toward a comprehensive model of the development of BPD in which biological and environmental influences on BPD are integrated.
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Maren, Stephen. Neural Circuits for Context Processing in Aversive Learning and Memory. Editado por Israel Liberzon y Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0005.
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The nature and properties of emotional expression depend importantly on not only the stimuli that elicit emotional responses, but also the context in which those stimuli are experienced. Deficits in context processing have been associated with a variety of cognitive-emotional disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These deficits can be localized to specific neural circuits underlying context processing in the mammalian brain. In particular, the hippocampus has been implicated through numerous animal and human studies to be involved both in normal contextual memory formation, but also in discrimination of trauma-related cues. Decreased hippocampal functioning, as is observed in PTSD, is associated with increased generalization of fear and threat responses as well as deficits in extinction of fear. Understanding context processing offers the opportunity to further understand the biology of PTSD and to target new approaches to therapeutics.
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French, Doran C. y Hoi Shan Cheung. Peer Relationships. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847128.003.0007.
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This chapter examines how adolescents’ peer relations are contextualized within cultural norms and values. Across cultures, differences in demography, time use, and activity settings are identified as contributors to the varying patterns observed in adolescent social networks, friendships, and romantic relationships. This chapter also reviews status hierarchies related to peer acceptance and rejection, popularity, and bullying in different cultures and discusses the contributions of peers to adolescents’ academic success and engagement in deviant behaviors. We conclude with a recommendation to conduct more research on peer relationships outside of North America, especially focusing on time use and peer activities, cultural norms and values, neurological development and the impact of these on adolescent social competence and risk-taking behavior.
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Carter, Sarah Anne. Thinking with Things. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190225032.003.0003.
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This chapter examines what happened when object lessons were implemented in the United States, particularly through the development of the Oswego Normal School in New York. E. A. Sheldon developed a rigorous curriculum based on the work of M. E. M. Jones and Elizabeth Mayo that trained pupil-teachers to give object lesson. The intent was to train students how to think and observe rather than to rely on students’ rote memorization of knowledge. His work transformed Oswego into the center of object teaching in the 1860s. Critiques of the practice at Oswego as well as the details of its classroom implementations help to explain what this practice actually looked like and what it meant for the ways students and teachers understood the material world. It also considers the ways object lessons could be used for instruction in composition and historical writing as well as moral training.
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Vogt, Katja Maria. The Metaphysics of the Sphere of Action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190692476.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 examines a principle Aristotle formulates in Nicomachean Ethics I.3: ethics must be adequate for its domain. The ethicist must ask herself what her inquiry is about, study the nature of her theory’s subject matter, and observe norms of theorizing that are adequate for it. The subject matter of ethics is value as it figures in human life. Aristotle ascribes two features to this value: difference and variability. Other theorists, he notes, are misled by difference and variability and become relativists. They observe a lack of strict regularity and falsely conclude that the domain of value is messy, unsuitable for any general insights. In Aristotle’s view, the sphere of agency displays for the most part regularities. The chapter defends this proposal as an important metaphysical insight and discusses how it adds to the much-debated claim that situations in which agents act are particulars.
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Siklos, Pierre L. Trust, But Verify: The Road Ahead. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228835.003.0007.
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Taking stock of the past fifteen years in monetary policy leads to some conclusions and suggestions for reform. Contrary to the claims of some observers, price stability remains an unassailable goal of central banks. Reforms are needed in their governance, however. In particular, legislation ought to include more directives to make clear the conditional relationship between government and the central bank. Unconventional central bank policies are no longer so unconventional. While they should be included in the toolkit of policy instruments, they should be used with more care. Some central banks have overreached and have confused the need to put a floor on economic downturns with the need for economic growth to rise to levels deemed normal. Data dependence as a policy stance reflects one of the biggest failures of central banking. After more than a decade of explaining the forward-looking nature of monetary policy, a backward-looking perspective seems to dominate policy discussions.
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Farmakis, Dimitrios, John Parissis, George Papingiotis y Gerasimos Filippatos. Acute heart failure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0051_update_001.
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Acute heart failure is defined as the rapid development or change of symptoms and signs of heart failure that requires urgent medical attention and usually hospitalization. Acute heart failure is the first reason for hospital admission in individuals aged 65 or more and accounts for nearly 70% of the total health care expenditure for heart failure. It is characterized by an adverse prognosis, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 4–7%, a 2–3-month post-discharge mortality of 7–11%, and a 2–3-month readmission rate of 25–30%. The majority of patients have a previous history of heart failure and present with normal or increased blood pressure, while about half of them have preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. A high prevalence of cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular comordid conditions is further observed, including coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, chronic lung disease, and anaemia.
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Auccatoma Tinco, Roly. Pensamiento eco-filosófico. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Huanta, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37073/feunah.12.
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Pensamiento eco-filosófico es la niña de sus ojos de un intelectual nostálgico con conciencia de clase a la cual pertenece. Describe, provoca, ironiza y propone cambios de la realidad problemática que observa, puesto que cada época y su determinado sistema político, económico y social se momifica considerándose perenne y sin problemas. En diversos pasajes de la obra se desnuda las estratosféricas injusticias y costumbres consideradas “normales” o “buenas” que encadenan al hombre convirtiéndolo en un esclavo feliz.
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Bardin, Thomas y Tilman Drüeke. Renal osteodystrophy. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0149.
