Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Nino Pisano"

This study aims to determine the impact of El Nino on income of banana farmers and identifying mitigation of banana farmers to reduce the impact of El Nino. The research is conducted in Ketapang Sub District, Southern Lampung. The respondents are 49 banana farmers. The first objective was analyzed by income, and t-test indicators. The second objective is analyzed descriptively by mitigation undertook by farmers. The results showed that El Nino had significant impact on income of banana farmer in Ketapang Sub District of South Lampung in which income of banana farmers decreased by 37.85 percent. The mitigation done by banana farmers during El Nino were to reduce the banana seedlings, cut the banana leaves and not to use pesticides. Key words: Banana farming, El Nino, impact, welfare analysis

Background : Anaerobic muscle fatigue occurs due to accumulation of lactic acid, causing soreness and reduced muscle contraction. Raja banana (Musa paradisiaca var. Sapientum L.) and Ambon banana (Musa paradisiaca var. Sapientum (L.) Kunt.) are high in carbohydrate and potassium which are involved in increasing blood glucose, thus consuming bananas before exercising may help prevent muscle fatigue.This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Raja and Ambon bananas on anaerobic. muscle fatigue index of adolescents in football school.Methods :This study was a quasi-experimentusingthe posttest-only with control group design.Thirty-nine male adolescents aged 15-18 years at Terang Bangsa and Satria Kencana Serasi football schools were recruited and classified into 3 groups: control (240 ml of mineral water), group I (150 g Raja banana fruit), and group II (150 g of Ambon banana fruit). Anaerobic muscle fatigue was measured by Running-base Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) to calculate Anaerobic Fatigue (AF) value. Data were analyzed by One way ANOVA and ANCOVA test.Results :The average AF index in control group (11.53±2.20) was significantly different with group I (4.30±0.80; p=0.001), and group I with group II (9.76 ± 2.34; p=0,001). However not significantly different between the averageAF Index of control group withgroup II.Conclusion :There is a significant difference in the effectiveness of Raja and Ambon banana on reducing anaerobic muscle fatigue for adolescents in football school. Raja banana demonstratedbetter effects on muscle fatiguein comparison withAmbon banana.

Bananas is a kind of fruit that has many benefits and economic value. However, because it is perishable, an unappropriate post-harvest handling will decreasing the economic value. Many factors affect the ripening of bananas, one of it is ethylene gas. The ethylene gas that contained in the banana flows from the higher concentration to the lower one. The flow should be controlled in order to make it decaying properly. Temperature is a parameter that affects the flow of ethylene. This research offers storage temperature regulation such that the life time of banana could be extended. A mathematical model that represents the ethylene flow among the subpopulations is discussed. The population are devided into sub-population of unripe bananas, normal ripe bananas, ripe bananas wounds, and rotten bananas. The Stability of the model is evaluated in the critical point by Jacobian matrix and the Routh Hurwitz Criteria. The control is design by minimizing the temperature parameters using the Pontryagin Minimum Principle. Simulation is ilustrated in four cases, the firts case is no bananas wound initially, second case is no bananas rot initially, third case is no ripened normal bananas initially, and the fourth case is the bananas ripe initially exiting. The simulations shows that before controling the temperature, in the amount of 120 bananas of firts case, the proces is condcuted in sixteen days, ten days for the second case, nine days for the third case, and eight days for the fourth case. After controling the temperature, for some amount of bananas of firts case, the proces is conduted in seventeen days, eleven days for the second case, ten days for the third case, and nine days for the fourth case.

Analisis genetik isolat-isolat cendawan Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) VCG 01213/16 penyebab penyakit layu pada tanaman pisang menunjukkan adanya keragaman yang nyata. Penelitian bertujuan mempelajari keragaman virulensi isolat-isolat yang terkelompok dalam VCG 01213/16, berasal dari berbagai daerah dan varietas pisang yang berbeda. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Penyakit dan Rumah Kasa Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah Tropika (Balitbu Tropika) Solok, dari bulan Maret sampai dengan Juni 2009. Rancangan yang digunakan ialah acak kelompok dengan 10 perlakuan dan tiga ulangan, masing-masing perlakuan terdiri atas 10 tanaman. Perlakuan terdiri atas 10 isolat Foc VCG 01213/16 yang berasal dari varietas pisang dan lokasi berbeda. Tanaman uji ialah benih pisang Barangan hasil perbanyakan kultur jaringan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat keragaman virulensi 10 isolat Foc VCG 01213/16 yang dinilai dari perbedaan masa inkubasi, persentase serangan, dan indeks keparahan penyakit pada bonggol dan daun pisang Barangan. Sembilan isolat Foc yang diuji mempunyai virulensi yang tinggi. Masa inkubasi berkisar antara 13,98 dan 16,80 hari, persentase serangan 93,33-100%, dan indeks keparahan penyakit pada bonggol dan daun masing-masing berkisar 3,46-5,35 dan 4,68-5,41. Isolat Foc VCG 01213/16 yang berasal dari Jabung-Lampung Timur dan diisolasi dari pisang varietas Ambon Kuning (isolat F) menunjukkan virulensi yang relatif lebih rendah dibanding sembilan isolat Foc lainnya dengan masa inkubasi 30,27 hari, indeks keparahan penyakit pada bonggol dan daun masing-masing sebesar 2,14 dan 3,76. Hasil penelitian ini bermanfaat dalam memberikan informasi tentang biologi F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense sebagai dasar untuk penyusunan teknik pengendalian yang tepat.<br /><br /><br />Genetic analysis of isolates of the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) that are grouped in VCG 01213/16, as the causal agent of wilt disease in banana plants showed a considerable variation. This research aimed to study the variation in virulence of isolates that are grouped in VCG 01213/16 from different varieties of banana and regions. The study was conducted in the Protection Laboratory and the Screenhouse of Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute (ITFRI) Solok, from March to June 2009. A randomized block design was used in this research with 10 treatments and three replications. Each treatments consisted of 10 banana plants. The treatment was 10 Foc isolates belonging to VCG 01213/16 originating from different varieties of banana and locations. Barangan plantlets produced from tissue culture propagation were used as the planting material. The results showed that there were high variations in virulence among 10 Foc isolates in VCG 01213/16 based on variables of the incubation period, percentage of wilt, and disease severity index on corm and leaves of Barangan variety. Nine of the 10 Foc isolates tested were highly virulent isolates. The incubation period ranged from 13.98 to 16.80 days, the percentage of wilt from 93.33 to 100%, and the disease severity index of corm and leaves ranged from 3.46 to 5.35 and from 4.68 to 5.41, respectively. The Foc VCG 01213/16 isolates originated from Jabung, East Lampung and from Ambon Kuning variety (isolate F) shown relatively low virulence than others isolates that the incubation period was 30.27 days and the disease severity index on the corm and leaves was 2.14 and 3.76, respectively. This result provides useful information on biology of F. oxysprum f. sp. cubense to find out the best control method of the pathogen.<br /><br />

