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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Noise Thermometry"

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Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 6 de septiembre de 2023
Última modificación: 7 de septiembre de 2023

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1

Rothfuss, D., A. Reiser, A. Fleischmann y C. Enss. "Noise thermometry at ultra-low temperatures". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, n.º 2064 (28 de marzo de 2016): 20150051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0051.

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The options for primary thermometry at ultra-low temperatures are rather limited. In practice, most laboratories are using 195 Pt NMR thermometers in the microkelvin range. In recent years, current sensing direct current superconducting quantum interference devices (DC-SQUIDs) have enabled the use of noise thermometry in this temperature range. Such devices have also demonstrated the potential for primary thermometry. One major advantage of noise thermometry is the fact that no driving current is needed to operate the device and thus the heat dissipation within the thermometer can be reduced to a minimum. Ultimately, the intrinsic power dissipation is given by the negligible back action of the readout SQUID. For thermometry in low-temperature experiments, current noise thermometers and magnetic flux fluctuation thermometers have proved to be most suitable. To make use of such thermometers at ultra-low temperatures, we have developed a cross-correlation technique that reduces the amplifier noise contribution to a negligible value. For this, the magnetic flux fluctuations caused by the Brownian motion of the electrons in our noise source are measured inductively by two DC-SQUID magnetometers simultaneously and the signals from these two channels are cross-correlated. Experimentally, we have characterized a thermometer made of a cold-worked high-purity copper cylinder with a diameter of 5 mm and a length of 20 mm for temperatures between 42 μ K and 0.8 K. For a given temperature, a measuring time below 1 min is sufficient to reach a precision of better than 1%. The extremely low power dissipation in the thermometer allows continuous operation without heating effects.
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2

Fleischmann, A., A. Reiser y C. Enss. "Noise Thermometry for Ultralow Temperatures". Journal of Low Temperature Physics 201, n.º 5-6 (22 de septiembre de 2020): 803–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-020-02519-x.

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AbstractIn recent years, current-sensing dc-SQUIDs have enabled the application of noise thermometry at ultralow temperatures. A major advantage of noise thermometry is the fact that no driving current is needed to operate the device and thus the heat dissipation within the thermometer can be reduced to a minimum. Such devices can be used either in primary or relative primary mode and cover typically several orders of magnitude in temperature extending into the low microkelvin regime. Here we will review recent advances of noise thermometry for ultralow temperatures.
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3

Pearce, Jonathan V., Paul Bramley y David Cruickshank. "Development of a driftless Johnson noise thermometer for nuclear applications". EPJ Web of Conferences 225 (2020): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022503001.

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Existing temperature sensors such as thermocouples and platinum resistance thermometers suffer from calibration drift, especially in harsh environments, due to mechanical and chemical changes (and transmutation in the case of nuclear applications). A solution to the drift problem is to use temperature sensors based on fundamental thermometry (primary thermometers) where the measured property is related to absolute temperature by a fundamental physical law. A Johnson noise thermometer is such a sensor and uses the measurement of the extremely small thermal voltage noise signals generated by any resistive element to determine temperature using the Johnson-Nyquist equation. A Johnson noise thermometer never needs calibration and is insensitive to the condition of the sensor material, which makes it ideally suited to long-term temperature measurement in harsh environments. These can include reactor coolant circuits, in-pile measurements, nuclear waste management and storage, and severe accident monitoring. There have been a number of previous attempts to develop a Johnson noise thermometer for the nuclear industry, but none have achieved commercialization because of technical difficulties. We describe the results of a collaboration between the National Physical Laboratory and Metrosol Limited, which has led to a new technique for measuring Johnson noise that overcomes the previous problems that have prevented commercialization. The results from a proof-of-principle prototype that demonstrates performance commensurate with the needs of nuclear applications is presented, together with details of progress towards the commercialization of the technology. The development partners have effected a step change in the application of primary thermometry to industrial applications and seek partners for field trials and further exploitation.
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4

PALM, E. C., T. P. MURPHY, S. W. TOZER y S. T. HANNAHS. "RECENT ADVANCES IN LOW TEMPERATURE THERMOMETRY IN HIGH MAGNETIC FIELDS". International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, n.º 20n22 (30 de agosto de 2002): 3389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202014504.

