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Literatura académica sobre el tema "New product categories"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 20 de febrero de 2023

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "New product categories"

BERKTAŞ, Sena y Renk DİMLİ ORAKLIBEL. "NEW GENERATION CRAFT: IKEA HACK AND ITS TAXONOMY". TURKISH ONLINE JOURNAL OF DESIGN ART AND COMMUNICATION 11, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2021): 232–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7456/11101100/013.

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In this research, IKEA-hacks are examined according to their main characteristics and classified according to these examinations. In the study, IKEA-hack and Do-It-Yourself (DIY) and the IKEA Effect subjects are included to expose the IKEA-hack issue comprehensively. The IKEA-hacks examined in the classification were selected from the studies on the ikeahackers.net website. At first, a pilot study was carried out and a review table was created as a result of some improvements during the pilot study. The classification includes; the information about the intended use of products before and after the hack, to which hack category they belong to, how many IKEA products have been used in process, the instruments used in procedure, and which spaces the product has been prepared. The hack categories were divided into two main categories as visual and functional modifications. These modifications are discussed under 2 categories and 8 sub-categories. The first category is visual changes that includes only-colour modification (A), material change (B), colour and material change (C) as sub- categories. The second category is dedicated to functional changes and includes sub-categories such as; the products used without any modification but for a purpose other than specified by IKEA (D), improved functionality (E), those with added functionalities (F), modifications on the indented use specified by the company by making some modifications on the product (G), and creating a new product by combining independent parts (H). Among 6313 works presented on the ikeahackers.net website published between 2006 and 2018, 378 works involved in the sample were examined; the analyses were separately performed for every year and the changes were compared between the years. Examining the outcomes, only 21% of the practices were conducted for visual purposes only, %79 is about functionality. In visual based practices, category C comes front in which colour and material change performed at the same time. Whereas in the functional practices, people mostly performed Category G in which hackers redefine the context of usage of the IKEA products.

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Xu, Hong Xue, Fu Cai Wan, Xiu Ying Guo y Yong Xian Liu. "A Two-Phase New Product Introduction Model". Applied Mechanics and Materials 16-19 (octubre de 2009): 1233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.16-19.1233.

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A new approach that combines neural network and 0-1 programming was proposed. Based on the lifecycle analysis, the characteristics of new products can be divided into four categories with different benefit curves and parameters. A neural network is used to classify the new product and the 0-1 programming model is then developed and used to determine what products to be introduced into marketplace. Numerical example is given finally to show that this model is effective for firms.

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Horobeţ¸, Emil. "Galois covering and smash product of skew categories". Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Mathematica 5, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2013): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausm-2014-0004.

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Abstract In this paper we give a new proof of the famous result of E. L. Green [3], that gradings of a finite, path connected quiver are in one-to-one correspondence with Galois coverings. Namely we prove that the inverse construction to the skew group construction has as many solutions as the number of different gradings on the starting quiver.

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Belt, Bill. "Working with the Government to Introduce New Product Categories [CTA Insights]". IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine 6, n.º 3 (julio de 2017): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mce.2017.2684958.

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Abdelaziz, Bahoussa y Masrhouni Ikrame. "Cognitive categorization of new hybrid products and implicit attitude formation: Empirical study of sensory stimulation". Innovative Marketing 18, n.º 3 (3 de octubre de 2022): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.18(3).2022.18.

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According to social psychology researchers, categorizing a new product may involve the formation of automatic judgments at the subconscious level. This study aimed to ascertain if attitudes might be formed unintentionally when categorizing a new hybrid product under the effect of associated sensory inputs. Data were collected using an explicit and implicit approach: an explicit categorization measure, an explicit attitude scale, and the “Single Category Implicit Association Test’’ (SC-IAT), from 280 Moroccan university students having a normal sense of smell and taste, under the effects of two types of sensory stimuli (smell and taste) and according to two learning conditions linked to two categories of existing products. The data were then computed and processed using the “Statistical Package for Social Sciences” and the “Inquisit Lab’’. The study’s findings revealed that the respondents were able to categorize the new product into one of the targeted categories (depending on the learning condition of each category) after exposure to sensory stimuli (olfactory and gustatory stimuli) related to this product and were also able to form an implicit and explicit attitude towards it. The occurrence of the categorization process and the formation of these two distinct types of attitudes can be explained by the olfactory and gustatory sensory stimulation during the experiment, which helped the participants recognize the basic domain of the new product and then transfer knowledge and affects to it.

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Sam, Steven V. y Andrew Snowden. "Representations of categories of G-maps". Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Crelles Journal) 2019, n.º 750 (1 de mayo de 2019): 197–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/crelle-2016-0045.

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Abstract We study representations of wreath product analogues of categories of finite sets. This includes the category of finite sets and injections (studied by Church, Ellenberg, and Farb) and the opposite of the category of finite sets and surjections (studied by the authors in previous work). We prove noetherian properties for the injective version when the group in question is polycyclic-by-finite and use it to deduce general twisted homological stability results for such wreath products and indicate some applications to representation stability. We introduce a new class of formal languages (quasi-ordered languages) and use them to deduce strong rationality properties of Hilbert series of representations for the surjective version when the group is finite.

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Morrison, Scott y David Penneys. "Monoidal Categories Enriched in Braided Monoidal Categories". International Mathematics Research Notices 2019, n.º 11 (3 de octubre de 2017): 3527–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imrn/rnx217.

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Abstract We introduce the notion of a monoidal category enriched in a braided monoidal category $\mathcal{V}$. We set up the basic theory, and prove a classification result in terms of braided oplax monoidal functors to the Drinfeld centre of some monoidal category $\mathcal{T}$. Even the basic theory is interesting; it shares many characteristics with the theory of monoidal categories enriched in a symmetric monoidal category, but lacks some features. Of particular note, there is no cartesian product of braided-enriched categories, and the natural transformations do not form a 2-category, but rather satisfy a braided interchange relation. Strikingly, our classification is slightly more general than what one might have anticipated in terms of strong monoidal functors $\mathcal{V}\to Z(\mathcal{T})$. We would like to understand this further; in a future article, we show that the functor is strong if and only if the enriched category is ‘complete’ in a certain sense. Nevertheless it remains to understand what non-complete enriched categories may look like. One should think of our construction as a generalization of de-equivariantization, which takes a strong monoidal functor ${\mathsf {Rep}}(G) \to Z(\mathcal{T})$ for some finite group $G$ and a monoidal category $\mathcal{T}$, and produces a new monoidal category $\mathcal{T} _{{/\hspace{-2px}/}G}$. In our setting, given any braided oplax monoidal functor $\mathcal{V} \to Z(\mathcal{T})$, for any braided $\mathcal{V}$, we produce $\mathcal{T} _{{/\hspace{-2px}/}\mathcal{V}}$: this is not usually an ‘honest’ monoidal category, but is instead $\mathcal{V}$-enriched. If $\mathcal{V}$ has a braided lax monoidal functor to ${\mathsf {Vec}}$, we can use this to reduce the enrichment to ${\mathsf {Vec}}$, and this recovers de-equivariantization as a special case. This is the published version of arXiv:1701.00567.

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Narayanan, Sridhar, Puneet Manchanda y Pradeep K. Chintagunta. "Temporal Differences in the Role of Marketing Communication in New Product Categories". Journal of Marketing Research 42, n.º 3 (agosto de 2005): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.2005.42.3.278.

