Tesis sobre el tema "NOC e NIC"

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Conselho Regional de Enfermagem - Rio de Janeiro - COREN-RJ
Mestrado Profissional em Enfermagem Assistencial
Introdução: O conhecimento dos principais diagnósticos de enfermagem de crianças com cardiopatia congênita hospitalizadas contribui para prever os cuidados de enfermagem a essa clientela. Objetivos: Caracterizar as crianças com cardiopatias congênitas com relação a sexo, idade, comorbidades, tempo de internação e termos registrados nos prontuários pela equipe de enfermagem; identificar os diagnósticos de enfermagem Nanda I, a partir dos termos encontrados nos registros de enfermagem de crianças com cardiopatias congênitas; verificar o grau de concordância da avaliação dos peritos em relação aos diagnósticos de enfermagem identificados; selecionar os resultados e intervenções de enfermagem para estes diagnósticos e analisar os dados encontrados sob a ótica da construção de um protocolo de cuidados de enfermagem com linguagem padronizada. Método: Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal com utilização da ferramenta metodológica mapeamento cruzado para identificação da classificação dos diagnósticos de enfermagem. Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizado um formulário preenchido a partir dos registros de enfermagem de 82 prontuários de crianças com cardiopatia congênita hospitalizadas. Os termos foram extraídos na íntegra, comparados com a classificação de diagnósticos de enfermagem pela pesquisadora e posteriormente avaliado por peritos. Os dados dos formulários foram digitados em computador residencial e armazenados em forma de banco de dados utilizando os programas Microsoft Excel 2007. A análise descritiva trouxe distribuições de frequências, cálculo das estatísticas mínimo, máximo, média, desvio padrão e percentis. Resultados: Os diagnósticos de enfermagem que compuseram o protocolo, após a análise de concordância entre peritos em ordem de maior frequência foram: risco de infecção (81,7%); troca de gases prejudicada (46,3%); intolerância à atividade (36,6%); padrão respiratório ineficaz (26,8%); risco de intolerância à atividade (20,7%); débito cardíaco diminuído (19,5%); risco de queda (18,3%); perfusão tissular periférica ineficaz (18,3%); atraso no crescimento e desenvolvimento (17,1%); comportamento desorganizado do lactente (17,1%) e risco de tensão do papel do cuidador (13,4%). Conclusão: Conclui-se, que através do método de mapeamento cruzado de uma linguagem não padronizada com uma linguagem padronizada foi possível identificar os diagnósticos de enfermagem de crianças com cardiopatias congênitas mais prevalentes. E a implementação desse instrumento viabilizará a padronização dos cuidados de enfermagem em uma classificação internacionalmente conhecida, otimização e melhora da qualidade da assistência
Background: The knowledge of the main nursing diagnoses of hospitalized children with congenital cardiopathy contributes to forecast the nursing care to this clientele. Objectives: To characterize the children with congenital cardiopathy in relation to gender, age, co morbidities, time of hospitalization and terms registered in the patients records by the nursing team; identify the Nanda I nursing diagnosis from the terms found in the nursing registers of children with congenital cardiopathies; to verify the degree of agreement of the experts evaluation in relation to nursing diagnosis identified; to select the results and nursing interventions for these diagnoses and to analyze data found under the view of the construction of a protocol of nursing care with standardized language. Method: This is an observational, transversal study using a methodological tool cross-mapping for identifying the nursing diagnosis classification. To the data collect, it was used a formulary filled from the nursing records of 82 medical records of hospitalized children with congenital heart disease. The terms were extracted in full, compared with the classification of nursing diagnoses by the researcher and further evaluated by experts. The data were entered into the forms home computer and stored in the form of database programs using Microsoft Excel 2007. The descriptive analysis brought distributions of frequencies, calculation of minimum, maximum, average, standard deviation and percentiles statistics. Results: The nursing diagnoses that comprised the protocol, after the analysis of agreement among experts in order of more frequency were: risk of infection (81.7%); impaired gas exchange (46.3%); activity intolerance (36.6%); ineffective breathing pattern (26.8%); risk of activity intolerance (20.7%); decreased cardiac output (19.5%); risk of falls (18.3%); ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion (18.3%); growth developmental delay (17.1%); disorganized infant behavior (17.1%) and risk of the caregiver tension paper (13.4%). Conclusion: It concludes that through the cross-mapping method of a non- standardized language with a standardized language it was identified the nursing diagnoses of children with most prevalent congenital cardiopathies. And the implementation of this tool will allow the standardization of the nursing care in an internationally known, optimization and improvement of quality of assistance

The purpose of the study was to identify NANDA-I, NOC, and NIC linkages based on a clinical reasoning model to capture accurate nursing care plans for patients with Congestive Heart Failure. A retrospective descriptive design was used to address the research questions. Data were obtained from the records of patients discharged for one year with the medical diagnoses of CHF (DRG 127) from an Iowa community hospital. A total of 272 inpatient records were analyzed to describe the frequency and percentage of NANDA-I diagnosis, NIC interventions, and NOC outcomes for patients with CHF. The top ten NANDA-I diagnoses associated with NOC outcomes and NIC interventions were identified. The results were compared with published NNN linkages. Knowledge Deficit (NANDA- I) -Knowledge: Treatment Regimen (NOC)-Teaching Procedure/Treatment (NIC) (N=94) and Cardiac Output Alteration (NANDA-I) - Cardiac Pump Effectiveness (NOC)-Cardiac Care (NIC) (N=83) were the top two NNN linkages for CHF. In addition, using means, SD, and t-tests, the effectiveness of NIC interventions was examined by comparing admission and discharge NOC scores. The top ten NOC outcomes scores showed significant differences between mean score on admission and discharge (p value < .0001). All of top ten NOC-NIC linkages showed significant results in terms of effectiveness (p value

O cuidado integral ao idoso pode ser garantido mediante a utilização do Processo de Enfermagem (PE), aliado a um referencial teórico como, por exemplo, o Modelo Multidimensional de Envelhecimento bem Sucedido (MMES), que possui uma proposta de avaliação do idoso. Há, contudo, uma lacuna para a sua utilização, uma vez que não há estudos que comprovem a sua eficácia na prática clínica da Enfermagem associado à aplicação de sistemas de classificação da disciplina como a NANDA-I, NIC e NOC. O objetivo deste estudo é construir um modelo multidimensional de cuidado ao idoso associado aos Sistemas de Linguagens Padronizadas de Enfermagem NANDA-I, NIC e NOC, aplicável à consulta de enfermagem. O estudo foi conduzido em duas etapas metodológicas distintas. A primeira compreendeu um estudo de validação de conteúdo enquanto a segunda uma pesquisa de resultados, que contemplou um estudo quase experimental. As amostras foram constituídas de 15 especialistas em Enfermagem Gerontológica e 28 idosos em primeira consulta na Cidade do Idoso, local do estudo, com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, que apresentaram o diagnóstico de enfermagem Risco de Síndrome do Idoso Frágil (RSIF) ou Síndrome do Idoso Frágil (SIF), no período de maio a outubro de 2017. Após a validação do conteúdo do modelo multidimensional, com a opinião dos especialistas, efetuou-se a sua aplicação aos idosos em quatro consultas de enfermagem para cada um. Durante as consultas estabeleceram-se os diagnósticos, mensuraram-se os resultados e implementaram-se as intervenções de enfermagem, conforme o modelo e a avaliação clínica. Os especialistas validaram informações da anamnese e exame físico referentes às características definidoras, fatores relacionados e de risco dos dois diagnósticos e às dimensões fisiológica, psicológica e social, conforme propõe o MMES. A validação também confirmou que dos 13 diferentes resultados de enfermagem validados, 10 foram comuns em ambos os diagnósticos. Os resultados validados para os dois diagnósticos avaliaram Equilíbrio (0202), Cognição (0900), Estado nutricional (1004), Autocontrole da doença crônica (3102), Conhecimento: controle da dor (1843), Participação em programa de exercício físico (1633), Conhecimento: controle da doença crônica (1847), Conhecimento: prevenção de quedas (1828), Conhecimento: controle do peso (1841) e Estado de conforto (2008). Apenas dois dos 13 resultados foram validados para o diagnóstico SIF, sendo eles: Nível de fadiga (0007) e Autocuidado: atividades da vida diária (0300), e um resultado, Conhecimento: medicamento (1808), foi validado apenas para o diagnóstico RSIF. As intervenções de enfermagem da NIC, validadas para os dois diagnósticos de enfermagem, foram praticamente iguais. Das oito diferentes intervenções validadas apenas a Assistência ao Autocuidado (1800) foi validada exclusivamente para o diagnóstico SIF e as outras sete foram validadas para os dois diagnósticos. As intervenções destacam a importância da Promoção do exercício (0200), Aconselhamento nutricional (5246), Controle de medicamentos (2380), Estimulação cognitiva (4720), Melhora na socialização (5100), Prevenção contra quedas (6490) e Ensino sobre o processo da doença (5602). A segunda etapa mostrou que dos 28 idosos a maioria era do sexo feminino (17 - 60,7%), com idade média de 65,6 ± 6,3 anos e, desses, 23 idosos foram diagnosticados com RSIF e cinco com SIF. Dos resultados de enfermagem utilizados para avaliar idosos com RSIF e SIF percebeu-se melhora significativa na média dos escores dos seus indicadores: Participação em programa de exercício físico; Autocontrole da doença crônica; 7 Conhecimento: controle da doença crônica; Conhecimento: controle do peso; Conhecimento: prevenção de quedas e Estado de conforto. Os resultados Estado nutricional e Conhecimento: controle da dor tiveram melhora significativa nos escores dos indicadores somente para idosos com RSIF, assim como a avaliação do Autocuidado: atividades da vida diária para idosos com SIF. As intervenções que apresentaram efetividade estatisticamente significativa na utilização de suas atividades em idosos, com ambos os diagnósticos, foram: Ensino: processo da doença e Promoção do exercício, enquanto a intervenção Prevenção contra quedas foi encontrada somente em idosos com RSIF. Conclui-se que as sete intervenções de enfermagem validadas pelos especialistas foram implementadas aos idosos com diagnóstico de enfermagem RSIF e foram consideradas efetivas, tendo como base a avaliação de nove resultados que apontaram melhora significativa na comparação entre as médias da primeira e quarta consultas. Dentre as oito intervenções de enfermagem implementadas aos idosos com diagnóstico de enfermagem SIF, sete foram consideradas efetivas, tendo como base a avaliação de 11 resultados que apontaram melhora significativa na comparação entre as médias da primeira e quarta consultas. Dessa forma, conclui-se ainda, que o modelo multidimensional de cuidado ao idoso associado aos SLP contribui para a prática assistencial do enfermeiro na consulta de enfermagem, com vistas ao envelhecimento bem sucedido. Dentre as importantes implicações e contribuições dos resultados desta pesquisa está a possibilidade de apoiar a ligação entre resultados e intervenções validados com os diagnósticos de enfermagem RSIF e SIF, facilitando a avaliação de enfermagem e os cuidados de enfermagem aos idosos na prática clínica. Além disso, recomenda-se a construção de definições operacionais para os indicadores dos resultados de enfermagem. Uma limitação do estudo foi o fato de realizarmos a pesquisa com especialistas do mesmo país.
Comprehensive care for the elderly can be guaranteed through the use of the Nursing Process (PE), together with a theoretical framework such as the Multidimensional Model of Successful Aging (MMSA), which has a proposal for the evaluation of the elderly. There is, however, a gap to its use, since there are no studies that prove its effectiveness in the clinical practice of Nursing associated with the application of discipline classification systems such as NANDA-I, NIC and NOC. The objective of this study is to build an elderly care multidimensional model associated with the standardized NANDA-I, NIC and NOC Nursing language systems, applicable to the nursing consultation. The study was conducted in two different methodological steps. The first comprised a content validation study while the second a results research, which included a quasi-experimental study. The samples consisted of 15 specialists in Gerontology Nursing and 28 elderly people in a first consultation in the City of the Elderly, place of study, with age equal to or greater than 60 years, of both sexes, who presented the diagnosis of Nursing Risk of Syndrome of the Elderly (RSIF) or Fragile Elderly Syndrome (SIF), from May to October 2017. After the validation of the multidimensional model content, with the opinion of the specialists, it was applied to the elderly in four every elderly person. During the consultations the diagnoses were established, the results were measured and the Nursing interventions were implemented, according to the multidimensional model and the clinical evaluation. The specialists validated information about the anamnesis and the physical examination referring to the defining characteristics, related and risk factors of the two diagnoses and the physiological, psychological and social dimensions, as proposed by the MMSA. Validation also confirmed that of the 13 different validated Nursing outcomes, 10 were common in both diagnoses. The results validated for the two diagnoses evaluated: Equilibrium (0202), Cognition (0900), Nutritional status (1004), Self-control of chronic disease (3102), Knowledge: pain control (1843), Knowledge: control of chronic disease (1847), Knowledge: prevention of falls (1828), Knowledge: weight control (1841) and Comfort state (2008). Only two of the 13 results were validated for SIF diagnosis, being: Fatigue level (0007) and Self-care: activities of daily living (0300), and a result, Knowledge: medicine (1808), was validated only for the diagnosis RSIF. The Nursing interventions of the NIC, validated for the two Nursing diagnoses, were practically the same. Of the eight different validated interventions, only Self-care Assistance (1800) was validated exclusively for SIF diagnosis and the other seven were validated for both diagnoses. The interventions emphasize the importance of Promoting Exercise (0200), Nutrition Counseling (5246), Medication Control (2380), Cognitive Stimulation (4720), Improving Socialization (5100), Fall Prevention (6490) and Teaching the Process of the disease (5602). The second stage showed that of the 28 elderly, the majority were female (17-60.7%), with a mean age of 65.6 ± 6.3 years, and of these, 23 elderly were diagnosed with RSIF and five with SIF. Nursing results used to evaluate the elderly with RSIF and SIF showed a significant improvement in the mean of the scores of their indicators: Knowledge: control of chronic disease; Self-control of chronic disease; Knowledge: prevention of falls; Weight control; State of comfort and Participation in physical exercise program. The results Knowledge: pain control and nutritional status had significant improvement in the scores of indicators only for the elderly with RSIF, as well as the self-care evaluation: daily life activities for elderly with 9 SIF. The interventions that presented a statistically significant reduction in the use of their activities in the elderly, with both diagnoses, were Teaching: disease process and Exercise promotion, while the intervention Prevention of falls was found only in the elderly with RSIF. It is concluded that the seven nursing interventions validated by the specialists were implemented to the elderly with a diagnosis of RSIF Nursing and were considered effective, based on the evaluation of nine results that indicated a significant improvement in the comparison between the means of the first and fourth visits. Among the eight Nursing interventions implemented to the elderly with SIF Nursing diagnosis, seven were considered effective, based on the evaluation of 11 results that indicated a significant improvement in the comparison between the means of the first and fourth visits. Thus, it can be concluded that the multidimensional model of elderly care associated with standardized Nursing language systems contributes to the nurses practice in the nursing consultation, with a view to successful aging. Among the important implications and contributions of the results of this research is the possibility of supporting the link between results and validated interventions with the RSIF and SIF, facilitating nursing assessment and nursing care for the elderly in clinical practice. In addition, it is recommended to construct operational definitions for indicators of nursing outcomes. One limitation of the study was the fact that we conducted the research with specialists from the same country.

