Artículos de revistas: "Neuromodulation technologie"

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Williams, J. C. y T. Denison. "From Optogenetic Technologies to Neuromodulation Therapies". Science Translational Medicine 5, n.º 177 (20 de marzo de 2013): 177ps6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003100.

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Kos, Aron, Nikkie F. Olde Loohuis, Jeffrey C. Glennon, Tansu Celikel, Gerard J. M. Martens, Paul H. Tiesinga y Armaz Aschrafi. "Recent Developments in Optical Neuromodulation Technologies". Molecular Neurobiology 47, n.º 1 (14 de octubre de 2012): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-012-8361-y.

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Won, Sang Min, Enming Song, Jonathan T. Reeder y John A. Rogers. "Emerging Modalities and Implantable Technologies for Neuromodulation". Cell 181, n.º 1 (abril de 2020): 115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.054.

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Zibly, Zion, Shay Averbuch y Milind Deogaonker. "Emerging Technologies and Indications of Neuromodulation and Increasing Role of Non Invasive Neuromodulation". Neurology India 68, n.º 8 (2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.302453.

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Erőss, Loránd, László Entz y Dániel Fabó. "Invazív neuromoduláció a gyógyszerrezisztens epilepsziák kezelésében". Orvosi Hetilap 156, n.º 52 (diciembre de 2015): 2103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2015.30319.

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Neuromodulation is one of the most developing new disciplines of medical science, which examines how electrical, chemical and mechanical interventions can modulate or change the functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system. Neuromodulation is a reversible form of therapy which uses electrical or mechanical stimulation or centrally-delivered drugs to modulate the abnormal function of the central nervous system in pain, spasticity, epilepsy, movement and psychiatric disorders, and certain cardiac, incontinency, visual and auditory diseases. Neuromodulation therapy has two major branches. Non-invasive neuromodulation includes transcranial magnetic simulation, direct current stimulation and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation. Invasive neuromodulation includes deep brain stimulation, cortical stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, sacral nerve simulation, and subcutan stimulation. In this article the authors overview the apparently available neural interface technologies in epilepsy surgery. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(52), 2103–2109.

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Zhang, Jing. "Neuromodulation for functional restoration: recent advances and future perspectives". International Journal of Radiology & Radiation Therapy 8, n.º 3 (15 de septiembre de 2021): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijrrt.2021.08.00305.

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This mini-review assessed recent studies of spinal cord stimulation and neuromuscular stimulation in spinal cord injury in order to provide an overview of recent advances in neuromodulation for functional restoration. Possible mechanisms of such motor recovery were analyzed, ways to improve neuromodulation for functional restoration were discussed, and future perspectives were outlined in this paper. Recent advancements in neuromodulation such as spinal cord stimulation and neuromuscular stimulation in spinal cord injury have made it possible for patients with incurable complete paralysis to recover motor function. The progress of recent neuromodulation studies in spinal cord injury have demonstrated the value and potential of neuromodulation in functional restoration. The effectiveness and precision of neuromodulation can be further improved by techniques such as closed-loop control, optogenetics, multi-modal stimulation and neuroimmune modulation, while its adverse effects can be reduced (e.g., by optimizing parameters) or minimized (e.g., by using non-invasive techniques). This has opened up new possibilities to use neuromodulation for other incurable neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis. Neuromodulation has great potential for restoring lost functions and reestablishing physiological homeostasis. To reach its full potential, much learning, research and development is needed. As neuromodulation technology advances, it is foreseeable that neuromodulation will achieve significant clinical effectiveness in functional restoration in the near future, which will bring cure to patients with incurable neurological diseases and relieve them from suffering.

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Schultheis, Maria T. "CE Workshop 05: Technology and Cognition: Examining new trends and opportunities for neuropsychology". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (noviembre de 2023): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723000826.

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Abstract & Learning Objectives:Advances in technologies continue to offer new opportunities for understanding brain functioning and brain-behavior interactions. The clinical application of these technologies continues to require the understanding of both the benefits and limitations of integrating these novel methodologies. This workshop will provide an overview of several emerging and established technologies in neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation. This will include discussion of portable brain imaging technologies, neuromodulation technologies, virtual reality simulation and various brain-computer interface devices. In addition, we will discuss how clinical application of these novel devices offer opportunities for growing knowledge in new areas of analysis (i.e., machine learning analysis) and interdisciplinary collaborations. Upon conclusion of this course, learners will be able to: 1.Identify 3 technologies that are currently employed in neuropsychological research2.Assess the strengths and weakness of novel technologies for brain-behavior interface3.Examine current clinical applications of neuromodulation technologies and portable brain-imaging technologies

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De Wachter, Stefan, Charles H. Knowles, Dean S. Elterman, Michael J. Kennelly, Paul A. Lehur, Klaus E. Matzel, Stefan Engelberg y Philip E. V. Van Kerrebroeck. "New Technologies and Applications in Sacral Neuromodulation: An Update". Advances in Therapy 37, n.º 2 (24 de diciembre de 2019): 637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12325-019-01205-z.

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Kong, Lanhe y Ruqi Wang. "Modalities of Neuromodulation for Neurological Diseases". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 36 (21 de marzo de 2023): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v36i.5657.

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Neurological diseases have attracted much attention as they have become the second leading cause of death worldwide. Several works on neuromodulation were reported to improve patients' quality of life or the body's functionality. After the early discovery of the gating theory, electrical stimulation was used to relieve chronic pain. In recent years, several other neuromodulation techniques, including thermal, and pharmacological stimulation, were proposed to improve the effectiveness. In this paper, some of the related researches on electrical, thermal, and pharmacological stimulation are summarized. Scientists are searching for more suitable therapies for neuromodulation now, including improving probe and electrode materials based on existing protocols. In terms of thermal stimulation, light-induced heating of heat conversion materials are introduced. The three administration routes of oral, intravenous and micropump in pharmacological are also mentioned. It also highlight the researches that combine some new cutting-edge technologies (e.g. nanotechnology) with the neuromodulation technique. In the end, the advantages and disadvantages are discussed, and the prospects are forecasted.