The main obstacles in the commercialization of seedlings mass propagation through tissue culture techniques is the high cost of the culture media component. therefore, the production of lowcost tissue culture is required. This study aims to develop low cost in-vitro media for the production of the seedlings of Barangan banana. The research was composed following Factorial Completely Randomized Design, the first factor was Terra Novalgro liquid fertilizer with three concentrations, namely 1, 2, and 3 ml L-1, while the second factor was Gandasil with 3 concentrations namely 1, 2, and 3 mg L-1, so obtained nine treatments, each treatment was repeated 10 times, so that there were 90 experimental units. MS media was used as control. The parameter observed was number of shoots, number of leaves and number of roots. The results of this study exhibited that the treatment of 1 ml L-1 liquid fertilizer + 2 mg L-1 foliar fertilizer produced 9.30 shoots/explant and 1.90 leaves/explant, that no significantly different from MS medium (control) which produced 9.0 shoots/explant and 0.3 leaves/explants. Therefore, the using completed liquid fertilizers and foliar fertilizers as medium in vitro propagation of barangan bananas can become an alternative replace MS medium, as well as reduced the cost of culture media as 91% -93% compared to MS media.

ABSTRAK. Penyakit layu yang disebabkan oleh cendawan Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) merupakan penyakit paling berbahaya pada tanaman pisang. Untuk mendapatkan teknik pengendalian yang tepat, maka informasi tentang distribusi dan karakter biologi patogen tersebut perlu diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui distribusi penyakit layu Fusarium di Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) dan varietas pisang yang diserangnya serta mengidentifikasi isolat Foc berdasarkan analisis vegetative compatibility group (VCG). Survei dan pengumpulan sampel tanaman pisang terserang penyakit dilakukan pada bulan Januari 2007 dan Juli 2008. Isolasi dan pemurnian isolat dilakukan di Laboratorium Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah (Balitbu) Tropika Solok pada bulan Februari 2007 dan Agustus 2008. Analisis VCG dilakukan di Departement of Primary Industry, Plant Pathology Section, Indooroopilli Australia dan Laboratorium Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah Tropika sejak bulan Juli 2007 sampai bulan Juli 2009. Tester VCG berjumlah 17 nomor yang berasal dari Department of Primary Industry, Plant Pathology Section, Indooroopilli Australia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyakit layu Fusarium ditemukan di semua lokasi pengamatan di Provinsi NAD pada empat varietas pisang, yaitu Barangan (AAA), Raja (AAB), Kepok (ABB/BBB), dan Siem (ABB). Dari 50 isolat Foc yang dikoleksi terkelompok ke dalam dua VCG, 37 isolat (74%) termasuk dalam VCG 01213/16 (Tropical Race 4), ditemukan pada tiga varietas (Barangan, Kepok, dan Raja), sembilan isolat masuk VCG 01218 (Ras 1) ditemukan hanya pada varietas Siem, sedangkan VCG empat isolat yang menyerang pisang varietas Siem belum ditemukan. Foc VCGs 01213/16 (TR4) paling dominan ditemukan di Provinsi NAD, baik dari jumlah, sebaran lokasi, maupun ragam varietas yang diserangnya. Data ini menginformasikan bahwa pengembangan tanaman pisang di Provinsi NAD harus dilakukan secara selektif serta mempertimbangkan langkah-langkah preventif dan pengendalian yang tepat.<br /><br />ABSTRACT. Jumjunidang, Edison, Riska, and Hermanto, C 2012. Fusarium Wilt Disease on Banana in NAD Province: Distribution and Identification of Isolates through Vegetative Compatibility Group Analysis. Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is the most dangerous pathogen on banana. Knowledge of the distribution and biological characters of the pathogen is very important to arrange an effective control technique. The objectives of this study were to reveal distribution of Fusarium wilt disease in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) Province and infected banana varieties as well as to identify of Foc isolates with vegetative compatibility group (VCG) analysis Survey and collection of samples of infected banana plants in NAD Province were carried out in January 2007 and July 2008. Isolation and purification of the isolates with single spore techniques were done at Plant Protection Laboratory of Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute (ITFRI), Solok in February 2007 and August 2008. Vegetative compatibility group analysis was performed at Department of Primary Industry, Plant Pathology Section, Indooroopilli Australia and Plant Protection Laboratory of ITFRI from July 2007 to July 2009. Seventeen VCG testers were originated from Department of Primary Industry, Plant Pathology Section, Indooroopilli Australia. The results showed that Fusarium wilt disease was found in all surveyed locations in NAD Province on four banana varieties, i.e. Barangan (AAA), Raja (AAB), Kepok (ABB/BBB), and Siem (ABB). Fifty isolates of the pathogen Foc have been collected and grouped into two VCGs, 37 isolates (74%) were grouped into VCG 01213/16 (Tropical Race 4) attacking three varieties (Barangan, Kepok, and Raja), nine isolates were clustered into VCG 01218 (Race 1) attacking Siem variety only, and the other four isolates from Siem variety had not been identified yet. Foc VCG 01213/16 (TR4) was very dominant in NAD Province, in terms of numbers, location, and distribution of attacked varieties. These findings inform that the development of banana plants in the NAD province should be done selectively and consider both preventive measures and appropriate controls.<br />

