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1
Wolf, Klaus, Karin Breunig y Gerold Barth, eds. Non-Conventional Yeasts in Genetics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55758-3.
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Sibirny, Andriy, ed. Non-conventional Yeasts: from Basic Research to Application. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21110-3.
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1944-, Wolf K., Breunig Karin 1962- y Barth Gerold, eds. Non-conventional yeasts in genetics, biochemistry and, biotechnology: Practical protocols. Berlin: Springer, 2003.
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Nations, United. The United Nations and the advancement of women, 1945-1996. New York: Dept. of Public Information, United Nations, 1996.
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(Editor), Klaus Wolf, Karin D. Breunig (Editor) y Gerold Barth (Editor), eds. Non-Conventional Yeasts in Genetics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Springer, 2003.
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Sibirny, Andriy. Non-Conventional Yeasts: From Basic Research to Application. Springer International Publishing AG, 2020.
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Sibirny, Andriy. Non-Conventional Yeasts: From Basic Research to Application. Springer International Publishing AG, 2019.
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Wolf, Klaus, Gerold Barth y Karin D. Breunig. Non-Conventional Yeasts in Genetics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology: Practical Protocols. Springer London, Limited, 2012.
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Wolf, Klaus, Gerold Barth y Karin D. Breunig. Non-Conventional Yeasts in Genetics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology: Practical Protocols. Springer, 2011.
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Mas, Albert, Jose Manuel Guillamón y Gemma Beltran, eds. Non-conventional Yeast in the Wine Industry. Frontiers Media SA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-053-4.
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Michael, Kubiciel y Rink Anna Cornelia. Part II UN Core Conventions on Transnational Organised Crime, 11 The United Nations Convention against Corruption and its Criminal Law Provisions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198733737.003.0011.
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The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) from 2003 marks the peak of a broad international development in the fight against corruption, which started in the early 1990s. In recent years, it has been signed and ratified by an overwhelming majority of states. Although the UNCAC is not just a criminal law convention, but encompasses a multitude of rules on prevention, asset recovery, and international cooperation, it also includes a comprehensive arsenal of criminal law provisions. This chapter explores the origin of the UNCAC as a whole and the background and scope of all its criminal law provisions, both mandatory and discretionary.
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Andrew, Clapham, Casey-Maslen Stuart, Giacca Gilles y Parker Sarah. The Arms Trade Treaty: A Commentary. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198723523.001.0001.
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The United Nations Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) became binding international law in late 2014, and although the text of the treaty is a relatively concise framework for assessing whether to authorize or deny proposed conventional weapons transfers by states parties, there exists controversy as to the meaning of certain key provisions. Furthermore, the treaty requires a national regulatory body to authorize proposed transfers of conventional weapons covered by the treaty, but does not detail how such a body should be established and how it should effectively function. This book explains in detail each of the treaty provisions, the parameters for prohibitions or the denial of transfers, international co-operation and assistance, and implementation obligations and mechanisms. As states ratify and implement the treaty over the next few years, the commentary provides invaluable guidance to government officials, commentators, and scholars on the meaning of its contentious provisions. This volume describes in detail which weapons are covered by the treaty and explains the different forms of transfer that the ATT regulates. It covers international human rights, trade, disarmament, humanitarian law, criminal law, and state-to-state use of force, as well as the application of the treaty to non-state actors.
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William, Blair, Brent Richard y Grant Tom, eds. Banks and Financial Crime. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198716587.001.0001.
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Financial crime is an important and topical area. Concerns over money laundering have grown considerably since links with terrorist organisations have become more apparent in recent years. This revised and updated new edition provides a guide for banks to their regulatory responsibilities, their private law duties, their liabilities to third parties and their obligations to assist persons seeking the recovery of assets (including regulatory bodies within and without the jurisdiction). It also sets the relevant law in its national and international policy context and assesses the current state of this body of law in that context. In the years following the publication of the first edition of Banks and Financial Crime the legal regime against money laundering, terrorist financing, and financial sanctions has not diminished in importance for financial institutions. Indeed, the reverse is the case. In 2012, HSBC paid US authorities a record fine of £1.2 billion for laundering billions of dollars; powers under existing legislation have been exercised for the first time; and there have been significant new developments at the international level. This second edition addresses recent practice under the main international conventions, including the Sixth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (October 2012) and the forthcoming Fifth Session of the Conference of States Parties to the UN Convention against Corruption (November 2013). Throughout, the book has been updated to incorporate new developments at the international level; in statute and case law; and in the regulation of financial institutions. It also provides a further assessment of the extent to which there has emerged an international law of tainted money to complement the emergence of an international financial system.
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Townsend, Sylvia. Bumpy Road. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496804143.001.0001.
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In meticulous detail, the book describes the filming, release, and influence of the 1971 film Two-Lane Blacktop. In 1970 the urbane producer Michael Laughlin asked the hippy filmmaker Monte Hellman to direct a script called Two-Lane Blacktop. The cult author Rudy Wurlitzer rewrote the script, the story of two scruffy hot rodders who pick up a girl hitchhiker and race their classic ’55 Chevy against a rich guy’s “factory –made hot rod,” a ’70 GTO Judge. In three of the four lead roles Hellman cast nonactors – the rock stars James Taylor and Dennis Wilson, and the director’s girlfriend, Laurie Bird. Hellman made an existentialist car-racing movie; nobody wins or even finishes the race, the protagonists are doomed to drive around endlessly. The film was slow-paced, the rock stars didn’t sing (and barely spoke), the movie had little music, and Hellman ignored other traditional crowd-pleasing conventions. When he resisted studio pressure to make the movie more conventional and commercial, it flopped at the box office. Universal failed to release the film on video, making it scarce and sought-after, and three of the four lead actors – Wilson Bird and Warren Oates, had untimely deaths, conferring mystique on the film. Many years after its release, the film gained wide acclaim, was released by the prestigious Criterion Collection and was preserved in the National Film Registry. In the book, the directors Wes Anderson, Richard Linklater and others tell how the movie influenced their work. Although Two-Lane Blacktop was a harbinger of the demise of New Hollywood films, brought about by the financial costs to Hollywood studios that allowed auteur directors to make non-commercial movies, had Hellman caved in to pressure to make the movie commercial, it would not have become a classic.