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Orazem, Mark E., Kevin J. Otto y Christopher L. Alexander. "Electrochemistry in Action-Engineering the Neuronal Response to Electrical Microstimulation". Electrochemical Society Interface 32, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2023): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.f06231if.

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Brain neuromodulation has revolutionized the medical treatment of neurological diseases and injuries; however, existing therapies are limited in their clinical scope of application. Most existing therapies are delivered through implanted macroelectrodes that reside either on top of or directly inside the brain. Estimates of the effective electric field spread from these devices generally span from thousands to millions of individual neurons. Unfortunately, some neurological diseases and injuries require stimulation fields of higher precision. Next-generation microneuromodulation devices (˜102 – 103 μm2 surface area) have been developed with hundreds of closely spaced channels. These devices may be able to provide electrical microstimulation in the form of biphasic, charge-balanced small amplitude square waves that provide salient, behaviorally relevant information to human subjects. However, there is a lack of knowledge incorporated into their safety and clinical use. Neuromodulation is a field of science, medicine, and bioengineering that encompasses implantable and non-implantable technologies, electrical or chemical, that act upon neural interfaces to improve life for humanity. Our research groups collaboratively investigate neuromodulation performed via electrical microstimulation. Our primary development target is brain neuromodulation. In this article we highlight the application of electrochemistry to the field of neuromodulation.

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Yan, Shumeng. "Neuromodulation in Alzheimer’s Disease in the Therapy Process". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 74 (29 de diciembre de 2023): 1391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/q89axz58.

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Increasing prevalence in the near future of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been statistically predicted. As current pharmacological treatments turn out to be limited for the long-term clinical effects accompanying various side effects and complications, new schemes are in urgent need of a relatively safer and more effective treatment. In recent years, neuromodulation technologies such as optogenetics, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and focused ultrasound (FUS), which are proven with potential remedial effectiveness in several mental diseases, emerge to be a prospective therapeutic strategy for AD. By applying optical, magnetic, as well as electronic technology, modulations on specific brain regions can be achieved. And by applying ultrasonic technology, the process of medical molecules passing through the brain-blood barrier (BBB) can be facilitated. This article summarizes the current knowledge of some main neuromodulation technologies and provides insight into their possibilities for clinical application. By further illuminating the clinical effects, advantages, and limitations of these technologies, the article may help to guide clinical practice and enlighten new ideas for therapeutic strategy in AD.

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Robinson-Agramonte, Maria de los Angeles, Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves, Roberto Farina de Almeida, Alina González Quevedo, Sandra Chow, Luis Velázquez Pérez, Amado Díaz de la Fé, Patricia Sesterheim y Diogo Onofre Gomes de Souza. "Neuroinflammation and Neuromodulation in Neurological Diseases". Behavioral Sciences 9, n.º 9 (12 de septiembre de 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9090099.

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Neuroimmunology is a relatively young science. This discipline has emerged today from the research field as a mature and fully developed innovative research area that integrates not only pure topics of neuroimmunology, but also expands on wider fields such as neuroplasticity, neuronal reserve and neuromodulation in association with clinical events, amongst which behavioral disorders stand out. The Cuban School of Neuroimmunology—a recent meeting that took place in Havana, Cuba—focused on topics based on the molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation in neurological disorders involving behavioral manifestations, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), autism, cerebellar ataxias, Alzheimer´s disease and stroke among others, as well as on the use of new interventional technologies in neurology. Professor Luis Velazquez, from the Cuban Academy of Sciences, dictated an interesting lecture on Spinocerebellar ataxias, a genetic disorder where recent hypotheses related to the influence of neuroinflammation as a neurobiological factor influencing the progression of this disease have emerged. At the same time, the use of new interventional technologies in neurology was discussed, including those referring to novel disease modifying therapies in the course of MS and the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in several neurological diseases, the latter reinforcing how interventional strategies in the form of non-invasive bran stimulation can contribute to physical rehabilitation in neurology. This paper summarizes the highlights of the most relevant topics presented during the First Cuban School of Neuroimmunology, organized by the Cuban Network of Neuroimmunology, held in June 2019.

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Marinkovic, Serge P. "New technologies in the management of overactive bladder: current research and future prospects". Therapeutic Advances in Urology 11 (enero de 2019): 175628721984466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756287219844669.

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Overactive bladder is characterized by frequency, urgency (wet or dry) and nocturia. These troublesome symptoms incur both a physiologic and economic cost, expected to be in excess of US$82 billion in the USA and Europe by the year 2020. Second-tier medicinal oral therapies for overactive bladder abound, but the failure rate or discontinuation at 1 year exceeds 50%. Tertiary-tier therapies involve surgical alternatives including neuromodulation of sacral nerve 3 (S3) or the posterior tibial nerve as a means to manipulate and ameliorate the above-described voiding symptoms. Sacral neuromodulation has been studied for more than 20 years, but newer, smaller, rechargeable implantable devices are in the forefront of current investigation. Hopes are that modifications to the device will eventually be possible at the patient’s home, rather than the physician’s office, with close urological/gynecologic supervision and guidance. Another means of surgical intervention for overactive bladder includes the use of a cystoscopy-guided radiofrequency probe by which energy disrupts the bladder floor neural voiding plexi. Stem cell therapy is also being evaluated for overactive bladder but is in the early stages of development.