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Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) is a term that encompasses the various consequences of chronic kidney disease (CKD) for the bone. It has been divided into several entities based on bone histomorphometry observations. ROD is accompanied by several abnormalities of mineral metabolism: abnormal levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D metabolites, alkaline phosphatases, fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) and klotho, which all have been identified as cardiovascular risk factors in patients with CKD. ROD can presently be schematically divided into three main types by histology: (1) osteitis fibrosa as the bony expression of secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHP), which is a high bone turnover disease developing early in CKD; (2) adynamic bone disease (ABD), the most frequent type of ROD in dialysis patients, which is at present most often observed in the absence of aluminium intoxication and develops mainly as a result of excessive PTH suppression; and (3) mixed ROD, a combination of osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia whose prevalence has decreased in the last decade. Laboratory features include increased serum levels of PTH and bone turnover markers such as total and bone alkaline phosphatases, osteocalcin, and several products of type I collagen metabolism products. Serum phosphorus is increased only in CKD stages 4-5. Serum calcium levels are variable. They may be low initially, but hypercalcaemia develops in case of severe sHP. Serum 25-OH-vitamin D (25OHD) levels are generally below 30 ng/mL, indicating vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. The international KDIGO guideline recommends serum PTH levels to be maintained in the range of approximately 2-9 times the upper normal normal limit of the assay and to intervene only in case of significant changes in PTH levels. It is generally recommended that calcium intake should be up to 2 g per day including intake with food and administration of calcium supplements or calcium-containing phosphate binders. Reduction of serum phosphorus towards the normal range in patients with endstage kidney failure is a major objective. Once sHP has developed, active vitamin D derivatives such as alfacalcidol or calcitriol are indicated in order to halt its progression.
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von Bernstorff, Jochen. “Community Interests” and the Role of International Law in the Creation of a Global Market for Agricultural Land. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825210.003.0015.
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The chapter explores the notion of “community interests” with regard to the global “land-grab” phenomenon. Over the last decade, a dramatic increase of foreign investment in agricultural land could be observed. Bilateral investment treaties protect around 75 per cent of these large-scale land acquisitions, many of which came with associated social problems, such as displaced local populations and negative consequences for food security in Third World countries receiving these large-scale foreign investments. Hence, two potentially conflicting areas of international law are relevant in this context: Economic, social, and cultural rights and the principles of permanent sovereignty over natural resources and “food sovereignty” challenging large-scale investments on the one hand, and specific norms of international economic law stabilizing them on the other. The contribution discusses the usefulness of the concept of “community interests” in cases where the two colliding sets of norms are both considered to protect such interests.
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Cruz, Edisson, Norman Beltrán y Reynaldo Condori. Diseño e implementación de un sistema de monitoreo y adquisición de datos de parámetros eléctricos y ambientales de un sistema fotovoltaico conectado a la red de 3kW. Instituto Universitario de Innovación Ciencia y Tecnología Inudi Perú, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35622/inudi.b.003.
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En el presente trabajo de investigación se realizó el diseño e implementación de un sistema de monitoreo y adquisición de datos inalámbrico con un interfaz en LabVIEW en tiempo real para monitoreo de parámetros eléctricos en DC y ambientales de un SFCR de 3kW, El cual se llevó a cabo integrando dispositivos como un Raspberry pi 3B+, un Arduino Nano, usando como sensores de temperatura 03 PT100, como sensor de tensión un divisor de tensión, como sensor de corriente el ACS758, como sensor de irradiancia una celda calibrada y como interfaz gráfica y almacenamiento de datos un programa elaborado en LabVIEW, también se hizo el modelado e impresión en 3D de las piezas de la carcasa pudiendo así implementar un prototipo con un sujetador para riel DIN. Todo esto orientado bajo la norma IEC-61724-2017. En el periodo de prueba de 05 días nos entrega los siguientes resultados: Influencia de la temperatura en el módulo fotovoltaico, en el cual pudimos observar que las temperaturas de cada célula en el módulo no son iguales, teniendo una desviación de hasta 3C el cual ocasiona pérdidas por dispersión de parámetros. Influencia de la temperatura en el generador fotovoltaico, en el cual pudimos observar que la temperatura y la tensión en un sistema fotovoltaico son inversamente proporcionales y cuando más caliente esté un módulo fotovoltaico es menos eficiente, en este apartado se registró temperaturas de hasta 52.31C en la superficie del módulo fotovoltaico. Influencia de la irradiancia en el generador fotovoltaico, apartado en el cual observamos que la irradiancia y la corriente generada son directamente proporcionales, también se presentó eventos de irradiancia solar extrema, siendo el más alto y menos prolongado el día 17 de Junio del 2021, con un valor 1245.89[W/m2], una duración de 06 segundos, registrados a las 11:39:13 y el más prolongado, presentado el mismo día, con un valor de 1219.75[W/m2], una duración de 176 segundos registrados a las 11:34:17 segundos. Finalmente se concluye que los indicadores proporcionados sobre la energía generada por el SFRC bajo ciertas condiciones ambientales son confiables debido a lineamientos con la norma propuesta, calibración y validación de las lecturas de los sensores y demás componentes usados.
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Isett, Philip. On Onsager's Conjecture. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0013.
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This chapter deals with Onsager's conjecture, which would be implied by a stronger form of Lemma (10.1). It considers what could be proven assuming Conjecture (10.1) by turning to Theorem 13.1, which states that for every δ > 0, there exist nontrivial weak solutions (v, p) to the Euler equations on ℝ x ³. Here the energy will increase or decrease in certain time intervals. In order to determine which Hölder norms stay under control during the iteration, the chapter observes that the bound for the spatial derivative of the corrections V and P also controls their full space-time derivative. The chapter also discusses higher regularity for the energy, written as a sum of energy increments.
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Davis, Donald R. Vows and Observances. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702603.003.0026.
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This chapter traces the semantic and practical evolution of Hindu religious vows and observances called vrata. The general historical trajectory moves from vratas as the ascetic regimens in Vedic texts (especially observed by students), to vratas as the devotional vows of women in favor of a deity. The standard elements of a classical vow in medieval Dharmaśāstra are described, with a focus on the correct intention, procedures, times, and rewards for taking vows. The topic of vows reveals a common interplay within Dharmaśāstra among customary religious and legal practices, external textual traditions (Purāṇas in this case), and existing Dharmaśāstra norms. The history of vows thus provides helpful insight into intellectual, theological, and historical changes within Hindu law, and Hinduism, more generally.
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Sé del beso que se compra. Teseo, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55778/ts878815749.