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of cancer patients and the most frequently chosen nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions chosen for care plans from a large Midwestern acute care hospital. In addition the patients' outcome change scores and length of stay from the four oncology specialty units are investigated. Donabedian's structure-process-outcome model is the framework for this study. This is a descriptive retrospective study. The sample included a total of 2,237 patients admitted on four oncology units from June 1 to December 31, 2010. Data were retrieved from medical records, the nursing documentation system, and the tumor registry center. Demographics showed that 63% of the inpatients were female, 89% were white, 53 % were married and 26% were retired. Most patients returned home (82%); and 2% died in the hospital. Descriptive analysis identified that the most common nursing diagnoses for oncology inpatients were Acute Pain (78%), Risk for Infection (31%), and Nausea (26%). Each cancer patient had approximately 3.1 nursing diagnoses (SD=2.5), 6.3 nursing interventions (SD=5.1), and 3.7 nursing outcomes (SD=2.9). Characteristics of the patients were not found to be related to LOS (M=3.7) or outcome change scores for Pain Level among the patients with Acute Pain. Specifically, 88% of patients retained or improved outcome change scores. The most common linkage of NANDA-I, NOC, and NIC (NNN), a set of standardized nursing terminologies used in the study that represents nursing diagnoses, nursing-sensitive patient outcomes and nursing interventions, prospectively, was Acute Pain--Pain Level--Pain Management. Pain was the dominant concept in the nursing care provided to oncology patients. Risk for Infection was the most frequent nursing diagnosis in the Adult Leukemia and Bone Transplant Unit. Patients with both Acute Pain and Risk for Infection may differ among units; while the traditional study strategies rarely demonstrate this finding. Identifying the pattern of core diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes for oncology nurses can direct nursing care in clinical practice and provide direction for future research tot targets areas of high impact and guide education and evaluation of nurse competencies.

O planejamento de alta é uma etapa importante do preparo do paciente para os cuidados em domicílio. O enfermeiro tem papel fundamental neste processo, atuando na identificação dos problemas de saúde e na educação de pacientes e familiares. As orientações para alta fazem parte do Processo de Enfermagem, embora não sejam priorizadas dentre as atividades de responsabilidade do enfermeiro. A falta de um planejamento efetivo de alta hospitalar pode ser um dos fatores que contribui para elevar as taxas de reinternações hospitalares em indivíduos com Insuficiência cardíaca (IC) ou Diabetes mellitus (DM). Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da implementação de um planejamento de alta hospitalar estruturado nas taxonomias da NANDA-International, Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) e Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) para pacientes com IC e DM. Estudo quantitativo quasi-experimental realizado em unidades de internação clínica e emergência do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (aprovação nº 13-0194). A amostra foi composta por pacientes que reinternaram de janeiro de 2014 a setembro de 2015 por descompensação de IC ou DM e apresentaram o diagnóstico de enfermagem Autocontrole ineficaz da saúde (AIS) (00078). Durante a internação foram implementadas as intervenções NIC: Ensino: processo de doença (5602), Ensino: medicamentos prescritos (5616) e Ensino: dieta prescrita (5614) em três momentos. Antes e após as intervenções foram avaliados os resultados NOC Conhecimento: controle do diabetes (1820) e Conhecimento: controle da insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (1835), com 32 e 37 indicadores respectivamente. Cada resultado teve seus indicadores definidos operacionalmente e avaliados em Escala de Likert de 5 pontos, sendo 1 o pior resultado e 5 o melhor. Foram incluídos 28 pacientes, sendo 14 com DM e 14 com IC, a maioria do sexo masculino com média de idade 63,1±10,6 anos. Houve aumento significativo das médias dos resultados NOC após a implementação das intervenções NIC. O resultado NOC Conhecimento: controle da insuficiência cardíaca congestiva passou de 2,05±0,28 para 2,54±0,30 (P = 0,002) e o resultado NOC Conhecimento: controle do diabetes passou de 2,61±0,55 para 3,21±0,57 (P=0,000). Entre os indicadores com aumento da média em um ponto ou mais destacam-se em IC Estratégias para equilibrar atividade e repouso, Estratégias de controle de edema dependente e Ações básicas do coração. Os pacientes com DM obtiveram maior aumento na pontuação: Impacto de doença grave no nível da glicose do sangue, Descarte correto de seringas e agulhas e Práticas de cuidados preventivos dos pés. Estes achados sugerem que o planejamento de alta realizado durante a internação hospitalar para pacientes com IC e DM descompensadas e com o DE AIS utilizando intervenções de ensino NIC melhoram a pontuação dos resultados de enfermagem NOC, podendo interferir nos desfechos de saúde desta população.
The discharge planning consists on an important stage for patient preparation on domestic care. Nurses’ role is very important in this process, since he/she acts identifying the problems in health and in the education of patients and families. The guidance for discharge is a part of the nursing process, although it is not prioritized among the nurses’ responsibility activities. The lack of an effective discharge planning does not develop an autonomy of self- care, which can elevate the rates of rehospitalization for heart failure and diabetes mellitus. For this reason, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of implementing a hospital discharge planning based on the taxonomies of NANDA-I, Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), for patients with heart failure and diabetes mellitus. This is a quasi-experimental quantitative study, which was carried out at clinical and hospital emergency units at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (approval nº 13- 0194). The sample was composed by patients that rehospitalized from January 2014 to September 2015 for heart failure decompensation or DM and presented the nursing diagnosis (ND) Ineffective self-health management (ISM) (00078). During hospitalization, the interventions NIC Teaching: disease process (5602), Teaching: prescribed medication (5616) and Teaching: prescribed diet (5614) were implemented in three moments. Before and after the three given guidance, the results from NOC Knowledge: control of diabetes (1820) and Knowledge: control of congestive heart failure (1835) were evaluated, with 32 and 37 indicators, respectively. Each result had its own operationally defined indicators and evaluated on a Likert Scale level of 5 points, being 1 the worst and 5 the best result. Twenty- eight patients were included, having 14 DM and 14 HF, the most part of them was male and were 63,1±10,6 years old. There was a significant increasing on the averages of results NOC after the implementation of NIC interventions. The result NOC Knowledge: control of congestive heart failure went from 2,05±0,28 to 2,54±0,30 (P = 0,002) and the result NOC Knowledge: control of diabetes went from 2,61±0,55 to 3,21±0,57 (P=0,000). Among the indicators with increased average at point or more, Strategies to balance activity and rest, Strategies to control dependent edema and Heart basic actions were highlighted. The patients with DM obtained increased scores at Impact of serious disease at blood glucose levels, Correct disposal of syringes and needles and Practice for preventive foot care. These findings suggest that the discharge planning, elaborated during hospitalization, for patients with HF and ND ISM using interventions NIC, improve the scores of results on nursing NOC, which might interfere in the denouement of health of this population.
El planeamiento de descarga consiste en una importante etapa del preparo del paciente para los cuidados en casa. Los enfermeros tienen papel fundamental en este proceso, actuando en la identificación de las necesidades y en la educación de pacientes y familiares. Las orientaciones para descarga hacen parte del proceso de enfermería, aunque no sean priorizadas de entre las actividades de responsabilidad del enfermero. La falta de planeamiento efectivo de descarga del hospital no desenvuelve la autonomía para el autocuidado, pudendo elevar las tajas de reinternaciones en el hospital en individuos acometidos por insuficiencia cardiaca y diabetes mellitus. En función de esto, esto estudio tuve como objetivo evaluar la implementación de un planeamiento de descarga del hospital con ECNT, teniendo base en las taxonomías NANDA-I, Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) y Nursing Outcomes Classifications (NOC), para pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca y diabetes mellitus. Este es un estudio cuantitativo cuasi-experimental realizado en unidades de internación clínica y emergencia del Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (aprobación nº 13-0194). La amuestra fue constituida por pacientes que reinternaran de Enero 2014 hasta Septiembre 2015 por descompensación de Insuficiencia Cardiaca (IC) o Diabetes Mellitus (DM) y que presentaran el diagnostico de enfermería (DE) Autocontrol ineficaz de la salud (AIS) (00078). Durante la internación fueron implementadas las intervenciones NIC Enseñanza: proceso de enfermedad (5602), Enseñanza: medicamentos prescritos (5616) y Enseñanza: dieta prescrita (5614). Antes y después de las tres orientaciones, fueron evaluados los resultados NOC Conocimiento: control del diabetes (1820) y Conocimiento: control de insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva (1835), con 32 y 37 indicadores respectivamente. Cada resultado tuve sus indicadores definidos operacionalmente y evaluados en Escala Likert de 5 puntos, siendo 1 lo peor resultado y 5 lo mejor. Veinte-ocho pacientes fueron inclusos, siendo 14 DM y 14 insuficiencia cardíaca, la mayoría era hombres y tenían 63,1±10,6 años de edad. Hube un aumento significante de medias de resultados NOC después de la implementación de intervenciones NIC. El resultado NOC Conocimiento: control de insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva pasó de 2,05±0,28 para 2,54±0,30 (P = 0,002) y el resultado NOC Conocimiento: control del diabetes pasó de 2,61±0,55 para 3,21±0,57 (p=0,000). Entre los indicadores con aumento de la media en un punto o más se destacan en IC Estrategias para equilibrar actividad y resto, Estrategias de control de edema dependiente y Acciones básicas del corazón. Los pacientes con DM obtuvieran mayor aumento en la puntuación: Impacto de enfermedad grave en el nivel de glucosa de la sangre, Descarte correcto de seringas y agujas y Prácticas de cuidados preventivos de los pies. Estos resultados sugieren que el planeamiento de descarga hospitalaria realizado durante la internación hospitalaria para pacientes con ECNT y con DE AIS utilizando intervenciones de enseñanza NIC mejoran la puntuación de los resultados de enfermería NOC, pudendo interferir en los desenlaces de salud de esta población.

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Este estudo objetivou construir um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem para aplica??o do Processo de Enfermagem baseado na NANDA-I, NOC, NIC e CIPE? . Diante de problemas relacionados ? aprendizagem do processo de enfermagem e das classifica??es, urge a necessidade da constru??o de recursos pedag?gicos inovadores que modifiquem a rela??o entre alunos e professores. A metodologia utilizada fundamentou-se nas etapas concep??o, elabora??o, constru??o e transi??o, do processo de desenvolvimento de software Rational Unifield Process. A equipe envolvida no desenvolvimento deste ambiente foi composta por pesquisadores e estudantes do Grupo de Pr?ticas Assistenciais e Epidemiol?gicas em Sa?de e Enfermagem e do curso de Engenharia de Software da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, com a participa??o das Escolas Superiores de Enfermagem de Lisboa e do Porto, Portugal. Na concep??o, ocorreu a comunica??o entre os pesquisadores para defini??o das fun??es, recursos e ferramentas para o processo de constru??o. Na elabora??o, refinou-se o planejamento e ocorreu a modelagem, que resultou na cria??o de um diagrama e de desenhos de arquitetura que especificaram as caracter?sticas e as funcionalidades do software. J? na constru??o, realizou-se o desenvolvimento, testes unit?rios e integrados dos componentes das interfaces dos m?dulos e ?reas (administrador, docente, discente e constru??o do PE). Em seguida foi realizada a etapa de transi??o, que mostrou o sistema completo e em funcionamento, bem como o treinamento e utiliza??o pelos pesquisadores com o seu emprego na pr?tica. Conclui-se que este estudo possibilitou o planejamento e a constru??o de uma tecnologia educacional, e espera-se que a sua implementa??o desencadeie uma mudan?a substancial no aprendizado do processo de enfermagem e das classifica??es, com o aluno sendo agente ativo do processo de aprendizagem. Posteriormente, ser? realizada uma avalia??o do desempenho funcional, que possibilitar? o incremento do software, com uma realimenta??o, corre??o de defeitos e mudan?as necess?rias. Acredita-se que com o incremento do software ap?s as avalia??es, esta ferramenta cres?a ainda mais e ajude a inserir esta metodologia e linguagem de vez no ?mbito das institui??es de ensino e de sa?de, promovendo a mudan?a paradigm?tica t?o almejada pela enfermagem.
This study aimed to build a virtual learning environment for application of the nursing process based on the NANDA-I, NOC, NIC and ICNP? . Faced with problems related to learning of the nursing process and classifications, there is an urgent need to develop innovative teaching resources that modify the relationship between students and teachers. The methodology was based on the steps inception, development, construction and transition, and the software development process Rational Process Unifield. The team involved in the development of this environment was composed by researchers and students of The Care and Epidemiological Practice in Health and Nursing and Group of the Software Engineering curse of the Federal University Rio Grande do Norte, with the participation of the Lisbon and Porto Schools of Nursing, in Portugal. In the inception stage the inter research communication was in order to define the functions, features and tools for the construction process. In the preparation, step the planning and modeling occurred, which resulted in the creation of a diagram and a architectural drawings that specify the features and functionality of the software. The development, unit testing and integrated in interfaces of the modules and areas (administrator, teacher, student, and construction of the NP). Then the transition step was performed, which showed complete and functioning system, as well as the training and use by researchers with its use in practice. In conclusion, this study allowed for the planning and the construction of an educational technology, and it is expected that its implementation will trigger a substantial change in the learning of the nursing process and classifications, with the student being active agent of the learning process. Later, an assessment will be made of functional performance, which will enable the software development, with a feedback, correction of defects and necessary changes. It is believed that the software increment after the reviews, this tool grow further and help insert this methodology and every language under the educational and health institutions, promoting paradigmatic desired change by nursing.