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The authors investigate the changing role of marketing communication over the life cycle of a new product category. They postulate two effects of marketing communication on consumers' choices: an “indirect effect” through reduction of uncertainty about product quality and a “direct effect” (i.e., more is better). The authors expect that the indirect effect is relatively larger in the early, postlaunch stages. They develop a structural model of demand that allows for such temporal differences in the roles of marketing communication. They use a random coefficients discrete choice model with a Bayesian learning process to model physician learning about new drugs and market-level data for the prescription antihistamines category. They find that marketing communication has a primarily indirect effect 6–14 months after introduction but that the direct effect subsequently dominates. The results suggest that firms should follow a pattern of heavier communication at the introduction phase followed by lower levels.

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Tesis sobre el tema "New product categories"

Verissimo, Juliana Trad. "Advertising new product categories to new geographical markets". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/10042.

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Submitted by Juliana Trad Verissimo (juliana.trad@gmail.com) on 2012-09-24T16:20:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTATION_JULIANA_VERISSIMO.pdf: 6958070 bytes, checksum: b8c2ba13a57f7e7c59bcc1d2b033be9c (MD5)
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In a dynamic and competitive global environment, many companies realize that continuous development and introduction of new products are key activities to their survival and growth. One of today’s biggest challenges to businesses involves knowing how to act in a world in which both the frame and the basis of competition are constantly changing, and where restructuring and portfolio shifting are central activities for capturing a fair share of global growth. Both the fast pace of technological innovation and the rising affluence of developing economies present businesses with risks and opportunities, and it is not only important that companies pay attention to the launch of top-notch products in developed markets, but also mandatory that they know how to launch old news to new markets. Using the Brazilian market as an example, this dissertation sought to study how multinational companies have been using advertising in the launch of new product categories and subcategories that are already sold elsewhere to new geographies. After reviewing the literature available, developing propositions, and evaluating those with the help of three case studies, it was possible to verify some linearity between the cases and the literature studied. These included the search for category legitimation preceding that of brand legitimation; the usage of expert sources to legitimate new categories; the usage of argument based appeals; and the advertising of more than one product feature per ad. Nevertheless, given some discrepancies noticeable between what was observed in Brazil and the literature consulted, it was also possible to verify that the way advertising cues are conducted in new geographies likewise depends on the competitive scenario faced, as well as on country specific economic and cultural variants.
Em um ambiente global dinâmico e competitivo, muitas empresas notam que constante desenvolvimento e lançamento de novos produtos são atividades-chave para seu crescimento e sobrevivência. Hoje, um dos maiores desafios enfrentados por tais empresas envolve saber como agir em um mundo em que tanto o escopo como a estrutura do ambiente competitivo estão em constante mudança, e em que reestruturações e mudanças de portfólio são centrais para as companhias que visam capitalizar com o crescimento global. Tanto o rápido ritmo de inovação tecnológica quando a crescente afluência de economias emergentes apresentam riscos e oportunidades para as empresas, o que torna importante não apenas que estas estejam atentas ao lançamento de produtos de última geração para mercados desenvolvidos: faz-se também necessário que saibam como lançar produtos antigos para novos mercados. Usando o mercado brasileiro como um exemplo, esta dissertação procurou estudar como multinacionais têm utilizado anúncios publicitários no lançamento, para novos mercados, de categorias e subcategorias de produtos já vendidas em outros países. Após uma revisão da literatura disponível, do desenvolvimento de proposições, e da avaliação destas através de três estudos de caso, foi possível verificar a existência de alguma linearidade entre os casos e a literatura estudada, incluindo: uma busca pela legitimação da categoria que precede àquela pela da marca; o uso de 'especialistas' para a legitimação da categoria; o uso de apelos baseados em argumentos; e a divulgação de mais de uma característica de produto por anúncio. No entanto, dadas algumas discrepâncias entre o que foi observado nos casos e aquilo descrito na literatura consultada, também foi possível verificar que a maneira como os anúncios são feitos em diferentes lugares depende igualmente do cenário competitivo enfrentado pela empresa, bem como de variantes econômicas e culturais específicas da localidade em questão.

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Lowe, Benjamin y n/a. "Pricing Strategy and the Formation and Evolution of Reference Price Perceptions in New Product Categories". Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070221.155102.

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This study examines how pioneer and follower pricing strategies affect the formation and evolution of reference price perceptions in new product categories. It contributes to our understanding of pricing new products by integrating two important research streams in the field of marketing - reference price theory and the theory of pioneer brand advantage. This is the first research to address reference price effects for radically new product categories. Prior research has focused solely on products in existing categories, typically in fast moving consumer goods categories. Using three experiments to causally establish the consequences of pioneer and follower pricing strategies on consumer perceptions, three critical research issues are addressed for the first time, consistent with calls for research in the literature: 1. Which reference price do consumers utilise in new product categories? 2. What is the role of consumer confidence in reference price for new product categories? 3. How do reference price perceptions form and evolve as a result of pioneer and follower pricing strategy? In the literature, a frequently cited issue is the fragmented operationalisation of reference price perceptions. With little theory to guide researchers in terms of which measures should be used, experiment 1 provides new theory, finding as hypothesised, that fair price perceptions as opposed to expected price perceptions are more likely to be evoked by consumers for new product categories. Experiment 1 also finds that using consumers' confidence in their reference price beliefs as an additional explanatory variable, does not improve over current reference price models. Overconfidence, a robust consumer behavioural phenomenon (Alba and Hutchinson 2000), might explain this result. Prior research has made several contributions to understanding reference price perceptions in established product categories. However, not much is known about how these reference price perceptions initially form and evolve. Experiments 2 and 3 address this gap by simulating an emerging market and examining the role of pioneership in shaping reference price perceptions. Experiment 2 found the pioneer, due to its perceptual prominence, is able to define the reference price and subsequently define perceptions of value. That is, the value consumers place on a product and their intentions to purchase the product are about the same whether the pioneer follows a penetration (initial low price) or skimming (initial high price) strategy. Experiment 3 extends experiment 2 by examining what happens in the emerging market when a follower brand enters. The follower enters at a large or small discount to the pioneer, and the pioneer completes its penetration or skimming strategy, converging to a 'regular' price. As predicted, the pioneer's initial price frames subsequent price and value perceptions, signifying the importance of the pioneer as a referent brand. Lower initial prices erode value perceptions, whereas higher initial prices substantiate value perceptions. The follower's pricing strategy does not have as much influence as the pioneer's pricing strategy. Other findings from experiment 3 related to reference price theory in general. Specifically, there was strong evidence of an averaging process when forming reference prices. This adds theory to the measurement debate about operationalising reference price as some past price such as last price paid or some average of past prices. Experiment 3 also provides a further measurement contribution by supporting the use of brand specific measures of reference price, rather than category based measures. More generally, because of the causal research design, this thesis provides strong evidence of the use of reference prices in consumer decision making: a key concern emphasised by one of the area's seminal articles (i.e., Kalyanaram and Winer 1995), which stresses the need to provide evidence that consumers actually use reference prices, and not just act as if they do.

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Lowe, Benjamin. "Pricing Strategy and the Formation and Evolution of Reference Price Perceptions in New Product Categories". Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365671.