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<p>“Experiencia” tal vez sea uno de los términos más utilizados y menos comprendidos en la investigación social. De inmediato, lo vivido por las personas queda atrapado por teorías que caricaturescamente modelizan aquello que en la realidad resiste la adjetivación fácil. Una adjetivación que, además, si tiene por blanco a los practicantes del comercio sexual, suele ser moralista. Es este moralismo anti-intelectual que impide buenos diálogos incómodos lo que enfrenta la obra. Lejos de una postura que imagina que desde la tribuna se puede observar mejor el partido del comercio sexual que sus propios jugadores, lxs autorxs se sumergen en la “cultura gatera”, cultivando un estilo de investigación de alto vuelto micro-sociológico que, además de ser cuidadoso con el manejo de los datos, da muestras de cierto rebrote relativo a que todo sexo no convencional es culpable hasta que se demuestre su inocencia, y se preocupa por la confusión apresurada de las experiencias reales con las normas sociales que aspiran a determinarlas.</p><p style="text-align: right;">Ernesto Meccia</p>
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Buchely Ibarra, Lina Fernanda. El Estado de la paz. Burocracias, memoria y afecto en el posconflicto colombiano. Universidad Icesi; Tirant lo Blanch;, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18046/eui/tirant.2020.1.
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Este libro presenta una preocupación por las formas en que las discusiones relacionadas con la justicia transicional –memoria, reparación y restitución– han suplantado y acaparado las discusiones sobre política económica y social en los territorios en distintas escalas. Mediante análisis legales de las reglas que estructuran procesos, crean instituciones y delegan competencias, acompañados de técnicas etnográficas que permiten observar cómo esas normas se aplican en casos concretos por funcionarios y funcionarias y los efectos que esto tiene en las personas que ahora llamamos “víctimas”, este libro ofrece algunas imágenes del proceso de erigir un singular estado para el posconfl icto. La pretensión del libro es entonces hacer un aporte en dos sentidos. Uno metodológico: promover las discusiones interdisciplinarias en las reflexiones jurídicas. Y uno teórico: despertar frente a las nuevas formas de gobierno afectivo que tenemos ante nosotros. De alguna manera, está surgiendo una nueva especie de gobernanza. Entenderla implica el reto de documentar nuevas existencias de lo público, de lo jurídico y de lo humano frente al estado.
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Bomberger, E. Douglas. Summer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872311.003.0008.
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Before air conditioning became the norm, concerts in the summer months were seldom given indoors. Muck, Samaroff, and other classical musicians vacationed in Seal Harbor, Maine, a small town that attracted a disproportionate number of musical vacationers. Their activities were closely observed by the newly established Military Intelligence Section. The Fifteenth Regiment Band continued to hone its skills during training stints at Camp Whitman and Camp Dix as the army brass debated what to do with black recruits in a segregated army. The summer of 1917 saw a flurry of new jazz records as well as numerous articles purporting to explain the popular phenomenon.
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Broyde, Michael J. Refining Religious Arbitration in the United States and AbroadThe Jewish Experience. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190640286.003.0008.
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The general framework established by American arbitration law creates various basic requirements for arbitration agreements to be recognized and arbitral awards to be enforced by courts. Even if faith-based arbitrators have observed all the formal legal requirements, they must still convince state courts and judges that their religious dispute resolution processes are genuinely fair, effective, and worth upholding as an alternative form of just adjudication. This chapter uses the Jewish-American arbitration experience to identify six measures that religious arbitration organizations can and should take in order to ensure an effective, legally viable, and judicially enforceable arbitration process, namely publication of formal, sophisticated rules of procedure; development of an internal appellate process; respect for both religious and secular legal norms; acknowledgment of commercial customs and general equity; reliance on arbitrators with broad dual-system expertise; assumption of an active role in internal communal governance, and external communal representation.
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Levy, David L. y Rami Kaplan. Corporate Social Responsibility and Theories of Global Governance. Editado por Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon y Donald S. Siegel. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.003.0019.
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This article develops a framework in which corporate social responsibility (CSR) represents the contested terrain of global governance. The rise of CSR is one of the more striking developments of recent decades in the global political economy. Calls for multinational corporations (MNCs) to demonstrate greater responsibility, transparency, and accountability are leading to the establishment of a variety of new governance structures—rules, norms, codes of conduct, and standards—that constrain and shape MNCs' behavior. CSR is thus not just a struggle over practices, but over the locus of governance authority, offering a potential path toward the transformation of stakeholders from external observers and petitioners into legitimate and organized participants in decision-making. This article points to two distinct perspectives on CSR; as a more socially embedded and democratic form of governance that emanates from civil society, or alternatively, as a privatized system of corporate governance that lacks public accountability.
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Butt, Ahsan I. Secession and Security. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501713941.001.0001.
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This book argues that states, rather than separatists, determine whether a secessionist struggle will be peaceful, violent, or genocidal. The book investigates the strategies, ranging from negotiated concessions to large-scale repression, adopted by states in response to separatist movements. Variations in the external security environment, the book argues, influenced the leaders of the Ottoman Empire to use peaceful concessions against Armenians in 1908 but escalated to genocide against the same community in 1915; caused Israel to reject a Palestinian state in the 1990s; and shaped peaceful splits in Czechoslovakia in 1993 and the Norway–Sweden union in 1905. Using more than one hundred interviews and extensive archival data, the book focuses on two main cases — Pakistani reactions to Bengali and Baloch demands for independence in the 1970s and India's responses to secessionist movements in Kashmir, Punjab, and Assam in the 1980s and 1990s. The book's deep historical approach to the subject will appeal to policymakers and observers interested in the last five decades of geopolitics in South Asia, the contemporary Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and ethno-national conflict, separatism, and nationalism more generally.
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Lynch, Deidre. Early Gothic Novels and the Belief in Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199574803.003.0010.
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This chapter looks at Gothic novels. A Gothic Romance or even ‘a Gothic Story’ may be one thing, but a Gothic Novel is something else again. Though that term has been retrospectively applied to a body of macabre, sensational, ghost-infested fiction from the late eighteenth century only since the early twentieth, in its suggestion of a perverse hybridizing of the outmoded and the up-to-date it aptly captures the transgressiveness these fictions represented for their original critics. More directly than the contemporary fictions that aspired to be life-like and observe the norms of probability, Gothic novels foreground that peculiar mental gymnastics that since the eighteenth century has enabled readers to participate in a secular culture industry ‘which invites the subtle and supple deployment of belief’. In this sense, by helping to define the frontiers of the fictive, the Gothic mode did not interrupt the rise of the novel, but instead completed it.