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The accurate determination of the temperature of an experiment at low temperatures in high magnetic fields is difficult. We present the results of measurements made using a number of new techniques developed over the last few years. In particular we discuss the results of measurements made using a unique capacitor made with Kapton and copper in a cylindrical geometry.1 This capacitance thermometer, dubbed the "Kapacitor", is different from other low temperature thermometers in that the minimum in capacitance vs. temperature can be moved to lower temperatures (to below 20 mK) by changing the construction technique. In addition, we discuss measurements on Coulomb blockade thermometers (CBT's) that offer the possibility of true primary thermomemtry at low temperatures without any magnetic field dependence. Both of these new techniques will be compared to the standard technique of resistance thermometry using RuO chip resistors. The crucial issues of accuracy and precision, usefulness for control, and noise sensitivity will be discussed for each of these technologies. In addition, recent measurements on the magnetic behavior of RuO thermometers at low temperatures and its relationship to anomalous low field peaks in the resistance that develop at temperatures below 50 mK are also presented.
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5

Bremer, Johan, Alex Reesink y Marten Durieux. "Noise thermometry and3He melting pressure thermometry". Physica B: Condensed Matter 194-196 (febrero de 1994): 813–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(94)90736-6.

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6

Qu, J. F., S. P. Benz, H. Rogalla, W. L. Tew, D. R. White y K. L. Zhou. "Johnson noise thermometry". Measurement Science and Technology 30, n.º 11 (4 de septiembre de 2019): 112001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab3526.

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7

Soulen, R. J., W. E. Fogle y J. H. Colwell. "Modeling frequency fluctuations and noise thermometry using an R-SQUID noise thermometer". IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 42, n.º 2 (abril de 1993): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.278574.

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8

Engert, Jost, Jörn Beyer, Dietmar Drung, Alexander Kirste y Margret Peters. "A Noise Thermometer for Practical Thermometry at Low Temperatures". International Journal of Thermophysics 28, n.º 6 (3 de octubre de 2007): 1800–1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-007-0269-9.

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9

Shibahara, A., O. Hahtela, J. Engert, H. van der Vliet, L. V. Levitin, A. Casey, C. P. Lusher, J. Saunders, D. Drung y Th Schurig. "Primary current-sensing noise thermometry in the millikelvin regime". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, n.º 2064 (28 de marzo de 2016): 20150054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0054.

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The use of low-temperature platforms with base temperatures below 1 K is rapidly expanding, for fundamental science, sensitive instrumentation and new technologies of potentially significant commercial impact. Precise measurement of the thermodynamic temperature of these low-temperature platforms is crucial for their operation. In this paper, we describe a practical and user-friendly primary current-sensing noise thermometer (CSNT) for reliable and traceable thermometry and the dissemination of the new kelvin in this temperature regime. Design considerations of the thermometer are discussed, including the optimization of a thermometer for the temperature range to be measured, noise sources and thermalization. We show the procedure taken to make the thermometer primary and contributions to the uncertainty budget. With standard laboratory instrumentation, a relative uncertainty of 1.53% is obtainable. Initial comparison measurements between a primary CSNT and a superconducting reference device traceable to the PLTS-2000 (Provisional Low Temperature Scale of 2000) are presented between 66 and 208 mK, showing good agreement within the k =1 calculated uncertainty.
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10

Reesink, A. L., H. M. Steuten, J. Bremer y M. Durieux. "Noise Thermometry below 4 K". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 26, S3-2 (1 de enero de 1987): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.26s3.1739.

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11

Lopez Legrand, A. y J. F. Villard. "Noise Thermometry for Nuclear Applications". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 58, n.º 1 (febrero de 2011): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2010.2096233.

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12

Neuer, G., J. Fischer, F. Edler y R. Thomas. "Comparison of temperature measurement by noise thermometry and radiation thermometry". Measurement 30, n.º 3 (octubre de 2001): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-2241(01)00006-9.

