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1
Janusz, Kacprzyk y Roubens Marc, eds. Non-conventional preference relations in decision making. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
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Quireyns, Alan. Sustainability is not enough: Non-conventional organisations and initiatives. Eindhoven: Onomatopee, 2019.
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Roubens, Marc. Non-Conventional Preference Relations in Decision Making. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
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Anderson, Greg. The Anomalous Foundations of Modern Being. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0008.
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To better understand this anomalous modern ontology and how it shapes our historical practice, the chapter continues its ethical case by exploring the uniquely modern metaphysical commitments which sustain that ontology, determining for us what can and cannot be really there in the world. Elaborating on arguments made by the anthropologist Philippe Descola for the existence of a metaphysical “Great Divide” between modern and non-modern worlds, it contends that our capitalist way of life, our mainstream sciences, and our conventional historical practice are all premised upon historically anomalous metaphysical commitments to materialism, secularism, anthropocentrism, and individualism. Citing influential works by theorists in the classical liberal tradition, from John Locke to Herbert Spencer, it shows quite precisely how these peculiarly modern metaphysical commitments have shaped the form and contents of the universal template of social being that is taken for granted by our conventional historicist practice. The application of this model to all non-modern experiences by historians is ethically questionable, in that it denies past peoples their rightful power to determine the ultimate truths of their own existence. Yet modern philosophical orthodoxies ensure the model’s continuing use.
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Lei, Yuan. Mechanical Ventilation Modes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784975.003.0008.
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‘Mechanical Ventilation Modes’ seeks to shed light on this hotly debated topic, one that is complicated by ventilator manufacturers’ non-standardized terminology. The chapter looks at conventional modes, adaptive modes, and biphasic modes, which it classifies based on the mechanical breath types in each mode. It includes a comparison chart of the terminology used for common modes on popular IPPV ventilators. Using their signature waveforms, the author describes the assist/control, SIMV, and pressure support ventilation or PSV modes. It defines the modes by their application of spontaneous breaths and mandatory breaths. It continues with a discussion of adaptive modes and biphasic modes. It ends by discussing how to select the appropriate ventilation mode.
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Morganti, Matteo. The Structure of Physical Reality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755630.003.0014.
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This paper explores alternatives to metaphysical foundationalism, the view that grounding relations determine vertical chains that terminate in something fundamental and ungrounded. Rather than offering an exhaustive taxonomy or wide-ranging claims about metaphysical structure per se, the goal is to offer an initial investigation of non-conventional models of the metaphysical architecture of reality. Examples are provided with a view to illustrating that, and how, physics may avail itself of both ‘infinitist’ and ‘coherentist’ models—the former dropping the idea of a fundamental level, the latter abandoning the view that the world must have a hierarchical structure.
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Biewener, Andrew A. y Shelia N. Patek, eds. Movement in Air. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743156.003.0006.
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Aerial flight involves the same fluid mechanical principles as aquatic locomotion. However, the 800-fold lower density of air compared with water has marked consequences on the mechanisms of aerial locomotion. We examine the forces acting on a flying animal in which these fluid forces can be calculated. We then consider how basic features of the wings and body affect flight forces. Building on this understanding, we examine the power requirements associated with flight as a function of flight speed, based on conventional aerodynamics (i.e. steady airflow past non-oscillating wings, which applies to most engineered aircraft). Gliding flight is explained by steady-state theory and is discussed in this context. However, because flying animals must flap their wings to support weight and overcome drag, non-steady aerodynamic effects come into play. These non-steady aerodynamic effects are revealed by tracking the flow over a moving wing or by the use of robotic models.
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Anderson, Greg. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0001.
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The book’s point of departure is Dipesh Chakrabarty’s (2000) claim that the analytical tools of our mainstream historicism are irredeemably Eurocentrist, thereby causing us to lose the experiences of non-western peoples in translation. It aims to build on this postcolonial critique of historicism in three ways. First, our conventional historicist devices are not just Eurocentrist but essentially modernist. They cause us to lose in translation the experiences of all non-modern peoples, non-western and western alike. Second, this modernism is problematic specifically because it authorizes us to align non-modern realities with our own peculiarly modern ontological commitments, fundamentally altering the contents of those realities in the process. Third, to produce histories that are more ethically defensible, philosophically robust, and historically meaningful, we need to take an ontological turn in our practice. We need to analyse each non-modern lifeworld on its own ontological terms, in its own metaphysical conjuncture, according to its own particular standards of truth and realness. To support these three claims, the book uses the proverbially western lifeworld of classical Athens (ca. 480-320 BC) as its primary case study.