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Beste, Jennifer. College Hookup Culture and Christian Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190268503.001.0001.
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What happens at college parties? Why do students dress and behave the way they do? Who has power, and what kind? And are college students happy overall with party and hookup culture? In response to undergraduates’ skepticism of researchers’ accounts of hookup culture, the author engaged 126 college students as ethnographers to observe and analyze this complex social reality at parties. Part I presents their results, revealing a disillusionment with contemporary sexual and relational norms that challenges benevolent or even neutral views of hookup culture. Part II brings students into conversation with Christianity’s narrative of what it means to become fully human and experience genuine joy and fulfillment. The spokesperson for this vision is theologian Johann Metz, whose portrait of Jesus struggling to become fully human by embracing poverty of spirit resonates with today’s college students. Comparing Jesus’s way of being in the world with their college culture’s status quo, many undergraduates discover in Metz’s Poverty of Spirit a countercultural path to authenticity, happiness, and fulfillment. Part III culminates in a call to action: with understanding of contemporary norms gained in part I, and poverty of spirit as explored in part II, these chapters explore obstacles to sexual justice on college campuses, identify key commitments necessary for change, and envision how undergraduates can work to create the college culture they truly desire and deserve.
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Sadurski, Wojciech, Michael Sevel y Kevin Walton, eds. Legitimacy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825265.001.0001.
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This collection brings together scholars of jurisprudence and political theory to probe the question of ‘legitimacy’. It offers discussions that interrogate the nature of legitimacy, how legitimacy is intertwined with notions of statehood, and how legitimacy reaches beyond the state into supranational institutions and international law. Chapter I considers benefit-based, merit-based, and will-based theories of state legitimacy. Chapter II examines the relationship between expertise and legitimate political authority. Chapter III attempts to make sense of John Rawls’s account of legitimacy in his later work. Chapter IV observes that state sovereignty persists, since no alternative is available, and that the success of the assortment of international organizations that challenge state sovereignty depends on their ability to attract loyalty. Chapter V argues that, to be complete, an account of a state’s legitimacy must evaluate not only its powers and its institutions, but also its officials. Chapter VI covers the rule of law and state legitimacy. Chapter VII considers the legitimation of the nation state in a post-national world. Chapter VIII contends that legitimacy beyond the state should be understood as a subject-conferred attribute of specific norms that generates no more than a duty to respect those norms. Chapter IX is a reply to critics of attempts to ground the legitimacy of suprastate institutions in constitutionalism. Chapter X examines Joseph Raz’s perfectionist liberalism. Chapter XI attempts to bring some order to debates about the legitimacy of international courts.
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Krieger, Heike, Georg Nolte y Andreas Zimmermann, eds. The International Rule of Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843603.001.0001.
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The authors examine the role of international law in a changing global order. Can we, under the current significantly changing conditions, still observe an increasing juridification of international relations based on a universal understanding of values, or are we, to the contrary, rather facing a tendency towards an informalization or a reformalization of international law, or even an erosion of international legal norms? Would it be appropriate to revisit classical elements of international law in order to react to structural changes, which may give rise to a more polycentric or non-polar world order? Or are we simply observing a slump in the development towards an international rule of law based on a universal understanding of values? In eleven chapters and eleven comments, distinguished scholars reflect on how to approach these questions from historical, system-oriented and actor-centered perspectives. The contributions engage with the rise of European international law since the 17th century, the decay of the international rule of law, compliance as an indicator for the state of international law, international law and informal law-making in times of populism, the rule of environmental law and complex problems, human rights in Europe in a hostile environment, the influence of the BRICS states on international law, the impact of non-state actors on international law, international law’s contribution to global justice, the contestation of value-based norms and the international rule of law in light of legitimacy claims.
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Smith, Jad. Parallel Worlds. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037337.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter discusses the metaphor of parallel worlds as it relates to the work of John Brunner. Brunner once observed that while we all inhabit the same world, we live in and among parallel worlds. He believed that a good science-fiction writer should cultivate awareness of parallel forms of experience and open up vistas onto the future that make readers more mindful of them. In keeping with this view, he developed plots with an eye toward the possible interplay of parallel worlds, imagining zones of contact as native to human experience as the tense friendship of the WASP and “Afram” roomies Donald Hogan and Norman House in Stand on Zanzibar (1968), and as foreign to it as the alternate ecology and symbiotic biotechnologies of The Crucible of Time (1983). Throughout his career, he made a practice of conducting idiosyncratic “thought experiments” in his fiction. These ranged from mirroring the moves of a famous 1892 Steinitz-Chigorin chess game in the plot of The Squares of the City (1965) to exploring the ethical quandaries of artificial intelligence through the grafted consciousness of a sentient spaceship in A Maze of Stars (1991). Time and again, Brunner proved himself an idea merchant of the first and best order. His narrative ventures often brought together parallel genres just as dynamically as parallel worlds, and he enjoyed a lasting reputation for handling even conventional storylines and concepts with an alluring difference that made them distinct—and distinctly his.
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Manrique Ramírez, Faustina. Una experiencia guía de la investigación en la Maestría en Contabilidad. Universidad Libre sede principal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18041/978-958-5578-41-8.
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Este documento ofrece una reflexión enfocada en el acto de investigar, en el que, antes del mundo de las cosas, está lo humano, la subjetividad, la conciencia, lo social, lo cultural, porque a partir del sujeto se construye la objetividad de las cosas y del mundo. El libro surge tras la experiencia, en los últimos cinco años, de escuchar y observar a los estudiantes de la Maestría en Contabilidad, que en su mayoría son contadores públicos y tienen temor cuando piensan en investigar. Ellos manifiestan su falta de experiencia en este campo, y por eso mismo encuentran obstáculos para desarrollar un trabajo de investigación. Este texto busca que los estudiantes, como contadores públicos, se den cuenta de que sus miedos son normales, que no son solo de ellos, y que el sistema educativo sigue todavía un modelo conductista y poco crítico. De este modo, se procura demostrarles que ellos hacen un esfuerzo por cambiar en este campo la historia en la Contaduría Pública, por medio de aportes disciplinares y transdisciplinares en los cuales presentan alternativas de solución a problemáticas concretas de la realidad. El resultado de este escrito es una guía de investigación fundamentada en la experiencia de orientar a contadores públicos para vivir la investigación y no aprender investigación.