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Szmukler, George. Men in White Coats. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.001.0001.
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The book examines medical treatment under coercion and its justifications. Psychiatry springs to mind as most associated with coercion. Here, the fundamental criteria governing detention and involuntary treatment have remained fundamentally unchanged for over two centuries—first, the person has a ‘mental disorder’, largely undefined; and second, there is a risk of significant harm to the person or to others. Major problems attach to these criteria allowing a large degree of arbitrariness in the use of compulsion. Furthermore, when set against the huge shift over the past 50 years from ‘paternalism’ to patient ‘autonomy’ in general medicine, it becomes clear that conventional mental health law discriminates against people with ‘mental disorders’. Involuntary treatment is governed by entirely different principles. Patient ‘autonomy’ is not accorded the same respect in mental health care, while the ‘protection of others’ justification, based on ‘risk’ not offences, constitutes a discriminatory form of preventive detention reserved for people with ‘mental disorders’. A solution is proposed—a generic law, applicable across all medical specialties and settings. This ‘Fusion Law’ draws on the strengths of both ‘capacity-based’ and civil commitment models. The relationships of ‘capacity’ and ‘best interests’ to a person’s ‘beliefs and values’ (or ‘will and preferences’) are elucidated in order to examine the ‘Fusion Law’ against the standards set by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. ‘Coercion’ short of compulsion is then considered, as are the implications of the ‘Fusion Law’ for the forensic domain, general hospital practice, involuntary outpatient treatment, and ‘advance directives’.
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Sinclair, Alan y Tam Baillie. Early human relations set the foundation for adult health and working life. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747109.003.0009.
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Investing in early years is close to magic, without being magic. The United Nations has given greater prominence to the early years through a General Comment on the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Health research is gravitating to a view that adult physical and mental conditions have their origins in the womb and the earliest months and years of life. More than any other skills, employers want people who can talk, listen, and work with others: attributes that are largely picked up before school. Economists have demonstrated that the best return on investment in ‘education’ is in supporting parents and children, in the years before school. While evidence, analysis, and experience, which we review, points in one direction, it leads to three questions. Where are we now in child well-being and supporting parents and their very young children? Why are we not doing better? What can be done?
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Kliger, Alan S. y Rita Suri. Frequent haemodialysis. Editado por Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0262_update_001.
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Haemodialysis is a renal replacement treatment, an ‘artificial kidney’ that performs some of the functions of the normal kidney. It is an inelegant device, providing only a fraction of native kidney’s ability to filter toxins from the blood, but with none of the responsiveness to volume, fine feedback control to regulate solute concentrations, or endocrine functions of the healthy organ. Conventional haemodialysis performed three times a week for 4 hours per treatment filters the blood for only 12 of 168 hours each week, and removes less than 10 per cent of small solutes like urea than does the normal kidney. It is therefore not surprising that haemodialysis patients suffer high morbidity and mortality. A dialysis patient’s expected remaining lifetime is substantially shorter than a comparable person with normal kidney function. For example, a woman aged 40–44 years old in the general population can expect on average 40 more years of life, but if she is on dialysis her life expectancy is only 8.1 years. She is also more likely to have co-morbid disease, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, metabolic bone disease, anaemia, sepsis, depression, malnutrition and inflammation, and physical and cognitive impairment.
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Susskind, Richard. Online Courts and the Future of Justice. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198838364.001.0001.
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In Online Courts and the Future of Justice, Richard Susskind, the world’s most cited author on the future of legal services, shows how litigation will be transformed by technology and proposes a solution to the global access-to-justice problem. In most advanced legal systems, the resolution of civil disputes takes too long, costs too much, and the process is not just antiquated; it is unintelligible to ordinary mortals. The courts of some jurisdictions are labouring under staggering backlogs - 100 million cases in Brazil, 30 million in India. More people in the world now have internet access than access to justice. Drawing on almost 40 years in the fields of legal technology and jurisprudence, Susskind shows how we can use the remarkable reach of the internet (more than half of humanity is now online) to help people understand and enforce their legal rights. Online courts provide 'online judging' - the determination of cases by human judges but not in physical courtrooms. Instead, evidence and arguments are submitted through online platforms through which judges also deliver their decisions. Online courts also use technology to enable courts to deliver more than judicial decisions. These 'extended courts' provide tools to help users understand relevant law and available options, and to formulate arguments and assemble evidence. They offer non-judicial settlements such as negotiation and early neutral evaluation, not as an alternative to the public court system but as part of it. A pioneer of online courts, Susskind maintains that they will displace much conventional litigation. He rigorously assesses the benefits and drawbacks, and looks ahead, predicting how AI, machine learning, and virtual reality will likely come to dominate court service.
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Cuartero, Mireia y Niall D. Ferguson. High-frequency ventilation and oscillation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0098.