<p>Horticultural products (fruits, vegetables and ornamental crops) which have high competitiveness and added value, require supporting appropriate cultivation technology. The objective of this paper was to sort out adaptive technologies that can be implemented for horticultural cultivation, especially on dry land, to minimize yield loss due to climate changes. Horticultural crops in dry lands faced various problems. Characteristics of horticultural crops, among others were easily damage, bulky, sensitive to water stress and the incidence of pests and diseases. Another issue that has begun to happen in the field is the occurrence of extreme climate change, especially El Nino or La Nina that caused crop failures, damage to agricultural land resources, increased in frequency, extent, and intensity of drought, increased moisture, increased in the susceptibility to pests and the disease. Thus the integrated efforts that are needed in strengthening the capability of dry land to face climate change are by the application of adaptative technology, drafting disaster mitigation concepts, observing climate change, policy analysis related to the application of adaptive technology on climate change. The discussed Horticulture Commodities are focused on economically profitable crops, including: vegetables (potatoes, shallots, chili), fruits (bananas, citrus and melons) and ornamental crops (chrysanthemums, orchids, Polycias and Gerbera) scattered in two zoning zones where namely (i) lowland (0-600 meters above sea level); (ii) highlands (&gt; 600 meters above sea level) and (iii) in both elevations of the site which have wet climates and dry climates. Attempsto be made to promote horticultural crops include performing water-efficient irrigation (drip irrigation), mulching, the use of shading on certain crops, proper fertilization, the use of organic fertilizer, planting system and planting distance, and tolerant varieties. Some adaptative technologies that can be adopted for horticultural crops include (1) developing watersaving irrigation technologies (drip and sprinkler irrigation on shallots), (2) applying healthy crop cultivation (good quality seeds, variety tolerant to disease and sub-optimal environment for tomatoes, red or hot chilli shallots and bananas), (3) using environmentally friendly chemical control (concept of threshold control in red or hot chilli), (4) protecting yield and quality of harvest (the use of silver black mulch on shallots and melons, and the use of shade for ornamental plants on dry land).</p><p>Keywords: Horticulture, climate change, upland, adaptation technology</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Sistem produksi hortikultura (buah buahan, sayuran, dan tanaman hias) yang berdaya saing tinggi dan bernilai tambah memerlukan dukungan teknologi. Tulisan ini merangkum teknologi adaptasi komoditas hortikultura pada lahan kering dalam upaya meminimalisasi tingkat kehilangan hasil akibat perubahan iklim. Usaha tani tanaman hortikultura pada lahan kering dihadapkan pada berbagai masalah, di antaranya tanaman mudah dan cepat rusak, sensitif terhadap cekaman lingkungan, dan rentan terhadap hama dan penyakit. Masalah lain yang berdampak negatif terhadap sistem produksi komoditas hortikultura ialah perubahan iklim ekstrem, terutama el-nino dan la-nina. Perubahan iklim tidak hanya menyebabkan kegagalan panen, tetapi juga merusak sumber daya lahan pertanian, meningkatkan luas areal dan intensitas tanaman yang mengalami kekeringan, meningkatkan kelembaban, dan perkembangan hama dan penyakit tanaman. Oleh karena itu diperlukan integrasi pengelolaan lahan dan aplikasi teknologi adaptif perubahan iklim, penyusunan konsep mitigasi bencana, observasi perubahan iklim, dan analisis kebijakan yang terkait dengan aplikasi teknologi adaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim. Pembahasan difokuskan pada tanaman yang secara ekonomi menguntungkan, antara lain kentang, bawang merah, cabai untuk komoditas sayuran; pisang, jeruk, dan melon untuk komoditas buah-buahan; dan krisan, anggrek, polycias dan gerbera untuk tanaman hias. Komoditas hortikultura tersebut tersebar di dua zonasi ketinggian tempat, yakni dataran rendah (0–600 m dpl) dan dataran tinggi (&gt; 600 m dpl). Beberapa teknologi adaptasi yang dapat diadopsi di antaranya (1) irigasi hemat air (irigasi tetes dan irigasi curah pada bawang merah), (2) budi daya tanaman sehat (benih bermutu, varietas toleran penyakit dan lingkungan suboptimal untuk komoditas kentang, cabai, bawang merah, dan pisang, (3) pengendalian hama dan penyakit ramah lingkungan (konsep ambang pengendalian pada cabai, jeruk), dan (4) perlindungan hasil dan peningkatan kualitas hasil panen (penggunaan mulsa plastik hitam perak pada tanaman bawang merah dan melon, serta penggunaan naungan pada tanaman hias anggrek dan krisan). Kata kunci: hortikultura, perubahan iklim, lahan kering, teknologi adaptasi</p>

During this new normal era, each sector gets its own impact, such as starting to recover and the resumption of movement, one of which is the economic sector. Where business actors who take an important role in the wheels of the national economy must be a concern and focus for the government. Based on this, the institution through academics then mobilized students in the Matching Fund program to do community service, especially MSMEs in Serang City, therefore a group called Nine Outlets was formed to then focus on honing the entrepreneurial spirit related to the Marketing Management of MSME Products in Serang City in Groups in the New Era. It is normal to agree on several MSMEs, namely Food and Beverage/Imara Balok Cake, Damory Chocolate Banana, and Sale Pisang and Ori 72 Banana Chips to market these products in groups by utilizing technology through social media as a tool for product marketing, with the aim of reaching a wider market large.