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Farmakis, Dimitrios, John Parissis y Gerasimos Filippatos. Acute heart failure: epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0051.
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Acute heart failure is defined as the rapid development or change of symptoms and signs of heart failure that requires urgent medical attention and usually hospitalization. Acute heart failure is the first reason for hospital admission in individuals aged 65 or more and accounts for nearly 70% of the total health care expenditure for heart failure. It is characterized by an adverse prognosis, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 4-7%, a 2-3-month post-discharge mortality of 7-11%, and a 2-3-month readmission rate of 25-30%. The majority of patients have a previous history of heart failure and present with normal or increased blood pressure, while about half of them have a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. A high prevalence of cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular comordid conditions is further observed, including coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, chronic lung disease, and anaemia. Different classification systems have been proposed for acute heart failure, reflecting the clinical heterogeneity of the syndrome; the categorization to acutely decompensated chronic heart failure vs de novo acute heart failure and to hypertensive, normotensive, and hypotensive acute heart failure are among the most widely used and clinically relevant classifications. The pathophysiology of acute heart failure involves several pathogenetic mechanisms, including volume overload, pressure overload, myocardial loss, and restrictive filling, while several cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes or precipitating factors lead to acute heart failure through a single of these mechanisms or a combination of them. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, peripheral and/or pulmonary congestion is the hallmark of acute heart failure, resulting from fluid retention and/or fluid redistribution. Myocardial injury and renal dysfunction are also involved in the precipitation and progression of the syndrome.
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Hammond, Christopher J., Marc N. Potenza y Linda C. Mayes. Development of Impulse Control, Inhibition, and Self-Regulatory Behaviors in Normative Populations across the Lifespan. Editado por Jon E. Grant y Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0082.
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Impulsivity represents a complex multidimensional construct that may change across the lifespan and is associated with numerous neuropsychiatric disorders including substance use disorders, conduct disorder/antisocial personality disorder, and traumatic brain injury. Multiple psychological theories have considered impulsivity and the development of impulse control, inhibition, and self-regulatory behaviors during childhood. Some psychoanalytic theorists have viewed impulse control and self-regulatory behaviors as developing ego functions emerging in the context of id-based impulses and inhibitory pressures from the superego. Object relationists added to this framework but placed more emphasis on mother–child dyadic relationships and the process of separation and individuation within the infant. Cognitive and developmental theorists have viewed impulse control and self-regulation as a series of additive cognitive functions emerging at different temporal points during childhood and with an emphasis on attentional systems and the ability to inhibit a prepotent response. Commonalities exist across all of these developmental theories, and they all are consistent with the idea that the development of impulse control appears cumulative and emergent in early life, with the age range of 24–36 months being a formative period. Impulsivity is part of normal development in the healthy child, and emerging empirical data on normative populations (as measured by neuropsychological testing batteries, self-report measures, and behavioral observation) suggest that impulse control, self-regulation, and other impulsivity-related phenomena may follow different temporal trajectories, with impulsivity decreasing linearly over time and sensation seeking and reward responsiveness following an inverted U-shaped trajectory across the lifespan. These different trajectories coincide with developmental brain changes, including early maturation of subcortical regions in relation to the later maturation of the frontal lobes, and may underlie the frequent risk-taking behavior often observed during adolescence.
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Lin, Tony Tian-Ren. Prosperity Gospel Latinos and Their American Dream. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658957.001.0001.
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In this immersive ethnography, Tony Tian-Ren Lin explores the reasons that Latin American immigrants across the United States are increasingly drawn to Prosperity Gospel Pentecostalism, a strand of Protestantism gaining popularity around the world. Lin contends that Latinos embrace Prosperity Gospel, which teaches that believers may achieve both divine salvation and worldly success, because it helps them account for the contradictions of their lives as immigrants. Weaving together his informants’ firsthand accounts of their religious experiences and everyday lives, Lin offers poignant insight into how they see their faith transforming them both as individuals and as communities. The theology fuses salvation with material goods so that as these immigrants pursue spiritual rewards they are also, perhaps paradoxically, striving for the American dream. But after all, Lin observes, prosperity is the gospel of the American dream. In this way, while becoming better Prosperity Gospel Pentecostals they are also adopting traditional white American norms. Yet this is not a story of smooth assimilation as most of these immigrants must deal with the immensity of the broader cultural and political resistance to their actually becoming Americans. Rather, Prosperity Gospel Pentecostalism gives Latinos the logic and understanding of themselves as those who belong in this country yet remain perpetual outsiders.
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Nault, Derrick M. Africa and the Shaping of International Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859628.001.0001.
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Africa throughout its postcolonial history has been plagued by human rights abuses ranging from intolerance of political dissent to heinous crimes such as genocide. Some observers consequently have gone so far as to suggest that human rights are a concept alien to African cultures. The International Criminal Court (ICC)’s focus on Africa in recent years has reinforced the region’s reputation as a hotspot for human rights violations. But despite Africa’s notoriety concerning human rights, Africa and the Shaping of International Human Rights argues that the continent has been pivotal for helping shape contemporary human rights norms and practices. Challenging prevailing Eurocentric interpretations of human rights’ origins and evolution, it demonstrates that from the colonial era to the present Africa’s peoples have drawn attention to and prompted novel ways of thinking about human rights through their encounters with the world at large. Beginning with the depredations of King Leopold II in the Congo Free State in the 1880s and ending with the ICC’s current activities in Africa, it reveals how African events, personalities, groups, and nations have influenced the trajectory of human rights history in intriguing and critical ways, in the end enlarging and universalizing a major discourse of our time.