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High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is a key member of the family of modes called high-frequency ventilation and achieves adequate alveolar ventilation despite using very low tidal volumes, often below the dead space volume, at frequencies significantly above normal physiological values. It has been proposed as a potential protective ventilatory strategy, delivering minimal alveolar tidal stretch, while also providing continuous lung recruitment. HFOV has been successfully used in neonatal and paediatric intensive care units over the last 25 years. Since the late 1990s adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome have been treated using HFOV. In adults, several observational studies have shown improved oxygenation in patients with refractory hypoxaemia when HFOV was used as rescue therapy. Several small older trials had also suggested a mortality benefit with HFOV, but two recent randomized control trials in adults with ARDS have shed new light on this area. These trials not show benefit, and in one of them a suggestion of harm was seen with increased mortality for HFOV compared with protective conventional mechanical ventilation strategies (tidal volume target 6 mL/kg with higher positive end-expiratory pressure). While these findings do not necessarily apply to patients with severe hypoxaemia failing conventional ventilation, they increase uncertainty about the role of HFOV even in these patients.
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Freilich, Charles D. The Military Response Today. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190602932.003.0008.
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Chapter 7 assesses Israel’s military responses to the primary threats it now faces. It argues that Israel has gained overwhelming conventional superiority, but that it is unclear whether it could have effectively attacked Iran’s nuclear program. Israel has reduced terrorism to a level its society can tolerate, but it remains a strategic threat, nevertheless. Israel does not yet appear to have an offensive response to the Hezbollah and Hamas threats, at an acceptable price, requiring greater emphasis on defense. Conversely, there have been over 10 years of quiet with Hezbollah, partly because of the deterrence gained in 2006. Israel’s rocket defenses largely neutralized the Hamas threat during the 2014 operation, and if a similar lull is gained with Hamas, limited deterrence will have been achieved. The real challenge is Hezbollah’s rocket arsenal. Israel has become a global leader in cybersecurity but is concerned that its adversaries will narrow the gap.
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Barker, J. Craig. In Praise of a Self-Contained Regime. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795940.003.0003.
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This chapter is dedicated to the challenges which the VCDR, fifty years into its existence, faces in a world marked by a globalized economy and rapid technological developments. The author reflects on new diplomatic processes which have emerged through the creation of governmental and non-governmental institutions and on notions such as collaborative, public, and cultural diplomacy which have challenged accepted understandings of the role and functions of traditional diplomacy. Barker also explores the fact that international law itself is changing from a system regulating co-existing sovereignties to a possibly fragmented discourse of complex frameworks which themselves challenge the sovereignty paradigm. In this context, he investigates the continued relevance and purpose of the VCDR and gives particular focus to existing mechanisms within the Convention that allow for modified and developed interpretations of the Convention to take account of the changing international world in which contemporary diplomacy operates.
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Kornicki, Peter Francis. The Oral Dimension. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797821.003.0004.
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This chapter first examines the oral dimension of the dissemination of Sinitic texts in East Asia. Although a few individuals who had spent many years in China or who were of Chinese origin were able to read Chinese texts in some form of Chinese pronunciation, this was not the case even for most members of the elites, for few spent much time in China. In most societies, conventional pronunciations developed for Chinese characters and these conformed to local phonologies. The first stage of vernacularization, therefore, was in the oral domain. Conversely, however, since there was no common spoken language like Latin, opportunities for intellectual exchange with people from other societies were limited. The remainder of this chapter, therefore, examines the limited extent to which interpreters were trained and other people learned spoken foreign languages. The chapter concludes with an examination of brush conversation, a written substitute for oral conversation.
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Bleeker, Maaike. Lecture Performance as Contemporary Dance. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036767.003.0015.
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The “lecture performance” is a key genre in the field of Konzepttanz. Prominently present in the early twenty-first-century scene of experimental dance, this genre is not limited to dance only, nor is it exclusively German. Lecture performances give expression to an understanding of dance as a form of knowledge production—knowledge not (or not only) about dance but also dance as a specific form of knowledge that raises questions about the nature of knowledge and about practices of doing research. This chapter situates this trend within a genealogy of bodily knowledge and its academic dissemination that had reached its first high point in the dance conventions during the Weimar years. By analyzing particular examples of lecture performances, it demonstrates the self-reflexive structures that emerge between scientific paper and corporeal act. It explains in which ways lecture performances redefine what it means to be a dancer, seeing it as an attitude rather than a profession.
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Eileen, Denza. Members of the Family of a Diplomatic Agent. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703969.003.0041.
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This chapter examines Article 37.1 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which addresses the family members of a diplomatic agent. The Article states that the members of the family of a diplomatic agent forming part of his household shall, if they are not nationals of the receiving State, enjoy the privileges and immunities specified in Articles 29 to 36. This practice traces its roots back to the second half of the seventeenth century when permanent missions gradually replaced special missions as the normal form of representation, and diplomats would spend several years in a post. Diplomats would then to bring with him his immediate family as well as a retinue of servants to minister to his comforts and enhance his prestige. The rationale for extending privileges and immunities to the immediate families of diplomatic agents has remained largely unchallenged under the Convention regime as it is still followed today.
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Sicari, Rosa, Edyta Płońska-Gościniak y Jorge Lowenstein. Stress echocardiography: image acquisition and modalities. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0013.