In this paper I study the oral, buccopharyngeal, and musculoskeletal configuration in tadpoles of nine Telmatobius species from Northwestern Argentina (T. atacamensis, T. ceiorum, T. laticeps, T. oxycephalus, T. pinguiculus, T. pisanoi, T. cf. schreiteri, T. scrocchii, and T. stephani; N = 30, Gosner stages 31–36). Specimens were prepared according to standard clearing and staining protocols; additionally, I applied landmark and outline-based geometric morphometric methods in order to quantify shape variation in chondrocrania, hyobranchial skeletons, and suprarostral cartilages. Although preliminary, results show a marked morphological uniformity on the analyzed levels, and overlapping interspecific and intraspecific variation, which renders species discrimination difficult. Some distinctive traits for the genus are bicuspidate buccal spurs, peculiar arrangement of buccal roof and floor papillae, tetrapartite suprarostral, adrostral cartilages, a lateral slip of the m. subarcualis rectus II-IV invading branchial septum IV, and a characteristic pattern of muscles inserted on the diaphragm. The conservative larval internal morphology in this genus could be explained by a recent speciation and a development possibly characterized by the postmetamorphic appearance of specific features.En este trabajo estudio la morfología oral, bucofaríngea y musculoesquelética de larvas de nueve especies de Telmatobius del Noroeste argentino (T. atacamensis, T. ceiorum, T. laticeps, T. oxycephalus, T. pinguiculus, T. pisanoi, T. cf. schreiteri, T. scrocchii y T. stephani; N = 30, estadios de Gosner 31–36). Los especímenes se prepararon siguiendo protocolos clásicos de transparentación y coloración diferencial; adicionalmente, apliqué métodos de morfometría geométrica basada en landmarks y contornos para cuantificar la variación de formas en condrocráneos, esqueletos hiobranquiales y cartílagos suprarostrales. Aunque de carácter preliminar, los resultados muestran una notable uniformidad morfológica en los niveles analizados, y una variación intraespecífica que se superpone con la interespecífica, dificultando la distinción entre especies. Algunos rasgos distintivos del género son un par de espolones bucales bífidos, un arreglo particular de las papilas del techo y piso bucales, suprarostral tetrapartito, adrostrales, un haz del m. subarcualis rectus II-IV invadiendo el septo branquial IV, y un patrón aparentemente característico de los músculos insertos en el diafragma. La morfología larval interna conservadora en el género podría explicarse por una especiación reciente y un desarrollo posiblemente caracterizado por la aparición postmetamórfica de los rasgos específicos.

THE INFLUENCE OF PRODUCT QUALITY, PROMOTION, AND DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS ON CONSUMER PURCHASE DECISIONS (STUDY ON BANANA CRIPS FACTORY “METRO SNACK” METRO CITY)” By: Muhammad Ali Imron NPM.16610189 ABSTRACT Muhammad Ali Imron Influence of Product Quality, Promotion, and Distribution Channels on Consumer Purchase Decisions (Study on Banana Chips Factory "Metro Snack" Metro City)" Supervisor (1) H. Suwarto, S.E M.M (2) Nina lelawati, S.E., M.M Indonesia's large population is a very potential market for companies that market their products. Foreign and domestic companies are trying to establish businesses and create types of products that will be favored by consumers in Indonesia. The number of these companies creates a tight business competition This study aims to determine 1) To find out whether product quality has an effect on purchasing decisions. 2) To find out whether there is a promotion effect on purchasing decisions. 3) To find out whether there is an influence of distribution channels on purchasing decisions. 4) To find out whether product quality, promotion and distribution channels affect purchasing decisions. This study uses a quantitative approach. The survey method was chosen as the primary data source. The survey method focuses on collecting data from respondents who have certain information, thus enabling researchers to solve problems. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire or questionnaire instrument. In this study, the population was the consumers of the Mama Alya restaurant. The sampling technique used was accidental sampling with a total sample of 75 people. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire with a Likert scale. The results showed that 1) there was a positive and significant influence between product quality on purchasing decisions. 2) there is a positive and significant influence between promotions on purchasing decisions. 3) there is a positive and significant influence between distribution channels on purchasing decisions. 4) there is a positive and significant influence between product quality, promotion and distribution channels on purchasing decisions. Keywords: Product Quality, Promotion, Distribution Channel, Purchasing Decision

Cooking banana (Musa acuminata) cv. Kepok is the most susceptible to Blood disease bacterium (BDB) infection.From previous study revealed the best isolate indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi-Pasar Usang 10 (PU10-Glomus sp 1) could induce cv.Kepok resistance to BDB in green house and field experiment. The AMF could changethe phenolic compound in root plant. This objectives were to measure the root phenolic compound and bioassayto BDB. The 50 grams fresh inoculant PU10-Glomus sp 1 were applicated to banana root plants 60 days old with 6levels time course: 12; 24; 36; 48; 72; 92 hours and control (without PU10-Glomus sp 1). The root methanolicextraction followed to Echeverri et al., (2002) methode with vacuum concentration of the filtrate and partitioninginto ethyl acetate revealed the presence of an antibacterial compound as detected by TLC (Thin LayerChromatography), assay phenolic contained by Spectrofotometer UV-Vis 1700. PharmaSpec. Shimadzu andbioassay using BDB. Nine antibacterial compounds rose from root banana seedling colonized by PU10-Glomus sp1 in 12 hours after applicated (haa) ; 24; 36 and 48 haa. They were with Rf values of 0.16; 0.17; 0.19; 0.26; 0.32; 0.37;0.71; 0.80 and 0.83 on silica plates run in hexane:ethyl acetate (1:2 v/v) and control contained only 0.05 and 0.28.These compounds produced fluorescens which was bright yellow green spots and purple and have antimicbrobialproperties to BDB.

Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) constitute staple food for over 20 million people in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Since 1960, DRC is considered as a secondary centre of plantain diversification with few unknown accessions kept in the INERA-Mulungu genebank. Through similarity coefficients, cluster (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean, single, complete, sequential, agglomerative, hierarchical and nested design/clustering procedure) and/or multivariate analyses, numerical morpho-taxonomy has established that this diversity is composed of 37 different accessions. Each accession expressed 98 characters among the 401 possible character states, thus providing 39,298 feature patterns (data points). The 98 characters included 32 vegetative and 66 male and female inflorescences. The accessions were clustered into three genomic groups (AAA, AAB and AABB). Subjective classification ascertained nine subgroups: AAB-Silk, AAB-Pome, AAB-Plantain, AABB-Pisang Awak, AAA-Cavendish, AAA-Ibota, AAA-Gros Michel, AAA-Green-Red and AAA-Lujugira-Mutika. Three subgroups were further divided into nine clone sets which consisted of: Dwarf and Giant Cavendish, French and Horn Plantains, and Musakala, Nfuuka, Nakitembe, Nakabululu and Beer/Mbidde within Lujugira-Mutika. Numerical morpho-taxonomy effectively indicated a relationship between the DRC and Tanzania's Musa diversity. For example, the accessions ‘Kamaramasengi’ and ‘Isangi’ were found to be similar to ‘Kisukari’ (AAB-Silk) and ‘Ngego I’ (AAB-French) common in the Tanzanian Southern Highland. Likewise, the accessions Kimalindi-fupi, Kimalindi-ndefu and Jamaica of Tanzania were duplicates of Bakurura (Kigurube), Cavendish of Butuza and Gros Michel in DRC, respectively. Moreover, numerical morpho-taxonomy confirmed the pedigree of AAB-Prata (Cibwalo) in FHIA 17 and FHIA 23 and the closeness of the ancestors of Yangambi Km5 and Gros Michel. Furthermore, numerical morpho-taxonomy established AA-Mshale malembo as one of the AAA-Lujugira-Mutika parents. Molecular investigations are finally required to confirm the genomes.