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13

Maezawa, Masaaki, Takahiro Yamada y Chiharu Urano. "Integrated quantum voltage noise source for Johnson noise thermometry". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 507, n.º 4 (12 de mayo de 2014): 042023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/507/4/042023.

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14

Gallop, J. C. y B. W. Petley. "Josephson noise thermometry with HTS devices". IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 44, n.º 2 (abril de 1995): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.377819.

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15

Spietz, Lafe, R. J. Schoelkopf y Patrick Pari. "Shot noise thermometry down to 10mK". Applied Physics Letters 89, n.º 18 (30 de octubre de 2006): 183123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2382736.

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16

White, D. R. "Non-linearity in Johnson noise thermometry". Metrologia 49, n.º 6 (5 de octubre de 2012): 651–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/49/6/651.

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17

Godin, Oleg A., Nikolay A. Zabotin y Valery V. Goncharov. "Ocean acoustic thermometry with ambient noise." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 128, n.º 4 (octubre de 2010): 2301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3508087.

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18

Rothfuß, D., A. Reiser, A. Fleischmann y C. Enss. "Noise thermometry at ultra low temperatures". Applied Physics Letters 103, n.º 5 (29 de julio de 2013): 052605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4816760.

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19

White, D. R., R. Galleano, A. Actis, H. Brixy, M. De Groot, J. Dubbeldam, A. L. Reesink et al. "The status of Johnson noise thermometry". Metrologia 33, n.º 4 (agosto de 1996): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/33/4/6.

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20

White, D. R. y S. P. Benz. "Constraints on a synthetic-noise source for Johnson noise thermometry". Metrologia 45, n.º 1 (18 de enero de 2008): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/45/1/013.

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21

Talanov, A. V., J. Waissman, T. Taniguchi, K. Watanabe y P. Kim. "High-bandwidth, variable-resistance differential noise thermometry". Review of Scientific Instruments 92, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2021): 014904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0026488.

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22

Drung, D. y C. Krause. "Dual-mode auto-calibrating resistance thermometer: A novel approach with Johnson noise thermometry". Review of Scientific Instruments 92, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2021): 034901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0035673.

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23

Kirste, A. y J. Engert. "A SQUID-based primary noise thermometer for low-temperature metrology". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, n.º 2064 (28 de marzo de 2016): 20150050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0050.

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Practical temperature measurements in accordance with the international system of units require traceability to the international temperature scales currently in force. Along with the awaited redefinition of the unit of temperature, the kelvin, on the basis of the Boltzmann constant, in future its mise en pratique will allow the use of approved methods of primary thermometry for the realization and dissemination of the kelvin. To support this process, we have developed a DC superconducting quantum interference device-based noise thermometer especially designed for measurements of thermodynamic temperature in a broad temperature range from 5 K down to below 1 mK. In this paper, we describe in detail the primary magnetic field fluctuation thermometer and the underlying model applied for the temperature determination. Experimental measurement results are presented for a comparison with the Provisional Low Temperature Scale 2000 between 0.7 K and 16 mK including an uncertainty budget for the measured thermodynamic temperatures. In this set-up, the relative combined standard uncertainty is equal to 0.6%.
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24

Glatthard, Jonas y Luis A. Correa. "Bending the rules of low-temperature thermometry with periodic driving". Quantum 6 (3 de mayo de 2022): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-05-03-705.

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There exist severe limitations on the accuracy of low-temperature thermometry, which poses a major challenge for future quantum-technological applications. Low-temperature sensitivity might be manipulated by tailoring the interactions between probe and sample. Unfortunately, the tunability of these interactions is usually very restricted. Here, we focus on a more practical solution to boost thermometric precision – driving the probe. Specifically, we solve for the limit cycle of a periodically modulated linear probe in an equilibrium sample. We treat the probe-sample interactions exactly and hence, our results are valid for arbitrarily low temperatures T and any spectral density. We find that weak near-resonant modulation strongly enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of low-temperature measurements, while causing minimal back action on the sample. Furthermore, we show that near-resonant driving changes the power law that governs thermal sensitivity over a broad range of temperatures, thus `bending' the fundamental precision limits and enabling more sensitive low-temperature thermometry. We then focus on a concrete example – impurity thermometry in an atomic condensate. We demonstrate that periodic driving allows for a sensitivity improvement of several orders of magnitude in sub-nanokelvin temperature estimates drawn from the density profile of the impurity atoms. We thus provide a feasible upgrade that can be easily integrated into low-T thermometry experiments.
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25