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Turilin, Mikhail. "Radical innovation of user experience : how high tech companies create new categories of products". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59142.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-85).
In the last 15 years, several high tech companies successfully developed revolutionary products that were not based on completely new base technology. Instead, the companies used existing technologies to create products with attractive user experiences. The products appealed to customers and made their manufacturers leaders in their corresponding market segments. The approach to innovation taken by these companies could be called the "radical innovation of user experience." In this work, I will look for common patterns in customer research, product development, and the organizational management of successful user-experience innovation companies. As a result, I will create an asset of recommendations that could be used by product managers and general managers of technology companies to assess their innovation strategy.
by Mikhail Turilin.
S.M.

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Li, Wei-Lin y 李偉綾. "The Study of Consumer Characteristics, Adopter Categories and Characteristics of New Product on the Purchase Intention of Innovative Product". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12803978177711039624.

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碩士
中原大學
企業管理研究所
100
This research takes ultrasound beauty for example, mainly explores how consumer characteristics, adopter categories, and characteristics of new product affect consumers’ purchase intentions, and it also discusses the relationship among these three variables. At the same time, this research explores the various life styles among different adopter categories. First, this research defines the aspects of three variables by literature review. In the dimension of consumer characteristics, this research adopts demographic and life style aspects; in the dimension of characteristics of new product, this research adopts relative advantage, compatibility, and complexity aspects. After confirming the research framework, the questionnaire is designed to survey the consumers’ values to characteristics of new product, consumers’ life styles, consumers’ adopter categories and consumers’ purchase intentions. There are 278 effective questionnaires for this research. Through SPSS statistical analysis, this research finds that age, education and a part of life styles are significant correlated with adopter categories and except for late majority, there are obvious differences of life styles among adopter categories. The people who adopt new product earlier tend to pursue fashion, like to be a leadership, have the adventure characteristic, be influenced by others, not to be brand loyalists, and interest in complex and multi-functional products. This research also finds that adopter category has significant correlation with relative advantage and compatibility. In relative advantage aspect, adopter category has most significant correlation with “ultrasound spa will facilitate maintenance and absorption of face”; in compatibility aspect, adopter category has most significant correlation with “what degree I value the maintenance and cleaning of my face”. And the value degree of relative advantage and compatibility to early majority are much higher than laggards. Besides, except for “preference to products” aspect, relative advantage and compatibility are significant positive correlated with purchase intentions. It means that the higher of relative advantage and compatibility, the higher of consumers’ purchase intentions. This research explores consumers’ purchase intentions by various consumer characteristics, different adopter categories and different value degree to characteristics of new product. The researcher hopes this research can help firms in marketing plans, product development and product improvement.

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Aziz, Salma. "Investigating the Single Category Belief Problem in a Hybrid Product". Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/2840.

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Existing research suggests that when consumers encounter hybrid products or boundary-spanning products with attributes belonging to multiple categories, consumers tend to generate inferences based on only a single product category. Reliance on a single category for inferencing is termed as the “single category belief problem” which has been regarded as a vital marketing challenge because it leads consumers to underestimate the true utility of a hybrid product as certain product attributes are ignored. Our objective was to explore whether single category beliefs manifest in consumer choice for a hybrid product when strategically placed within varying contexts. The research used discrete choice experiment (DCE) to test hypotheses. Our research confirms that the single category belief is evident in consumer choice. We also found that the context the hybrid product is placed within has a major influence on what consumers preferred the most. Depending on the context a hybrid product was seen in had significant influence on how consumers evaluated product attributes and made purchase decisions. The findings for this research may be very beneficial for marketers.

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Libros sobre el tema "New product categories"

Groshev, Igor' y Evgeniy Korchagin. Tourism for the elderly. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1027444.

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The monograph proposes a methodology of new marketing, structural and economic-management approaches for tourism organizations in the modern conjuncture of tourism for the elderly. Approaches that take into account the consumer behavior of older people and other age groups, retired, proposed in this paper, can be more effectively used to involve these categories in tourism. The aging of the population and demographic changes in the structure of consumers of tourist products require Russian travel companies to optimize their approaches and strategies, rebuild the tourism infrastructure to organize the supply of products in demand in the world tourism market that meet the needs of older people. The assessment of relevance of tourist products and their elements to requirements of elderly tourists is presented. It is intended for teachers, postgraduates and students of higher educational institutions, specialists in the organization of tourist activities, heads of travel agencies, researchers and all those who are interested in the development of tourism activities.

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Masuoka, Natalie. Exclusive Categories. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657468.003.0002.

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This chapter presents a historical analysis that traces changes in American norms concerning race over time. In particular, it highlights the cultural shift from perceiving race as a form of assigned classification to perceiving it as a product of personal identification. The chapter first establishes why Americans rely on racial categories and how race is practiced by classifying individuals in a small set of discrete groups. It then identifies events that occurred largely during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s that cultivated the new cultural norms that created opportunities to express race as a form of personal identity.

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Stoneman, Paul, Eleonora Bartoloni y Maurizio Baussola. Product Innovation and Price Measurement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816676.003.0011.

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This chapter addresses how innovation may affect price measurement—a key issue for the accuracy of measures of principal economic indicators and a long-discussed one. Two main changes related to product innovation are important in this context: new goods (which are often cheaper) are driving old goods out of the market; and new products often offer improved quality. The literature suggests that a failure to properly account for these has added 0.8 percentage points per year to the measured Consumer Price Index in the United States. Quality adjustment approaches in all OECD countries have converged towards general methodological guidelines that represent a common knowledge base. The hedonic methodology is applied in a significant number of countries and for specific categories of goods, in particular electronic products. The use of this approach is exemplified and the impact on price indexes evaluated.

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Play Bigger: How Rebels and Innovators Create New Categories and Dominate Markets. Little, Brown Book Group Limited, 2016.

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Peterson, Dave, Kevin Maney, Al Ramadan y Christopher Lochhead. Play Bigger: How Rebels and Innovators Create New Categories and Dominate Markets. Little, Brown Book Group Limited, 2016.

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Schütze, Robert. The Rise of the Federal Model I. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803379.003.0005.

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What philosophy governs the European common market today? This chapter examines this question by exploring the doctrinal structure of Article 34 since Cassis de Dijon. It will be argued that after Cassis, the substantive structure of the European market could no longer be presented as a ‘new legal order of international law’. For the principle of mutual recognition ‘breaks’ the backbone of the international model, as each State loses a part of its (internal) sovereignty over its own (internal) market. This loss of sovereignty was first established for national rules relating to product requirements; but the question whether this federal solution equally applied to ‘selling arrangements’ has preoccupied the Court ever since. With Keck, the Court acknowledged the existence of different tests for different categories of measures. How do these three jurisprudential lines interrelate? Two theoretical approaches are discussed: the (old) category approach and a (new) unitary approach.

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Rogers, Hannah Star. Art, Science, and the Politics of Knowledge. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/13885.001.0001.

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How the tools of STS can be used to understand art and science and the practices of these knowledge-making communities. In Art, Science, and the Politics of Knowledge, Hannah Star Rogers suggests that art and science are not as different from each other as we might assume. She shows how the tools of science and technology studies (STS) can be applied to artistic practice, offering new ways of thinking about people and objects that have largely fallen outside the scope of STS research. Arguing that the categories of art and science are labels with specific powers to order social worlds—and that art and science are best understood as networks that produce knowledge—Rogers shows, through a series of cases, the similarities and overlapping practices of these knowledge communities. The cases, which range from nineteenth-century artisans to contemporary bioartists, illustrate how art can provide the basis for a new subdiscipline called art, science, and technology studies (ASTS), offering hybrid tools for investigating art–science collaborations. Rogers's subjects include the work of father and son glassblowers, the Blaschkas, whose glass models, produced in the nineteenth century for use in biological classification, are now displayed as works of art; the physics photographs of documentary photographer Berenice Abbott; and a bioart lab that produces work functioning as both artwork and scientific output. Finally, Rogers, an STS scholar and contemporary art–science curator, draws on her own work to consider the concept of curation as a form of critical analysis.