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Sepúlveda, Jovanny. Luces y sombras de la constitucionalizacion en la justicia. CUA - Medellin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.52441/der201806.
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Atendiendo al trabajo colaborativo de la Red Interinstitucional -Derecho Procesal y Justicia- y al esfuerzo mancomunado de diferentes maestros que presentan los productos resultados de sus investigaciones, Instituciones de Educación Superior, y al Colegio de Jueces y Fiscales, se presenta para la discusión de la comunidad académica y científica, el libro resultado de investigación titulado Luces y sombras de la constitucionalización en la justicia, socializado en el V Seminario Internacional sobre el Proceso y la Justicia, realizado en Medellín, Colombia, en Plaza Mayor. Se propuso el tema de la constitucionalización, por considerarlo de suma importancia en el derecho procesal y en el mundo jurídico en general, entendiendo que produce efectos directos, desde la juridización con el precedente constitucional, la producción de normas y las transformaciones de las sociedades. Se encontrarán temas de discusión necesarios para la actualidad en la formación jurídica e interdisciplinar de los futuros abogados del país, y para el debate en el mundo operativo del derecho. Entre otros asuntos, se analizan y se presentan reflexiones sobre el reconocimiento de los límites sociológicos, se cuestiona sobre quiénes son los verdaderos formalistas en la teoría de la decisión judicial, quién debe defender 10 la Constitución desde el punto de vista de Schmitt y Kelsen, se habla sobre la tutela colectiva de derechos en las nuevas tendencias procesales, se presentan reflexiones sobre el acceso a la información ambiental y el secreto empresarial, pasando por la promoción del derecho a la convivencia pacífica, la minería en Colombia, el sacrificio de la tutela judicial efectiva, el derecho privado y la sanción penal, la seguridad social y su fundamentalidad, la violación de los derechos humanos en Argentina en las décadas de los 70 y 80 y el abordaje jurídico en la salida democrática, la decisión judicial desde los derechos fundamentales, el análisis sobre la propiedad privada como derecho sin límite, para terminar con las reflexiones frente a la conciliación en la propiedad intelectual desde la constitucionalización en Colombia. Es posiblemente temprano todavía en Colombia para presentar en su totalidad los efectos de la constitucionalización del derecho, ya que se requiere promover su difusión e investigación, por lo tanto, desde la Red, se pretende abrir camino para que progresivamente se continúen los estudios sistemáticos y sistémicos frente a la importancia del tema planteado. Asimismo, se hace una resignificación de la Constitución como la norma de normas y la importancia de los principios y las reglas constitucionales, desde los productos resultados de investigación de cada uno de los autores, en donde se observa que queda atrás la doctrina de Montesquieu, referente a la constitución programática, en donde la norma constitucional debía contar con la ley, desconociendo que la Constitución tiene carácter normativo y más que ley, es considerada como la ley suprema. Se debe comprender que el proceso judicial actualmente, necesita estar humanizado, tal como lo plantea el profesor Devis Echandía, de forma tal que se procure la inmediación del juez con los justiciables, comprendiendo que se trata de actuaciones de personas que juzgan a otras personas, por lo que es tan importante tener en cuenta los derechos fundamentales, de acuerdo a los estudios de gran impacto en Latinoamérica y en el mundo de los profesores Michelle Taruffo y Domingo 11 García Belaúnde se tendría una real constitucionalización de la justicia. Por ello la academia, la investigación y los versados en el conocimiento disciplinar del derecho en Colombia, proponen difundir entre los fines esenciales del Estado–como lo establece la Constitución Política – el predominio de la convivencia pacífica, sin maltratos emocionales, jurídicos, legales o constitucionales, promoviendo la vigencia de un orden justo para todos. En manos de los diferentes operadores jurídicos, abogados defensores, jueces de la República, abogados de los consultorios jurídicos y centros de conciliación, entre otros, se encuentra el entender que las personas no solo entregan sus problemas jurídicos, legales o contractuales, sino que también entregan su confianza, su ser, una vida, un sentir, una vivencia y, por ende, una realidad o un conflicto social; y los operadores jurídicos no podemos ser inferiores a esa expectativa, porque ante todo se debe tener en cuenta lo humano, el ser holístico. La sociedad suplica jueces y operadores jurídicos que obren con sensibilidad y, en este sentido, se plantea la idea de promover, difundir, posicionar e investigar sobre la humanización con la constitucionalización de la justicia. Teniendo en cuenta todo lo anterior, se plantean los nuevos modelos procesales, precisamente en la constitucionalización del derecho procesal, humanizando el proceso judicial para cumplir la función social de interés público, entre otros, el lograr la armonía social, reconociendo ante todo al ser humano.
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Vila Nova De Vasconcelos, Kaythy Jhullianny. PERFIL MOTOR DE ESCOLARES DO 1º ANO DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL I DA SEMEC NO BAIRRO DA TERRA FIRME (BELÉM – PA). Conhecimento e ciência, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.20872/perfilmotordeescolares.
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O presente estudo objetivou traçar o perfil motor dos escolares do primeiro ano do ensino fundamental I da Secretaria Municipal de Educação (Semec), mais precisamente os alunos das escolas municipais Solerno Moreira, Maria Stellina Valmont e Parque Amazônia, localizadas no bairro da Terra Firme, no município de Belém, Pará, envolvendo crianças na faixa etária de 5 a 8 anos, devidamente matriculadas, cursando o primeiro ano do ensino fundamental I. A amostra foi feita com escolares de ambos os gêneros, em um total de 225 alunos, sendo 97 meninas (n=97) e 128 meninos (n=128), 125 crianças da Escola Municipal Solerno Moreira, 51 crianças da Escola Municipal Maria Stellina Valmont e 49 crianças Escola Municipal Parque Amazônia. Como instrumento utilizou-se o Manual de Avaliação Motora proposto por Francisco Rosa neto (2002), através da Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor (EDM). A análise foi feita através da estatística descritiva e comparativa. Os resultados demonstraram que a maioria das crianças encontram-se num nível Normal Médio na escala de desenvolvimento moto, destes sujeitos apenas 16% pratica atividade esportiva fora do ambiente escolar; quanto à lateralidade a maioria das crianças investigadas são destras. Observou-se que as os praticantes regulares de atividades esportivas, apresentaram índices significativamente inferiores na idade cronológica e significativamente superiores na idade motora geral, no quociente motor geral, na idade cronológica/idade motora, nos parâmetros de idade motora (exceto IM4) e nos parâmetros de quociente motor. Assim, como pontos conclusivos, evidenciou-se a necessidade da implantação curricular da disciplina Educação Física na Educação Infantil para melhorar o acervo motor das crianças e consequentemente elevar seu nível de desenvolvimento motor. Espera-se que este estudo venha contribuir para a melhoria do planejamento dos profissionais que lidam com crianças e que também forneçam subsídios para novas pesquisas.