Abstract Background and Aims Bananas (Musa spp.) are a major staple food for hundreds of millions of people in developing countries. The cultivated varieties are seedless and parthenocarpic clones of which the ancestral origin remains to be clarified. The most important cultivars are triploids with an AAA, AAB or ABB genome constitution, with A and B genomes provided by M. acuminata and M. balbisiana, respectively. Previous studies suggested that inter-genome recombinations were relatively common in banana cultivars and that triploids were more likely to have passed through an intermediate hybrid. In this study, we investigated the chromosome structure within the ABB group, composed of starchy cooking bananas that play an important role in food security. Methods Using SNP markers called from RADSeq data, we studied the chromosome structure of 36 ABB genotypes spanning defined taxonomic subgroups. To complement our understanding, we searched for similar events within nine AB hybrid genotypes. Key Results Recurrent homologous exchanges (HEs), i.e. chromatin exchanges between A and B subgenomes, were unravelled with at least nine founding events (HE patterns) at the origin of ABB bananas prior to clonal diversification. Two independent founding events were found for Pisang Awak genotypes. Two HE patterns, corresponding to genotypes Pelipita and Klue Teparod, show an over-representation of B genome contribution. Three HE patterns mainly found in Indian accessions shared some recombined regions and two additional patterns did not correspond to any known subgroups. Conclusions The discovery of the nine founding events allowed an investigation of the possible routes that led to the creation of the different subgroups, which resulted in new hypotheses. Based on our observations, we suggest different routes that gave rise to the current diversity in the ABB cultivars, routes involving primary AB hybrids, routes leading to shared HEs and routes leading to a B excess ratio. Genetic fluxes took place between M. acuminata and M. balbisiana, particularly in India, where these unbalanced AB hybrids and ABB allotriploids originated, and where cultivated M. balbisiana are abundant. The result of this study clarifies the classification of ABB cultivars, possibly leading to the revision of the classification of this subgroup.

The first bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of the banana species Musa balbisiana 'Pisang Klutuk Wulung' (PKW BAC library) was constructed and characterized. One improved and one novel protocol for nuclei isolation were employed to overcome problems caused by high levels of polyphenols and polysaccharides present in leaf tissues. The use of flow cytometry to purify cell nuclei eliminated contamination with secondary metabolites and plastid DNA. Furthermore, the usefulness of the inducible pCC1BAC vector to obtain a higher amount of BAC DNA was demonstrated. The PKW BAC library represents nine haploid genome equivalents of M. balbisiana and its mean insert size is 135 kb. It consists of two sublibraries, of which the first one (SN sublibrary with 24 960 clones) was prepared according to an improved standard nuclei isolation protocol, whereas the second (FN sublibrary with 11 904 clones) was obtained from flow-sorted nuclei. Screening with 12 RFLP probes, which were genetically anchored to 8 genetic linkage groups of the banana species Musa acuminata, revealed an average of 11 BAC clones per probe, thus confirming the genome coverage estimated based on the insert size, as well as a high level of conservation between the two species of Musa. Localization of selected BAC clones to mitotic chromosomes using FISH indicated that the BAC library represented a useful resource for cytogenetic mapping. As the first step in map-based cloning of a genetic factor that is involved in the activation of integrated pararetroviral sequences of Banana streak virus (BSV), the BSV expressed locus (BEL) was physically delimited. The PKW BAC library represents a publicly available tool, and is currently used to reveal the integration and activation mechanisms of BSV sequences and to study banana genome structure and evolution.Key words: bacterial artificial chromosome library, banana, BAC-FISH, flow cytometry, Musa balbisiana, Banana streak virus, BSV.

Ne bi se moglo reći da postoji hrvatska e k s p r e s io n is tič k a lir ik a , jer ne postoji nužno potrebni kvantitet ekspresionističkih pjesnika, koji su stvarajući pjesme u određenom vremenu oživotvorili neophodni kvalitet na osnovu čega bismo o takvoj lirici govoriti mogli. U tim — takvim relacijama ne postoje valjda hi lir ič a r i — isključivi ekspresionisti. Niko od njih nije pisao isključivo ili bar pretežno ekspresionističke pjesme, a da je to ponekomu od njih i uspjelo, kvalitet tih pjesnika — pjesama bio bi znatno umanjen i zato, jer bi mogao biti definiran samo jednim »izmom« — u ovom slučaju »ekspresionizmom«. Teško je reći da li u našoj lirici postoje p o je d in e bitno ekspresionističke pjesme u kojima izraziti je ne bi bili zastupljeni elementi dotadašnjih tj. ne-ekspresionističkih poetičko-poezijskih navika — struktura — shema.