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Poon, Chi H., Shawn Z. K. Tan, Victoria Sheng, Shouyan Wang, Luca Aquili y Lee W. Lim. "A Brief Comparative Look at Experimental Memory Editing Techniques for Cognitive Dysfunction". Current Alzheimer Research 18, n.º 10 (septiembre de 2021): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205018666211208142036.

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Neuroscience has long sought to develop methods that can “edit” or even “erase” memories, with the aim to provide treatments for memory-related neurological and psychiatric diseases such as anxiety and addiction. Current efforts are heavily focused on modifying cognitive behavioral therapy protocols or pharmacological treatments, but the efficacy and safety of these methods have been called into question by several studies. Advances in modern technology and the rapid emergence of techniques that can directly stimulate/alter neuronal activity, such as neuromodulation, have great potential in achieving the goal of memory modification for treating dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease. However, more research and validation studies are required before these memory editing technologies can be applied clinically. In this mini-review, we compare and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacological methods, and neuromodulation techniques. We believe that neuromodulation techniques will play a key role in overcoming the challenges of translating memory-manipulating techniques to clinical applications.

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Moutaud, Baptiste. "Neuromodulation Technologies and the Regulation of Forms of Life: Exploring, Treating, Enhancing". Medical Anthropology 35, n.º 1 (29 de julio de 2015): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2015.1055355.

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Lewis, Jane M. y Earl Y. Cheng. "Non-Traditional Management of the Neurogenic Bladder: Tissue Engineering and Neuromodulation". Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 1230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.178.

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Patients with spina bifida and a neurogenic bladder have traditionally been managed with clean intermittent catheterization and pharmacotherapy in order to treat abnormal bladder wall dynamics, protect the upper urinary tract from damage, and achieve urinary continence. However, some patients will fail this therapy and require surgical reconstruction in the form of bladder augmentation surgery using reconfigured intestine or stomach to increase the bladder capacity while reducing the internal storage pressure. Despite functional success of bladder augmentation in achieving a low pressure reservoir, there are several associated complications of this operation and patients do not have the ability to volitionally void. For these reasons, alternative treatments have been sought. Two exciting alternative approaches that are currently being investigated are tissue engineering and neuromodulation. Tissue engineering aims to create new bladder tissue for replacement purposes with both “seeded” and “unseeded” technology. Advances in the fields of nanotechnology and stem cell biology have further enhanced these tissue engineering technologies. Neuromodulation therapies directly address the root of the problem in patients with spina bifida and a neurogenic bladder, namely the abnormal relationship between the nerves and the bladder wall. These therapies include transurethral bladder electrostimulation, sacral neuromodulation, and neurosurgical techniques such as selective sacral rhizotomy and artificial somatic-autonomic reflex pathway construction. This review will discuss both tissue engineering techniques and neuromodulation therapies in more detail including rationale, experimental data, current status of clinical application, and future direction.

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Li, Yijiang. "Brain-Computer Interface Based Neuromodulation on Treatment of Depression". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 74 (29 de diciembre de 2023): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/sfx0ya89.

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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) represents a significant societal burden, with traditional first-line treatments often falling short. This pressing issue has spurred the exploration of neuromodulation therapies, demonstrating superior efficacy compared to conventional pharmaceutical interventions. The present review provides a rigorous evaluation of four advanced neuromodulation techniques: Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy (FEAST), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation (iTBS), and Magnetic Seizure Therapy (MST). A comprehensive analytical comparison is offered, focusing on their efficacy, feasibility, economic considerations, and underlying mechanisms. Among these therapies, iTBS, integrated with Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems, has emerged as notably effective, with clinical trials indicating an average 80% efficacy at a reduced economic cost. FEAST and MST, supported by recent research, also exhibit strong efficacy, around 60%, although with more pronounced side effects. TMS, in contrast, exhibits a slightly reduced efficacy but is promising due to its minimal side effects. The review further delves into the transformative role of increasingly sophisticated BCI technologies in addressing previously identified challenges of neuromodulation therapy, such as adverse side effects, time-consuming procedures, and high costs. These technological advancements are elucidated, emphasizing their contribution to more precise therapy delivery and an enhanced patient experience. The review culminates in illuminating a pathway for the harmonious integration of neuromodulation therapies with traditional psychopharmacological treatments, positioning this integrative approach as a groundbreaking paradigm poised to redefine the landscape of depression treatment.

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Xu, Jian, Hongsun Guo, Anh Nguyen, Hubert Lim y Zhi Yang. "A Bidirectional Neuromodulation Technology for Nerve Recording and Stimulation". Micromachines 9, n.º 11 (23 de octubre de 2018): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9110538.

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Electrical nerve recording and stimulation technologies are critically needed to monitor and modulate nerve activity to treat a variety of neurological diseases. However, current neuromodulation technologies presented in the literature or commercially available products cannot support simultaneous recording and stimulation on the same nerve. To solve this problem, a new bidirectional neuromodulation system-on-chip (SoC) is proposed in this paper, which includes a frequency-shaping neural recorder and a fully integrated neural stimulator with charge balancing capability. In addition, auxiliary circuits consisting of power management and data transmission circuits are designed to provide the necessary power supply for the SoC and the bidirectional data communication between the SoC and an external computer via a universal serial bus (USB) interface, respectively. To achieve sufficient low input noise for sensing nerve activity at a sub-10 μ V range, several noise reduction techniques are developed in the neural recorder. The designed SoC was fabricated in a 0.18 μ m high-voltage Bipolar CMOS DMOS (BCD) process technology that was described in a previous publication and it has been recently tested in animal experiments that demonstrate the proposed SoC is capable of achieving reliable and simultaneous electrical stimulation and recording on the same nerve.

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Abdi, Salahadin. "Editorial: Recent advancements in neuromodulation: new hope with new technologies for treating pain". Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 34, n.º 6 (13 de octubre de 2021): 766–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aco.0000000000001067.