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Deza Villasanz, Ramón. Derecho aduanero : vertiente tributaria y penal. Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.56451/10334/3979.
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El Derecho aplicable actualmente en el ámbito del comercio internacional aglutina la materia aduanera y tributaria. Respecto de la primera podemos observar su constante evolución legislativa no ya a nivel nacional sino también de actual Unión Europea, que ha ido al mismo tiempo relegando a la normativa nacional a un segundo nivel y ello por la delegación de competencias de los Estados en las instituciones europeas en la materia aduanera. Estas ultimas, en un determinado momento, pusieron de manifiesto de forma tajante la competencia exclusiva en relación a la regulación respecto al comercio con terceros estados o territorios, que hasta 2013 se había ido dejando en manos de los Estados miembros de la Unión. El reflejo de dicha asunción competencial es la publicación del Código aduanero de la Unión que es objeto de un sucinto estudio en esta obra. Se ha inclinado el autor por intentar establecer un paralelismo entre norma europea y nacional introduciendo en segundo lugar, la materia tributaria, siempre que ésta sea aplicable por parte de la autoridad aduanera y añadiendo a todo ello menciones a la intervención de otros órganos de la administración. A ello se une el análisis de posibles irregularidades administrativas y otras que un momento dado son susceptibles de constituir un lícito penal, provocando ello un salto al estudio de la normativa penal nacional creada al efecto y que no es otra que la Ley orgánica de represión del contrabando. El objetivo es que el lector pueda tener una idea lo más omnicomprensiva de lo que acontece cuando las relaciones comerciales se establecen con países y territorios no integrado en la Unión europea y los pormenores a los que uno debe de atender en caso de realizar dichos intercambios, si bien todo ello partiendo de un análisis lo mas asequible posible que conlleve a una comprensión básica.
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Crescenzi, Mark J. C., Rebecca H. Best y Bo Ram Kwon. Reciprocity in International Studies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.414.
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Reciprocity refers to the character of the actions and reactions between two or more actors. This character is commonly one of responding in kind to the actions of another. As such, reciprocity is considered one of the fundamental processes observed by scholars in the study of international relations (IR). In the realm of international politics, the study of reciprocity typically encompasses formal/experimental and empirical research. Some scholars look at ethical dimensions and the propagation of norms such as the Golden Rule, while others undertake empirical analysis of patterns of reciprocity in search of answers to questions about the existence, predictability, and diffusion of reciprocity. As a concept, reciprocity has applications in a range of IR topics such as the basic ingredients of cooperation, the escalation and return of conflict, and the adherence to international law. Within the realm of conflict processes, the iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) and formal frameworks are often used to represent arms races and similar security concerns. Related to the iterated PD is the work of Robert Axelrod, who demonstrated the robustness of the reciprocal strategy known as tit-for-tat (TFT). One puzzle on reciprocity that deserves consideration in future research is that the expectation of a long time horizon for interaction should stimulate the incentive to cooperate, but long time horizons may also be associated with long pasts. One way to find the answer to this puzzle is to incorporate reciprocity into more general models of international interaction.
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McDevitt, Michael. Where Ideas Go to Die. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869953.001.0001.
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Where Ideas Go to Die explores the troubled relationship of US journalism and intellect. A defender of common sense, the press is irked at intellect yet often dependent on its critical autonomy. A postwar observation from Richard Hofstadter applies to contemporary journalists: “Men do not rise in the morning, grin at themselves in their mirrors, and say: ‘Ah, today I shall torment an intellectual and strangle an idea!’ ” The book nevertheless documents the prowess of news media in policing intellect. Control extends beyond suppression of ideas and ways of thinking to the aggressive rendering of dissent into deviance. The social control of intellect by journalism is accompanied by social control of journalism in newsrooms and in classrooms where norms are cultivated. Anti-intellectualism consequently operates like dark matter in media, a presence inferred by its effects rather than directly observed or acknowledged. When journalists anticipate a punitive public, the reified resentment is no more real than the fiction of omnipotent citizens in democratic theory, yet the audience imagined compels how intellect is rendered in the news as nuisance, deviance, or object of ridicule. Journalism’s contribution to the social control of ideas is poignantly democratic: audiences are cast in consequential roles that affirm their wisdom in a closed, self-referential system. The book concludes with a discussion about what intellectual journalism would look like. Interviews with 25 “dangerous professors” demonstrate how alliances in the academic-media nexus can seed intellect in newswork.
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D'Aoust, Anne-Marie. Feminist Perspectives on Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.179.
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Foreign policy analysis (FPA) deals with the decision-making processes involved in foreign policy-making. As a field of study, FPA overlaps international relations (IR) theory and comparative politics. Studies that take into account either sex, women, or gender contribute to the development of knowledge on and about women in IR, which is in itself one of the goals of feminist scholarship. There are two main spheres of feminist inquiries when it comes to foreign policy: the role of women as sexed power holders involved in decision-making processes and power-sharing in the realm of foreign policy-making, and the role of gendered norms in the conduct and adoption of foreign policies. Many observers insist that feminism and foreign policy are linked only by a marriage of convenience, designed to either acknowledge the political accomplishments of women in the sphere of foreign policy such as Margaret Thatcher and Indira Ghandi, or bring attention to so-called “women’s issues,” such as reproduction rights and population control. Scholarship on women and/or gender in relation to foreign policy covers a wide range of themes, such as the role of women as political actors in decision-making processes and organizational structures; women’s human rights and gender mainstreaming; the impact of various foreign policies on women’s lives; and the concept of human security and the idea of women’s rights as a valid foreign policy objective. Three paradigms that have been explored as part of the study of women in comparative politics and IR are behavioralism, functionalism, and rational choice theory.