Leto 2016 je bilo za Slovenijo pomembno z več različnih vidikov. Minilo je petindvajset let, odkar imamo samostojno državo. Ravno toliko časa samostojno skrbimo za svojo varnost. Že leta 1990 smo se začeli pripravljati na velike spremembe. Omenim lahko plebiscit o samostojnosti ob koncu leta, ki je bil pomemben za vse preostale aktivnosti leta 1991, in zgodovinski datum 25. junij, ko sta bili sprejeti Deklaracija o neodvisnosti in Temeljna ustavna listina o samostojnosti in neodvisnosti Slovenije, ki sta bili razglašeni naslednjega dne. 27. junija se je z napadom Jugoslovanske ljudske armade začela slovenska osamosvojitvena vojna, ki je trajala deset dni. Leta 1992 smo pristopili k Organizaciji za varnost in sodelovanje v Evropi (OSCE) in postali 176. članica Organizacije Združenih narodov. Demokratično izražena volja za približevanje Slovenije Natu je bila prvič jasno izražena v dopolnilih k Resoluciji o izhodiščih zasnove nacionalne varnosti leta 1994. Takrat smo pristopili k programu Partnerstva za mir, s katerim se je začela pot k pridruževanju tej politični in varnostni organizaciji. Pozneje leta 2003 smo se na dveh posvetovalnih referendumih opredelili o tem, ali želimo svoji prihodnost in varnost ustvarjati s članstvom v Evropski uniji in Natu. 29. marca 2004 smo postali država članica zveze Nato, prvega maja pa je Slovenija postala še članica Evropske unije. Našteti dogodki in dejavnosti dokazujejo uspešno razvojno pot samostojne države, ki je z veliko energije in medsebojnim sodelovanjem ter z uspešno zunanjo politiko in kakovostno diplomacijo zelo veliko dosegla na svoji precej kratki razvojni poti. Nekatere že naštete dejavnosti, ki spadajo na področji zunanje politike in diplomacije, se dotikajo tudi področij obrambe in vojske. Pri razvoju Slovenske vojske je bilo veliko pomembnih mejnikov. Naj ob tej priložnosti omenim 15. maj 1991, ko so na Igu pri Ljubljani in v Pekrah pri Mariboru začeli služiti vojaški rok prvi slovenski naborniki na domačih slovenskih tleh. Konec leta 1994 je bil z dvotretjinsko večino sprejet Zakon o obrambi, ki med drugim pomeni konec Teritorialne obrambe in začetek Slovenske vojske z veliko začetnico. Maja 1995 pa je bil sprejet sklep, da se za Dan Slovenske vojske določi 15. maj. Leta 1997 smo prvič poslali v mednarodno vojaško in humanitarno operacijo Alba pripadnike Slovenske vojske. Od takrat do konca leta 2016 je Slovenija k mednarodni varnosti veliko prispevala, saj je Slovenska vojska v tem obdobju v mednarodne operacije in na misije napotila 11.357 pripadnic in pripadnikov. Leta 2003 je v Sloveniji zadnja generacija služila obvezni vojaški rok, saj je Slovenska vojska prešla na poklicno vojsko s pogodbeno rezervo. Leto pozneje, ko smo postali Natova članica, so v mednarodno operacijo in na misijo Isaf v Afganistan odšli prvi pripadniki Slovenske vojske. O razvojnih obdobjih na vojaškoobrambnem področju med slovensko samostojnostjo sta že pisala Anton Grizold in Alojz Šteiner. Šteiner je razdelil razvojna obdobja Slovenske vojske na obdobje od 1991 do 1994, ki ga poimenuje obdobje Teritorialne obrambe, in obdobje od 1995 do 1999 kot obdobje reorganizacije Slovenske vojske z začetki mednarodnega vojaškega sodelovanja. Obdobje od 2000 do 2004 je poimenoval obdobje priprav na vstop v Nato in začetek profesionalizacije ter preoblikovanja Slovenske vojske, obdobje od 2005 do 2010 pa obdobje integracije v Nato in vojaške strukture Evropske unije ter nadaljevanje preoblikovanja Slovenske vojske. Opredelitve obdobij in njihovih značilnosti za čas po letu 2011 še nimamo, nedvomno pa ga je zaznamovala finančna kriza, ki je v večini držav zavezništva in držav članic Evropske unije povzročila zniževanje deleža sredstev, namenjenih za obrambo. V zavezništvu so postali pomembni pametna obramba, nišne zmogljivosti in druge aktivnosti, sprejete na vrhu Nata, ki je leta 2012 potekal v Chicagu, leta 2014 v Walesu in 2016 v Varšavi. V Sodobnih vojaških izzivih je več avtorjev pisalo o sodobnih temah po letu 2011 in tako prispevalo k razvoju vojaškoobrambnih vsebin. Usmeritve se nadaljujejo tudi v tej številki. Zunanji ameriški pogled na obrambne reforme in Slovenijo kot del mednarodnega okolja z nami deli Thomas Durell Young, ki je napisal prispevek Izziv za obrambne reforme v Srednji/Vzhodni Evropi: primer Slovenije. Smo v petindvajsetih letih razvili sodobne oborožene sile in lahko uspešno prispevamo k skupnim zmogljivostim v mednarodnem okolju ali nas čaka še veliko dela na obrambnem področju? Zmanjševanje virov za obrambo je povzročilo spremembe v državah članicah EU in zavezništvu. Vida Žurga v prispevku Nova sodobna grožnja nacionalni varnosti – proračunska grožnja poudarja pomen samozadostnosti nacionalno-varnostnega sistema in kako je bila ta samozadostnost preizkušena na primeru migrantske krize. Viktor Potočnik nadaljuje svojo trilogijo. Tokrat je pripravil prispevek Četrta generacija vojskovanja (2. del), Celovita prenova nacionalno-varnostnega sistema. Kot omenja, so nekateri avtorji pred kratkim predstavili nekaj predlogov in pomislekov o sedanjem sistemu nacionalne varnosti in nujnih spremembah, vendar se kaj določenega ni spremenilo. Potočnik je natančnejši in jasnejši. O pomenu strateških komunikacij je pisalo veliko avtorjev. Kako pa je področje strateških komunikacij urejeno v Natu? Na to vprašanje odgovarja Nina Raduha v prispevku Natov koncept strateških komunikacij v Republiki Sloveniji, s poudarkom na Slovenski vojski. To ni samo stvar Slovenske vojske, temveč države kot celote in bi moralo biti pomemben del njenega strateškega komuniciranja. Pa je v resnici tako? Igor Prelog meni, da je lahko bojno letalstvo zlasti primerno za zračno podporo protiuporniškemu delovanju zaradi mnogih prednosti, ki jih ima pred visokotehnološkim bojnim letalom z reaktivnim pogonom. O tem, kako bi lahko v protiuporniškem delovanju znotraj zavezništva pomagala tudi Slovenija, piše v prispevku Lahko bojno letalstvo v protiuporniškem delovanju in analiza uporabe Pilatusa PC-9. Gregor Jazbec je napisal prispevek Psihologija boja: raziskava vojakovega doživljanja vojne in psihičnih posledic, ki jih povzroča bojevanje. Gre za zahtevno temo, ki predstavlja skrajne vidika bojevanja. Avtor je opravil raziskavo o doživljanju vojne in psihičnih posledicah med vojaki udeleženci različnih vojn na naših tleh in rezultate primerjal s podobnimi raziskavami v drugih državah. Želimo vam prijetno branje in si želimo, da vas vzpodbudi tudi k pisanju.