O estudo teve como objetivo comparar os diagnósticos, resultados esperados e prescrições de enfermagem elaborados por enfermeiros, em face de um caso clínico, à luz das classificações da NANDA-I, NOC, NIC e a CIPE®.Trata-se de uma pesquisa de delineamento descritivo, com aplicação de estudo de caso, com 24 enfermeiros de instituições públicas de ensino e de assistência hospitalar da região nordeste do país. Os diagnósticos obtidos no Grupo Acorrespondem a 20 declarações diagnósticas, totalizando 51 rótulos; destes, 54,9% de alta acurácia, 23,5% acurácia nula, 15,7% baixa acurácia e 5,9% acurácia moderada.No Grupo B, 30 afirmativas diagnósticas foram arroladas com 43 declarações; destas, 44,2% na categoria acurácianula, 39,5% com alta acurácia, 16,3% baixa acurácia e nenhuma afirmativa diagnóstica foi classificada na categoria moderada acurácia.Houve convergências entre a NANDA-I e CIPE®para os títulos de diagnósticos de alta acurácia relacionados aos sistemas respiratório, tegumentar e circulatório; As divergência encontradas foram nos títulos dos diagnósticos relacionados aos cuidados com pele, em face donúmero na CIPE® ser maiorpelas combinações dos eixos foco, julgamento e localização. O uso da NANDA-I parece facilitar aos enfermeiros a elaboração de diagnóstico por apresentar características definidoras e fatores relacionados. Nos resultados esperados elaborados pelos enfermeiros do Grupo A, para os diagnósticos de alta acurácia, verificou-se, após mapeamento e refinamento, que os 25 resultados estabelecidos foram correspondentes a 11 resultados sugeridos pela NOC, com predomínio em: Cicatrização de feridas: segunda intenção(1103) e Integridade tissular: pele e mucosas (1101).Para o Grupo B, os 13 resultados de enfermagem estabelecidos para os diagnósticos de alta precisão nem sempre utilizaram no enunciado o mesmo termo do eixo foco e termo do eixo julgamento adotados nas declarações diagnósticas. Em relação às prescrições de enfermagem os diagnósticos de alta acurácia obtiveram-se 101 prescrições no Grupo A, as quais foram correspondentes com as atividades da NIC em 21 intervenções de enfermagem, nos domínios: fisiológico complexo, comportamental e segurança e nas classes: Controle de Pele/ Feridas; Controle de Risco; Controle Respiratório; Controle da Perfusão Tissular; Educação do Paciente; e Apoio Nutricional. Os 54 cuidados prescritos no Grupo B foram mapeados e refinados em 28 intervenções de enfermagem da CIPE® versão 2.0; são elas: Observar a lesão (10013461); Promover a higiene(10032477); Prevenir a úlcera de pressão (10032431); Ensinar sobre os cuidados à ferida(10034961); Promover a higiene(10032477); Avaliar a cicatrização da ferida(10007218); e Cuidar do local da ferida (10004025). O estudo mostrou a aplicabilidade das taxonomias estudadas no cotidiano da prática clínica do enfermeiro e os pontos de convergências e divergências em face à mesma situação clínica. Sugere-se a educação continuada e permanente nos órgãos formadores e nas instituições de saúde para êxito no emprego das taxonomias e consolidação das etapas do processo de cuidar
The objective in this study was to compare the diagnoses, expected outcomes and nursing prescriptions elaborated by nurses in view of a clinical case, in the light of the classifications NANDA-I, NOC, NIC and ICNP®.A descriptive research with a case study design was undertaken, involving 24 nurses from public teaching and hospital care institutions in the Northeast of Brazil. The diagnoses obtained in Group A correspond to 20 diagnostic declarations, totaling 51 labels; 54.9% of these are of high accuracy, 23.5% zero accuracy, 15.7% low accuracy and 5.9% moderate accuracy. In Group B, 30 diagnostic assertions were listed with 43 declarations; 44.2% of these were classified in the zero accuracy category and 39.5% in the high accuracy category, while 16.3% were classified as low accuracy and none of the assertions as moderate accuracy. Convergences were found between NANDA-I andICNP® for the high-accuracy diagnostic titles related to the respiratory, integumentary and circulatory systems; the divergences found were related to the diagnostic titles for skin care, as the number of titles in the ICNP®was higher due to the combinations among the focus, judgment and location axes. The use of NANDA-I seems to make it easier for the nurses to elaborate diagnoses because of its defining characteristics and related factors. In the expected outcomes elaborated by the nurses from Group A, after mapping and refining, it was verified that, for the high- accuracy diagnoses, the 25 outcomes established corresponded to 11 outcomes suggested by NOC, predominantly in: Wound healing: second intention(1103) andTissue integrity: skin and mucosa (1101). For Group B, the 13 nursing outcomes established for the high-accuracy diagnoses did not always use the same terms as the focus and judgment axes adopted in the diagnostic declarations. As regards the nursing prescriptions, for the high-accuracy diagnoses, 101 prescriptions were obtained in Group A, which corresponded to the NIC activities in 21 nursing interventions, in the following domains: complex physiological, behavioral and safety and in the classes: Skin/Wound Control; Risk Control; Respiratory Control; Tissue Perfusion Control; Patient Education; and Nutritional Support. The 54 prescriptions in Group B were mapped and refined in 28 nursing interventions of ICNP® version 2.0; these are: Observe the lesion (10013461); Promote hygiene (10032477); Prevent pressure ulcer (10032431); Teach wound care (10034961); Assess wound healing (10007218); and Take care of the wound site (10004025). The study showed the applicability of the taxonomies studied in daily nursing practice and the points of convergence and divergence in view of the same clinical situation. Continuing education in teaching and health institutions is suggested with a view to the successful use of these taxonomies and the consolidation of the steps of the care process

The independent, complex role of a school nurse requires accurate documentation of assessments, interventions, and outcomes. Consistent documentation by all school nurses is crucial to study the impact of nursing interventions on children's health and success in school. While standardized nursing languages are available, the actual use of these languages is in the infancy stages of implementation. This national survey of school nurses reveals diverse practices in school nursing documentation. Using Everett Rogers' (2003) Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory, a web-based survey allowed respondents to identify their knowledge and attitude towards the use of standardized languages, including NANDA International (NANDA-I), Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). Respondents also rated barriers to adopting the use of NANDA-I, NIC, and NOC (NNN). The results of this survey serve as a foundation for moving the practice of school nursing towards consistent documentation. Ultimately, the implementation of NNN will allow school nurses to document more consistently, base practice decisions on evidence, and improve the health and academic success of children in schools.

The work Nothing around us is based on reflection of the present. From the beginning it was clear that it will deal with the space. The space around us, the environment in which we live, our perception of the surrounding and our feelings from it. The surrounding world is one, but everyone perceive it in their own way because our ideas about the world are different. The Nothing that I wanted to show was always only apparent. Over time, I moved from general considerations of the functioning of the world to explore my own place in it. I focused on myself, on my own feelings and needs, perhaps for the first time in my work. Desire for solitude, peace, freedom from all around was the strongest one. To be somewhere, where I do not perceive anything around me, opens my inner space and allows me to explore happening in it Staying in absolute darkness reminds of already forgotten memories. Mind is able to create the illusion of nonexiatent light. I tried to transfer This state to the light installation in the former factory Mosilana in Brno.

The aim of this thesis, devised as a collaboration between Spain and China, is the characterization of the open clusters NGC 1807, NGC 1817, NGC 2548 and NGC 2682, as well as the analysis of the results in the general framework of the Galactic clusters system. We have obtained astrometric catalogues from photographic plates (Shanghai Astronomical Observatory) and photometric catalogues from CCD uvbyH-beta photometry (Calar Alto and Roque de los Muchachos Observatories), and given membership lists for each cluster. Membership segregation recurs to the combination of parametric and nonparametric statistical methods, in a systematic approach. Moreover, we have determined the physical parameters of the clusters.

NGC1817, in Taurus, is a rich and old open cluster but very poorly studied. We have obtained photometry of a total of 7842 stars in an area of 65'x40' with a limiting magnitude of Combining astrometric and photometric criteria we have selected 1592 members. From this selection we found E(b-y) =0.19±0.05 (E(B-V) = 0.27), V0-MV = 10.9±0.6 and [Fe/H] = ­0.34 ±0.26. From isochrone fitting we get an age of log t = 9.05±0.05 (1.1 Gyr). The study of the size of the cluster gives us a half-sample radius of rh =11.75' (6 pc). NGC1807 is a bright group of stars close to NGC1817. We have not found any support for considering NGC1807 a real physical cluster. NGC1817 is a very extended cluster, with member stars covering the area of NGC1807.

We have obtained photometry of NGC2548 (M48), in Hydra, for a total of 4806 stars in an area of 34'x34' with a limiting magnitude of V aprox. equals to 22. From the selection of 331 members we find E(b-y) = 0.06±0.03 (E(B-V) = 0.08), V0-MV =9.3±0.5 (725pc, that is around 200pc above the Galactic plane) and [Fe/H]= ­0.24±0.27. Best isochrone fitting is for models with overshooting and an age of 400±100 Myr (log t =8.6). The size of the cluster gives us a half-sample radius of rh =14.38' (3.0pc).

NGC2682 (M67), in Cancer, is probably the best studied cluster of the Galaxy. We have used it as standard for the photometric transformations and thus, obtained accurate photometry of 1843 stars in an area of 50'x50' and with limiting magnitude V aprox. equals to 19. From the 776 members we get E(b-y) =0.03±0.03 (E(B-V) =0.04), V0-MV =9.7±0.2 and [Fe/H] =0.01±0.14. Comparing models with and without overshooting we adopt an age of 4.2±0.4 Gyr, coherent with previous studies. From the astrometric selection we get a half-sample radius of rh=9.84' (2.6pc).

All methods used, from the selection of a plate model for proper motions calculation, to the application of methods to the cluster/field segregation, have been rigorously evaluated. Besides the calculation of space velocities and Galactic orbits, we have studied mass functions, analysed mass segregation from luminosity functions, surface brightness profiles of the different stellar populations and relaxation times of the clusters. We have studied the existence of gaps in the main sequence and found a total of four gaps, one being a new detection.

RESUM:

"Estudis astrofísics de cúmuls oberts: NGC1807, NGC1817, NGC2548 i NGC2682"

L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi, producte d'una col·laboració entre Espanya i la Xina, és la caracterització dels cúmuls oberts NGC1807, NGC1817, NGC2548 i NGC2682, així com l'anàlisi dels resultats en el context del sistema de cúmuls oberts de la Galàxia. Hem obtingut catàlegs astromètrics a partir de plaques fotogràfiques (Observatori Astronòmic de Shanghai) i fotomètriques, a partir de fotometria CCD uvbyH-beta (Observatoris de Calar Alto i Roque de los Muchachos), i generat llistes de membres per a cada cúmul. La segregació de membres fa servir de manera sistemàtica la combinació de mètodes paramètrics i no paramètrics. Tanmateix, hem determinat els paràmetres físics dels cúmuls.

NGC1817, en Taure, és un cúmul vell i ric però molt poc estudiat. Van obtenir fotometria d'un total de 7842 estels en un àrea de 65'x40' fins a una magnitud V aprox. igual a 22. Combinant criteris astromètrics i fotomètrics, hem seleccionat 1592 estels membres. A partir d'aquesta selecció es van encontrar valors de E(b-y) =0.19±0.05 (E(B-V)= 0.27), V0-MV = 10.9±0.6 i [Fe/H] = ­0.34±0.26. Dels ajustos d'isòcrones podem deduir una edat de log t = 9.05±0.05 (1.1 Ga). La determinació de la grandària del cúmul ens dóna un radi de semi mostra de rh =11.75' (6.0 pc). NGC1807 és un grup de estels molt brillants a prop de NGC1817. Després de l'estudi fotomètric i astromètric podem concloure que no s'ha trobat cap evidència a favor de l'existència de NGC1807 com cúmul físic real. Per contra, part dels seus estels pertanyen a NGC1817, que és un cúmul molt extens.