Bleszynski-Jayich, A. C., W. E. Shanks y J. G. E. Harris. "Noise thermometry and electron thermometry of a sample-on-cantilever system below 1 Kelvin". Applied Physics Letters 92, n.º 1 (2008): 013123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2821828.

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26

Safavi-Naeini, Amir H., Jasper Chan, Jeff T. Hill, Simon Gröblacher, Haixing Miao, Yanbei Chen, Markus Aspelmeyer y Oskar Painter. "Laser noise in cavity-optomechanical cooling and thermometry". New Journal of Physics 15, n.º 3 (6 de marzo de 2013): 035007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/035007.

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27

Benz, S. P., Jifeng Qu, H. Rogalla, D. R. White, P. D. Dresselhaus, W. L. Tew y Sae Woo Nam. "Improvements in the NIST Johnson Noise Thermometry System". IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 58, n.º 4 (abril de 2009): 884–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2008.2007027.

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28

White, D. R. y J.-F. Qu. "Frequency-response mismatch effects in Johnson noise thermometry". Metrologia 55, n.º 1 (12 de diciembre de 2017): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/aa963c.

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29

Wang, Ming-Jye, Ji-Wun Wang, Chun-Lun Wang, Yen-Yu Chiang y Hsian-Hong Chang. "Graphene-based terahertz photodetector by noise thermometry technique". Applied Physics Letters 104, n.º 3 (20 de enero de 2014): 033502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4862406.

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30

Hao, L., J. C. Gallop, R. P. Reed, J. C. Macfarlane y E. Romans. "Shunted YBCO bi-crystal junctions for noise thermometry". Applied Superconductivity 5, n.º 7-12 (julio de 1997): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0964-1807(98)00003-9.

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31

Benz, S. P., J. M. Martinis, P. D. Dresselhaus y Sae Woo Nam. "An ac josephson source for johnson noise thermometry". IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 52, n.º 2 (abril de 2003): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2003.811687.

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32

SCANDURRA, G., C. CIOFI y A. GAMBADORO. "A NEW APPROACH TO JOHNSON NOISE THERMOMETRY BASED ON NOISE MEASUREMENTS ONLY". Fluctuation and Noise Letters 10, n.º 02 (junio de 2011): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477511000430.

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Johnson Noise Thermometry (JNT) can be regarded as a quite well established technique for the evaluation of the temperature. It relays on the accurate estimation of the voltage noise across a resistor, that acts as a sensor, and on the knowledge of the resistance of the sensor itself. In order to perform a temperature measurement, therefore, the resistance of the sensor has to be measured with a high accuracy multimeter and afterwards, the voltage noise across its ends has to be estimated in the assumption that the resistance does not change with time and is independent of frequency. In this paper we present a new approach for JNT that is based on a four channel cross correlation technique that allows, at least in principle, to estimate the temperature of a passive bipole from noise measurements only, as the power spectra of the current noise of the bipole and the real and imaginary part of its admittance can all be obtained from a proper elaboration of the acquired noise spectra. In particular, as the real part of the bipole admittance can be estimated as a function of the frequency, the limitation of resorting to purely resistive bipoles is also removed. Preliminary results demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach we propose are reported in this paper. The most important technical limitations that, at present, prevent the new approach to compete with the most advanced technique developed for the case of the conventional JNT are also discussed.
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33

Yamada, Takahiro, Chiharu Urano y Masaaki Maezawa. "Demonstration of Johnson noise thermometry with all-superconducting quantum voltage noise source". Applied Physics Letters 108, n.º 4 (25 de enero de 2016): 042605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4940926.