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Magda, Raczynska. 3 Derived Assets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198796138.003.0004.

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This chapter considers incidents in which a new asset may be derived from the one already subject to the proprietary interest. It begins with an overview of derivation in law in the context of physical matter, the possible categories of new assets and the ways in which they might be derived from original assets. In particular, it describes three categories of derived assets: proceeds, products and fruits. It then examines derived assets from the contractual perspective, along with changes to subject matter of proprietary interests. Changes of subject matter leading or not leading to a new asset are analysed. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the case with rights to payment to show that some assets are so closely linked with the derived assets that having the asset makes little economic sense unless one also has a right to the derived asset.

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Masuoka, Natalie. Identity Choice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657468.003.0001.

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This chapter outlines the new theoretical approach developed in this book: identity choice or the practice of race as a form of personal identification. The book contends that identity choice is a distinct cultural shift in how Americans define race. Historically race has been defined as a product of assigned classification in which an individual is categorized into a racial group based on the social definitions of that given time. Multiracial Americans are highlighted as an important case of identity choice given that they promote race as a form of identity but reveal the continued importance of assigned classification given that multiracial individuals are often categorized into racial groups by others. This chapter offers a historical analysis contrasting the reliance on assigned classification with the development of identity choice. The final sections of the chapter offer an overview of each chapter of the book.

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Sapolsky, Harvey M. Security Studies and Security Policy: An American Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.297.

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Security studies in the United States is marred by a lack of status. Opportunities within American universities are limited by the fact that the work deals with war and the use of force. Another reason for the isolation of security studies is its inherent interdisciplinary nature. It is nearly impossible to separate military technology from security policy, and there is the constant requirement in doing security analysis to understand weapons and their operational effects. However, the most serious limitation of security studies is its narrowness. Nearly all of its ranks are international relations specialists concerned primarily with relationships among and between nation-states. Absent from serious analysis are international environmental, economic, and health issues that may precede and produce political upheaval and that have their own academic specialists. The collapse of the Soviet Union raised questions about the opportunities and dangers of the United States' globally dominant position. The efforts to specify America’s new grand strategy produced a variety of expressions which fall into four main categories. The first is Primacy. Its advocates are primarily the neo-conservatives who relished America’s post-Cold War global dominance and sought to thwart any attempts to challenge this dominance. The second strategy is usually labeled Liberal Interventionism, which is also based on the dominance of American military might and urges US intervention abroad. The third strategy is the Selective Engagement. Under this strategy the United States should intervene only where vital interests are at stake. The fourth strategy focused on Restraint.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "New product categories"

Schau, Erwin M., Eva Prelovšek Niemelä, Aarne Johannes Niemelä, Tatiana Abaurre Alencar Gavric y Iztok Šušteršič. "Life Cycle Assessment Benchmark for Wooden Buildings in Europe". En Towards a Sustainable Future - Life Cycle Management, 143–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77127-0_13.

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AbstractClimate change and other environmental problems from the production of raw materials, construction, and end of life of buildings are serious concerns that need to be solved urgently. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and the EU-recommended Environmental Footprint (EF) are well-known and accepted tools to measure a comprehensive set of environmental impacts throughout a product’s life cycle. But to assess how good (or bad) a wooden building performs environmentally is still a challenge. In the EU Environmental Footprint [11] pilot phase from 2013 to 2018, an average benchmark for the different product groups was found to be very useful. Based upon the recommendations for a benchmark of all kinds of European dwellings, we developed a scenario of a typical European wooden building. The EU Environmental Footprint method covers 16 recommended impact categories and can be normalized and weighted into one single point for easy and quick comparisons. The results are presented as the average impact per one square meter (m2) of floor area over 1 year. The developed benchmark for wooden buildings is a suitable comparison point for new wooden building designs. The benchmark can be used by architects and designers early in the planning stages when changes can still be made to improve the environmental performance of wooden buildings or the communication and interpretation of LCA results for customers and other stakeholders.

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Qian, Kun. "Environmental Concerns of the Pulp and Paper Industry: Focusing on Household and Sanitary Paper Products". En Decision Science for Future Earth, 181–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8632-3_8.

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AbstractThe category of household and sanitary products is the most important category in the paper industry, because it is related to people’s daily lives all around the world. This category is seeing a rapid increase in consumption, while consumption in other categories, such as printing or writing paper, is presently declining. China is the largest manufacturer, as well as the largest consumer of household and sanitary paper. Nowadays, environmental consciousness and concerns are rising in China and have started to influence customers’ behavior in selecting and using paper products. In the present study, surveys were conducted of the paper industry, the retail market for paper, and end consumers of paper. The relationship between new challenges of the paper industry and consumers’ environmental concerns has been investigated and reported.

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Strukov, Vlad. "Digital Art: A Sourcebook of Ideas for Conceptualizing New Practices, Networks and Modes of Self-Expression". En The Palgrave Handbook of Digital Russia Studies, 241–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42855-6_14.

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AbstractThe chapter traces the evolution of digital art produced in the Russian Federation and in the Russian language by critically considering a number of case studies and re-conceptualizing historical periods. It takes into account technologies, institutions, individual artists and artistic networks, and modes of presentation, appreciation and re-contextualization. It contributes to the debates about the nature and focus of art in the digital era by assessing historical, economic and creative factors. It showcases how digital art might be understood as a particular medium, platform, network, aesthetic and function, and it also argues that digital art does not fit into those categories. Instead notions of transformation, scope and duration are used to account for new forms of artistic expression.

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Sauter, Daniel, Jaskirat Randhawa, Claudia Tomateo y Timon McPhearson. "Visualizing Urban Social–Ecological–Technological Systems". En Resilient Urban Futures, 145–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63131-4_10.

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AbstractThe Urban Systems Lab (USL) Dataviz Platform is an interactive web application to visualize Social, Ecological, and Technological Systems (SETS). This platform is being used to encourage participatory processes, produce new knowledge, and facilitate collaborative analysis within nine Urban Resilience to Weather-related Extremes (UREx) Sustainability Research Network cities. It allows seamless shifts across contexts, scales, and perspectives for analysis within the SETS framework. How is digital space conceptualized for urban analysis and interventions? What is the capacity for reciprocal relationships between digital and physical space? How do we visually understand urban systems and complex spatial relationships? This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the application stack and the different representational categories embedded in the Dataviz Platform. Offering a common visual language to various stakeholders, we explore new ground as we believe it has the potential to change how we think about, plan, and design our cities. (“Map devices such as a frame, scale, orientation, projection, indexing and naming reveal artificial geographies that remain unavailable to human eyes.” (Corner,.Cosgrove (ed), Mappings, Reaktion Books, London, 1999)

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Sukumaran, Sivakumar, Greg Rebetzke, Ian Mackay, Alison R. Bentley y Matthew P. Reynolds. "Pre-breeding Strategies". En Wheat Improvement, 451–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_25.