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Stress echocardiography has evolved over the last 30 years but image interpretation remains subjective and burdened by the operator’s experience. The objective operator-independent assessment of myocardial ischaemia during stress echocardiography remains a technological challenge. Still, adequate quality of two-dimensional images remains a prerequisite to successful quantitative analysis, even using Doppler and non-Doppler based techniques. No new technology has proved to have a higher diagnostic accuracy than conventional visual wall motion analysis. Tissue Doppler imaging and derivatives may reduce inter-observer variability, but still require a dedicated learning curve and special expertise. The development of contrast media in echocardiography has been slow. In the past decade, transpulmonary contrast agents have become commercially available for clinical use. The approved indication for the use of contrast echocardiography currently lies in improving endocardial border delineation in patients in whom adequate imaging is difficult or suboptimal. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography is potentially useful but limited by low spatial and temporal resolution. It is possible that these technologies may serve as an adjunct to expert visual assessment of wall motion. At present, these quantitative methods require further validation and simplification of analysis techniques.
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Weiner, Robert. The Law of Genocide. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.338.
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Genocide is described as the most extreme form of crime against humanity; Winston Churchill even called it the “crime with no name.” The word “genocide” was coined by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish lawyer who embarked on a mission to persuade the international community to accept genocide as an international crime under international law. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution declaring genocide as a crime under international law. This resolution became the basis for the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, introduced in 1948. However, it would take another fifty years before the Genocide Convention would establish an International Criminal Court that would prosecute international war criminals. In the 1990s, special ad hoc tribunals were created for Yugoslavia and Rwanda to deal with international crimes such as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. In reaction to the failure of the international community to deal with genocide in Rwanda, a great deal of emphasis has been placed on the norm of “the Responsibility to Protect.” The Genocide Convention was tested in the case brought by Bosnia and Herzegovina against Serbia (originally Serbia and Montenegro) in 1993. It was the first time in history that a sovereign state was placed on trial for the commission of genocide. The implications and ramifications of the International Court of Justice’s ruling that the Serbian government did not commit genocide in Bosnia became a subject of considerable debate among legal scholars.
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Giustozzi, Antonio. The Taliban at War. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190092399.001.0001.
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How does the Taliban wage war? How has its war changed over time? Firstly, the movement’s extraordinary military operation relies on financial backing. This volume analyses such funding. The Taliban’s external sources of support include foreign governments and non-state groups, both of which have affected the Taliban’s military campaigns and internal politics. Secondly, this is the first full-length study of the Taliban to acknowledge and discuss in detail the movement’s polycentric character. Here not only the Quetta Shura, but also the Haqqani Network and the Taliban’s other centers of power, are afforded the attention they deserve. The Taliban at War is based on extensive field research, including hundreds of interviews with Taliban members at all levels of the organization, community elders in Taliban-controlled areas, and other sources. It covers the Taliban insurgency from its first manifestations in 2002 up to the end of 2015. The five-month Battle of Kunduz epitomized the ongoing transition of the Taliban from an insurgent group to a more conventional military force, intent on fighting a protracted civil war. In this latest book, renowned Afghanistan expert Antonio Giustozzi rounds off his twenty years of studying the Taliban with an authoritative sitrep detailing the evolution of its formidable military machine.
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Foster, Michelle y Hélène Lambert. International Refugee Law and the Protection of Stateless Persons. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796015.001.0001.
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This book addresses a critical gap in existing scholarship by examining statelessness through the prism of international refugee law, in particular by examining the extent to which the 1951 Refugee Convention protects de jure stateless persons. It responds to the need for a coherent and inclusive legal framework to address the plight of stateless individuals who fear persecution. The central hypothesis of this book is that the capacity and potential of the 1951 Refugee Convention to protect stateless persons has been inadequately developed and understood. This is particularly so when we consider the significant transformation that has occurred over the past sixty years in delimiting state discretion in matters of nationality, including in relation to the acquisition and deprivation of nationality, and the treatment of non-nationals. While it may once have been correct to assume that matters of nationality were largely outside the realm of international law, the advent of international human rights law in particular has limited state sovereignty in this respect. Accordingly, whether a stateless person is also a refugee potentially admits of a very different answer in light of modern international human rights law as compared to 1951.
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Greene, Roland, ed. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780190681173.001.0001.
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Through three editions over more than four decades, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics has built an unrivaled reputation as the most comprehensive and authoritative reference for students, scholars, and poets on all aspects of its subject: history, movements, genres, prosody, rhetorical devices, critical terms, and more. Now this landmark work has been thoroughly revised and updated for the twenty-first century. Compiled by an entirely new team of editors, the fourth edition--the first new edition in almost twenty years--reflects recent changes in literary and cultural studies, providing up-to-date coverage and giving greater attention to the international aspects of poetry, all while preserving the best of the previous volumesAt well over a million words and more than 1,000 entries, the Encyclopedia has unparalleled breadth and depth. Entries range in length from brief paragraphs to major essays of 15,000 words, offering a more thorough treatment-including expert synthesis and indispensable bibliographies-than conventional handbooks or dictionaries.This is a work that no reader or writer of poetry will want to be without.
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Moyn, Samuel. Intellectuals and Nazism. Editado por Dan Stone. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560981.013.0034.