De NGC2548 (M48), en Hidra, hem obtingut fotometria per a un total de 4806 estels en un àrea de 34'x34' fins a una magnitud límit de V 22. De la selecció final de 331 estels membres podem trobar E(b-y)= 0.06±0.03 (E(B-V)= 0.08), V0-MV =9.3±0.5 (725pc, és a dir, al voltant d'uns 200pc per sobre del pla galàctic) i [Fe/H]= ­0.24 ±0.27. El millor ajust d'isòcrones resulta per a models amb convecció penetrant d'una edad de 400±100Ma (log t =8.6). El radi de semi mostra calculat a partir de la segregació astromètrica es rh =14.38' (3.0pc). NGC2682 (M67), en Càncer, és probablement el cúmul obert vell més estudiat de la Galàxia. En utilitzar-lo com a estàndard a la transformació de la fotometria, hem obtingut uns resultats de gran qualitat i extensió amb un total de 1843 estels en un àrea de 50'x50' i una magnitud límit V aprox. igual a 19. D'un total de 776 estels membres, hem trobat E(b-y) =0.03±0.03 (E(B-V)=0.04), V0-MV =9.7±0.2 i [Fe/H] =0.01±0.14. De la comparació entre models de convecció penetrant i models canònics, hem adoptat una edat de 4.2±0.4Ga, en coincidència amb estudis anteriors. El radi de semi mostra de laselecció astromètrica es rh=9.84' (2.6pc).

Tots els mètodes utilitzats, des de l'elecció del model de placa per al càlcul de moviments propis fins l'aplicació de mètodes per a la segregació de cúmul i camp, han estat avaluats de manera rigorosa i crítica, adoptant-los a cada cas particular. A més del càlcul de les velocitats espacials i òrbites galàctiques, s'han estudiat les funcions de massa, analitzant la segregació de masses a partir de funcions de lluminositat, perfils de brillantor superficial de les distintes poblacions d'estels i els temps de relaxació dels cúmuls. Hem estudiat l'existència de buits a la seqüència principal i n'hem trobat un total de quatre, un dels quals representa una nova detecció.
"Estudios astrofísicos de cúmulos abiertos: NGC 1807, NGC 1817, NGC 2548 y NGC 2682ç"

El objetivo de esta tesis, producto de la colaboración entre España y China, es la caracterización de los cúmulos abiertos NGC 1807, NGC 1817, NGC 2548 y NGC 2682, así como el análisis de los resultados en el contexto del sistema de cúmulos de la Galaxia. Se han obtenido catálogos astrométricos a partir de placas fotográficas (Observatorio Astronómico de Shanghai) y fotométricos a partir de fotometría CCD uvbyH-beta (Observatorios de Calar Alto y Roque de los Muchachos), y generado listas de miembros para cada cúmulo. La segregación de miembros recurre de manera sistemática a la combinación de métodos estadísticos paramétricos y no-paramétricos. Asimismo, se han determinado los parámetros físicos de los cúmulos.

NGC1817, en Tauro, es un cúmulo viejo y rico pero poco estudiado. Se ha obtenido fotometría de un total de 7842 estrellas en un área de 65'x40' con magnitud límite V aprox. igual a 22. Combinando criterios astrométricos y fotométricos, se han seleccionado 1592 estrellas miembro. A partir de esta selección se encontraron los valores de E (b-y) =0.19±0.05 (E(B-V)= 0.27), V0-MV= 10.9±0.6 i [Fe/H] = ­0.34±0.26. Del ajuste de isocronas se obtiene una edad delog t = 9.05±0.05 (1.1 Ga). La determinación del tamaño del cúmulo da un radio de semimuestra de rh =11.75' (6.0 pc). NGC1807 es un grupo de estrellas brillantes cercano a NGC1817. Tras el estudio fotométrico y astrométrico podemos concluir que no hay ninguna evidencia a favor de la existencia de NGC1807 como un cúmulo físico real. Al contrario, parte de sus estrellas forman parte de NGC1817 que es un cúmulo muy extenso.

De NGC2548 (M48), en Hidra, hemos obtenido fotometría de un total de 4806 estrellas en un area de 34'x34' con una magnitud límite de V aprox. igual a 22 . De la selección final de 331 estrellas miembro encontramos E(b-y)= 0.06±0.03 (E(B-V) = 0.08), V0-MV =9.3±0.5 (725pc,es decir, alrededor de 200pc sobre el plano galáctico) y [Fe/H]= ­0.24±0.27. El mejor ajuste de isocronas es para modelos con convección penetrante con una edad de 400±100Ma (log t =8.6). El radio de semimuestra calculado a partir de la segregación astrométrica es rh =14.38' (3.0pc).

De NGC2682 (M67), en Cáncer, es probablemente el cúmulo abierto viejo más estudiado de la Galaxia. Al utilizarlo como estándar en la transformación de la fotometría, hemos obtenido unos resultados de gran calidad y extensión con un total de 1843 estrellas en un área de 50'x50' y una magnitud límite V aprox. igual a 19. Del total de 776 miembros, encontramos E(b-y) =0.03±0.03 (E(B-V) =0.04), V0-MV =9.7±0.2 y [Fe/H] =0.01±0.14. De la comparación entre modelos de convección penetrante y modelos canónicos, adoptamos una edad de 4.2±0.4Ga, en coincidencia con estudios anteriores. El radio de semimuestra de la selección astrométrica es rh=9.84' (2.6pc).

Todos los métodos utilizados, desde la elección del modelo de placa para el cálculo de los movimientos propios, hasta la aplicación de métodos a la segregación de cúmulo y campo, han sido evaluados de manera rigurosa. Además del cálculo de las velocidades espaciales y órbitas galácticas, se han estudiado las funciones de masa, analizado la segregación de masas a partir de funciones de luminosidad, perfiles de brillo superficial de las distintas poblaciones estelares y los tiempos de relajación de los cúmulos. Hemos estudiado la existencia de huecos en la secuencia principal y encontrado un total de cuatro huecos, uno de los cuales es una nueva detección.

Neste trabalho investigamos o comportamento dos gradientes de metalicidade, o histórico da formação estelar e do gás ionizado nas galáxias elípticas NGC5903, NGC6868, NGC5044 e da galáxia lenticular NGC3607. Cada objeto é membro mais brilhante do seu grupo. Os índices Mg2λ5176, FeIλ5270, FeIλ5335, FeIλ5406, FeIλ5709, FeIλ5782, NaIλ5895 e TiOλ6237 medidos nesses objetos apresentam um considerável gradiente negativo. Os índices Mg2 e FeI5270,5335 medidos em NGC6868 apresentam uma boa correlação entre si indicando que o mecanismo reponsável pelo enriquecimento químico possivelmente é o mesmo. Esse mesmo comportamento do gradiente não foi observado nos demais objetos. Os gradientes dMg2/dlog r calculados para NGC6868, NGC5903, NGC3607 e NGC5044 são (dMg2/dlog r)6868 = −0.08, (dMg2/dlog r)5903 = −0.04, (dMg2/dlog r)NGC 3607 = −0.02 e (dMg2/dlog r)NGC 5044 = −0.07, respectivamente. A massa estimada para cada objeto foi MNGC 6868 = (3.2±0.1)×1011M, MNGC 5903 = (1.8±0.1)×1011M, MNGC 3607 = (0.9±0.1)×1011M e MNGC 5044 = (2.0±0.1)×1011M. A não correlação entre a massa e o gradiente (dMg2/dlog r) indica que NGC6868, NGC5903, NGC3607 e NGC5044 tiveram, pelo menos, um evento de fusão com outra galáxia. A dispersão de velocidades das estrelas e a luminosidade das galáxias estudadas satisfazem o plano fundamental. A síntese de população estelar revela que NGC6868 e NGC5903 possuem dois tipos de populações: uma com idade de aproximadamente 13 bilhões de anos e outra com 5 bilhões de anos. NGC5044 converteu todo seu gás em estrelas em um único evento ocorrido há cerca de 10 bilhões de anos. NGC3607 teve 3 eventos de formação estelar: um há aproximadamente 13 bilhões de anos e se concentra na região central da galáxia, e os outros dois mais recentes, onde converteram o gás restante em estrelas há cerca de 1 a 5 bilhões de anos ocorrendo nas regiões mais externas. Os modelos SSP (single-aged stellar population) indicam que NGC6868, NGC5903 e NGC5044 apresentam núcleos metálicos ([Z/Z⊙] ≥ +0.33). O excesso de elementos α em relação a ferro nas regiões externas de NGC6868 and NGC5903 sugere eventos de supernovas do tipo II nessa região. Por outro lado, NGC5044 apresenta excesso de elementos α em relação a ferro no seu núcleo. NGC3607 possui metalicidade menor que solar (−0.67 < [Z/Z⊙] < −0.35) e os resultados indicam ainda que não há excesso de elementos α em relação a ferro nesse objeto. NGC5044 é uma galáxia metálica ([Z/Z⊙] ~ +0.33). O excesso de elementos α em relação a ferro sugere supernovas de tipo II no núcleo desse objeto. NGC6868, NGC3607 e NGC5044 apresentam fortes linhas de emissão ([NII], [SII], [OI] e Hα ). As razões [NII]/Hα , [SII]/Hα e [OI]6300/Hα vs. [SII]6731/Hα medidos no núcleo desses objetos mostram que elas possuem um núcleo ativo do tipo LINERs.
In this work we investigate the metalicity gradients, stellar population history and ionized gas in the elliptical galaxies NGC5903, NGC6868 and NGC5044, and the lenticular galaxy NGC3607. Objects belong to different galaxy groups. Mg2λ5176, FeIλ5270, FeIλ5335, FeIλ5406, FeIλ5709, FeIλ5782, NaIλ5895 and TiOλ6237 indices measured in these objects present a negative gradient. The Mg2 and FeI5270,5335 indices, measured in NGC6868 are well correlated. This result suggests that these elements underwent the same enrichment process. dMg2/dlog r gradients computed for NGC6868, NGC5903, NGC3607 and NGC5044 are (dMg2/dlog r)6868 = −0.08, (dMg2/dlog r)5903 = −0.04, (dMg2/dlog r)NGC 3607 = −0.02 and (dMg2/dlog r)NGC 5044 = −0.07, respectively. The estimated mass for each object is MNGC 6868 = (3.2 ± 0.1) × 1011M⊙, MNGC 5903 = (1.8±0.1)×1011M⊙, MNGC 3607 = (0.9±0.1)×1011M⊙ and MNGC 5044 = (2.0±0.1)×1011M⊙. The non correlation between mass and dMg2/dlog r indicates that NGC6868, NGC5903, NGC3607 e NGC5044 had at least one merger event. The stellar velocity dispersion and luminosity of NGC6868, NGC5903 and NGC5044 are consistent with the fundamental plane of the elliptical galaxies. The stellar population synthesis shows two different populations for NGC6868 and NGC5903, one with 13 Gyr and the other with 5 Gyr. In NGC5044 the gas was converted into stars in a single star formation event approximately 10 Gyr ago. The synthesis shows three different stellar populations in NGC3607. In the central parts the 13 Gyr population dominates, while in the external parts, the 5Gyr and 1 Gyr populations dominate. SSP (single-aged stellar population) models indicate that NGC6868, NGC5903 and NGC5044 have metallicity [Z/Z0] ≥ +0.33 in the nuclear regions. The ratio [α/Fe] suggests that there was a large number of type II supernovae in the external parts of NGC6868 and NGC5903. However, in NGC5044, the explosions took place in the nuclear region. NGC3607 has metallicity −0.67 < [Z/Z⊙] < −0.35. The emission lines [NII], [SII], [OI] and Hα are strong in NGC6868, NGC3607 and NGC5044. The [NII]/Hα and [SII]/Hα ratios measured in the nuclear region in these galaxies show that they are LINERs.