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AbstractIn general terms, pre-breeding links needed traits to new varieties and encompasses activities from discovery research, exploration of gene banks, phenomics, genomics and breeding. How does pre-breeding given its importance differ from varietal-based breeding? Why is pre-breeding important? Pre-breeding identifies trait or trait combinations to help boost yield, protect it from biotic or abiotic stress, and enhance nutritional or quality characteristics of grain. Sources of new traits/alleles are typically found in germplasm banks, and include the following categories of ‘exotic’ material: obsolete varieties, landraces, products of interspecific hybridization within the Triticeae such as chromosome translocation lines, primary synthetic genotypes and their derivatives, and related species mainly from the primary or secondary gene pools (Genus: Triticum and Aegilops). Genetic and/or phenotyping tools are used to incorporate novel alleles/traits into elite varieties. While pre-breeding is mainly associated with use of exotics, unconventional crosses or selection methodologies aimed to accumulate novel combinations of alleles or traits into good genetic backgrounds may also be considered pre-breeding. In the current chapter, we focus on pre-breeding involving research-based screening of genetic resources, strategic crossing to combine complementary traits/alleles and progeny selection using phenomic and genomic selection, aiming to bring new functional diversity into use for development of elite cultivars.

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"New Products and Product Categories in the Global Forest Sector". En The Global Forest Sector, 145–66. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16186-11.

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Traynard, Veronique. "Resveratrol, Multiple Bioactivities for a Wide Range of Health Benefits. New Innovative Extracts for Nutraceutical, Pharmaceutical, and Cosmetics Applications". En Resveratrol - Recent Advances, Application, and Therapeutic Potential [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109179.

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Resveratrol (trans-resveratrol or 3,4′,5-trihydroxystilbene) is a polyphenol naturally present in grape skin and seeds. New innovative concentrated extracts produced by microorganisms or with innovative, ecological extraction techniques allow a new generation of high-quality ingredients for a diversity of product applications in nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Resveratrol exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties while promoting sirtuins 1 activities and mitochondrial functions. It also modulates multiple cellular signaling molecules, such as VEGF, caspases, cytokines NF-kB, vascular cell adhesion molecule, IGF-1, PPARs, and COX-2. Its clinical benefits have been demonstrated mainly in cognitive health, menopause, bone health, cardiovascular health, glucose metabolism, sport nutrition, and skin health. This chapter reviews the bioactivities of resveratrol, its clinical benefits, and detail its potential applications in several product categories in the growing field of health and nutrition product innovation. Resveratrol-based products may participate to provide new natural and complementary solutions for a global approach to health support and maintenance.

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Rozano, Mercedes. "Generic Drugs in the Pharmaceutical Market". En Handbook of Research on Strategic Retailing of Private Label Products in a Recovering Economy, 443–68. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0220-3.ch018.

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Over the past three decades, marketing has increased its interest in studying the role of generic products in the pharmaceutical sector, one that has only recently incorporated the concept of “generic” products, compared to others such as the mass market. Since the emergence of generic products as one of national brands' main competitors, these have shown significant growth in both their market share, as well as in new product categories. Initially, the concept of generic products was limited to categories of packaged foods and later extended to categories such as medicine. Pharmaceutical market presents an opportunity to analyze the expansion of the “generic” concept, in a strongly regulated framework. In Europe, different policies have resulted in a varying development of generic market shares. Today, the sustainability of health system is a matter of increasing concern to European governments. Generic drugs offer an opportunity to contain pharmaceutical expenditures, since generic price are lower than their original brand equivalent. Developing this market is the main objective.

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Rozano, Mercedes. "Generic Drugs in the Pharmaceutical Market". En Healthcare Policy and Reform, 1236–61. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6915-2.ch057.

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von Hippel, Eric. "The Broad Scope of Free Innovation". En Free Innovation. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035217.003.0008.

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This chapter shows that free innovation extends well beyond product innovation—the type of innovation focused upon by almost all studies of household sector innovation to date. It reviews field-specific empirical studies that find significant levels of free innovation present in services, processes, marketing methods, and new organizational methods. The chapter also discusses illustrative examples of the sources of innovation across five innovation categories used in official Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) government statistics. Thus, the chapter argues that the scope of free innovation in the household sector is indeed broad—and perhaps as broad as that of producer innovation with respect to products, services, and processes of interest to consumers.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "New product categories"

Earle, Kathryn. "Reference: Product Categories in the Digital Age". En Charleston Library Conference. Purdue Univeristy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317139.

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In September of 2016, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc launched a new division charged with creating digital resources for the academic library market. A number of these have Reference at their core. This paper outlines in brief the logic for creating the new division and the role of Reference within the resources. It then summarizes research we have undertaken since the division’s inception to establish how ‘product categories’ (ie, encyclopedias, monographs, images etc) are valued by academics and librarians, the aim of which is to create products that are user-focused. And finally this paper provides a brief case study of our most mature resource, The Berg Fashion Library, to ascertain how actual usage compares with how product categories are rated in the research.

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Allada, Venkat, Abhijit K. Choudhury, Padmavathi K. Pakala, Timothy W. Simpson, Michael J. Scott y Somasundaram Valliyappan. "Product Platform Problem Taxonomy: Classification and Identification of Benchmark Problems". En ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99573.

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Many companies are using product platform concepts to gain economies of scale and to identify new market opportunities. Though the area of product platforming continues to be actively investigated by both industry and academia, there is no comprehensive classification scheme that can provide a clear picture of the existing problems and possible future research directions. Hence, in the present paper, we introduce a broad taxonomy that classifies product platform problems based on the product development stages. This can serve as a basis to: (1) Extract and categorize problems from research literature; (2) Identify potential extensions and/or new problems that have not been addressed in the literature; and (3) Identify existing problem sets and/or develop new problem sets for benchmarking purposes. We introduce a Conditions and Assumptions Code (CAC) scheme and use it in the identification of benchmark problems as well as in analyzing two classes of evaluation methods adopted for the platform problems: metrics-based and optimization-based. Thus, we have not only categorized existing problems but also identified possible future research problems in each of the categories. This categorization serves as a navigation tool to understand the progress made in this field so far and to identify new research directions.

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Ozcan, Arif. "New approaches in smart packaging technologies". En 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p1.

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Customer expectations have changed due to the developing technology and changing and improving product variety. This has led the printing industry, the packaging sector in particular, to grow considerably. The food industry along with the increasing need to preserve food long periods of time have led to the need to develop methods that preserve the freshness and safety of food products during their shelf-life. For this reason, attention was paid to packaging systems to facilitate food processing, preserve food quality, extend shelf-life, and prevent the food from spoiling. Thanks to these systems, packaging went beyond being a simple barrier outside the food, and has also taken upon roles of releasing protective agents or removing unwanted matter. Microbial growth is one of the most important factors that cause food to spoil. Although the problem has previously been tried to be solved by heating, drying, fermentation, freezing and adding antimicrobial agents, there are limitations, especially when used with fresh food. Today, a new generation of technologies have been introduced to monitor the condition of products with a tiny sensor or label placed onto the packaging. Smart packaging is a packaging material that not only improves the basic functions of a product, but also responds to stimuli around this product. Smart packaging in general, has two main categories, namely intelligent packaging and active packaging. This study will examine the concept of smart packaging that has emerged due to increased competitiveness, digital interaction and consumer awareness, changes in consumer behaviour and expectations, and improved interest in product safety. As a result, it is obvious that state-of-the-art smart packaging, which can connect to the Internet and has many channels of interaction, will bring about new business models and create new customer experiences and will replace conventional packaging, which has no interactions, in the near future.