V tokratni številki Sodobnih vojaških izzivov smo se posvetili odnosom med Evropsko unijo in Natom na varnostnem področju. 1. junija 2021 so se v Bruslju sestali zunanji ministri držav članic zavezništva, da bi se dogovorili o podrobnostih vrha Nata 14. junija 2021 v Bruslju v Belgiji, torej prav v času izida naše tematske številke. Dvajset zunanjih ministrov je predstavljalo države članice Nata, ki so obenem tudi članice EU, zaradi česar je dogodek, kot je vrh Nata, še toliko večjega pomena za prihodnost evropske varnosti. Na ministrialu so bile omenjene številne teme, kot na primer Afganistan, Belorusija, Rusija in Kitajska. Na splošno pa je bilo poudarjeno, da se mora Nato prilagajati novim varnostnim izzivom v zelo tekmovalnem okolju. Kot je omenil generalni sekretar Nata Jens Stoltenberg, se spoprijemamo s številnimi izzivi naši varnosti, s katerimi se moramo spoprijeti skupaj, kajti nobena država ali kontinent se z njimi ne more spoprijeti sama. Navedeno vključuje krepitev sedanjih partnerstev, pa tudi vzpostavljanje novih, vključno z azijsko-pacifiškimi, afriškimi in latinskomeriškimi državami. Beseda je tekla tudi o pospeševanju usposabljanja in krepitvi zmogljivosti za partnerje, pa tudi o prizadevanjih za reševanje vplivov podnebnih sprememb na varnost. Ministri so se strinjali, da morajo začeti delati po prihodnjem Natovem strateškem konceptu, saj se je varnostno okolje po letu 2010 pomembno spremenilo. Generalni sekretar je poudaril, da bo Natova prihodnja prilagoditev od članic zahtevala nadaljevanje vlaganj v obrambo in več skupnih vlaganj za dosego multiplikatorja moči in močnega sporočila o skupni enotnosti in odločnosti. V času, ko je bil predsednik Združenih držav Amerike Donald Trump, je bilo dejstvo, da Evropska unija oziroma njene države članice namenjajo premalo pozornosti in s tem tudi virov za lastno obrambo, pogosto aktualna tema političnih razprav. Leta 2016, torej že leto pred nastopom mandata ameriškega predsednika Trumpa, je Evropska unija sprejela Globalno strategijo, v kateri je predvidela nekaj možnosti, s pomočjo katerih želi okrepiti področje Skupne varnostne in obrambne politike, o čemer bomo več pisali v naslednji številki Sodobnih varnostnih izzivov. V njej so predvideli, da bodo Evropski obrambi sklad, Stalno strukturno sodelovanje, Usklajeni letni pregled obrambe ter drugi mehanizmi delovali tako, da se dejavnosti, viri in zmogljivosti ne bodo podvajali z Natovimi, temveč se bodo med seboj dopolnjevali. Res je, da je Evropska unija v okviru Skupne varnostne in obrambne politike na svojih srečanjih in v sprejetih dokumentih predvidela že veliko dejavnosti v smislu krepitve te politike, a jih je pozneje bolj malo udejanjila. Se je na tem področju v zadnjih štirih letih kaj spremenilo ali pa se mogoče še bo v času, ko se je začela konferenca o evropski prihodnosti? Tako kot zavezništvo načrtuje nov strateški koncept, tudi Evropska unija napoveduje Strateški kompas, ki bo dal nove usmeritve za prihodnje sodelovanje tudi na področju varnosti. Kako to sodelovanje med Evropsko unijo in Natom poteka leta 2021 na nekaterih področjih varnosti, nam predstavljajo avtorji v tokratni številki. Prispevek z naslovom Sodelovanje EU-NATO in slovensko predsedovanje svetu evropske unije avtorja Marka Mahniča prinaša zanimivo tezo o tem, ali so ovire za skladno delovanje Evropske unije in Organizacije severnoatlantske pogodbe na področju skupne varnosti in obrambe le tehnične narave ali pa gre morda za razlike v politiki, dvostranskih odnosih in nacionalnih ambicijah določenih držav. O tem, kakšno je Partnerstvo EU-Nato pri zagotavljanju informacijske oziroma kibernetske varnosti: teorija in praksa, piše Damjan Štrucl. Kot pravi, so razvoj informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije in novi izzivi sodobnega varnostnega okolja pripeljali do podpisa Skupne izjave o poglobljenem strateškem partnerstvu med organizacijama leta 2016. V prispevku avtor analizira strateško partnerstvo EU-Nato pri zagotavljanju varnosti in obrambe v sodobnem varnostnem okolju. Obrambne pobude za krepitev varnosti Evropske unije so k pisanju prispevka spodbudile Gregorja Garba, ki predstavlja, kaj vse je Globalna strategija Evropske unije leta 2016 prispevala za njeno strateško obrambno avtonomijo, sprva sicer v teoretičnem smislu po petih letih, pa tudi v praktičnem smislu. Vse seveda ob dejstvu, da bo Evropska unija tudi v prihodnje ohranjala močne stike in trdno sodelovanje s Severnoatlantskim zavezništvom. David Humar in Nina Raduha predstavljata proces nastajanja Vojaške strategije Republike Slovenije v Slovenski vojski. Spremembe v mednarodnem okolju so k strateškim premislekom na varnostnem področju spodbudile Nato in Evropsko unijo. Slovenija kot država članica v obeh organizacijah prav tako potrebuje strateški premislek na vojaškem in varnostnem področju. Več o procesu v prispevku Oblikovanje vojaške strategije Republike Slovenije. Reševanje nezakonitih migracij v Evropi je tema, ki se ji je posvetil Miklós Böröcz. Vse od leta 2015 so takrat množične nezakonite migracije pomenile veliko težavo za Evropo in Evropsko unijo. Množična begunska kriza se je postopoma preoblikovala v nezakonite migracije posameznikov in manjših skupin, ki so ohranile in okrepile stik z vsemi na poti, ki pri tem sodelujejo in skrbijo, da migracijski tok z nezakonitim predznakom ne pojenja. Avtor ima nekaj rešitev za to problematiko.