Esse trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo dos aglomerados globulares NGC 6366 e NGC 6397, que estão classificados entre os mais próximos do Sol, através do ajuste de isócronas aos dados fotométricos obtidos em B (4200Å) e V (5500 Å)com o telescópio SOAR e ACS F606W (6060 Å) e F814W (8140 Å) com o Telescópio Espacial Hubble (HST). NGC 6366 é um aglomerado relativamente aberto, de magnitude visual aparente V=9.2 e alta extinção. Com nossos dados do SOAR nas bandas fotométricas B e V conseguimos medir até estrelas de magnitude V=23.5. Com os dados HST, obtidos por Sarajedini et al. (2007) nas bandas F606W e F814W, detectamos até magnitude F606W=26.5 mag. Nós ajustamos isócronas de Padova [Girardi et al. (2000) e Marigo et al. (2008)] calculadas para este trabalho e incluindo a seqüência de esfriamento de anãs brancas, e encontramos d= (3.8±0.4) kpc, E (B-V)=0.64±0.02, com a massa média das estrelas no ponto de saída da seqüência principal de (0.89±0.02)MSol. Além disso, detectamos 31 estrelas com cores correspondentes a anãs brancas com massa média 0.4MSol. O outro aglomerado, NGC 6397, é atualmente classificado como o segundo mais próximo do Sol e foi o primeiro aglomerado a ter dados obtidos para toda a seqüência principal, detectada até o limite de queima de hidrogênio (0.08 MSol) (Richer et al. 2008). Nós obtivemos esses dados de Richer et al. (2008), ajustamos as isócronas de Padova contendo toda a seqüência de evolução até as anãs brancas e mostramos que o ajuste simultâneo da seqüência principal e a de esfriamento das anãs brancas resultaram em uma melhor determinação de distancia, idade, avermelhamento e até metalicidade. Com o ajuste da isócrona, encontramos idade (12±1)Gano, metalicidade Z=0.00012 {[Fe/H]=-2.2, para δ[α/Fe]=0} e distância d=(2.7±0.2)kpc. Esses valores restringiram nossa liberdade de mover os modelos de seqüência de esfriamento de anãs brancas e, ajustando os modelos de Bergeron (2008), encontramos uma massa média entre 0.50 e 0.54MSol. Outra característica importante da seqüência de esfriamento das anãs brancas é que em F814W=26.5 mag detectamos a presença de um acúmulo de estrelas que permitiu o estudo da física da cristalização do núcleo de anãs brancas, por Winget et al. (2009), demonstrando a existência de liberação de calor latente; também vemos que em cerca de F814W=27.6 mag, a seqüência de esfriamento termina com uma volta para o azul causada pela absorção induzida por colisões de H e He.
Our work was aimed at studying the globular clusters NGC 6366 and NGC 6797, classified among the closest to the Sun, fitting the color-magnitude data obtained in B (4200 Å) and V (5500 Å)with the 4.1m SOAR Telescope and ACS F606W (6060 Å)and F814W (8140 Å) data with the Hubble Space Telescope obtained by Richer et al. (2008). NGC 6366 is a sparsely condensated globular cluster, with apparent visual magnitude V=9.2 and high extinction. With our SOAR data in the photometric bands B and V we detected until magnitude V=23.5. With HST data, obtained by Sarajedini et al. (2007), in the photometric bands F606W and F814W, they detected until magnitude F606W=26.5 mag. We fitted Padova isochrones [Girardi et al. (2000) e Marigo et al. (2008)], with added white dwarf cooling sequence, and found d=(3.8±0.4)kpc, E(B-V)=0.64±0.02, with a mean mass of the stars in the main sequence turnoff equals to 0.89±0.02MSun. We also detected 31 stars with colors appropriate for white dwarf stars with mean mass of the order of 0.4MSun. NGC 6397 is currently classified as the second closest to the Sun and was the first cluster to have data of all the main sequence until the burning hydrogen limit around 0.08MSun (Richer et al. 2008). We fitted Padova isochrones with all the evolution sequence and showed that the simultaneous fit of the main sequence and the white dwarf cooling sequence result in better determination of distance, age, reddening and even metallicity. With the isochrone fitting, for age, metallicity and distance, we found (12±1)Gyr, Z=0.00012 {[Fe/H]=-2.2, for δ[α/Fe]=0} and d=(2.7±0.2) kpc. These values restricted our freedom to slide white dwarf cooling sequence models and, fitting Bergeron’s atmospheric models (2008) we found a mean mass among 0.50 and 0.54MSun. Other important feature of the white dwarf cooling sequence is that at F814W=26.5 mag we detected the presence of a concentration of stars that allowed the study of the physics of crystallization in the white dwarf stars core, by Winget et al. (2009), demonstrating the existence of the existence of latent heat release, predicted by Van Horn (1968); we also notice that around F814W=27.6 mag, the cooling sequence ends with a blue turn caused by collision induced absorption of H and He.

NEC(ROMANTIC) is a poetry collection thematically linked through images of insects, celestial bodies, bones, and other elements of the supernatural. These images are indicative of spells, but the parenthesis around romantic in the collection’s title also implies idealism. The poems explore the author’s experiences with death, grief, love, oppression, and addiction. NEC(ROMANTIC) employs the use of traditional forms such as the villanelle, sestina, and haiku to organize these experiences. Prose poetry and a peca kucha ground the center of NEC(ROMANTIC) which alternates between lyrical and narrative gestures. NEC(ROMANTIC) is influenced by Sylvia Plath. The author uses Plath’s methods of compression, sound, and rhythm to create a swift, child-like tone when examining emotionally laden topics. Ilya Kaminsky influences lyrical elements of the poems, including surrealism. Spencer Reese’s combination of the natural and personal world is also paramount to this book. Adrienne Rich and Audre Lorde influence NEC(ROMANTIC)’s political poetry.

The projecting time in the construction industry needs to become more efficient to shorten the amount of time it takes to project a build. One of the North's leading construction company NCC constuction Sweden AB has developed a form of collaboration called ”NCC project studio” that they use in some projects today. My thesis consists in bringing forth the most important aspects of the collaboration form called NCC project studio. The point of this is to use my thesis to help the company develop a quality document that can assist them when starting collaboration based on NCC project studio in the future. The conclusion of my thesis was that much of the focus needs to be on explaining to the participants what NCC is aiming to gain from working with the NCC project studio and also which important parts that needs to be worked on.

Cerâmicas à base de alumina pertencem à classe de materiais denominados estruturais, muito utilizados em ferramentas de corte. A alumina possui boas propriedades para uso como cerâmica estrutural e com o objetivo de melhorar suas tenacidade à fratura e resistência mecânica, são produzidos compósitos com diferentes aditivos. Novos estudos apontam para os micro-nanocompósitos, onde a adição de partículas micrométricas deve auxiliar no aumento da resistência mecânica, e de partículas nanométricas, no aumento da tenacidade à fratura. Neste trabalho foram obtidos micro-nanocompósitos à base de Al2O3 com inclusão de partículas nanométricas de NbC e micrométricas de WC com proporções de 2:1, 6:4, 10:5 e 15:10 e micro-nanocompósitos à base de Al2O3 com inclusão de partículas nanométricas de NbC e micrométricas de TaC com proporção de 2:1 em relação à alumina. Para o estudo de densificação, os micro-nanocompósitos foram sinterizados em dilatômetro com taxa de aquecimento de 20 °C / min até a temperatura de 1800 °C, em atmosfera de argônio. Com base nos resultados de dilatometria, corpos de prova foram sinterizados entre 1500°C e 1700°C, com patamar de 30 minutos, em forno resistivo de grafite e atmosfera de argônio. Foram determinadas as densidades, fases cristalinas formadas, durezas e tenacidades, e analisadas as microestruturas dos micro-nanocompósitos. As amostras Al2O3:NbC:TaC sinterizadas a 1700°C atingiram as maiores densidades aparentes (~95%DT) e a amostra sinterizada a 1600°C apresentou microestrutura homogênea e valor de dureza (15,8 GPa) em comparação à alumina pura. As composições com 3% de inclusões são as mais promissoras para aplicações futuras como ferramentas de corte.
Alumina based ceramics belong to a class of materials designated as structural, which are widely used in cutting tools. Although alumina has good properties for application as a structural ceramics, composites with different additives have been produced with the aim of improving its fracture toughness and mechanical strength. New studies point out micro-nanocomposites, wherein the addition of micrometric particles should enhance mechanical strength, and nano-sized particles enhance fracture toughness. In this work, alumina based micro-nanocomposites were obtained by including nano-sized NbC and micrometer WC particles at 2:1, 6:4, 10:5 and 15:10 vol% proportions, and also with the inclusion of nano-sized NbC and micrometer TaC particles at 2:1 vol% proportion. For the study of densification, micro-nanocomposites were sintered in a dilatometer with a heating rate of 20°C/min until a temperature of 1800°C in argon atmosphere. Based on the dilatometry results, specimens were sintered in a resistive graphite furnace under argon atmosphere between 1500°C and 1700°C by holding the sintering temperature for 30 minutes. Densities, crystalline phases, hardness and tenacity were determined, and micro-nanocomposites microstructures were analyzed. The samples Al2O3: NbC: TaC sintered at 1700 ° C achieved the greater apparent density (~ 95% TD) and the sample sintered at 1600 ° C showed homogeneous microstructure and increased hardness value (15.8 GPa) compared to the pure alumina . The compositions with 3% inclusions are the most promising for future applications.

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Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Denna rapport beskriver utvecklandet av ett tidsrapporteringssystem som tillämpar Near-Field-Communication[NFC]-tekniken. Systemet är i första hand avsett för ett företag där systemet i sig är framtaget med moderna tekniker och utvecklades med syn på expandering och vidareutveckling. En webbapplikation har utvecklats som består utav en server, databas och webbsida. Servern kan ta emot förfrågningar för att hantera information som finns lagrad i databasen. Webbsidan kan hantera och se över tidsrapporter i ett användargränssnitt som kan nås med hjälp utav en webbläsare. Systemet innehåller en station som använder sig utav en NFC-läsare för att läsa av information ifrån externa NFC-enheter. Informationen som läses av skickas vidare, via Wi-Fi, till servern för att antingen registrera en ny station eller skapa en tidsloggning. En mobil applikation har utvecklats till mobiltelefoner som använder sig utav operativsystemet Android och har inbyggt NFC-stöd. En mobiltelefon som stödjer dessa kriterier kan svepas över en station för att utföra en tidsloggning. Mobiltelefonen kan själv utföra skapa, modifiera, ta bort och hämta tidsloggningar. GPS är integrerat för navigering och för att koppla ihop position med en tidsloggning.
This report describes the development of a time reporting system that applies the Near-Field Communication [NFC] technology. The system is primarily intended for a company where the system itself is designed with modern techniques and was developed with the vision of expansion and further development. A web application has been developed that consists of a server, database, and a web page. The server can receive requests to manage the information stored in the database. The web page can manage and review the time logs in a user interface that can be accessed with a browser. The system includes a station that uses a NFC-reader to read information from the external NFC devices. The information is then forwarded, with the help of Wi-Fi, to the server to either register a new station or create a time log. It also has a mobile application developed for mobile phones that use Android as operating system and has built-in NFC support. A mobile phone that supports these criteria may be swept over a station to perform a time log. The mobile phone can carry out create, modify, delete, and view time logs. GPS is integrated for navigation and to connect a position with a time log.

I detta examensarbete har en studie i samarbete med NCC Construction AB i Umeå genomförts. Studien handlar om ett arbetsmiljörapporteringssystem som heter Synergi.Syftet med detta projekt är att få Synergi att bli mer användbart för personal som jobbar på NCC samt att identifiera de problem som kan finnas i systemet.Målet för studien är att hitta förbättringsmöjligheter för att underlätta systemanvändning. Dessa förbättringsmöjligheter är tänkt att bidra till att systemet ska bli mer användbart. Genom att registrera och systematisera alla tillbud, olyckor och observationer kommer man att kunna reducera incidenter.Resultatet från intervjuerna visar, utöver de fördelar systemet har, att det finns nackdelar och svagheter i systemet som bör åtgärdas. Exempel på dessa nackdelar och svagheter är att systemet inte är känt bland NCCs personal, särskilt för yrkesarbetare samt har vissa struktur- och funktionsproblem. När ärenderegistrering har påbörjats går det inte att spara för senare slutföring. Vissa fält är betydelselösa eller kan göras bättre, samt att tillgång till ärenden som rapporterades är krångliga.Ett förbättringsförslag är introduktionsföreläsningar som sker tills all personal börjar känna till och tillämpa systemet. Dessutom bör struktur- och funktionsproblem åtgärdas som t.ex. tillgång till ärendet som rapporterades ska bli enklare genom att sätta en snabblänk till det i startsidan. Statusfältet vid ärenderegistrering är betydelselös och det fält som att anmälan gjorts till försäkringskassan och AFA bör ändras till en checklista genom val med klickalternativ istället för den nuvarande formen. Rekommenderas gör också att slutförande och ärenderegistrering görs av en person som blir ansvarig för Synergis ärenderegistreirng, det hjälper tjänstemän på arbetsplatsen att inte lägga tid på det.
In this thesis, a study has been carried out in conjunction with NCC Construction AB in Umeå. The study is about a working environment reporting system called Synergi. The purpose of this study is to make the system known and useful among staff who work with and for NCC, and to explore the problems and weaknesses that should be addressed. The goal of the study is to find improvement opportunities to facilitate system use. This helps the system to be useful, which in turn will reduce incidents by registering and systematizing all incidents, accidents and observations. The results of the interviews show, that in addition to the benefits, there are drawbacks and weaknesses in the system that should be addressed. Examples of these drawbacks and weaknesses are that the system is not known among NCC staff, and certain structural and functional problems. Once the case registration has been started, the cace can not be saved to be finished later. Some fields are unimportant or can be presented in a better way, and that access to cases that were reported are complicated. Suggestions for improvement recommendations are introductory lectures. They should be given until all staff begin to know and apply the system. In addition, structural and functional problems should be addressed, such as access to the cases that were reported will be easier to find by putting quick link to the home page. Status bar at the case registration is irrelevant. The field to the notification to the social insurance and AFA should be changed to a checklist choice, instead of the current form. It is also recommended that the case registration should be transfered to a person who will be responsible for Synergis case registreirng. It helps officials in the workplace to save time.

My diploma thesis deals with the introduction and analysis of the NDC system (Notional Defined Contribution). I devote myself to pension system in the Czech Republic too. The diploma thesis provides informations on individual elements of the NDC system and its financial sustainability. In the theoretical part I deal with the pension systems in general and with states that have already introduced the NDC system. In the practical part I deal with the pension system of the Czech Republic in according to the questionnaire. I try to evaluate whether the NDC system is advantageous for the Czech Republic.