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Although Nazism was destroyed totally and decisively at the end of World War II, the relationship of intellectuals to it as the years passed thereafter never proved simple. Its formation and evolution depended above all on two factors. First, intellectuals drew on traditions of conceptualising the nature of the Nazi ideology and Adolf Hitler's regime forged before the war: anti-fascism and anti-totalitarianism. Second, an evolving politics of recognition of the particularities of Hitler's agenda, and especially his unique animus towards the Jewish people, proved crucial. The persistence of the earliest traditions of interpreting and denouncing Nazism has been drastically understated in conventional narratives of the postwar history of Europe. It may have been surprising that Christianity, even Christian anti-totalitarianism, could enjoy a massive renaissance in the immediate postwar years, given the active and tacit support which many Christians had lent Nazism in Germany and across the continent. France's case shows that – as elsewhere in the interregnum years between World and Cold War – there was no inevitability to the anti-fascist expulsion of Jewish victimhood from perception and memory.
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SI, Strong y Molloy Tony, eds. Arbitration of Trust Disputes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198759829.001.0001.
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In recent years, numerous jurisdictions have seen a significant shift in thinking about whether and to what extent matters involving the inner workings of a trust—so-called ‘internal’ trust disputes between settlors, trustees, and beneficiaries—are amenable to arbitration. Not only are parties expressing an increased desire to minimize the cost and delay of hostile trust litigation, but courts and legislatures from around the world have begun to demonstrate an increased willingness to allow these sorts of disputes to go to arbitration. Indeed, legislation allowing internal trust arbitration now exists in a number of jurisdictions, while courts in other countries have begun to allow mandatory arbitration of these types of disputes even in the absence of subject-specific statutes. This book discusses recent and anticipated developments concerning trust arbitration in a variety of domestic and cross-border settings. In so doing, the text not only provides necessary information about the special nature of national and international trust arbitration, it also bridges the gap between trust law and arbitration law by bringing together expertise in both fields. Furthermore, this book provides detailed and critical analysis of various institutional initiatives in the area of trust arbitration (including measures proposed by the American Arbitration Association, the American College of Trust and Estate Counsel, the English Trust Law Committee, and the International Chamber of Commerce) and coverage of various national, international, and comparative issues, including the applicability of the New York Convention and the Hague Trust Convention to internal trust arbitration.
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Paolo, Palchetti. Part I Conclusion of Treaties, 2 Article 18 of the 1969 Vienna Convention: A Vague and Ineffective Obligation or a Useful Means for Strengthening Legal Cooperation? Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588916.003.0002.
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Under Article 18 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a State which has signed or ratified a treaty has the obligation to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of that treaty prior to its entry into force. Vagueness and ineffectiveness are often indicated as the two major shortcomings affecting the obligation laid down in Article 18. This chapter assesses whether such criticism is justified. More comprehensively, it endeavours to reassess the impact Article 18 has had on State practice over the forty years since the adoption of Vienna Convention. Its major finding is that, while Article 18 seems to suffer from certain shortcomings, which inevitably weaken its normative force, it is by no means a rule devoid of any practical relevance, particularly if one takes into account the increasing recourse to this provision in cases before domestic courts.
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André, Elisabeth. Natural Language in Multimodal and Multimedia Systems. Editado por Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0036.
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Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in the development of multimedia applications. Improving technology and tools enable the creation of large multimedia archives and the development of completely new styles of interaction. This article provides a survey of multimedia applications in which natural language plays a significant role. Conventional multimodal systems usually do not maintain explicit representations of the user's input and handle mode integration only in elementary manner. This article shows how the generalization of techniques and representation formalisms developed for the analysis of natural language can help to overcome some of these problems. It surveys techniques for building automated multimedia presentation systems drawing upon lessons learned during the development of natural language generators. Finally, it argues that the integration of natural language technology can lead to a qualitative improvement of existing methods for document classification and analysis.
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Robert, McLaughlin. Recognition of Belligerency and the Law of Armed Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780197507056.001.0001.
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Prior to the progressive development of the law of armed conflict (LOAC) heralded by the 1949 Geneva conventions—most particularly in relation to the concepts of international and non-international armed conflict—the customary doctrine on recognition of belligerency functioned for almost 200 years as the definitive legal scheme for differentiating internal conflict from ‘civil wars’ in which the law of war as applicable between states applied de jure. Employing a legal historical approach, this book describes the thematic and schematic fundamentals of the doctrine, and analyses some of the more significant challenges to its application. In doing so, the book assesses whether, how, and why the doctrine on recognition of belligerency was considered ‘fit for purpose’, and seeks to inform debate as to its continuity and utility within the modern scheme of LOAC.
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Giladi, Rotem. Jews, Sovereignty, and International Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857396.001.0001.
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Jews, Sovereignty, and International Law explores Israel’s engagement with international law during the early years of statehood, and the role of ideology in shaping how Ministry of Foreign Affairs legal advisers approached international law at the age of Jewish sovereignty. Drawing on archival sources, the book reveals the patent ambivalence of these jurist-diplomats—Jacob Robinson and Shabtai Rosenne—towards three international law reform projects: the right of petition in the draft Human Rights Covenant; the 1948 Genocide Convention; and the 1951 Refugee Convention. In all cases, Rosenne and Robinson approached international law with disinterest, aversion, and hostility while, nonetheless, investing much time and toil in these post-war reforms. They were ambivalent towards international law precisely because of, not despite, the ‘Jewish aspect’ of the right of petition and the human rights project, the Genocide Convention, and the Refugee Convention. The book demonstrates that, rather than the Middle East conflict, Rosenne and Robinson’s ambivalence towards international law was driven by ideological sensibilities predating Israel’s establishment. Their ambivalence expressed the terms on which pre-state Zionism approached international law: inherent ambivalence confirmed by political experience and fuelled by contestation with competing visions of Jewish emancipation. They approached international law through the prism of the creed of Jewish nationalism, testing it against the yardstick of Zionism’s interpretation of the modern Jewish condition and its prescriptions for resolving the Jewish Question. Jews, Sovereignty, and International Law reconstructs the terms of national Jewish engagements with international law to challenge prevalent assumptions on the cosmopolitan outlook of Jewish scholars and practitioners of international law, offer new vantage points on modern Jewish history, and critique orthodox interpretations of the Jewish aspect of Israel’s foreign policy.