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Ilyichev, V. P., I. V. Martynov, A. L. Gorelik y A. G. Naryshkin. "Experience of complex application of neuromodulation technologies in cases of severe cerebral lesions". Brain Stimulation 10, n.º 2 (marzo de 2017): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.206.

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Jumaa, Mouhammad A., Hisham Salahuddin y Richard Burgess. "The Future of Endovascular Therapy". Neurology 97, n.º 20 Supplement 2 (16 de noviembre de 2021): S185—S193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000012807.

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Purpose of the ReviewThis article summarizes a broad range of the most recent advances and future directions in stroke diagnostics, endovascular robotics, and neuromodulation.Recent FindingsIn the past 5 years, the field of interventional neurology has seen major technological advances for the diagnosis and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. Several new technologies became available to aid in complex prehospital stroke triage, stroke diagnosis, and interpretation of radiologic findings. Robotics and neuromodulation promise to expand access to established treatments and broaden neuroendovascular indications.SummaryMobile applications offer a solution to simplify prehospital diagnostic and transfer decisions. Several prehospital devices are also under development to improve the accuracy of detection of large vessel occlusion (LVO). Artificial intelligence is now routinely used in early diagnosis of LVO and for detecting salvageability of the affected brain parenchyma. Technological advances have also paved the way to incorporate endovascular robotics and neuromodulation into practice. This may expand the deliverability of established treatments and facilitate the development of cutting-edge treatments for other complex neurologic diseases.

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Adamczyk, Agnieszka K. y Przemysław Zawadzki. "The Memory-Modifying Potential of Optogenetics and the Need for Neuroethics". NanoEthics 14, n.º 3 (17 de octubre de 2020): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11569-020-00377-1.

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AbstractOptogenetics is an invasive neuromodulation technology involving the use of light to control the activity of individual neurons. Even though optogenetics is a relatively new neuromodulation tool whose various implications have not yet been scrutinized, it has already been approved for its first clinical trials in humans. As optogenetics is being intensively investigated in animal models with the aim of developing novel brain stimulation treatments for various neurological and psychiatric disorders, it appears crucial to consider both the opportunities and dangers such therapies may offer. In this review, we focus on the memory-modifying potential of optogenetics, investigating what it is capable of and how it differs from other memory modification technologies (MMTs). We then outline the safety challenges that need to be addressed before optogenetics can be used in humans. Finally, we re-examine crucial neuroethical concerns expressed in regard to other MMTs in the light of optogenetics and address those that appear to be unique to the memory-modifying potential of optogenetic technology.

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Marcus, Hani J., Archie Hughes-Hallett, Richard M. Kwasnicki, Ara Darzi, Guang-Zhong Yang y Dipankar Nandi. "Technological innovation in neurosurgery: a quantitative study". Journal of Neurosurgery 123, n.º 1 (julio de 2015): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.12.jns141422.

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OBJECT Technological innovation within health care may be defined as the introduction of a new technology that initiates a change in clinical practice. Neurosurgery is a particularly technology-intensive surgical discipline, and new technologies have preceded many of the major advances in operative neurosurgical techniques. The aim of the present study was to quantitatively evaluate technological innovation in neurosurgery using patents and peer-reviewed publications as metrics of technology development and clinical translation, respectively. METHODS The authors searched a patent database for articles published between 1960 and 2010 using the Boolean search term “neurosurgeon OR neurosurgical OR neurosurgery.” The top 50 performing patent codes were then grouped into technology clusters. Patent and publication growth curves were then generated for these technology clusters. A top-performing technology cluster was then selected as an exemplar for a more detailed analysis of individual patents. RESULTS In all, 11,672 patents and 208,203 publications related to neurosurgery were identified. The top-performing technology clusters during these 50 years were image-guidance devices, clinical neurophysiology devices, neuromodulation devices, operating microscopes, and endoscopes. In relation to image-guidance and neuromodulation devices, the authors found a highly correlated rapid rise in the numbers of patents and publications, which suggests that these are areas of technology expansion. An in-depth analysis of neuromodulation-device patents revealed that the majority of well-performing patents were related to deep brain stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Patent and publication data may be used to quantitatively evaluate technological innovation in neurosurgery.

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Bonanno, Mirjam, Rosaria De Luca, Alessandro Marco De Nunzio, Angelo Quartarone y Rocco Salvatore Calabrò. "Innovative Technologies in the Neurorehabilitation of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review". Brain Sciences 12, n.º 12 (7 de diciembre de 2022): 1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121678.

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Motor and cognitive rehabilitation in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a growing field of clinical and research interest. In fact, novel rehabilitative approaches allow a very early verticalization and gait training through robotic devices and other innovative tools boosting neuroplasticity, thanks to the high-intensity, repetitive and task-oriented training. In the same way, cognitive rehabilitation is also evolving towards advanced interventions using virtual reality (VR), computer-based approaches, telerehabilitation and neuromodulation devices. This review aimed to systematically investigate the existing evidence concerning the role of innovative technologies in the motor and cognitive neurorehabilitation of TBI patients. We searched and reviewed the studies published in the Cochrane Library, PEDro, PubMed and Scopus between January 2012 and September 2022. After an accurate screening, only 29 papers were included in this review. This systematic review has demonstrated the beneficial role of innovative technologies when applied to cognitive rehabilitation in patients with TBI, while evidence of their effect on motor rehabilitation in this patient population is poor and still controversial.

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Abd-Elsayed, Alaa, Swarnima Vardhan, Abhinav Aggarwal, Madhurima Vardhan y Sudhir A. Diwan. "Mechanisms of Action of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, n.º 7 (22 de marzo de 2024): 3591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073591.