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short range wireless communication technology that enables data exchange between devices. NFC is used in many different areas, from subway tickets to authentication systems. This paper presents possible security threats to Near Field Communication and documented attacks that have been used to target various NFC protocols. Weaknesses in different NFC protocols will be presented and suggestions on how to counter certain weaknesses will be discussed. This survey will be valuable for companies interested in protecting their data when using or planning to use NFC systems.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
One of the main theories to explain the Be phenomenon is that they are hot stars with rotation speed close to the critical limit, ejecting matter and forming a gaseous disk around. Its geometry and kinematics is still a controversial subject. Those objects present H® line in emission among other phenomena. In this work are present observations of hot stars in young open clusters and the detection of Be stars. The study of Be stars in open clusters is a matter of interest because these objects keep the initial signatures of their initial formation. Most of Be stars known in open clusters were identified inside the Milky Way Galaxy, but not all were observed. Most of the observations concentrate on seeking the characteristics lines in emission for stars with low magnitude. As a consequence the complete scenario of incidence of Be stars in open clusters is still uncertain, what incentives its observation. In this work, we studied thirty two stars of the spectral type B, from NGC 4755 and NGC 6530 stellar clusters. As a first step we accomplished an analysis of the stars that present the Be phenomenon. Than, we estimate physical parameters of B and Be stars using the lines of HeI 4471 and MgII 4481 Å. We also accomplished a comparison among the vseni values calculated by several methods including the AMOEBA algorithm and other two methods elaborated using the IDL platform. For high-speeds (» 300 Km/s), there is a superestimative of the FWHM method for both clusters. But for low-speeds, there is consistence between values of vseni obtained with the FWHM method and AMOEBA.
Uma das principais teorias para explicar o fenômeno Be é que são estrelas quentes com velocidade de rotação próxima da velocidade crítica, ejetando matéria formando um disco gasoso ao seu redor. Sua geometria e cinemática ainda é um assunto calorosamente discutido. Esses objetos apresentam emissões nas linhas de Balmer, entre outros fenômenos. Neste trabalho são apresentadas observações de estrelas quentes em aglomerados jovens abertos e a detecção de Be nestes. O estudo de estrelas Be em aglomerados abertos é de particular interesse porque estes objetos guardam as assinaturas das condições iniciais de sua formação. A maioria das estrelas Be conhecidas em aglomerados abertos foram identificadas na Via Láctea, a maioria das observações concentra-se em procurar as linhas em emissão características nas estrelas de baixa magnitude. Como conseqüência a completeza de incidência de estrelas Be em aglomerados abertos é incerta, o que leva a um estímulo para o seu estudo. Nesse trabalho, foram estudadas trinta e duas estrelas do tipo espectral B, selecionadas dos aglomerados NGC 4755 e NGC 6530. Em uma primeira etapa, foi realizada uma análise das estrelas que apresentam o fenômeno Be. Depois, foram determinados os parâmetros físicos de estrelas B e Be utilizando as linhas de HeI 4471 e MgII 4481 Å. Foi realizada, ainda, uma comparação entre os valores de vseni calculados com o algoritmo AMOEBA e os valores obtidos com os programas elaborados no IDL. Para altas velocidades (» 300 Km/s), há superestimativas do método FWHM, para ambos os aglomerados. Mas para baixas velocidades, há consistência entre os valores de vseni obtidos com o método FWHM e AMOEBA.

This thesis seeks to demonstrate the extent to which the figure of Eve operated in twelfth-century commentary on Genesis as a crucial means by which to examine some of the most fundamental and problematic areas of the hexaemeron and fall narratives. Amid the twelfth-century’s flourishing corpus of writing on the creation and fall of mankind, Eve emerges not as an expedient model of female iniquity or a credulous victim of diabolic casuistry, but as a valued equivalent and peer to Adam (‘nec ancilla nec domina sed socia’, in the words of Hugh of St Victor). Moreover, Eve lies at the heart of twelfth-century debate surrounding the challenging issues of how and why mankind was created, why the existence of sin and evil was permitted, the action of temptation and sin, and the composition of the created world. However, there has been no substantial treatment of representations of Eve in the central middle ages, and modern scholarship has frequently been content to assume that medieval responses to the first woman are universally misogynistic. This thesis aims both to address this historiographical lacuna, and to examine the hitherto neglected function of Eve as a means by which to elucidate some of the major theological and philosophical preoccupations of this formative period. In order to do this, the thesis examines representations of Eve as the first woman (Chapter I), the first wife/mother (Chapter II) and the first sinner (Chapter III) in a corpus of texts centred around six of the major twelfth-century treatments of Eve and the creation/fall narrative. These are Guibert of Nogent’s Moralia in Genesim, Abelard’s Expositio in hexameron, Hugh of St Victor’s De sacramentis, Hildegard of Bingen’s Scivias, Peter Lombard’s Sentences, and the Anglo-Norman Jeu d’Adam.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
El objetivo principal de este trabajo es responder a la interrogante recién formulada y determinar si la Reglamentación y el procedimiento de mediación y arbitraje de NIC Chile se ajustan al orden constitucional y legal vigente. A medida que se vaya desarrollando la investigación, el lector podrá percatarse que la Reglamentación de NIC Chile no es otra cosa que un contrato regido por el Derecho Privado, y que este contrato se ajusta, en general, al orden jurídico chileno. No obstante, existen ciertos aspectos de esta normativa que presentan problemas de legalidad, como acontece con la facultad de NIC Chile para modificar el contenido del contrato en forma unilateral por infringir las normas constitucionales sobre protección a la propiedad privada; o los problemas que se constatan en la constitución del arbitraje, donde se obvia el cumplimiento de requisitos legales, dejando supeditada la validez del juicio al comportamiento ulterior de las partes. Además, se constatan una serie de dificultades de interpretación y/o aplicación de la Reglamentación, como pasa con las causales de revocación de dominio, la fijación de los honorarios arbitrales, y el escaso desarrollo de las obligaciones del mediador, que comprometen, en definitiva, la seguridad jurídica de los usuarios del sistema.

Magistro baigiamasis darbas skirtas išnagrinėti tarptautinės sutarčių teisės principo pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt ir Tarptautinio Baudžiamojo Teismo Romos Statuto nuostatų santykį. Pagrindine tiriamojo darbo užduotimi autorė laiko Romos Statuto normų dėl jurisdikcijos turinio atskleidimą tiek istoriniu, tiek įtvirtinimo aspektu, o taip pat šių normų įvertinimą pacta tertiis principo kontekste. Tyrimą sudaro trys dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje aptariama Tarptautinio Baudžiamojo Teismo Statute įtvirtintos jurisdikcijos įtvirtinimo istorinės aplinkybės kaip travaux preparatoires, pateikiamas detalus Statute įtvirtintų jurisdikcinių normų aptarimas bei autorės samprotavimai dėl šių normų aiškinimo. Nagrinėjamos ratione materiae, ratione temporis, ratione personae bei ratione loci jurisdikcijos, aptariamas iniciatyvinis mechanizmas. Atskirai aptariama Jungtinių Tautų Saugumo Tarybos įtaka Romos Statuto normų įgyvendinimui. Antrojoje dalyje autorė pateikia nagrinėjamo pacta tertiis principo susiformavimo prielaidas, jo įtvirtinimą tarptautinėje sutarčių teisėje bei nagrinėja paties principo ir su juo susijusių sąvokų turinį. Pateikiama tarptautinė teisminė praktika dėl pacta tertiis principo aiškinimo. Išnagrinėjama pacta tertiis principo išimtis. Atskleidžiamas „trečiųjų šalių“ sąvokos turinys. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje autorė aptaria Tarptautinio Baudžiamojo Teismo subsidiarumo principo, betarpiškai susijusio su pacta tertiis, egzistavimą ir universalumo „elementus“... [to full text]
This work of master theses is intended to survey the relation between the principle of international treaty law: pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt and provisions of Statute of International Criminal Court. The author considers as the main assignment of this work – the relevance of provisions of International Criminal Court Statute in historical and formalization aspects and also in context of pacta tertiis principle. The research encompasses three parts. In the first part the author discusses the settlement of jurisdiction of International Criminal Court, while analysing the travaux preparatories. Further, the detailed analysis and comments on jurisdictional provisions are given. The jurisdictional grounds such as ratione materiae, ratione temporis, ratione personae and ratione loci, the trigger mechanisms are being analysed further. Moreover, the role of United Nations‘ Security Council towards implementation of Statute provisions is discussed. The second part is assigned to revealing the historical settlement of pacta tertiis principle, it‘s formalization in international law of treaties and analysing the substance of pacta tertiis principle and other relative concepts. Judicial practice for interpreting pacta tertiis is also introduced. The exception to pacta tertiis rule is also scrutinized as well as the concept of the „third states“. The third part encompasses the elements of universality in the Statute and the principle of subsidiarity, which is closely related to... [to full text]

Questa tesi ha l'obiettivo di creare un'idea il più chiara possibile riguardo la tranquillità d'animo in Seneca, attraverso la lettura, in primo luogo, delle opere di prosa del filosofo, portando poi a sostegno della nostra tesi le riflessioni e i contributi della letteratura specialistica. A tale scopo, si cercherà innanzitutto di rintracciarne le fonti nel pensiero greco: sicuramente stoico, ma anche epicureo, aristotelico, socratico. In secondo luogo, andremo a percorrere le tappe lungo le quali Seneca articola la descrizione della "tranquillitas" e del suo opposto: le passioni. Sarà anche interessante rinvenire nella biografia senecana occasioni di incoerenza e riflettere su come esse si possano rapportare col pensiero stoico.

Contactless automatic identification procedures which are called RFID systems (Radio-frequency Identification) have become very popular in recent years for transferring power and data. With the development of RFID technology, the demand of easy transmitting of short data packages has made NFC (Near-field Communication) technology wildly used especially in mobile applications. The communication between a mobile and a tag is achieved through a magnetic field generated by the mobile’s NFC interface. In order to get a maximal power transmission, the tag circuit is designed to operate at the resonance frequency of 13.56 MHz, which is equal to the operation frequency of the mobile’s NFC interface. As mutual inductances provided by different kinds of mobiles exist divergence, optimal power transfer cannot be reached every time. This thesis focuses on the optimization of power transfer during the communications between tags and mobiles with uncertain NFC coils. By incorporating a self-tuning parallel variable capacitance compensation circuitry the resonance frequency of an NFC tag circuit can be self-tuned to 13.56 MHz to ensure an optimal power transmission. This thesis presents both theoretical and experimental analysis of this improved self-tuning NFC circuitry in detail and demonstrates that by digitally tuning a parallel capacitor circuit, the energy transferred to an NFC tag can be optimized when facing different kinds of NFC-enabled mobile phones.

Near Field Communication (NFC) växer i popularitet och byggs in i allt fler mobiltelefoner. Den här rapporten beskriver hur man på ett säkert sätt identifierar en godkänd användare via NFC. NFC saknar helt skydd för det data som överförs via RF. Den i rapporten beskrivna identifieringsprocessen skyddar den överförda identiteten mot kopiering och säkerställer att avlyssning av kommunikationen mellan NFC enheterna inte gör det möjligt för en obehörig att imitera en behörig användare och därmed själv bli identifierad som behörig. Syftet med arbetet är att:  Undersöka om en NFC-enhet kan användas som nyckel för att starta en bil. Följande fråga kommer att besvaras i denna rapport:  Hur implementeras en säker överföring av en identitet via NFC? Som metod användes aktionsforskning vilket innebär att man efter teoretiska studier kommer fram till en eller flera möjliga lösningar på det problem ska lösas. Därefter genomförs praktiska experiment för att bekräfta eller avfärda lösningen eller för att jämföra olika lösningars för- och nackdelar. Slutligen dokumenteras resultaten. För att hitta möjliga lösningar till problemet studerades först hur kryptering och hashning fungerar och hur de kunde användas i den specifika tillämpningen. Även metoden med synkroniserade listor utvärderades. Det viktiga spörsmålet, att göra avlyssning och kopiering av kommunikationen verkningslös, löstes genom att säkerställa att varje meddelande som överför identiteten var unikt. Efter en teoretisk jämförelse av de olika metoderna valdes hashning av en saltad identitet ut att implementeras och testas. För att kunna genomföra de praktiska testerna utvecklades ett kretskort baserad på NFC-controllern PN532 med tillhörande programvara. Detta gjordes i två steg där vi först utvecklade protokollhanteringen i en 8-bitars enchipsdator och därefter anpassades koden till en mer avancerad Linuxdator. Protokollimplementeringen genomfördes med hjälp av tidigare examensarbete "Dataöverföring mellan en mobiltelefon och en NFC-läsare" av Linda Karlsson [1]. I det avslutande kapitlet diskuteras hur den i rapporten beskrivna lösningen kan utvecklas vidare genom att med hjälp av digitala certifikat distribuera rättigheter till NFC enheter. En fallstudie beskriver en tillämpning inom affärsområdet biluthyrning.