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Johansson, Joel. "Combining Case Based Reasoning and Shape Matching Based on Clearance Analyzes to Support the Reuse of Components". En ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70631.

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For manufacturing companies it is important to develop and produce products that meet requirements from customers and investors. One key factor in meeting these requirements is the efficiency of the product development process. Design automation is a powerful tool to increase efficiency in that process resulting in shortened lead-time, improved product performance, and ultimately decreased cost. Further, automation is beneficial as it increases the ability to adapt products to new product specifications, which is critical to some categories of products. In this paper the retrieval and evaluation processes of the Case Based Reasoning (CBR) method are extended to include shape matching. This enhanced CBR method supports the reuse of existing components when introducing new variants of variant-rich products. The matching method is based on clearance analyzes and is performed during the retrieval of cases and supports the evaluation of suggestions. The method is described along with a prototype-system where the process of selecting components for roof racks for cars is targeted for automation. One specific component of the roof rack is targeted, namely a rubber pad used in the interface between the car roof and the rack.

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Cavalieri, Lorenzo, Andrea Capitanelli, Silvia Ceccacci, Francesca Gullà, Alessandra Papetti y Michele Germani. "A New Smart Strategy for Web Searching of Commercial Products". En ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59988.

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Search engine efficiency is an essential prerequisite to ensure a satisfactory on-line purchasing experience. Despite powerful tools available today, search engine is limited to a semantic elaboration of keywords and they do not allow users finding product categories that do not belong to their knowledge sphere. In this context, in order to make an effective search engine it is necessary to provide tools able to understand what the user is looking for and suggest the products that best satisfy their needs, regardless of users’ background. To this aim, this paper proposes an innovative smart search strategy, based on artificial intelligence technologies. In order to highlight the system potential, the smart object market case study has been considered. The SOs market is grown so quickly to disorient the average user and it offer a wide variety of products apparently similar, but that are characterized by different features that the average user fails to perceive.

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Hu, Jun y George M. Fadel. "Categorizing Affordances for Product Design". En ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70933.

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To compensate for the inability of the functional descriptions to describe for instance interactions between users and artifacts, the term affordance has been introduced in design methodology by Maier and Fadel. However, some significant details of affordance such as representation, categorization, and application to mechanical design still need to be further studied. Therefore, this paper reviews and compares the use of the term affordance in the fields of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), design, psychology, and philosophy. Based on that review, a new categorization scheme of affordances applicable for product design is proposed. The categories including doing and happening Artifact-Artifact Affordances (dAAA and hAAA), doing and happening Artifact-Environment Affordances (dAEA and hAEA), and doing and happening Artifact-User Affordances (dAUA and hAUA) are identified and an initial statistical evaluation is performed to support this proposal. The detailed description of these affordances provides better coverage, more orthogonality, more depth, and could be more usable, eventually meeting the requirements of a taxonomy.

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Ramesh, Raghuram Puthali y Shun Takai. "Top-Down Benchmarking Approach for Estimating Cost of Concept". En ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99615.

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Due to the highly competitive nature of businesses today, cost estimation forms an important strategic process in making decisions about design and development of new products. The focus is on improving the quality and service of the product at ever reducing costs. In conceptual design phase, engineers need to estimate how much the final products developed from each concept may cost. Estimating cost of the final product is critical in selecting the optimal concept. Majority of the cost estimation techniques used in the industry today concentrate on the parametric estimation. Parametric estimation accurately predicts cost of the final product using historic data about cost drivers. However, if firms are developing new products different from their past product categories, historic data may not be a credible source for parametric cost estimation. In this paper, the authors proposed a top-down benchmarking approach in estimating cost of new products in conceptual design phase. The objective is to construct a cost distribution model for the final product developed from each concept.

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Keese, Darren A., Andrew H. Tilstra, Carolyn C. Seepersad y Kristin L. Wood. "Empirically-Derived Principles for Designing Products With Flexibility for Future Evolution". En ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35695.

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Product designers seek to create products that are not only robust for the current marketplace but also can be redesigned quickly and inexpensively for future changes that may be unanticipated. The capability of a design to be quickly and economically redesigned into a subsequent product offering is defined as its flexibility for future evolution. Tools are needed for innovating and evaluating products that are flexible for future evolution. In this paper, a comprehensive set of design guidelines is created for product flexibility by merging the results of two research studies—a directed patent study of notably flexible products and an empirical product study of consumer products analyzed with a product flexibility metric. Via comparison of the results of these two studies, the product flexibility guidelines derived from each study are merged, cross-validated, and revised for clarity. They are organized in categories that describe how and under what circumstances they increase flexibility for future evolution. Examples are included to illustrate each guideline. The guidelines are also applied to an example application—the design of a new guitar string changer.

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Hwang, K. H. y G. J. Park. "Development of a Robust Design Process Using a New Robustness Index". En ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84555.

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In product design and manufacturing, robust design leads to a product that has good quality. Robust design is reviewed in two categories: one is the process and the other is the robustness index. The process means efficient manipulation of the mean response and the variance. The robustness index indicates a measure of insensitiveness with respect to the variation. To improve existing methods, a three-step robust design (TRD) is proposed. The first step is “reduce the variance,” the second is “find multiple candidate designs,” and the third is “select the optimum robust design by using the robustness index,” Furthermore, a new robustness index is introduced in order to accommodate the characteristics of the probability of success in axiomatic design and the Taguchi’s loss function. The new robustness indices are compared with the existing ones. The developed robust design process is verified by examples and the results using the robustness index are compared with those of other indices.

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Saidani, Michael, Harrison Kim, Nawres Ayadhi y Bernard Yannou. "Can Online Customer Reviews Help Design More Sustainable Products? A Preliminary Study on Amazon Climate Pledge Friendly Products". En ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-69705.

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Abstract Online product reviews are a valuable resource for product developers to improve the design of their products. Yet, the potential value of customer feedback to improve the sustainability performance of products is still to be exploited. The present paper investigates and analyzes Amazon product reviews to bring new light on the following question: “What sustainable design insights can be identified or interpreted from online product reviews?”. To do so, the top 100 reviews, evenly distributed by star ratings, for three product categories (laptop, printer, cable) are collected, manually annotated, analyzed and interpreted. For each product category, the reviews of two similar products (one with environmental certification and one standard version) are compared and combined to come up with sustainable design solutions. In all, for the six products considered, between 12% and 20% of the reviews mentioned directly or indirectly aspects or attributes that could be exploited to improve the design of these products from a sustainability perspective. Concrete examples of sustainable design leads that could be elicited from product reviews are given and discussed. As such, this contribution provides a baseline for future work willing to automate this process to gain further insights from online product reviews. Notably, the deployment of machine learning tools and the use of natural language processing techniques to do so are discussed as promising lines for future research.

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Informes sobre el tema "New product categories"

Filip, Grażyna y Justyna Majchrowska. Internet Post as an Element of E-Branding. Linguistic Analysis. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, febrero de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11401.

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E-branding of Lidl brand is a wide-ranging marketing strategy, which purpose is to keep the current customers and gain new. The authors of advertisments posts, that includes information regarding a specific product (name, information about it, price, reason of showcasing in the specific moment), use semantic (mostly nature, price, tradition, modernity, comfort, luxury), grammatical and non-linguistic categories to convince the receivers to themselves. Such communicational process enables also to read the needs of customers, who – by liking the brand’s page – want (actively) to participate in the whole sales process, want to be informed and to have a chance to use the offer.