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The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) serves as a pivotal site for managing chronic pain through dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRG-S). In recent years, the DRG-S has emerged as an attractive modality in the armamentarium of neuromodulation therapy due to its accessibility and efficacy in alleviating chronic pain refractory to conventional treatments. Despite its therapeutic advantages, the precise mechanisms underlying DRG-S-induced analgesia remain elusive, attributed in part to the diverse sensory neuron population within the DRG and its modulation of both peripheral and central sensory processing pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that DRG-S may alleviate pain by several mechanisms, including the reduction of nociceptive signals at the T-junction of sensory neurons, modulation of pain gating pathways within the dorsal horn, and regulation of neuronal excitability within the DRG itself. However, elucidating the full extent of DRG-S mechanisms necessitates further exploration, particularly regarding its supraspinal effects and its interactions with cognitive and affective networks. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for optimizing neurostimulation technologies and improving clinical outcomes of DRG-S for chronic pain management. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the DRG anatomy, mechanisms of action of the DRG-S, and its significance in neuromodulation therapy for chronic pain.

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DeSilva, Mauris, Cortney Wieber, Karen Allendoerfer, Susanna Huggenberger, Jenna Conversano, Karlene French, Michael Sanders y Lee Koch. "Abstract #20: Neuroscience Curriculum Development based on Neuromodulation as a Stepping Stone Towards Modernizing K-12 Education and Outreach Efforts to Bring Public Awareness of Emerging Neuromodulation Technologies". Brain Stimulation 12, n.º 2 (marzo de 2019): e7-e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.027.

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Cohn, Joshua A., Casey G. Kowalik, Melissa R. Kaufman, W. Stuart Reynolds, Douglas F. Milam y Roger R. Dmochowski. "Evaluation of the axonics modulation technologies sacral neuromodulation system for the treatment of urinary and fecal dysfunction". Expert Review of Medical Devices 14, n.º 1 (11 de diciembre de 2016): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2017.1268913.

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Kim, Young Hun, Ki Chang Kang, Jeong Nyeon Kim, Chi Nan Pai, Yichi Zhang, Pejman Ghanouni, Kwan Kyu Park, Kamyar Firouzi y Burtus T. Khuri-Yakub. "Patterned Interference Radiation Force for Transcranial Neuromodulation". Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 48, n.º 3 (marzo de 2022): 497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.11.006.

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Poydasheva, Alexandra G., Sofiya A. Zaitsevskaya, Ilya S. Bakulin, Natalia A. Suponeva y Michael A. Piradov. "Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Central Post-Stroke Pain Syndrome: Evidence Base and Prospects. A Review". Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine 22, n.º 2 (24 de septiembre de 2023): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2023-22-2-82-95.

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INTRODUCTION. Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is a neuropathic pain syndrome that results from damage to the central somatosensory system as a result of a cerebral circulation disorder. Up to half of patients do not achieve a clinically significant reduction in pain intensity when using anticonvulsants and antidepressants. Neuromodulation technologies are an alternative to pharmacotherapy. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation method based on the excitation of neurons in the stimulated area induced by a high-induction alternating magnetic field. The effects of rTMS are mediated through synaptic plasticity-like mechanisms, as well as changes in the secretion of endogenous opioids and dopamine. OBSERVATIONS. The most studied and effective rTMS target is the primary motor cortex contralateral to the localization of pain. Among the other studied targets, a significant effect has been shown only for the stimulation of secondary somatosensory cortex. An effect has been demonstrated for high-frequency protocols, while low-frequency rTMS is not effective. The duration of the effect of one session can reach 3 hours, and a series of sessions up to several weeks. The use of maintenance sessions allows extending the effect up to 1 year. Clinical characteristics of the pain syndrome, parameters of intracortical interactions, and preservation of thalamocortical pathways can be used as predictors of rTMS efficacy. CONCLUSION. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a promising and safe method that has an extensive evidence base of effectiveness in CPSP.

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Deer, Timothy R., Dawood Sayed, Mark N. Malinowski, Jeffery J. Rowe, Jessica B. Jameson, Kevin Liang y Joseph A. Sclafani. "A Review of Emerging Evidence for Utilization of a Percutaneous Interspinous Process Decompression Device to Treat Symptomatic Lumbar Adjacent-Segment Degeneration". Pain Medicine 20, Supplement_2 (1 de diciembre de 2019): S9—S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz247.

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Abstract Objective Postlaminectomy syndrome diagnoses secondary to adjacent segment degeneration are a substantial and rising cause of morbidity in the United States. Emerging spinal cord neuromodulation technologies have produced successful outcomes for postlaminectomy neuropathic pain but are less effective in treating neurogenic claudication secondary to recurrent lumbar stenosis. Percutaneous interspinous process decompression systems can be used as a salvage treatment modality for persistent structural neurogenic claudication in postlaminectomy syndrome or after spinal cord stimulator implantation. Methods This paper is a review of emerging evidence for efficacious utilization of percutaneous interspinous process decompression. Results A recent pragmatic trial of subjects who underwent percutaneous interspinous process decompression for lumbar stenosis with intermittent neurogenic claudication reported that 63% (26/41) maintained minimal clinically important improvement in visual analog scale (VAS) leg pain, 61% (25/41) in VAS back pain, 78% (32/41) in function objective values, and 88% (36/41) reported satisfaction with treatment at 12 months postop. All subjects in a small case series of seven individuals with postlaminectomy adjacent-segment disease reported postoperative satisfaction scores of 3 or 4 on a 0–4 scale and were also able to decrease or wean completely off controlled pain medications. In another study, there was a significant decrease in average leg pain (60% improvement, P < 0.0001, N = 25) and axial low back pain (58% improvement, P < 0.0001, N = 25) in patients who underwent one- or two-level percutaneous interspinous process decompression as a rescue treatment for reemerging neurogenic claudication after spinal cord stimulator implantation. Conclusions The spine often is a focus of progressive disease. Furthermore, mechanical changes associated with spinal instrumentation can lead to additional disease at adjacent levels. Many individuals will present with symptomatic neurogenic claudication recalcitrant to multimodal management strategies, including even the most sophisticated neuromodulation technologies. Implementation of salvage percutaneous interspinus process decompression implantation in cases of adjacent segment degeneration or incomplete spinal cord stimulation can decompress structural causes of neurogenic claudication while sparing the patient from more invasive surgical reoperation techniques.