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Harris, Adam S. Everyday Identity and Electoral Politics. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197638200.001.0001.
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While ethnic identities are found to play a key role in politics, not all members of a group toe their group’s line and vote for its affiliated party. Why do some voters choose not to vote with their group when doing so can often be advantageous given the norms of ethnic favoritism observed across Africa? According to Afrobarometer data, between 30% and 52% of voters in sub-Saharan Africa do not vote for their ethnic group’s party. This book argues that as individuals are less readily identified as members of their ethnic group, they are less likely to be treated as if they are members of that group, which in turn weakens their identification with the group. Individuals who weakly identify with their group are less likely to be influenced by their identity when voting. This approach makes this book the first study to theorize and empirically test the effects of the everyday identity construction process on ethnic salience and, in turn, on vote choice. To test the theory, the book develops the concept of ethnic distance and measures it empirically. Empirical tests find support for the argument in South Africa, Uganda, and the United States. These cases allow the effect of ethnic distance along several different ethnic dimensions (race, language, and region) to be tested in a variety of contexts. As a first step toward matching the book’s scholarly concepts of ethnicity to ethnicity’s complexity in the real world, this study is poised to alter the way we think about ethnicity in politics.
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Franko, William y Christopher Witko. The New Economic Populism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190671013.001.0001.
Texto completoResumen
While most observers and scholars of inequality focus on how the federal government has created, or at minimum failed to respond to, inequality, in this book Franko and Witko argue that this nearly exclusive emphasis on Washington, DC, is misplaced. The authors explain that this federal inaction in the face of emerging economic problems is the norm in American history because of the structure of American government and the ability of organized interests to prevent policy change in Washington. The states led the fight against new economic problems during the Progressive Era and Great Depression, and the authors argue that the states are once again leading the fight against growing inequality, a trend they call the “new economic populism.” In contrast to federal institutions and practices that encourage inactivity, because of the variation in state economic problems, public attitudes, government ideology, and political institutions, it is likely that at least some states will confront growing economic problems. Using a variety of unique data and evidence, the authors demonstrate that the public is cognizant of rising inequality and that this growing awareness is associated with more egalitarian political and policy changes, including greater government liberalism, higher minimum wages, and more progressive tax systems. In contrast to the prevailing pessimism regarding income inequality, the authors argue that if history is a guide, these incipient state actions to reduce inequality are likely to spread to other states and even the federal government in the coming decades.
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Radu, Roxana. Negotiating Internet Governance. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833079.001.0001.
Texto completoResumen
What is at stake for how the Internet continues to evolve is the preservation of its integrity as a single network. In practice, its governance is neither centralized nor unitary; it is piecemeal and fragmented, with authoritative decision-making coming from different sources simultaneously: governments, businesses, international organizations, technical and academic experts, and civil society. Historically, the conditions for their interaction were rarely defined beyond basic technical coordination, due at first to the academic freedom granted to the researchers developing the network and, later on, to the sheer impossibility of controlling mushrooming Internet initiatives. Today, the search for global norms and rules for the Internet continues, be it for cybersecurity or artificial intelligence, amid processes fostering the supremacy of national approaches or the vitality of a pluralist environment with various stakeholders represented. This book provides an incisive analysis of the emergence and evolution of global Internet governance, unpacking the complexity of more than 300 governance arrangements, influential debates, and political negotiations over four decades. Highly accessible, this book breaks new ground through a wide empirical exploration and a new conceptual approach to governance enactment in global issue domains. A tripartite framework is employed for revealing power dynamics, relying on: (a) an extensive database of mechanisms of governance for the Internet at the global and regional level; (b) an in-depth analysis of the evolution of actors and priorities over time; and (c) a key set of dominant practices observed in the Internet governance communities. It explains continuity and change in Internet-related negotiations, opening up new directions for thinking and acting in this field.
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Reyes, Rene, R. Sanhueza, Alejandra Schueftan y Eric González. Consumo de leña y otros biocombustibles sólidos en la región de Aysén: adopción acelerada del pellet en la ciudad de Coyhaique y predominio de la leña en el resto de la región. 14a ed. INFOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52904/20.500.12220/31338.
Texto completoResumen
La leña es una de las principales fuentes de energía de la región de Aysén. Sin embargo, no existen estudios que estimen su consumo a escala regional. A partir de encuestas que fueron aplicadas el año 2021, desde La Junta hasta Villa O´Higgins, se analizó el consumo de energía del sector residencial. El consumo total de energía en la región fue de 1.708 gigawatt-hora/ año, el 80% de la cual proviene de la leña, el 8% del gas licuado, el 5% de la electricidad, el 5% del pellet, el 1,5% de kerosene y el 0,5% de otras fuentes de energía. El consumo de leña fue de 565.456 m3 sólidos/año (64% urbano y 36% rural). En áreas urbanas, el 82% de las viviendas consumen leña a un promedio de 14 m3 sólidos/vivienda/año, y en áreas rurales el 99% de las viviendas consumen leña a un promedio de 21 m3 sólidos/vivienda/año. La comuna de Coyhaique concentra el 44% del consumo regional de leña, aunque se observa un fuerte desacople entre crecimiento demográfico y consumo de leña, debido a una serie de factores, entre los que destaca el ingreso del pellet al menú energético de las familias. El Plan de Descontaminación Atmosférica implementado en Coyhaique está acelerando procesos de transición energética que han permitido reducir el consumo de leña. Fortalecer ese proceso, e implementar un plan integral de eficiencia energética que implique mejorar el programa de reacondicionamiento térmico de viviendas y hacer más exigentes las normas de emisiones de calefactores a leña, sería un buen camino. Algo similar debería implementarse en Puerto Aysén, Cochrane y otras localidades para que toda la región avance al mismo ritmo.