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34

Sae Woo Nam, S. P. Benz, P. D. Dresselhaus, W. L. Tew, D. R. White y J. M. Martinis. "Johnson noise thermometry measurements using a quantized voltage noise source for calibration". IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 52, n.º 2 (abril de 2003): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2003.811686.

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35

Gavioso, Roberto M., Daniele Madonna Ripa, Peter P. M. Steur, Christof Gaiser, Thorsten Zandt, Bernd Fellmuth, Michael de Podesta et al. "Progress towards the determination of thermodynamic temperature with ultra-low uncertainty". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, n.º 2064 (28 de marzo de 2016): 20150046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0046.

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Previous research effort towards the determination of the Boltzmann constant has significantly improved the supporting theory and the experimental practice of several primary thermometry methods based on the measurement of a thermodynamic property of a macroscopic system at the temperature of the triple point of water. Presently, experiments are under way to demonstrate their accuracy in the determination of the thermodynamic temperature T over an extended range spanning the interval between a few kelvin and the copper freezing point (1358 K). We discuss how these activities will improve the link between thermodynamic temperature and the temperature as measured using the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) and report some preliminary results obtained by dielectric constant gas thermometry and acoustic gas thermometry. We also provide information on the status of other primary methods, such as Doppler broadening thermometry, Johnson noise thermometry and refractive index gas thermometry. Finally, we briefly consider the implications of these advancements for the dissemination of calibrated temperature standards.
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36

Nam, S. W., S. P. Benz, P. D. Dresselhaus, C. J. Burroughs, W. L. Tew, D. R. White y J. M. Martinis. "Progress on Johnson Noise Thermometry Using a Quantum Voltage Noise Source for Calibration". IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 54, n.º 2 (abril de 2005): 653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2005.843574.

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37

Peden, D. A., J. C. Macfarlane, Ling Hao, R. P. Reed y J. C. Gallop. "YBCO-noble metal resistors for HTS Josephson Noise Thermometry". IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity 9, n.º 2 (junio de 1999): 4408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/77.784002.

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38

Pollarolo, Alessio, Chiharu Urano, Paul D. Dresselhaus, Jifeng Qu, Horst Rogalla y Samuel P. Benz. "Development of a Four-Channel Johnson Noise Thermometry System". IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 60, n.º 7 (julio de 2011): 2655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2010.2098110.

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39

Flowers-Jacobs, N. E., A. Pollarolo, K. J. Coakley, A. E. Fox, H. Rogalla, W. L. Tew y S. P. Benz. "A Boltzmann constant determination based on Johnson noise thermometry". Metrologia 54, n.º 5 (10 de agosto de 2017): 730–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/aa7b3f.

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40

Lusher, C. P., Junyun Li, V. A. Maidanov, M. E. Digby, H. Dyball, A. Casey, J. Nyéki, V. V. Dmitriev, B. P. Cowan y J. Saunders. "Current sensing noise thermometry using a lowTcDC SQUID preamplifier". Measurement Science and Technology 12, n.º 1 (18 de diciembre de 2000): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/12/1/301.

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41

Tikhonov, E. S., D. V. Shovkun, D. Ercolani, F. Rossella, M. Rocci, L. Sorba, S. Roddaro y V. S. Khrapai. "Noise thermometry applied to thermoelectric measurements in InAs nanowires". Semiconductor Science and Technology 31, n.º 10 (6 de septiembre de 2016): 104001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/31/10/104001.

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42

Sekatski, Pavel y Martí Perarnau-Llobet. "Optimal nonequilibrium thermometry in Markovian environments". Quantum 6 (7 de diciembre de 2022): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-12-07-869.