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Hornung, Christopher M., Ranveer Vasdev, Kate A. Hanson, Rachael Gotlieb, Cynthia S. Fok, John Fischer, Nissrine A. Nakib y Dwight E. Nelson. "Data Gap in Sacral Neuromodulation Documentation: Call to Improve Documentation Protocols". International Neurourology Journal 26, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5213/inj.2244084.042.

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Purpose: We quantified patient record documentation of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) threshold testing and programming parameters at our institution to identify opportunities to improve therapy outcomes and future SNM technologies.Methods: A retrospective review was conducted using 127 records from 40 SNM patients. Records were screened for SNM documentation including qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative covered indirect references to threshold testing and the quantitative included efficacy descriptions and device programming used by the patient. Findings were categorized by visit type: percutaneous nerve evaluation (PNE), stage 1 (S1), permanent lead implantation, stage 2 (S2) permanent impulse generator implantation, device-related follow-up, or surgical removal.Results: Documentation of threshold testing was more complete during initial implant visits (PNE and S1), less complete for S2 visits, and infrequent for follow-up clinical visits. Surgical motor thresholds were most often referred to using only qualitative comments such as “good response” (88%, 100% for PNE, S1) and less commonly included quantitative values (68%, 84%), locations of response (84%, 83%) or specific contacts used for testing (0%). S2 motor thresholds were less well documented with qualitative, quantitative, and anatomical location outcomes at 70%, 48%, and 36% respectively. Surgical notes did not include specific stimulation parameters or contacts used for tests. Postoperative sensory tests were often only qualitative (80%, 67% for PNE, S1) with quantitative values documented much less frequently (39%, 9%) and typically lacked sensory locations or electrode-specific results. For follow-up visits, <10% included quantitative sensory test outcomes. Few records (<7%) included device program settings recommended for therapy delivery and none included therapy-use logs.Conclusions: While evidence suggests contact and parameter-specific programming can improve SNM therapy outcomes, there is a major gap in the documentation of this data. More detailed testing and documentation could improve therapeutic options for parameter titration and provide design inputs for future technologies.

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Lee, Stephen A., Hermes A. S. Kamimura, Mark T. Burgess y Elisa E. Konofagou. "Displacement Imaging for Focused Ultrasound Peripheral Nerve Neuromodulation". IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 39, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2020): 3391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2020.2992498.

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Shamji, Mohammed F., Cecile De Vos y Ashwini Sharan. "The Advancing Role of Neuromodulation for the Management of Chronic Treatment-Refractory Pain". Neurosurgery 80, n.º 3S (21 de febrero de 2017): S108—S113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyw047.

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Abstract Neuropathic pain is a common cause of disability and health care utilization. While judicious pharmacotherapy and management of comorbid psychological distress can provide for improved quality of life, some patients with treatment-refractory disease require more invasive therapies. Spinal cord stimulation can provide for improvement in pain and decrease in medication utilization, with level 1 evidence supporting its use across various pain etiologies including persistent postoperative neuropathic pain, complex regional pain syndrome, chronic inoperable limb ischemia, treatment refractory angina, and painful diabetic neuropathy. These procedures can be done with acceptably low morbidity and provide a cost-effective solution for those patients in whom medical therapies have failed. Technological innovation in lead design, implantable pulse generator capability, and stimulation algorithms and parameters may further enhance the success of this therapy. Neuromodulation of distal targets such as dorsal root ganglion may permit greater anatomic specificity of the therapy, whereas subthreshold stimulation with high-frequency or burst energy delivery may eliminate noxious and off-target paresthesiae. Such new technologies should be subject to rigorous evaluation as their mechanisms of action and long-term outcomes remain hitherto undefined.

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Fins, Joseph J., Amanda R. Merner, Megan S. Wright y Gabriel Lázaro‐Muñoz. "Identity Theft, Deep Brain Stimulation, and the Primacy of Post‐trial Obligations". Hastings Center Report 54, n.º 1 (enero de 2024): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hast.1567.

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AbstractPatient narratives from two investigational deep brain stimulation trials for traumatic brain injury and obsessive‐compulsive disorder reveal that injury and illness rob individuals of personal identity and that neuromodulation can restore it. The early success of these interventions makes a compelling case for continued post‐trial access to these technologies. Given the centrality of personal identity to respect for persons, a failure to provide continued access can be understood to represent a metaphorical identity theft. Such a loss recapitulates the pain of an individual's initial injury or illness and becomes especially tragic because it could be prevented by robust policy. A failure to fulfill this normative obligation constitutes a breach of disability law, which would view post‐trial access as a means to achieve social reintegration through this neurotechnological accommodation.

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Zheng, Hairong. "Ultrasonic Neuromodulation: Evidence from Neuron to Animal Model". Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 43 (2017): S233—S234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.08.1816.

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Avdeew, Yvan, Victor Bergé-Laval, Virginie Le Rolle, Gabriel Dieuset, David Moreau, Loïg Kergoat, Benoît Martin, Christophe Bernard, Christian Gestreau y Alfredo Hernández. "Assessment of the Use of Multi-Channel Organic Electrodes to Record ENG on Small Nerves: Application to Phrenic Nerve Burst Detection". Sensors 21, n.º 16 (19 de agosto de 2021): 5594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165594.