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Giles, Paul. Backgazing: Reverse Time in Modernist Culture. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830443.001.0001.
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The focus of this book is on how time is represented in reverse forms throughout modernist literature and culture, from about 1900 until the middle years of the twentieth century. It is particularly concerned with how antipodean reorientations of chronological scale reconfigure ways in which the conventional temporal categories of modernism are understood. It treats time neither as a philosophical nor as a theological concern but, rather, as a phenomenon shaped by material forces across different spatial and temporal trajectories. By foregrounding the antipodean slant of this project, it not only integrates the literature of Australia and other parts of the Southern Hemisphere into the broader trajectories of modernism, but also considers ways in which canonical narratives might productively be considered in relation to their antipodean dimensions, thereby opening up modernist narratives to various forms of systematic reversal. Backgazing thus reads canonical authors (Proust, Conrad, Joyce, Woolf, Eliot, Mann, Auden) in relation to Australasian modernist writers (Mansfield, H. H. Richardson, Dark, White, and others), and it considers how the shape of modernism appears different if viewed from an antipodean perspective. It also considers various neglected modernist writers (Cunard, Farrell, Powell, Slessor, R. D. FitzGerald) and suggests how their modernist idiom becomes more recognizable in relation to an aesthetics of backwardness and burlesque.
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Skipworth, James R. A. y Stephen P. Pereira. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and assessment of acute pancreatitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0190.
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The incidence of acute pancreatitis continues to increase, but the attendant mortality has not decreased for >30 years. The pathogenesis remains poorly understood, but the initial mechanism appears to be intracellular activation of pancreatic enzymes, with micro- and macrovascular dysfunction, in conjunction with a systemic inflammatory response acting as a key propagating factor and determinant of severity. A multitude of causes or initiators exist, but there is a common pathophysiological pathway. The use of conventional scoring systems, combined with repeated clinical and laboratory assessment, remain the optimal method of predicting early severity and organ dysfunction. Death occurs in a biphasic pattern with early mortality (<2 weeks) secondary to SIRS and MODS; and late deaths (>2 weeks) due to superinfection of pancreatic necrosis. Assessment of severity should reflect this, with early severity being diagnosed in the presence of organ failure for >48 hours, and late severity defined by the presence of pancreatic and peri-pancreatic complications on CT or other appropriate imaging modalities.
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Singh, Zorawar Daulet. Power and Diplomacy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199489640.001.0001.
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The notion that a monolithic idea of ‘nonalignment’ shaped India’s foreign policy since its inception is a popular view. In Power and Diplomacy, Zorawar Daulet Singh challenges conventional wisdom by unveiling another layer of India’s strategic culture. In a richly detailed narrative using new archival material, the author not only reconstructs the worldviews and strategies that underlay geopolitics during the Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi years, he also illuminates the significant transformation in Indian statecraft as policymakers redefined some of their fundamental precepts on India’s role in in the subcontinent and beyond. His contention is that those exertions of Indian policymakers are equally apposite and relevant today. Whether it is about crafting a sustainable set of equations with competing great powers, formulating an intelligent Pakistan policy, managing India’s ties with its smaller neighbours, dealing with China’s rise and Sino-American tensions, or developing a sustainable Indian role in Asia, Power and Diplomacy strikes at the heart of contemporary debates on India’s unfolding foreign policies.
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Thursfield, Rebecca, Chris Orchard, Rosanna Featherstone y Jane C. Davies. Future treatments. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702948.003.0013.
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There are only a relatively limited armoury of drugs, the majority of which are aimed at downstream symptoms of cystic fibrosis. Therapies targeting the basic defect in CF as well as continued availability of more conventional drugs are required. Progress in gene therapy has been limited by the significant barriers to gene transfer of the CF lung, but the UK is hosting a large repeated dose trial of nebulized non-viral gene therapy designed around clinically meaningful outcomes. The UK CF Gene Therapy Consortium is also seeking to develop a promising modified lentiviral approach, although this is some years off. Perhaps the exciting development of recent decades has come from small molecule CFTR modulators, driven by an understanding of basic pathophysiological mechanisms. Ivacaftor is the first drug to be licensed, having proved itself highly clinically efficacious in patients with the class-3 gating mutation G551D. The trial pipeline seeks to expand indications for this and to explore the potential of Phe508del correctors. Finally, a number of anti-inflammatory and anti-infective strategies are being pursued. The emerging global problem of antibiotic resistance is leading to exciting alternatives such as biofilm disruption and bacteriophage to be explored.
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Franzen, Trisha. Unanticipated Challenges. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038150.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the final years of Anna Howard Shaw's presidency from 1913 to 1915. By 1913 Anna Shaw could see the end of the struggle. The movement to extend that basic right of equal citizenship—full suffrage—to all women now had sufficient momentum to see it through to the final victory. After years of slow progress and the efforts of generations of women, Shaw was leading “the cause” with new leaders and organizations, extensive financial resources, regular attention from the media and politicians, and finally new suffrage gains in major western states. However, though she believed the success was inevitable and near, the final years of her presidency threw up hurdles that complicated Shaw's leadership and administrative efforts. This period, during a tremendous period of suffrage activism, Shaw confronted new difficulties and made occasional, but significant, missteps in her efforts to close the final chapter of the suffrage struggle. At that 1915 NAWSA Convention in Washington, D. C., Shaw turned the leadership position to Carrie Chapman Catt.