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Barakat, Dr Shima, Dr Samuel Short, Dr Bernhard Strauss y Dr Pantea Lotfian. https://www.food.gov.uk/research/research-projects/alternative-proteins-for-human-consumption. Food Standards Agency, junio de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.wdu243.

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The UK is seeing growing interest in alternative protein sources to traditional animal-based proteins such as beef, lamb, pork, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy. There is already an extensive market in alternative protein materials, however, technological advances combined with the pressure for more sustainable sources of protein has led to an acceleration of innovation and product development and the introduction of a large amount of new alternative protein ingredients and products to the market. These have the potential to dramatically impact on the UK food system. This report is a combination of desk research, based on thorough review of the academic and non-academic literature and of the alternative proteins start-up scene, and presents an analysis of the emerging market for alternative proteins, the potential implications and the potential policy responses that the FSA might need to consider. Four main categories of alternative proteins are presented and reviewed in this report: Plant-based meat substitutes Novel protein sources Proteins and biomass biosynthesised by microorganisms Cultured meat

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Science, Fera. Analysis of CBD Products. Food Standards Agency, noviembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.cis490.

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The Food Standards Agency commissioned Fera Science Ltd. to carry out a survey to obtain a snapshot of CBD products on sale in England and Wales in order to inform FSA risk assessment of CBD products. Thirty CBD products were purchased from a range of online sellers from England and Wales. Samples comprised of two broad categories: oils and sprays, and edibles (including beverages). The sampling followed a scheme suggested by FSA. This is not a statistically representative sample of the market and instead provides a snapshot of the current market, to assist the design of future sampling and surveillance activity. There is the potential for residues of chemicals to be present in CBD products as a result of their natural occurrence in the raw material or arising from the manufacturing process, for example, mycotoxins, metals, pesticides, and the residues of solvents used to extract CBD. This study informs the FSA’s understanding of the type and levels of contaminants that may arise in CBD products. A wide range of analysis on CBD products was undertaken using accredited methods, for heavy metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, mycotoxins, CBD content and cannabinoid profiles. Analysis for residual solvents and additional mycotoxins was also carried out, but these were not accredited. The results of testing found the following: Heavy metals (cadmium, mercury & lead) and arsenic were not detected in the majority of samples, meaning levels were below the limits of quantification of the method. Seven samples contained lead, four samples arsenic and two samples contained cadmium. Mercury was not found in any sample. A definitive statement as to whether products exceed maximum levels cannot be made due to uncertainty as to whether products would be classified as a food (i.e. oil) or a food supplement. A low incidence of low levels of mycotoxins, with Fusarium mycotoxins found more frequently than aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, mostly at the methods reporting limit. Three samples were found to contain ochratoxin A at the methods reporting limit. A total of seven pesticide residues were found across all of the products (each product was tested for over 400 pesticides). There are no specific Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) for CBD products. One oil product was found to have PAHs above the regulated levels, if classed as a product for direct consumption. If classed as a food supplement the PAHs were within regulated levels. Three samples contained residual solvents. One product was over the MRL. Most products contained CBD close to the declared value. Two oils had substantially different levels than that declared (one higher and one lower). CBD was not detected in one of the drink products. These are potentially non-compliant with compositional and standards requirements. Delta 9-THC was detected in 87 % (26) of the samples analysed. Of these 40% (12) were found to have THC+ (the total sum of illicit cannabinoids in the product) above the 1mg threshold outlined in current Home Office guidance (Opens in a new window).

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Zilberman, David, Amir Heiman y Yanhong Jin. Use of Branding and Sampling in Agricultural Fresh Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, julio de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7697116.bard.

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The original proposal has three main objectives: a conceptual framework on willingness to pay (WTP) for fruits and vegetables, the introduction of branding and sampling in fresh food, and empirical applications to the United States and Israel. We modified our research plan over time based on availability of data and emergence of new problems. We expanded the range of products to include poultry and the range of techniques to use real experiments as well as more traditional surveys. We expanded the range of problems to understand attitudes toward genetically modified (GM) food. There is a growing interest in introduction of marketing tools like demonstration sampling, money-back guarantees, labeling, and brands in agriculture. These marketing tools are important for enhancing demand for agricultural products and food safety. However, the methodology needed to assess the effectiveness of these tools and understand their performance in different agricultural sectors is limited. Our analysis demonstrated the importance of brands as a marketing tool in agriculture. In particular, we showed conceptually that strong brands can be substitutes for other marketing tools like sampling or demonstration. We were able to conduct real experiments for the demand for safe chicken and show that consumers are willing to pay significantly more for products branded as more safe. Yet, using experiments in Israel and the United States, we found that WTP for brands of fresh fruits and vegetables is smaller than in other product categories. Warning labels are a sort of negative branding. The GM-free labeling is particularly important since it serves as a trade barrier to U.S. crops exports. Our analysis of acceptance of GM products found that WTP for GM products in Israel and the United States depends on framing of information about the impact ofGM and the quantity of information disclosed. Finally, in analyzing the evolution of support for Proposition 37 that aimed to introduce mandatory labeling of GM in California, we found that support for mandatory labeling ofGM products is broad as long as it is not perceived to be costly. Our project demonstrates the feasibility of conducting real experiments to assess consumer demand in agriculture. When looking at interdisciplinary groups, one can design new products and assess the WTP for their characteristics. We also show that, while branding is a very strong marketing tool, its use in fresh fruit and vegetables is likely to be limited. However, brands can be important with processed food. Furthermore, we have proven that, while some consumers strongly object to GM products, most consumers in the United States and Israel would be willing to buy them for a discount, and some would pay extra if they are associated with improved characteristics. Finally, we expanded the notion of warning labels to calorie information and showed that the response to calorie information depends on gender, education, and how the information is presented.

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Amanor, Kojo, Joseph Yaro y Joseph Teye. Long-Term Change, Commercialisation of Cocoa Farming, and Agroecosystems and Forest Rehabilitation in Ghana. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), febrero de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.002.

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Cocoa production has a long history in Ghana, originating in the late nineteenth century. Since then, cocoa production has seen significant changes. Originally, cocoa was cultivated in newly cleared forests in which many forest trees were preserved as shade trees. Cocoa is ideally suited to these conditions and produces high yields with minimum investment in labour and inputs. However, over time, as the forest conditions change, the cost of cultivating cocoa has increased and yields have declined. As long as new forest frontiers exist, farmers have continued to move into these areas, which have displaced older areas of cultivation, since the costs of production are significantly lower in the new frontiers. In recent years, however, new forest frontiers have declined and most cocoa farmers have been forced to rehabilitate and replant cocoa in open land. This study examines the rational of frontier development; changes in land relations, labour relations and use of technology; and the impact of these factors on different categories of farmers, including women and youth. This is developed through two comparative case studies drawn from the older cocoa frontier of the Eastern Region, and the more recent frontier of Western North Region.

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Taverna, Kristin. Vegetation classification and mapping of land additions at Richmond National Battlefield Park, Virginia: Addendum to technical report NPS/NER/NRTR 2008/128. National Park Service, septiembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294278.