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Effective closed-loop neuromodulation relies on the acquisition of appropriate physiological control variables and the delivery of an appropriate stimulation signal. In particular, electroneurogram (ENG) data acquired from a set of electrodes applied at the surface of the nerve may be used as a potential control variable in this field. Improved electrode technologies and data processing methods are clearly needed in this context. In this work, we evaluated a new electrode technology based on multichannel organic electrodes (OE) and applied a signal processing chain in order to detect respiratory-related bursts from the phrenic nerve. Phrenic ENG (pENG) were acquired from nine Long Evans rats in situ preparations. For each preparation, a 16-channel OE was applied around the phrenic nerve’s surface and a suction electrode was applied to the cut end of the same nerve. The former electrode provided input multivariate pENG signals while the latter electrode provided the gold standard for data analysis. Correlations between OE signals and that from the gold standard were estimated. Signal to noise ratio (SNR) and ROC curves were built to quantify phrenic bursts detection performance. Correlation score showed the ability of the OE to record high-quality pENG. Our methods allowed good phrenic bursts detection. However, we failed to demonstrate a spatial selectivity from the multiple pENG recorded with our OE matrix. Altogether, our results suggest that highly flexible and biocompatible multi-channel electrode may represent an interesting alternative to metallic cuff electrodes to perform nerve bursts detection and/or closed-loop neuromodulation.

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Baklaushev, V. P. "Current strategies for regenerative therapy of spinal cord injury". Genes & Cells 18, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2023): 658–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/gc623401.

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a leading cause of death and severe disability amongst young people. The incidence of SCI is 0.6–1.0 per 10,000 individuals. Unfortunately, there are no effective methods of restoring locomotor function for individuals with severe SCI. To address this issue, exoskeleton technology controlled using BCI is actively being developed for prosthetic locomotion. Despite the lack of encouraging data for severe spinal cord injuries, regenerative technologies continue to hold promise for spinal cord repair. The limited options for regenerating the central nervous system in humans necessitate creating new sources of neural stem cells for regeneration. Reprogramming autologous somatic cells neurologically can effectively serve as such a source [1]. Nevertheless, the constitution of neuroglial progenitors, which are necessary for regenerating damaged axons of the pyramidal tract, still requires clarification [2]. Some interesting efforts are underway to directly reprogram glial cells in situ using a variety of biotechnological approaches [3]. Overcoming or preventing the formation of a harsh scar tissue at the injury site is the key obstacle to successful regeneration therapy for SCI. Various scaffolds are being developed to facilitate axon regeneration, and several gene therapy agents are being tested to either knock down scar formation factors or activate extracellular matrix remodeling and reparative regeneration. Neuromodulation shows promise for SCI treatment. Studies indicate that epidural stimulation of the L2-S1 spinal cord in humans and mammals activates SPG neurons, aiding spinal walking generator functions. A potentially successful treatment approach involves scaffolds with reprogrammed cells and neuromodulation [4].

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Spinelli, Michele y Karl-Dietrich Sievert. "Latest Technologic and Surgical Developments in Using InterStim™ Therapy for Sacral Neuromodulation: Impact on Treatment Success and Safety". European Urology 54, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2008): 1287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2008.01.076.

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Teton, Zoe E., Daniel Blatt, Amr AlBakry, James Obayashi, Gulsah Ozturk, Vural Hamzaoglu, Philippe Magown, Nathan R. Selden, Kim J. Burchiel y Ahmed M. Raslan. "Natural history of neuromodulation devices and therapies: a patient-centered survival analysis". Journal of Neurosurgery 132, n.º 5 (mayo de 2020): 1385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.2.jns182450.

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OBJECTIVEDespite rapid development and expansion of neuromodulation technologies, knowledge about device and/or therapy durability remains limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term rate of hardware and therapeutic failure of implanted devices for several neuromodulation therapies.METHODSThe authors performed a retrospective analysis of patients’ device and therapy survival data (Kaplan-Meier survival analysis) for deep brain stimulation (DBS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and spinal cord stimulation (SCS) at a single institution (years 1994–2015).RESULTSDuring the study period, 450 patients underwent DBS, 383 VNS, and 128 SCS. For DBS, the 5- and 10-year initial device survival was 87% and 73%, respectively, and therapy survival was 96% and 91%, respectively. For VNS, the 5- and 10-year initial device survival was 90% and 70%, respectively, and therapy survival was 99% and 97%, respectively. For SCS, the 5- and 10-year initial device survival was 50% and 34%, respectively, and therapy survival was 74% and 56%, respectively. The average initial device survival for DBS, VNS, and SCS was 14 years, 14 years, and 8 years while mean therapy survival was 18 years, 18 years, and 12.5 years, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe authors report, for the first time, comparative device and therapy survival rates out to 15 years for large cohorts of DBS, VNS, and SCS patients. Their results demonstrate higher device and therapy survival rates for DBS and VNS than for SCS. Hardware failures were more common among SCS patients, which may have played a role in the discontinuation of therapy. Higher therapy survival than device survival across all modalities indicates continued therapeutic benefit beyond initial device failures, which is important to emphasize when counseling patients.

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Gao, Shikang, Yizhen Tang, Yucheng Ye, Boyu Qian y Maoyang Wang. "Neural rehabilitation based on brain computer interface". Applied and Computational Engineering 42, n.º 1 (23 de febrero de 2024): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/42/20230772.