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Anderson, Greg. The Realness of Things Past. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.001.0001.
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The book proposes a new paradigm of historical practice. It questions the way we conventionally historicize the experiences of non-modern peoples, western and non-western, and makes a case for an alternative. It shows how our standard analytical devices impose modern, dualist metaphysical conditions upon all non-modern realities, thereby authorizing us to align those realities with our own modern ontological commitments, fundamentally altering their contents in the process. The net result is a practice that homogenizes the past’s many different ways of being human. To produce histories that are more ethically defensible, more philosophically robust, and more historically meaningful, we need to take an ontological turn in our practice. We need to cultivate a non-dualist historicism that will allow us to analyse each past reality on its own ontological terms, as a more or less autonomous world unto itself. The work is divided into three parts. To highlight the limitations of conventional historicist analysis and the need for an alternative, Part One (chapters 1-5) critically scrutinizes our standard modern accounts of the politeia (“way of life”) of classical Athens, the book’s primary case study. Part Two (chapters 6-9) draws on a wide range of historical, ethnographic, and theoretical literatures to frame ethical and philosophical mandates for the proposed ontological turn. To illustrate the historical benefits of this alternative paradigm, Part Three (chapters 10-16) then shows how it allows us to produce an entirely new and more meaningful account of the Athenian politeia. The book is expressly written to be accessible to a non-specialist, cross-disciplinary readership.
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Stuart, Casey-Maslen. Arms Control and Disarmament Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198865032.001.0001.
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Arms control and disarmament are key elements in promoting international peace and security. In recent decades, the scope of disarmament law has broadened from a traditional focus on weapons of mass destruction to encompass conventional weapons. This new volume provides a concise and objective appraisal of international arms control and disarmament law. Across seven concise chapters, the book traces the history of arms control and disarmament in the modern era, addressing the issues surrounding biological and chemical weapons, the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, and conventional weapon and arms transfer regimes. It concludes by considering how, in order to remain relevant, disarmament and arms control will need to adapt to rapidly evolving technologies that defy traditional means of verification and control. The book is an accessible, go-to source for practising international lawyers, judges and arbitrators, government and military officers, scholars, teachers, and students.
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Fox, Grenville, Nicholas Hoque y Timothy Watts. Respiratory support. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703952.003.0008.
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This chapter includes sections on various modes of both invasive (i.e. via an endotracheal tube) and non-invasive respiratory support in neonates, including conventional ventilation, volume-targeted ventilation, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), nasal continuous positive airways pressure (nCPAP), nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (nIPPV), and high and low-flow nasal cannula oxygen. There is also a brief section on the care of babies with a tracheostomy as well as management of babies requiring home oxygen. Reference is made to the most recent European Consensus Guidelines. A separate chapter on neonatal respiratory problems (Chapter 7) gives further detail on common lung pathologies requiring respiratory support in neonates.
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DiGirolamo, Cara M. Word order and information structure in the Würzburg Glosses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0008.
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This chapter deals with the interface between Syntax and Pragmatics by examining argument fronting in Old Irish non-poetic Glosses. Relying on lexical and contextual indicators of discourse function, three Information Structure patterns can be identified: aboutness topic; contrastive topic; and focus. Aboutness and contrastive topic are often resumed and do not mark relativization on the verb, suggesting that they are left dislocation structures. Focus is most commonly expressed through clefts, although clefts in Old Irish can be morphologically opaque. Modern Irish has all these structures besides a non-clefted focus structure, which is likely derived from interpreting morphologically opaque clefts as topicalization. In sum, this paper argues that Old Irish has a set of productive argument fronting positions with distinct and conventional information structural properties that can be analysed in terms of an articulated left periphery, and that these fronting positions are the direct ancestors of fronting positions in Modern Irish.
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Aboulghar, Mohamed y Botros Rizk, eds. Ovarian Stimulation. 2a ed. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316477021.