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In 2008 and 2015, the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage produced vegetation maps for Richmond National Battlefield Park, following the protocols of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) – National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Program. The original 2008 report was part of a regional project to map and classify the vegetation in seven national parks in Virginia. The 2015 report was an addendum to the original report and mapped the vegetation in newly acquired parcels. Since 2015, the park has acquired an additional 820 acres of land within 12 individual parcels, including the 650 acre North Anna unit. This report is an addendum to the 2008 and 2015 reports and documents the mapping of vegetation and other land-use classes for the 12 new land parcels at Richmond National Battlefield Park, with an updated vegetation map for the entire park. The updated map and associated data provide information on the sensitivity and ecological integrity of habitats and can help prioritize areas for protection. The vegetation map of the new land parcels includes eighteen map classes, representing 14 associations from the United States National Vegetation Classification, one nonstandard, park-specific class, and three Anderson Level II land-use categories. The vegetation classification and map classes are consistent with the original 2008 report. Vegetation-map classes for the new land parcels were identified through field reconnaissance, data collection, and aerial photo interpretation. Aerial photography from 2017 served as the base map for mapping the 12 new parcels, and field sampling was conducted in the summer of 2020. Three new map classes for the Park were encountered and described during the study, all within the North Anna park unit. These map classes are Coastal Plain / Outer Piedmont Basic Mesic Forest, Northern Coastal Plain / Piedmont Oak – Beech / Heath Forest, and Southern Piedmont / Inner Coastal Plain Floodplain Terrace Forest. The examples of Coastal Plain / Outer Piedmont Basic Mesic Forest and Southern Piedmont / Inner Coastal Plain Floodplain Terrace Forest at North Anna meet the criteria of size, condition, and landscape context to be considered a Natural Heritage exemplary natural community occurrence and should be targeted for protection and management as needed. New local and global descriptions for the three map classes are included as part of this report. Refinements were made to the vegetation field key to include the new map classes. The updated field key is part of this report. An updated table listing the number of polygons and total hectares for each of the 28 vegetation- map classes over the entire park is also included in the report. A GIS coverage containing a vegetation map for the entire park with updated Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) compliant metadata was completed for this project. The attribute table field names are the same as the 2008 and 2015 products, with the exception of an additional field indicating the year each polygon was last edited.

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McDonagh, Marian S., Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Benjamin Morasco, Devan Kansagara y Roger Chou. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: May 2021 Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), junio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccerplantpain3.

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Overview This is the third quarterly progress report for an ongoing living systematic review on cannabis and other plant-based treatments for chronic pain. The first progress report was published in January 2021 and the second in March 2021. The draft systematic review was available for public comment from May 19 through June 15, 2021, on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Effective Health Care website. The systematic review synthesizes evidence on the benefits and harms of plant-based compounds (PBCs), such as cannabinoids and kratom, used to treat chronic pain, addressing concerns about severe adverse effects, abuse, misuse, dependence, and addiction. The purpose of this progress report is to describe the cumulative literature identified thus far. This report will be periodically updated with new studies as they are published and identified, culminating in an annual systematic review that provides a synthesis of the accumulated evidence. Main Points In patients with chronic (mainly neuropathic) pain with short-term treatment (4 weeks to <6 months): • Studies of cannabis-related products were grouped based on their tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD) ratio using the following categories: high THC to CBD, comparable THC to CBD, and low THC to CBD. • Comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray is probably associated with small improvements in pain severity and may be associated with small improvements in function. There was no effect in pain interference or serious adverse events. There may be a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation, and a moderate increased risk of nausea. • Synthetic THC (high THC to CBD) may be associated with moderate improvement in pain severity and increased risk of sedation, and large increased risk of nausea. Synthetic THC is probably associated with a large increased risk of dizziness. • Extracted whole-plant high THC to CBD ratio products may be associated with large increases in risk of withdrawal due to adverse events and dizziness. • Evidence on whole-plant cannabis, low THC to CBD ratio products (topical CBD), other cannabinoids (cannabidivarin), and comparisons with other active interventions was insufficient to draw conclusions. • Other key adverse event outcomes (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, cognitive deficits) and outcomes on the impact on opioid use were not reported. • No evidence on other plant-based compounds, such as kratom, met criteria for this review.

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Paynter, Robin A., Celia Fiordalisi, Elizabeth Stoeger, Eileen Erinoff, Robin Featherstone, Christiane Voisin y Gaelen P. Adam. A Prospective Comparison of Evidence Synthesis Search Strategies Developed With and Without Text-Mining Tools. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), marzo de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsprospectivecomparison.

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Background: In an era of explosive growth in biomedical evidence, improving systematic review (SR) search processes is increasingly critical. Text-mining tools (TMTs) are a potentially powerful resource to improve and streamline search strategy development. Two types of TMTs are especially of interest to searchers: word frequency (useful for identifying most used keyword terms, e.g., PubReminer) and clustering (visualizing common themes, e.g., Carrot2). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the benefits and trade-offs of searches with and without the use of TMTs for evidence synthesis products in real world settings. Specific questions included: (1) Do TMTs decrease the time spent developing search strategies? (2) How do TMTs affect the sensitivity and yield of searches? (3) Do TMTs identify groups of records that can be safely excluded in the search evaluation step? (4) Does the complexity of a systematic review topic affect TMT performance? In addition to quantitative data, we collected librarians' comments on their experiences using TMTs to explore when and how these new tools may be useful in systematic review search¬¬ creation. Methods: In this prospective comparative study, we included seven SR projects, and classified them into simple or complex topics. The project librarian used conventional “usual practice” (UP) methods to create the MEDLINE search strategy, while a paired TMT librarian simultaneously and independently created a search strategy using a variety of TMTs. TMT librarians could choose one or more freely available TMTs per category from a pre-selected list in each of three categories: (1) keyword/phrase tools: AntConc, PubReMiner; (2) subject term tools: MeSH on Demand, PubReMiner, Yale MeSH Analyzer; and (3) strategy evaluation tools: Carrot2, VOSviewer. We collected results from both MEDLINE searches (with and without TMTs), coded every citation’s origin (UP or TMT respectively), deduplicated them, and then sent the citation library to the review team for screening. When the draft report was submitted, we used the final list of included citations to calculate the sensitivity, precision, and number-needed-to-read for each search (with and without TMTs). Separately, we tracked the time spent on various aspects of search creation by each librarian. Simple and complex topics were analyzed separately to provide insight into whether TMTs could be more useful for one type of topic or another. Results: Across all reviews, UP searches seemed to perform better than TMT, but because of the small sample size, none of these differences was statistically significant. UP searches were slightly more sensitive (92% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 85–99%]) than TMT searches (84.9% [95% CI 74.4–95.4%]). The mean number-needed-to-read was 83 (SD 34) for UP and 90 (SD 68) for TMT. Keyword and subject term development using TMTs generally took less time than those developed using UP alone. The average total time was 12 hours (SD 8) to create a complete search strategy by UP librarians, and 5 hours (SD 2) for the TMT librarians. TMTs neither affected search evaluation time nor improved identification of exclusion concepts (irrelevant records) that can be safely removed from the search set. Conclusion: Across all reviews but one, TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches. For simple SR topics (i.e., single indication–single drug), TMT searches were slightly less sensitive, but reduced time spent in search design. For complex SR topics (e.g., multicomponent interventions), TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches; nevertheless, in complex reviews, they identified unique eligible citations not found by the UP searches. TMT searches also reduced time spent in search strategy development. For all evidence synthesis types, TMT searches may be more efficient in reviews where comprehensiveness is not paramount, or as an adjunct to UP for evidence syntheses, because they can identify unique includable citations. If TMTs were easier to learn and use, their utility would be increased.

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