Near Field Communication (NFC) refers to a communication technology that enables an effortless connection and data transfers between two devices by putting them in a close proximity. Besides contactless payment and ticketing applications, which were the original key drivers of this technology, a large number of novel use cases can benefit from this rapidly developing technology, as has been illustrated in various NFC-enabled application proposals and pilot trials. Typical NFC-enabled systems combine NFC tags, NFC-enabled mobile phones, and online servers. This thesis explores the trust relationships, security requirements, and security protocol design in these complex systems. We study how to apply the security features of different types of NFC tags to secure NFC applications. We first examine potential weaknesses and problems in some novel use cases where NFC can be employed. Thereafter, we analyze the requirements and propose our system design to secure each use case. In addition, we developed proof-of-concept implementations for two of our proposed protocols: an NFCenabled security-guard monitoring system and an NFC-enabled restaurant menu. For the former use case, we also formally verified our proposed security protocol.  Our analysis shows that among the discussed tags, the NFC tags based on secure memory cards have the least capability and flexibility. Their built-in three-pass mutual authentication can be used to prove the freshness of the event when the tag is tapped. The programmable contactless smart cards are more flexible because they can be programmed to implement new security protocols. In addition, they are able to keep track of a sequence number and can be used in systems that do not require application-specific software on the mobile phone. The sequence number enforces the order of events, thus providing a certain level of replay prevention. The most powerful type of tag is the emulated card since it provides a clock, greater computational capacity, and possibly its own Internet connection, naturally at higher cost of deployment.
Near Field Communication (NFC) hänvisar till en kommunikationsteknik som möjliggör en enkel anslutning och dataöverföring mellan två enheter genom att sätta dem i en närhet. Förutom kontaktlös betalning och biljetthantering ansökningar, vilket var den ursprungliga viktiga drivkrafter för denna teknik, kan ett stort antal nya användningsfall dra nytta av denna snabbt växande teknik, som har visats i olika NFC-aktiverade program förslag och pilotförsök. Typiska NFC-applikationer kombinerar NFC-taggar, NFC-kompatibla mobiltelefoner och online-servrar. Denna avhandling utforskar förtroenderelationer, säkerhetskrav och säkerhetsprotokoll utformning i dessa komplexa system. Vi studerar hur man kan tillämpa de säkerhetsfunktioner för olika typer av NFC-taggar för att säkra NFC-applikationer. Vi undersöker först potentiella svagheter och problem i vissa nya användningsfall där NFC kan användas.  Därefter analyserar vi de krav och föreslå vårt system design för att säkra varje användningsfall. Dessutom utvecklade vi proof-of-concept implementationer för två av våra föreslagna protokoll: en NFC-aktiverad säkerhet-guard övervakningssystem och en NFC-aktiverad restaurang meny. Dessutom, för fd bruk fallet, kontrollerade vi formellt vår föreslagna säkerhetsprotokoll. Vår analys visar att bland de diskuterade taggar, NFC taggar som baseras på säkra minneskort har minst kapacitet och dlexibilitet. Deras inbyggda trepass ömsesidig autentisering kan användas för att bevisa färskhet av händelsen när taggen tappas. De programmerbara beröringsfria smarta kort är mer flexibla eftersom de kan programmeras för att genomföra nya säkerhetsprotokoll.  Dessutom kan de hålla reda på ett löpnummer och kan användas i system som inte kräver ansökan-specik mjukvara på mobiltelefonen. Sekvensnumret framtvingar ordning av händelser, vilket ger en viss nivå av replay förebyggande. Den mest kraftfulla typen av taggen är den emulerade kortet eftersom det ger en klocka, större beräkningskapacitet, och möjligen sin egen Internet-anslutning, naturligtvis till högre kostnad för utplacering.

Near Field Communication (NFC) är en trådlös kommunikationsteknik för korta avstånd, vanligast med cirka 10 cm vilket medför en säkrare förbindelse. NFC är en relativt ung teknologi som är billig att implementera samt användarvänlig. NFC är lämpad främst för mobiltelefoner där en bred implementering av applikationer är möjlig. Tekniken medför snabbare och enklare utbyte av information genom att ställa enheter sida vid sida. I dagsläget används tekniken mest i Asien. I Europa har ingen stor satsning påbörjats än, men den är på väg. I framtiden förväntas det att NFC kommer att finnas i de flesta mobiltelefoner.Denna uppsats behandlar praktisk implementering av en ”verktygslåda” med NFC teknologi. Målet är att skapa en ”verktygslåda” med olika komponenter. ”verktygslådan” är tänkt att användas som grundskelett för implementering av NFC applikationer och för experiment med de olika komponenterna. Hårdvarukomponenterna består av mobiltelefon, tagg, RFID läsarmodul och mikroprocessor. Programvarukomponenterna består av ett antal kodexempel.Vårt arbete har resulterat i tre prototyper som tillsammans utgör ”verktygslådan”. I prototyperna sker kommunikation mellan en kombination av komponenter i ”verktygslådan”: mobiltelefon och tagg, läsare och tagg samt läsare och mobiltelefon.
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a contactless short distance (approximately 10 centimeters) communication technology, which conveys a more secure connection. NFC is a relatively young technology which is cheap to implement, and user-friendly. NFC is directed to mainly cellphones, where opportunities for implementation of applications are wide. The technology conveys a faster and easier exchange of information, by putting units side by side. At present, the technology is used mostly in Asia. In Europe, no major effort has begun yet, but is expected to. NFC is expected to exist in a majority of cellphones, in the future.This essay treats practical implementation of a “toolbox” with the NFC technology. The goal was to make a “toolbox” with different components. The “toolbox” is intended as a base for implementing NFC applications and for experimenting with the different components. The hardware components are: cellphone, a tag, a RFID module and a microprocessor. The program components consist of a number of code examples.Our work has resulted in three prototypes which together constitute a “toolbox”. The prototypes communicate between any combinations of the components in the “toolbox”: cellphone with tag, reader with tag and reader with cellphone.

I present a far-ultraviolet study, taken with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), of the globular clusters NGC 1851 and NGC 6681. My focus is primarily on the time-domain, and I present searches for – and classification of - far-ultraviolet variables and transients in my data. The far-ultraviolet sources have been cross-identified with objects detected at near-ultraviolet and optical wavelengths in archival HST imaging. The combined photometric catalogs were used to identify several core populations, including some that are likely to be binaries containing a hot component. In NGC 1851, I identified 36 variable candidates in the 273 exposures taken over 3 HST visits of 4 orbits each. Twenty five of the variable candidates are distributed along the horizontal branch, 12 are likely RR Lyraes and 13 are on the blue horizontal branch. Five variable candidates are located among the blue straggler populations with one of them a likely SX Phoenicis pulsator. The remaining six variable candidates have photometric properties that point to white dwarf + main sequence binary systems. One of the far-ultraviolet variables in NGC 1851, FUV1, was found to have a period of 18 minutes in our far-ultraviolet time-series photometry. The two possibilities for the nature of this far-ultraviolet variable are: (i) it may be an intermediate polar (i.e. acompact binary containing an accreting magnetic white dwarf), or (ii) it may be an AM CVn (i.e. and interacting double-white dwarf system). The AM CVn interpretation is favoured because of the lack of an X-ray detection in ≅ 65 ksec of Chandra imaging. I also present a search for transients (e.g. dwarf novae) in 20 years of far-ultraviolet imaging of the core of globular cluster NGC 6681. No such transients were found in the 80 epochs of observations. If all of these epochs can be considered independent, the search should be nearly 100% complete for dwarf novae with duty cycles > 5%, and still ≅ 60% complete for systems with duty cycles of ∼ 1%. The detection of of zero outbursts allows me to place a 2 - σ upper limit of 3 on the mean number that might have been detected in similar surveys. This places strongish constraints on models for the cataclysmic variable populations.

The objective of this work is to theoretically evaluate an important aspect of a Newly Industrializing Country (NICs): Korea. Namely, the behaviour of firms in Korea competing with firms in an industrialized country after all Government intervention of the former is withdrawn. This aspect is considered in the main part while a descriptive introductory part introduces the Korean economy as a NIC. We construct a simple asymmetric duopoly model where firms conjectures play an important role in deriving the Perfect Equilibrium for a two stage game. Different costs of production and first mover advantage form the basis of the asymmetry. We find that under Cournot conjectures assumption for the marketing stage and certain cost conditions, it is profitable for the incumbent firm to stay a leader and the follower to remain a follower. For some cost conditions and a credible threat at the disposal of the follower, the incumbent firm may be forced to stay a leader even though it is more profitable to became a follower. We examine possible licensing rules the leader may propose to the follower. The dominant strategy, we find, is a licence fee that is a function of the quality difference between the top quality of the market leader and the level of quality it is selling to the follower. There will be a cost to the leader in terms of a lower licence fee to prevent possible leap forgging. Once we allow for free copying, we find that the follower will copy closely the new product of the leadership. Under Bertrand conjectures assumption, we find that unless the firm with higher production cost remains the leader offering a higher quality product, it will be driven out of the market, i. e., either it has to innovate or-die.

Orientadores: Luiz Carlos Zeferino, Sylvia Michelina Fernandes Brenna
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T02:57:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guedes_AnaClaudia_D.pdf: 139207 bytes, checksum: e90f74673c9eab6caf07ac631112c52b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as taxas de regressão, progressão, persistência e recidiva da neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical grau 2 (NIC 2) através do tratamento expectante. Foi realizado um ensaio clínico randomizado em mulheres com diagnóstico de NIC 2, selecionadas no Ambulatório de Patologia do Trato Genital Inferior do Hospital Maternidade Leonor Mendes de Barros, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, no período de outubro 2002 a janeiro de 2005. O tamanho amostral foi calculado em 90 mulheres. Elas foram alocadas em dois grupos de 45 cada, um para tratamento expectante e outro para tratamento imediato com cirurgia de alta freqüência. Nesta tese estamos mostrando apenas os resultados parciais de 70 casos (40 de conduta expectante e 30 de CAF), como estudo de coorte, com enfoque no seguimento das mulheres sem tratamento. Os critérios de inclusão foram mulheres com diagnóstico histopatológico (biópsia) de NIC 2, independentemente do resultado da citologia. Foram excluídas as mulheres com diagnóstico de carcinoma na citologia, sorologia positiva para HIV, qualquer situação de imunossupressão, mulheres histerectomizadas, mulheres já tratadas anteriormente por lesões pré-neoplásicas do colo do útero. A porcentagem de regressão espontânea total da NIC 2 foi de 45%, de regressão parcial foi de 34% e de persistência foi 8%. A progressão para NIC 3 ocorreu em 13% e não houve um único caso de evolução para carcinoma escamoso. A média de idade das mulheres com regressão foi aproximadamente 30,6 anos, e daquelas em que a doença persistiu ou progrediu foi de 38,1 anos (p 0,03). A taxa de subdiagnóstico de NIC 3 pela colposcopia foi de 37%. Concluímos que existe regressão espontânea da NIC 2 e que a conduta expectante pode ser adotada em casos individualizados, principalmente em pacientes jovens com desejo de engravidar
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate rates of regression, progression, persistence and relapse of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN 2) in expectant follow-up. This was a clinical trial randomized study, which included women with CIN 2, attending the outpatient service of Cervical Pathology of Maternity Hospital Leonor Mendes de Barros, State Health Department, São Paulo, SP, in the period from october 2002 to january 2005. The calculated sample size was 90 women. Women were randomized to two groups of 45 patients each, one of then to be expectant follow-up and one to LLETZ. This report includes the partial results of 70 cases (40 expectant follow-up and 30 LLETZ), with focus in the group of the expectant follow-up. The inclusion criteria were women with biopsy-confirmed CIN 2, regardless of the cytologic diagnosis. The exclusion criteria were cytological diagnosis of carcinoma, HIV infection, imunossupression, previous hysterectomy and previous treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Total regression was observed in 45% of cases, partial regression in 34% and persistence in 8%. The results showed progression to CIN 3 in 13% of cases and no progression to squamous carcinoma was observed. The mean age of women with regression was 30.6 years and for those with progression or persistence it was 38.1 years.The rate of underdiagnose for CIN 3 was 37% when only colposcopy was used. Concluded It was spontaneous regression of CIN 2, and the expectant follow-up could be used. Individualizing the cases can offer a better outcome for the women, mainly for younger
Doutorado
Tocoginecologia
Doutor em Tocoginecologia

Questo lavoro di tesi presenta la rianalisi di un campione di 7 stelle giganti nell’ammasso globulare NGC 5286, osservate con lo spettrografo UVES-FLAMES al Very Large Telescope. Lo stesso dataset era stato analizzato da Marino et al. (2015), che hanno evidenziato una distribuzione bimodale dell’abbondanza di ferro con due gruppi di stelle separati in [Fe/H] di ∼0.2 dex. Gli spettri sono stati rianalizzati utilizzando diversi metodi per stimare temperatura e gravità delle stelle. I parametri derivati spettroscopicamente confermano la presenza di due popolazioni con diversi valori di [Fe/H]. Tuttavia, le gravità derivate spettroscopicamente corrispondono a delle masse stellari irrealisticamente basse per quasi tutte le stelle analizzate (0.3-0.5 Msun). Se invece si considera un valore ragionevole per le masse stellari, le gravità spettroscopiche implicano che le stelle a più bassa metallicità dovrebbero essere più brillanti di quasi una magnitudine rispetto alle magnitudini osservate. I parametri spettroscopici risultano quindi non affidabili. Se invece si adottano temperature e gravità derivate dalla fotometria non si rileva alcuna dispersione intrinseca di ferro. Questa analisi dimostra quindi che, come la stragrande maggioranza (se non la totalità) degli ammassi globulari, anche NGC 5286 è monometallico, ovvero non è stato in grado di trattenere il materiale espulso dalle supernovae all’interno della sua buca di potenziale.

Die zunehmende Nutzung [1] persönlicher mobiler Geräte durch immer mehr Fahrgäste des öffentlichen Personenverkehrs (ÖPV) begünstigt die Entwicklung neuer Applikationen, die den allgegenwärtigen Zugriff auf domänenspezifische Inhalte und Echtzeitdaten über variable Schnittstellen und Informationskanäle realisieren. Near Field Communication (NFC) gilt in diesem Zusammenhang als eine vielversprechende Technologie, die neben kontaktloser Datenübertragung auch Bezahlvorgänge direkt über das mobile Endgerät ermöglicht. Mit Blick auf die unterschiedlichen Einsatzmöglichkeiten von NFC in der mobilen Reisebegleitung wird in diesem Beitrag eine ikonografische Klassifikation für die visualisierte Analyse von Anwendungsszenarien vorgestellt, welche zur Planung ubiquitärer Applikationen im ÖPV eingesetzt werden kann.