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Ovarian stimulation is the starting point of reproductive medicine but the procedure can result in adverse reactions particularly the dangerous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Fully revised in line with modern practice of ovarian stimulation, this new edition is divided into six sections that cover mild forms, non-conventional forms, IVF, complications and their management, alternatives, and the practicalities of procedures. All aspects of ovarian stimulation are discussed including the different stimulation protocols from which to choose, the management of poor responders and hyper-responders, as well as stimulation in patients with PCOS. Comprehensively reviewing the modern approach to ovarian stimulation, the alternative procedures are also described, both in IVF and other methods of assisted reproduction. Written by leading experts on reproductive health and fertility, this book will assist infertility specialists, gynecologists, reproductive endocrinologists and radiologists in determining successful treatment for their patients.
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Anderson, Greg. Ethnographies of the Present. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0009.
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The book then presents its philosophical case for an ontological turn. It begins by directly questioning the modern philiosophical orthodoxies which sustain conventional historical practice. Enlisting the help of numerous prominent authorities in a wide array of fields, from posthumanist studies to quantum physics, it directly challenges modernity’s dualist metaphysical and ontological certainties from a variety of different critical perspectives. Then drawing together ideas from some of the most influential of these “ethnographers of the present,” it goes on to propose an alternative, non-dualist metaphysics, a “meta-metaphysics” that would authorize us to to take an ontological turn in our practice, whereby we can historicize each past way of life on its own terms, in its own distinct world of experience.
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Anderson, Greg. Our Athenian Yesterdays. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0002.
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Part One (“Losing Athens in Translation”) begins by introducing the case study, surveying “democratic Athens,” the consensus modern account of the “way of life” (politeia) which the Athenians called demokratia. This account is a conventional historicist construct, one that forces non-modern experiences to comply with a standard modern template of social being. It thus objectifies the polis as a disenchanted, functionally differentiated terrain inhabited by natural, pre-social individuals. Here, experience is neatly compartmentalized into discrete “orders,” “realms” or “fields,” such as the material and the ideational, the natural and the cultural, sacred and secular, public and private, the political, the social, the economic, and the religious. Athenian demokratia is duly historicized as “democracy,” as a specialist political system which bore a family resemblance to the liberal, egalitarian governments of our own time. And order in Athens is then assumed to radiate out from this male-dominated political system over all other societal fields and realms. As the following chapters will show, there are significant problems with this “democratic Athens” account.
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Buchanan, David A. y Alan Bryman. ‘Not another survey’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796978.003.0001.
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Research methods influence the nature of evidence that is collected, how that evidence is interpreted, styles of theorizing, and modes of reporting. David A. Buchanan and Alan Bryman argue that methods are not neutral. Unconventional methods give us new lenses and perspectives on traditional topics, and open up fresh lines of inquiry. The distinction between conventional and unconventional is blurred, and methodology can be unconventional on a number of dimensions. The roots and consequences of methodological conservatism are explored, and the trend towards ‘polymorphic’ (many forms) research is explored. A survey of journal editors reveals that they and their reviewers are broadly receptive to the use of unconventional methods, as long as they are adequately justified. The main barrier to the adoption of unconventional methods lies with researchers who believe that the use of non-standard approaches will be punished by rejection. The chapter concludes with an outline of the book’s structure.
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Anderson, Greg. Other Ways of Being Human. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0007.
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To open Part Two (“The Many Real Worlds of the Past”), the book begins its ethical case for an ontological turn in history by establishing the past’s extraordinary ontological diversity. Drawing on a lengthy inventory of ethnographies and histories, the chapter adduces evidence for non-modern ontologies from a broad range of environments, including precolonial Mexico, India, Bali, and Polynesia, medieval Europe, Ming China, and the lifeworlds of various indigenous peoples in Amazonia, South East Asia, Melanesia, and Africa. The cumulative result is a panorama of ontological alterities, indicating wide historical variabilities in the essences and foundations of human existence, in the ways humans experience, say, personhood and subjectivity, kinship and sociality, materiality and ideality, mortality and rationality, humanity and divinity, and the sources, means, and ends of life itself. Yet the tools of our conventional historicism cannot account for these variabilities, since they all presuppose the truth of an ontology that prevails only in our capitalist modernity.
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Kortgen, Andreas y Michael Bauer. Hepatic function in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0175.