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Goldenziel, Jill I. When Law Migrates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697570.003.0019.
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As record numbers of migrants have fled by sea in recent years, states have restricted their borders to protect national security. The challenge of balancing domestic security concerns with international human rights commitments has fallen to courts. Drawing on cases from the United States, Australia, and the ECtHR, this chapter will compare how the 1951 Refugee Convention has been interpreted across countries and over time. Its object is to compare when and how courts creatively avoid non-refoulement, the prohibition against returning refugees to a place where their lives are endangered, and when courts uphold a stricter interpretation of the principle. More broadly, this analysis sheds light on the question of what extraterritorial obligations human rights law demands. This chapter employs the techniques of comparative law to illuminate our understanding of what international refugee law, although ostensibly uniform, means when applied in various jurisdictions.
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Bird, Wendell. The Revolution in Freedoms of Press and Speech. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509197.001.0001.
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This book discusses the revolutionary broadening of concepts of freedoms of press and speech in Great Britain and in America during the quarter century before the First Amendment and Fox’s Libel Act. The conventional view of the history of freedoms of press and speech is that the common law since antiquity defined those freedoms narrowly. In that view, Sir William Blackstone in 1769, and Lord Chief Justice Mansfield in 1770, faithfully summarized that common law in giving very narrow definitions of those freedoms as mere liberty from prior restraint and not as liberty from punishment after printing or speaking (the political crimes of seditious libel and seditious speech). Today, that view continues to be held by neo-Blackstonians, and remains dominant or at least very influential among historians. Neo-Blackstonians claim that the Framers used freedom of press “in a Blackstonian sense to mean a guarantee against previous restraints” with no protection against “subsequent restraints” (punishment) of seditious expression. Neo-Blackstonians further claim that “[n]o other definition of freedom of the press by anyone anywhere in America before 1798” existed. This book, by contrast, concludes that a broad definition and understanding of freedoms of press and speech was the dominant context of the First Amendment and of Fox’s Libel Act. Its basis is hundreds of examples of a broad understanding of freedoms of press and speech, in both Britain and America, in the late eighteenth century. For example, a book published in London in 1760 by a Scottish lawyer, George Wallace, stated that it is tyranny “to restrain the freedom of speculative disquisitions,” and because “men have a right to think for themselves, and to publish their thoughts,” it is “monstrous … under the pretext of the authority of laws, which ought never to have been enacted … attempting to restrain the liberty of the press” (seditious libel law). This book also challenges the conventional view of Blackstone and the neo-Blackstonians. Blackstone and Mansfield did not find any definition in the common law, but instead selected the narrowest definition in popular essays from the prior seventy years. Blackstone misdescribed it as an accepted common law definition, which in fact did not exist, and a year later Mansfield inserted a similar definition into the common law for the first time. Both misdescribed that narrow definition and the unique rules for prosecuting sedition as ancient. They were leading a counter-revolution, cloaked as a summary of a narrow and ancient common law doctrine that was neither.
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David Joseph, Attard, Fitzmaurice Malgosia y Ntovas Alexandros XM, eds. The IMLI Treatise On Global Ocean Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198823964.001.0001.
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In 1994, a long-debated compromise on the issue of seabed mining became the starting pistol for the development of modern ocean law and its complex interrelations. Now, over twenty years later, the framework set by such agreements as the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) has been expanded to cover contemporary concerns of environmental sustainability, economic development, social justice, human rights, security, marine pollution, and even the challenges of climate change. Yet the journey is not smooth. This book forms part of a three-volume series that looks to examine the more successful ocean law schemes and the less effective, and presses the need for change, as scientific and technological innovation, the surge in human population, and pressing moral concerns open new spaces for ocean law. In the second volume in the series, autonomous organisations working under the auspices of the UN are the target, from the World Intellectual Property Organization to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: are they ensuring sustainable development, are efforts adequately administrated, and how much co-ordination is there between different legal bodies?
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Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar y Anasua Basu Ray Chaudhury. Caste and Partition in Bengal. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859723.001.0001.
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This book situates caste as a discursive category in the discussion of Partition in Bengal. In conventional narratives of Partition, the role of the Dalit or the Scheduled Castes is either completely ignored or mentioned in passing. This book addresses this discursive absence and argues that in Bengal, the Dalits were neither passive onlookers nor accidental victims of Partition politics and violence, which ruptured their unity and weakened their political autonomy. Indeed, they were the worst victims of Partition. When the Dalit peasants of Eastern Bengal began to migrate to India after 1950, they were seen as a ‘burden’ for the frail economy of West Bengal, and the Indian state did not provide them with a proper rehabilitation package. They were first segregated into fenced refugee camps where life was unbearable, and then dispersed to other parts of India—first to the Andaman Islands and the neighbouring states, and then to the inhospitable terrains of Dandakaranya, where they could be used as cheap labour for various development projects. This book looks critically at their participation in Partition politics, the reasons for their migration three years after Partition, their insufferable life and struggles in the refugee camps, their negotiations with caste and gender identities in these new environments, their organised protests against camp maladministration, and finally their satyagraha campaigns against the Indian state’s refugee dispersal policy. This book looks at how refugee politics impacted Dalit identity and protest movements in post-Partition West Bengal.