CCD observations of the halo globular cluster NGC 3201, acquired at the Dupont 2.5m telescope at Las Campanas, are reduced and analyzed. The data are from two separate observing runs. During the first run deep data were secured for a field at seven core radii from the centre, whilst during the second run, shallow data were secured for the central field of the cluster. Colour-magnitude diagrams are presented, and a two-colour diagram is constructed using data from the latter run. From the colour-magnitude diagram and colour-colour diagrams, estimates for reddening, metallicity, distance modulus and age are derived, and consistency with values in the literature is shown. Blue stragglers were observed in the central field, and are shown to be more centrally concentrated than subgiants in an equal magnitude interval. A UV bright star was observed in the central field, and magnitudes and colours are reported for it. The possible nature of this object is discussed. Mass functions were derived using deep V and I band data, by binning both on mass and on luminosity. Discrepancies between the two mass functions are discussed and resolved. The counts in a background field are compared to those expected from the Galactic model of Bahcall and Soneira (1980, 1984), and a discrepancy is found at fainter magnitudes. Mass-luminosity relationships (MLRs) in V and I were used to generate an isochrone which showed good agreement with the data, lending credence to the MLRs. Finally, the slope of the mass function is measured for stars with M < 0.4.M⊙, and values are obtained for the half-mass relaxation time and 'destruction time' of NGC 3201. These values show consistency with the results of Richer et al. (1991).
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

Problemen med fuktskador i byggnader är många och kostnaderna för att åtgärda problemen är stora. ByggaF är en metod som riktar sig till hela byggprocessen och den dokumenterar, kommunicerar samt säkerställer fuktsäkerheten genom hela den processen. NCC använder sig idag av en egen metod för att säkerställa fuktsäkerheten och den metoden jämförs i detta arbete mot ByggaF. Arbetet inriktar sig mot produktionsskedet av byggprocessen vilket innebär att fuktsäkerhetsarbetet är granskat i det skedet. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att NCC i Umeå ska få en bättre kännedom om vad ByggaF är och hur den metoden kan användas inom byggproduktion. Ytterligare syfte är att visa hur arbetet kan ske för att förebygga fuktskaderisken genom att använda metoden ByggaF, en metod för fuktsäkert byggande. Arbetet är utfört på NCCs byggnation på Öbacka strand etapp 4 och det bygget har fungerat som referens för NCCs fuktarbete. Undersökningen har utförts genom observation ute på byggarbetsplatsen, granskning av den upprättade fuktsäkerhetsplanen samt frågeställning till berörda. Resultatet som redovisas i denna rapport visar att NCCs fuktsäkerhetsarbete är genomtänkt och upplägget liknar ByggaF. Viktiga punkter som finns upprättade i fuktsäkerhetsplanen är till exempel: krav som beställaren har ställt, mätningar i trä utförs och dokumenteras, materialet förvaras på ett bra sätt samt att åtgärder vid avvikelser fanns formulerade. Där NCC mest skiljer sig i jämförelse med ByggaF är att uppföljning av fuktsäkerhetsplanen inte sker. Enligt ByggaF ska specifika fuktronder utföras med ett visst intervall för att säkerställa att fuktsäkerhetsplanen följs. Fuktronder utförs inte på referensobjektet och det finns inte angivet i NCCs egen metod för fuktsäkerhetsarbete. En fuktrond utfördes på referensobjektet för att kontrollera hur fuktsäkerhetsplanen följs. Fuktronden visar att fuktsäkerhetsplanen används vilket är positivt ur fuktsynpunkt.

Avec le développement des concepts de la chimie verte, il est devenu nécessaire de remplacer les métaux toxiques par des composés plus respectueux de l’environnement. Donneurs d’hydrogène pour des réactions radicalaires, les hydrures de trialkylétain sont encore très utilisés. Les NHC-boranes se sont révélés de bons remplaçants pour les réactions de désoxygénation. Cependant, les réactions de déshalogénation effectuées avec des NHC-boranes sont moins efficaces et il a fallu avoir recours au concept de catalyse à polarité inversée. Ces travaux ont été le point de départ de cette thèse où la synthèse de nouveaux NHC-boranes possédant une liaison B-S ou B-N est développée. L’étude des propriétés de ces nouveaux complexes a été effectuée et des applications en chimie organique et en science des polymères ont été trouvées. Par ailleurs, en vue d’étudier les effets polaires sur la formation et la réactivité des radicaux boryles, une nouvelle famille de carbène-boranes a été synthétisée
Along with the development of green chemistry, it became necessary to avoid toxic metallic complexes in organic reactions and replace them by more sustainable compounds. An hydrogen donors for radical reactions, trialkylstannanes are still widely used. NHC-boranes seem to be good substitutes for deoxygenation reactions. However, dehalogenation reactions are less effective and polar reversal catalysis was used. This work was the starting point of this Ph.D thesis where the synthesis of new NHC-boranes bearing a B-S or B-N bound is developed. The study of the properties of these new complexes was performed and applications in organic chemistry as well as in polymer science were found. Besides, to study polar effects on the formation and on the reactivity of boryl radicals, a new family of carbene-boranes was synthesized

Deliver cost-effective and error-free products that meet customers´ demands and needs within the defined time frame, is the project team’s main goal. The modern project management includes tenfold consultants with different expertise that contribute with new knowledge in diverse phases. This type of management requires good communication and information flow between participing consultants. Therefore, NCC has developed a project management method called NCC Projektstudio, which has influences of Lean Construction and Lean Philosophy. The aim of this study is to identify opportunities for improvement that facilitates consultants’ involvement in the early stage of NCC Projektstudio but also throughout the whole project management phase. This thesis consists of an interview study and a background research which clarifies important principles behind NCC Projektstudio. The study indicates that better and more clarity is required as early as possible throughout the project management phase. This should lead to better conditions for the consultants’ involvement in the early stage.
Att leverera kostandeffektiva och felfria produkter som lever upp till kundernas önskemål och behov under den bestämda tidsramen är projekteringsgruppens främsta mål. Då dagens projektering innefattar tiotal konsulter med olika expertis som tillför nya kunskaper i skiftande faser krävs allt bättre kommunikation och informationsöverföring mellan berörda aktörer. Således har NCC tagit fram projekteringsmetodiken NCC Projektstudio (PS) som har influenser av Lean Construction och Lean filosofin. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att identifiera vilka förbättringsmöjligheter leder till underlättning av konsulternas involvering i det tidiga skedet inför PS-projekt men också under hela projekteringsfasen. Arbetet omfattas av en bakgrundstudie som behandlar de viktiga grundprinciper bakom projekteringsmetodiken NCC Projektstudio samt en intervjustudie. En helhetsbedömning av bakgrundstudien och intervjustudien tyder på ett gemensamt önskemål från samtliga parter att det krävs större tydlighet, i så tidigt skede som möjligt. Detta ska leda till bättre förutsättningar för konsulternas involvering i det tidiga projekt skedet.

Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena oli tutkia NFC-teknologian soveltuvuutta iäkkäille käyttäjille tarkoitettuihin sovelluksiin. Diplomityössä perehdyttiin vanhainkodissa käytettävään viriketoimintaan, vanhuksille suunnattujen digitaalisten sovellusten esteettömyysvaatimuksiin ja NFC-sovelluksiin. Osana diplomityötä toteutettiin ikääntyneille älyllistä viriketoimintaa tarjoava NFC-sovellus. Fyysinen käyttöliittymä toteutettiin NFC-lukijan sisältävällä matkapuhelimella ja korteilla, joihin NFC-tunnisteet oli liitetty. Sovelluksessa pyrittiin huomioimaan kohderyhmälle suunnattu esteettömyys ja kiinnostavuus. Tutkimus toteutettiin kokeellisena käytettävyystestauksena vanhainkodissa. Käytettävyyden arviointi tapahtui havainnoimalla käytettävyystestaukseen osallistuneita vanhuksia. Käyttäjäkokemusta arvioitiin haastattelemalla vanhuksia. Vanhainkodin hoitajille tehtiin kyselylomake, jolla pyrittiin selvittämään testatun sovelluksen sopivuutta vanhainkodin viriketoiminnassa. Työssä toteutettu sovellus onnistui tavoitteissaan. Se palautti muistoja henkilöistä ja tapahtumista testaukseen osallistuneiden vanhusten mieleen. Toisaalta se toimi myös muistia ja kognitiivisia kykyjä haastavana pelinä. Käytettävyystestaus osoitti, että ikääntyneet oppivat helposti hallitsemaan NFC- tunnisteiden koskettamiseen perustuvan sovelluksen käyttöliittymän ja että sen avulla on mahdollista toteuttaa vanhuksia kiinnostavia sovelluksia
The purpose of this thesis was to research the suitability of NFC-technology in applications intended for elderly users. This study discusses stimulating activity in Finnish residential homes, digital application accessibility requirements for elderly users and NFC-applications. The study utilized NFC applications as a possible method for effecting intellectual stimulus in elderly users. The physical interface was realized with a mobile phone equipped with an NFC reader and with cards fitted with NFC tags. The application’s adapted accessibility and attractiveness with respect to elderly users was taken into account during the application design phase. The research was carried out via empirical usability testing at a residential house. Evaluation of usability was done by observing elderly users during testing. User experience was evaluated by interview. A questionnaire concerning the suitability of the tested application as a stimulating activity was made for nurses. The implemented application fulfilled its objectives. It provoked memories of past events and persons in the users that took part in the testing. Secondly it also functioned as a game requiring memory and cognitive skills. This study shows that aged user can easily learn to handle user interfaces that are based on touching NFC tags and with NFC technology it is possible to implement applications attractive to elderly

During the design phase of a building and construction project, blueprints are reviewed. This can be done in slightly different ways, which can also give different consequences for the involved tasks or increased costs for the company if faults were not noticed in time before the next stage of the construction process. At the start of the study, NCC Infrastructure Department Civil SE North experienced problems with review routines of drawing material, which hired consultants developed. Therefore, this exam work was established to generalize the reviewing process, save time but also ensure the accuracy of the work. The purpose of the study was to study parts of the planning process at NCC and to note deficiencies regarding their design review, but also to create an overview of how the blueprint review is done in a company like NCC and what problems that can arise during the reviewing process. To achieve the goal, the establishment of a supplementary basis in the form of a checklist to follow when reviewing blueprints, several methods were used. Literature study for theory of the area, document study for understanding the problems in the blueprints, which also formed the basis for the interview study's questions that resulted in what is to be examined, which areas that are critical and the staff's perception of today's reviewing process. Like many professions and projects, time is a critical aspect. At NCC it was felt that there was too little time allocated for the review, but also for the projection itself for some projects. More than half of the interviewees also felt that the number of resources allocated for review was too few. The most critical areas for blueprints were considered to be ground as well as water and sewer blueprints. Within these, the height and dimensions plan for ground blueprints were considered to be the most inadequate and ground plans for water and sewage as well. Another problem that everyone interviewed at NCC Infrastructure mentioned was that they experienced a lack of communication between hired consultants. This as each parts blueprint collided with another one’s solutions or not agreed on object locations. It is important that NCC improves clarity and guiding against hired consultants so that the quantities of materials and the choice of materials do not exceed the calculated price for the offered project. The same applies to the review process, it should be generalized and there the checklist comes in handy and can clog up uncertainties and errors that otherwise might occur or be missed, as well as simplify the work for those who are to conduct the review. In addition, the Bluebeam program should always have a significant degree of utilization when reviewing, and traditional review (by pen and paper) should only be used when collaborating with colleagues and then entering Bluebeam.
Under projekteringsfasen av ett bygg- och anläggningsprojekt så granskas upprättade ritningar. Granskningen kan göras på olika sätt och i olika omfattning vilket kan vara direkt avgörande för framgången i ett projekt. Uppmärksammas inte brister i underlag i tid så kan detta medföra stora kostnadspåslag, tidsbrist, produktionsstopp samt mer arbete för produktionspersonalen med flera. NCC Infrastructure avdelning Civil SE North upplevde vid studiens start ett antal problem med deras granskningsrutiner av ritningsmaterial, som anlitade projektörer tagit fram. Därav upprättades detta examensarbete för att generalisera granskningsprocessen, spara tid samt säkerställa noggrannheten för arbetet.  Syftet med studien var att studera en del av projekteringen på NCC och uppmärksamma brister gällande deras projekteringsgranskning, samt även få en överblick angående hur en sådan process fungerar i praktiken. Med tillhörande problem som kan uppstå under projekteringsskedet för ett projekt. För att nå målet, upprättande av ett kompletterande underlag i form av en anvisning/checklista att följa vid projekteringsgranskning, så nyttjades flera metoder. Litteraturstudie till information om området, dokumentstudie för förståelse av problemen i ritningarna, vilket även stod till grund för intervjustudiens frågeställningar som mynnade ut i ett resultat angivande vad som skall granskas, vilka områden som är kritiska samt personalens uppfattning av dagens projekteringsgranskning. Liksom i många branscher så är tiden en kritisk aspekt. På NCC upplevdes det att det avsattes för lite tid åt själva granskningen, men även för projekteringen i sig för vissa projekt. Fler än hälften av de intervjuade ansåg även att antal tillsatta resurser för granskning var för få. De mest kritiska områdena för ritningar ansågs vara markritningar samt VA-ritningar (vatten- och avloppsritningar). För markritningar ansågs höjd- och måttplan vara den mest bristfälliga och för VA-ritningar var det planerna. Ännu ett problem som alla intervjuade på Infrastructure nämnde var att de upplevde kommunikationsbrist mellan anlitade projektörer. Detta då respektive parts ritningar kolliderat med någon annan eller ej stämt överens angående objektplaceringar.  Styrningen och tydligheten mot projektörerna är det viktigt att NCC förbättrar så att inte innehållet i projekterade ritningars mängd och material sväller mot anbudet kostnadsmässigt. Detsamma gäller granskningsprocessen, den bör generaliseras så att checklistan kommer till nytta och kan täppa igen osäkerheter och fel som annars kan uppstå eller missas, samt även förenkla arbetet för dem som skall genomföra granskningen. Programmet Bluebeam som är ett av VDC verktygen som NCC-koncernen har att tillgå bör dessutom alltid ha en väsentlig nyttjandegrad vid granskning. Medan traditionell granskning endast bör användas vid samgranskning mellan kollegor för att sedan föra in synpunkter i Bluebeam.