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The liver with its parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells plays a key role in the organism with manifold functions of metabolism, synthesis, detoxification, excretion, and host response. This requires a portfolio of different tests to obtain an overview of hepatic function. In the critically ill hepatic dysfunction is common and potentially leading to extrahepatic organ dysfunctions culminating in multi-organ failure. Conventional laboratory measures are used to evaluate hepatocellular damage, cholestasis, or synthesis. They provide valuable (differential) diagnostic data and can yield prognostic information in chronic liver diseases, especially when used in scoring systems such as the ‘model for end-stage liver disease’. However, they have short-comings in the critically ill in assessing rapid changes in hepatic function and liver blood flow. In contrast, dynamic quantitative liver function tests measure current liver function with respect to the ability to eliminate and/or metabolize a specific substance. In addition, they are dependent on sinusoidal blood flow. Liver function tests have prognostic significance in the critically ill and may be used to guide therapy.
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Anderson, Greg. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0018.
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After summarizing the book’ s overall case for an ontological turn in history, the conclusion briefly discusses four wider intellectual implications of this paradigm shift. First, this shift fundamentally changes the way we think about the past, from an ongoing story of a single humanity, inhabiting a single, continuous metaphysical conjuncture, to stories of multiple different humanities, each one inhabiting its own distinct world of experience. Second, the shift duly changes our sense of the relationship between present and past, whereby our modern world is no longer the ultimate telos of our species journey but an exotic metaphysical anomaly, a world that is no more “true to life/nature” than any other. Third, the shift lends significant support to broader calls for a more post-disciplinary intellectual environment, since it implicitly questions the modern metaphysical commitments which undergird our entire apparatus of mainstream knowledge production and its conventional division of intellectual labor. Finally, the paradigm shift can make a significant contribution to contemporary critical theory. By forcing us to take seriously the metaphysical and ontological commitments of extinct past peoples, it raises the possibility of a non-modern critique of the modern. Moreover, by drawing our attention to the past’ s many different ways of being human, it should significantly broaden our capacity to imagine more sustainable, more equitable worlds of the future.
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Lyall, Jason. Divided Armies. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691192444.001.0001.
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How do armies fight and what makes them victorious on the modern battlefield? This book challenges long-standing answers to this classic question by linking the fate of armies to their levels of inequality. Introducing the concept of military inequality, the book demonstrates how a state's prewar choices about the citizenship status of ethnic groups within its population determine subsequent battlefield performance. Treating certain ethnic groups as second-class citizens, either by subjecting them to state-sanctioned discrimination or, worse, violence, undermines interethnic trust, fuels grievances, and leads victimized soldiers to subvert military authorities once war begins. The higher an army's inequality, the book finds, the greater its rates of desertion, side-switching, casualties, and use of coercion to force soldiers to fight. The book draws on Project Mars, a new dataset of 250 conventional wars fought since 1800, to test this argument. Project Mars breaks with prior efforts by including overlooked non-Western wars while cataloguing new patterns of inequality and wartime conduct across hundreds of belligerents. The book also marshals evidence from nine wars, ranging from the Eastern Fronts of World Wars I and II to less familiar wars in Africa and Central Asia, to illustrate inequality's effects. Sounding the alarm on the dangers of inequality for battlefield performance, the book offers important lessons about warfare over the past two centuries—and for wars still to come.
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Francis, Elaine J. Gradient Acceptability and Linguistic Theory. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898944.001.0001.
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In Gradient Acceptability and Linguistic Theory, Elaine J. Francis examines a challenging problem at the intersection of theoretical linguistics and the psychology of language: the problem of interpreting gradient judgments of sentence acceptability in relation to theories of grammatical knowledge. This problem is important because acceptability judgments constitute the primary source of data on which such theories have been built, despite being susceptible to various extra-grammatical factors. Through a review of experimental and corpus-based research on a variety of syntactic phenomena and an in-depth examination of two case studies, Francis argues for two main positions. The first is that converging evidence from online comprehension tasks, elicited production tasks, and corpora of naturally occurring discourse can help determine the sources of variation in acceptability judgments and narrow down the range of plausible theoretical interpretations. The second is that the interpretation of judgment data depends crucially on one’s theoretical commitments and assumptions, especially with respect to the nature of the syntax–semantics interface and the choice of either a categorical or a gradient notion of grammaticality. The theoretical frameworks considered in this book include derivational theories (e.g. Minimalism, Principles and Parameters), constraint-based theories (e.g. Sign-Based Construction Grammar, Simpler Syntax), competition-based theories (e.g. Stochastic Optimality Theory, Decathlon Model), and usage-based approaches. While showing that acceptability judgment data are typically compatible with the assumptions of various theoretical frameworks, Francis argues that some gradient phenomena are best captured within frameworks that permit soft constraints—non-categorical grammatical constraints that encode the conventional preferences of language users.