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Wise, Matt y Simon Barry. Respiratory failure. Editado por Patrick Davey y David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0135.
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Respiratory failure is a syndrome characterized by defective gas exchange due to inadequate function of the respiratory system. There is a failure to oxygenate blood (hypoxaemia) and/or eliminate carbon dioxide (hypercapnia). Hypoxaemia is defined as an arterial blood partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) of <8 kPa, and hypercapnia as an arterial blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of >6 kPa. Respiratory failure is divided into two different types, conventionally referred to as type 1 and type 2. The distinction between these two is important because it emphasizes not only different their pathophysiological mechanisms and etiologies, but also different treatments. The preferred terminology and definitions are as follows: oxygenation failure (type I respiratory failure), PaO2 of <8 kPa; ventilation failure (type 2 respiratory failure), PaCO2 >6 kPa. Respiratory failure may be acute (onset over hours to days), or chronic (developing over months to years); alternatively, there may be an acute deterioration of a chronic state.
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Fitzsimmons, Michael P. The Appearance of the Fifth Edition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190644536.003.0005.
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Maradan quickly withdrew from the project, and years later than the stipulated deadline, Smits published the fifth edition, although the work was rushed into print when key figures working on it were proscribed after the coup of fructidor. The Convention had hoped that the dictionary would disseminate the values of the Revolution in the same manner as the earlier edition had for the ideals of absolute monarchy. The fifth edition, however, was filled with anachronistic ideas and suppressed institutions and barely took note of the Revolution, not even mentioning the French Revolution in its list of examples of revolutions. The sole acknowledgment was a brief and utterly inadequate supplement of new words in use since the Revolution, which at only 418 words was a fraction of the dictionary’s content. To the degree that it failed to capture the current state of language, the fifth edition was widely regarded as deficient.
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Jepsen, Henrik, Magnus Lundgren, Kai Monheim y Hayley Walker, eds. Negotiating the Paris Agreement. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108886246.
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The 2015 Paris Agreement represents the culmination of years of intense negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Designed to curb climate change, it was negotiated by almost 200 countries who came to the table with different backgrounds, perceptions and interests. As such, the Agreement represents a triumph for multilateralism in a period otherwise characterized by nationalist turns. How did countries reach the historical agreement, and what were the driving forces behind it? This book paints a full picture by providing and analysing multifaceted insider accounts from high-level delegates who represented developed and developing countries, civil society, businesses, the French Presidency, and the UNFCCC Secretariat. In doing so, the book documents not only the negotiation of the Paris Agreement but also the dynamics and factors that shaped it. A better understanding of these dynamics and factors can guide future negotiations and help us solve global challenges.
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Fuentecilla, Jose V. Early Organizing. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037580.003.0006.
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This chapter details the early organization efforts of political exiles. When the exiles first began to mount an opposition front, they had no idea that Marcos' staying power would test their endurance and commitment. Within a year after the September 1972 imposition of martial law, enough members and a core of leaders got together to formally create identifiable groups—the Movement for a Free Philippines (MFP) was established at a convention in Washington, D.C., on September 22, 1973, and the Friends of the Filipino People (FFP) on October 20, 1973, in Philadelphia. The Katipunan Ng Mga Demokratikong Pilipino (KDP; Union of Democratic Filipinos) is said to have had its beginnings in California in August 1973. In the following years, splits and mergers among and between these groups created a succession of other subgroups, all offshoots of these pioneers.
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Bajpai, Asha. Child Rights in India. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199470716.001.0001.
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Legislation is one of the most important tools for empowering children. Recent years have seen several key developments in the law, policy, and practice related to child rights. Significantly, with the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, a rights-based approach has acquired prominence in the child rights discourse across the world. The book analyses the laws in the light of court judgments and policy initiatives taken in India. It also examines the interventions and strategies employed by non-governmental organizations in recommending legislative reforms in support of children. This fully revised third edition focuses on the new legal developments in India—such as the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015; the new Central Adoption Resource Agency guidelines; the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009; and the National Food Security Act, 2013—thus attempting to integrate the law in theory and field practice. It is clear that realization of the rights of the child calls for a well defined, child friendly, national movement involving individuals, ad masses, peoples and societies, families and communities, states, and nations. Awareness of child rights by stakeholders is crucial.
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Bromwich, David. How Words Make Things Happen. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672790.001.0001.
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Sooner or later, our words take on meanings other than we intended. How Words Make Things Happen suggests that the conventional idea of persuasive rhetoric (which assumes a speaker’s control of calculated effects) and the modern idea of literary autonomy (which assumes that “poetry makes nothing happen”) together have produced a misleading account of the relations between words and human action. Words do make things happen. But they cannot be counted on to produce the result they intend. The argument is enriched by examples from speakers and writers of various sorts, with close readings of the quoted passages. Chapter 1 considers the theory of speech acts propounded by J. L. Austin. “Speakers Who Convince Themselves” is the subject of Chapter 2, which interprets two soliloquies by Shakespeare’s characters, two by Milton’s Satan, and a character’s inward meditation in a novel by Henry James. The oratory of Burke and Lincoln comes in for extended treatment in Chapter 3, while Chapter 4 looks at the rival tendencies of moral suasion and aestheticism in the poetry of Yeats and Auden. The final chapter, a cause of controversy when first published in the London Review of Books, supports a policy of unrestricted free speech against contemporary proposals of censorship. Since we cannot know what our own words are going to do, we have no standing to justify the banishment of one set of words in favour of another.