V tokratni številki Sodobnih vojaških izzivov smo se posvetili odnosom med Evropsko unijo in Natom na varnostnem področju. 1. junija 2021 so se v Bruslju sestali zunanji ministri držav članic zavezništva, da bi se dogovorili o podrobnostih vrha Nata 14. junija 2021 v Bruslju v Belgiji, torej prav v času izida naše tematske številke. Dvajset zunanjih ministrov je predstavljalo države članice Nata, ki so obenem tudi članice EU, zaradi česar je dogodek, kot je vrh Nata, še toliko večjega pomena za prihodnost evropske varnosti. Na ministrialu so bile omenjene številne teme, kot na primer Afganistan, Belorusija, Rusija in Kitajska. Na splošno pa je bilo poudarjeno, da se mora Nato prilagajati novim varnostnim izzivom v zelo tekmovalnem okolju. Kot je omenil generalni sekretar Nata Jens Stoltenberg, se spoprijemamo s številnimi izzivi naši varnosti, s katerimi se moramo spoprijeti skupaj, kajti nobena država ali kontinent se z njimi ne more spoprijeti sama. Navedeno vključuje krepitev sedanjih partnerstev, pa tudi vzpostavljanje novih, vključno z azijsko-pacifiškimi, afriškimi in latinskomeriškimi državami. Beseda je tekla tudi o pospeševanju usposabljanja in krepitvi zmogljivosti za partnerje, pa tudi o prizadevanjih za reševanje vplivov podnebnih sprememb na varnost. Ministri so se strinjali, da morajo začeti delati po prihodnjem Natovem strateškem konceptu, saj se je varnostno okolje po letu 2010 pomembno spremenilo. Generalni sekretar je poudaril, da bo Natova prihodnja prilagoditev od članic zahtevala nadaljevanje vlaganj v obrambo in več skupnih vlaganj za dosego multiplikatorja moči in močnega sporočila o skupni enotnosti in odločnosti. V času, ko je bil predsednik Združenih držav Amerike Donald Trump, je bilo dejstvo, da Evropska unija oziroma njene države članice namenjajo premalo pozornosti in s tem tudi virov za lastno obrambo, pogosto aktualna tema političnih razprav. Leta 2016, torej že leto pred nastopom mandata ameriškega predsednika Trumpa, je Evropska unija sprejela Globalno strategijo, v kateri je predvidela nekaj možnosti, s pomočjo katerih želi okrepiti področje Skupne varnostne in obrambne politike, o čemer bomo več pisali v naslednji številki Sodobnih varnostnih izzivov. V njej so predvideli, da bodo Evropski obrambi sklad, Stalno strukturno sodelovanje, Usklajeni letni pregled obrambe ter drugi mehanizmi delovali tako, da se dejavnosti, viri in zmogljivosti ne bodo podvajali z Natovimi, temveč se bodo med seboj dopolnjevali. Res je, da je Evropska unija v okviru Skupne varnostne in obrambne politike na svojih srečanjih in v sprejetih dokumentih predvidela že veliko dejavnosti v smislu krepitve te politike, a jih je pozneje bolj malo udejanjila. Se je na tem področju v zadnjih štirih letih kaj spremenilo ali pa se mogoče še bo v času, ko se je začela konferenca o evropski prihodnosti? Tako kot zavezništvo načrtuje nov strateški koncept, tudi Evropska unija napoveduje Strateški kompas, ki bo dal nove usmeritve za prihodnje sodelovanje tudi na področju varnosti. Kako to sodelovanje med Evropsko unijo in Natom poteka leta 2021 na nekaterih področjih varnosti, nam predstavljajo avtorji v tokratni številki. Prispevek z naslovom Sodelovanje EU-NATO in slovensko predsedovanje svetu evropske unije avtorja Marka Mahniča prinaša zanimivo tezo o tem, ali so ovire za skladno delovanje Evropske unije in Organizacije severnoatlantske pogodbe na področju skupne varnosti in obrambe le tehnične narave ali pa gre morda za razlike v politiki, dvostranskih odnosih in nacionalnih ambicijah določenih držav. O tem, kakšno je Partnerstvo EU-Nato pri zagotavljanju informacijske oziroma kibernetske varnosti: teorija in praksa, piše Damjan Štrucl. Kot pravi, so razvoj informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije in novi izzivi sodobnega varnostnega okolja pripeljali do podpisa Skupne izjave o poglobljenem strateškem partnerstvu med organizacijama leta 2016. V prispevku avtor analizira strateško partnerstvo EU-Nato pri zagotavljanju varnosti in obrambe v sodobnem varnostnem okolju. Obrambne pobude za krepitev varnosti Evropske unije so k pisanju prispevka spodbudile Gregorja Garba, ki predstavlja, kaj vse je Globalna strategija Evropske unije leta 2016 prispevala za njeno strateško obrambno avtonomijo, sprva sicer v teoretičnem smislu po petih letih, pa tudi v praktičnem smislu. Vse seveda ob dejstvu, da bo Evropska unija tudi v prihodnje ohranjala močne stike in trdno sodelovanje s Severnoatlantskim zavezništvom. David Humar in Nina Raduha predstavljata proces nastajanja Vojaške strategije Republike Slovenije v Slovenski vojski. Spremembe v mednarodnem okolju so k strateškim premislekom na varnostnem področju spodbudile Nato in Evropsko unijo. Slovenija kot država članica v obeh organizacijah prav tako potrebuje strateški premislek na vojaškem in varnostnem področju. Več o procesu v prispevku Oblikovanje vojaške strategije Republike Slovenije. Reševanje nezakonitih migracij v Evropi je tema, ki se ji je posvetil Miklós Böröcz. Vse od leta 2015 so takrat množične nezakonite migracije pomenile veliko težavo za Evropo in Evropsko unijo. Množična begunska kriza se je postopoma preoblikovala v nezakonite migracije posameznikov in manjših skupin, ki so ohranile in okrepile stik z vsemi na poti, ki pri tem sodelujejo in skrbijo, da migracijski tok z nezakonitim predznakom ne pojenja. Avtor ima nekaj rešitev za to problematiko.