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What is the minimum time required to take a temperature? In this paper, we solve this question for a large class of processes where temperature is inferred by measuring a probe (the thermometer) weakly coupled to the sample of interest, so that the probe's evolution is well described by a quantum Markovian master equation. Considering the most general control strategy on the probe (adaptive measurements, arbitrary control on the probe's state and Hamiltonian), we provide bounds on the achievable measurement precision in a finite amount of time, and show that in many scenarios these fundamental limits can be saturated with a relatively simple experiment. We find that for a general class of sample-probe interactions the scaling of the measurement uncertainty is inversely proportional to the time of the process, a shot-noise like behaviour that arises due to the dissipative nature of thermometry. As a side result, we show that the Lamb shift induced by the probe-sample interaction can play a relevant role in thermometry, allowing for finite measurement resolution in the low-temperature regime. More precisely, the measurement uncertainty decays polynomially with the temperature as T→0, in contrast to the usual exponential decay with T−1. We illustrate these general results for (i) a qubit probe interacting with a bosonic sample, where the role of the Lamb shift is highlighted, and (ii) a collective superradiant coupling between a N-qubit probe and a sample, which enables a quadratic decay with N of the measurement uncertainty.
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43

Batey, G., A. Casey, M. N. Cuthbert, A. J. Matthews, J. Saunders y A. Shibahara. "A microkelvin cryogen-free experimental platform with integrated noise thermometry". New Journal of Physics 15, n.º 11 (15 de noviembre de 2013): 113034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/11/113034.

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44

Crossno, Jesse, Xiaomeng Liu, Thomas A. Ohki, Philip Kim y Kin Chung Fong. "Development of high frequency and wide bandwidth Johnson noise thermometry". Applied Physics Letters 106, n.º 2 (12 de enero de 2015): 023121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4905926.

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45

Sayer, Robert A., Sunkook Kim, Aaron D. Franklin, Saeed Mohammadi y Timothy S. Fisher. "Shot Noise Thermometry for Thermal Characterization of Templated Carbon Nanotubes". IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 33, n.º 1 (marzo de 2010): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcapt.2009.2038488.

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46

Ezell, N. Dianne Bull, Chuck Britton, Nance Ericson, David Holcomb, M. J. Roberts, Seddik Djouadi y Richard Wood. "A Novel Technique Applying Spectral Estimation to Johnson Noise Thermometry". Nuclear Technology 202, n.º 2-3 (30 de marzo de 2018): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2018.1452498.

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47

White, D. R. "Calibration of a Digital Cross-correlator for Johnson Noise Thermometry". Metrologia 29, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1992): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/29/1/005.

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48

Suo, Hao, Xiaoqi Zhao, Zhiyu Zhang, Rui Shi, Yanfang Wu, Jinmeng Xiang y Chongfeng Guo. "Local symmetric distortion boosted photon up-conversion and thermometric sensitivity in lanthanum oxide nanospheres". Nanoscale 10, n.º 19 (2018): 9245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr01734d.

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49

McGrane, Shawn D., David S. Moore, Peter M. Goodwin y Dana M. Dattelbaum. "Quantitative Tradeoffs between Spatial, Temporal, and Thermometric Resolution of Nonresonant Raman Thermometry for Dynamic Experiments". Applied Spectroscopy 68, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2014): 1279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/14-07503.

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Resumen
The ratio of Stokes to anti-Stokes nonresonant spontaneous Raman can provide an in situ thermometer that is noncontact, independent of any material specific parameters or calibrations, can be multiplexed spatially with line imaging, and can be time resolved for dynamic measurements. However, spontaneous Raman cross sections are very small, and thermometric measurements are often limited by the amount of laser energy that can be applied without damaging the sample or changing its temperature appreciably. In this paper, we quantitatively detail the tradeoff space between spatial, temporal, and thermometric accuracy measurable with spontaneous Raman. Theoretical estimates are pinned to experimental measurements to form realistic expectations of the resolution tradeoffs appropriate to various experiments. We consider the effects of signal to noise, collection efficiency, laser heating, pulsed laser ablation, and blackbody emission as limiting factors, provide formulae to help choose optimal conditions and provide estimates relevant to planning experiments along with concrete examples for single-shot measurements.
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50

Park, Jung Hwan, Mushtaq Rehman, Jung Suk Choi, Sang-Wan Ryu, Zheong G. Khim, Woon Song y Yonuk Chong. "Broadband Shot Noise Measurement System at Low Temperature for Noise Thermometry Using a Tunnel Junction". IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 61, n.º 1 (enero de 2012): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2157430.

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