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BCI is a newly developed technology that can be used for neurological rehabilitation of brain injuries and paralysis. This article first reviews the history of BCI, and then introduces two major neurorehabilitation BCI technologies for neurorecording and neuromodulation, invasive and non-invasive. For each technology, we describe the challenges of each technology, analyzing the current state and future development trends. In terms of non-invasive technology, the most mature and extensive EEG brain signal analysis methods and two brain regulation technologies, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), as well as the application of brain signal analysis techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy fNIRS) were also discussed. In terms of invasive technology, the implantable neural interface technology focuses on implantable neural interface technology, which collects cortical electrical brain signals (ECoG), which can obtain more original neural information and has high temporal and spatial resolution characteristics. In recent years, with the development of microelectronics technology and material technology, invasive BCI technology has made a lot of cutting-edge progress, which is an important future development direction of neurorehabilitation technology.

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Blackmore, Joseph, Shamit Shrivastava, Jerome Sallet, Chris R. Butler y Robin O. Cleveland. "Ultrasound Neuromodulation: A Review of Results, Mechanisms and Safety". Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 45, n.º 7 (julio de 2019): 1509–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.015.

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Akopian, Abram. "Neuromodulation of ligand- and voltage-gated channels in the amphibian retina". Microscopy Research and Technique 50, n.º 5 (2000): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0029(20000901)50:5<403::aid-jemt9>3.0.co;2-d.

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Zhang, Yi, Aaron D. Mickle, Philipp Gutruf, Lisa A. McIlvried, Hexia Guo, Yixin Wu, Judith P. Golden et al. "Battery-free, fully implantable optofluidic cuff system for wireless optogenetic and pharmacological neuromodulation of peripheral nerves". Science Advances 5, n.º 7 (julio de 2019): eaaw5296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw5296.

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Studies of the peripheral nervous system rely on controlled manipulation of neuronal function with pharmacologic and/or optogenetic techniques. Traditional hardware for these purposes can cause notable damage to fragile nerve tissues, create irritation at the biotic/abiotic interface, and alter the natural behaviors of animals. Here, we present a wireless, battery-free device that integrates a microscale inorganic light-emitting diode and an ultralow-power microfluidic system with an electrochemical pumping mechanism in a soft platform that can be mounted onto target peripheral nerves for programmed delivery of light and/or pharmacological agents in freely moving animals. Biocompliant designs lead to minimal effects on overall nerve health and function, even with chronic use in vivo. The small size and light weight construction allow for deployment as fully implantable devices in mice. These features create opportunities for studies of the peripheral nervous system outside of the scope of those possible with existing technologies.

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Hochberg, Leigh R. "4 Brain computer interface for paralysis". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 92, n.º 8 (16 de julio de 2021): A1.4—A2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-bnpa.4.

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Intracortically-based Brain-Computer Interfaces (iBCIs) are poised to revolutionize our ability to restore lost neurologic functions. By recording high resolution neural activity from the brain, the intention to move ones hand can be detected and decoded in real- time, potentially providing people with motor neuron disease (ALS), stroke, or spinal cord injury with restored or maintained ability to control communication devices, assistive technologies, and their own limbs. iBCIs also are central to the development of closed-loop neuromodulation systems, with great potential to serve people with neuropsychiatric disorders. A multi-site pilot clinical trial of the investigational BrainGate system is assessing the feasibility of people with tetraplegia controlling a computer cursor and other devices simply by imagining the movement of their own arm or hand. This presentation will review some of the recent progress made in iBCIs, the information that can be decoded from ensembles of cortical or subcortical neurons in real-time, and the challenges and opportunities for restorative neurotechnologies in research and clinical practice.

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Legon, Wynn, Leo Ai, Priya Bansal y Jerel K. Mueller. "Neuromodulation with single-element transcranial focused ultrasound in human thalamus". Human Brain Mapping 39, n.º 5 (29 de enero de 2018): 1995–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23981.

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Adamchic, Ilya, Timea Toth, Christian Hauptmann y Peter Alexander Tass. "Reversing pathologically increased EEG power by acoustic coordinated reset neuromodulation". Human Brain Mapping 35, n.º 5 (agosto de 2013): 2099–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22314.

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Kim, Young Hun, Chang Hoon Lee, Kamyar Firouzi, Beom Hoon Park, Joo Young Pyun, Jeong Nyeon Kim, Kwan Kyu Park y Butrus T. Khuri-Yakub. "Acoustic radiation force for analyzing the mechanical stress in ultrasound neuromodulation". Physics in Medicine & Biology 68, n.º 13 (27 de junio de 2023): 135008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/acdbb5.

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Abstract Objective. Although recent studies have shown that mechanical stress plays an important role in ultrasound neuromodulation, the magnitude and distribution of the mechanical stress generated in tissues by focused ultrasound transducers have not been adequately examined. Various acoustic radiation force (ARF) equations used in previous studies have been evaluated based on the tissue displacement results and are suitable for estimating the displacement. However, it is unclear whether mechanical stress can be accurately determined. This study evaluates the mechanical stress predicted by various AFR equations and suggests the optimal equation for estimating the mechanical stress in the brain tissue. Approach. In this paper, brain tissue responses are compared through numerical finite element simulations by applying the three most used ARF equations—Reynolds stress force ((RSF)), momentum flux density tensor force, and attenuation force. Three ARF fields obtained from the same pressure field were applied to the linear elastic model to calculate the displacement, mechanical stress, and mean pressure generated inside the tissue. Both the simple pressure field using a single transducer and the complex standing wave pressure field using two transducers were simulated. Main results. For the case using a single transducer, all three ARFs showed similar displacement. However, when comparing the mechanical stress results, only the results using the RSF showed a strong stress tensor at the focal point. For the case of using two transducers, the displacement and stress tensor field of the pattern related to the standing wave were calculated only from the results using the RSF. Significance. The model using RSF equation allows accurate analysis on stress tensor inside the tissue for ultrasound neuromodulation.

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Song, Jason J. "Present and Potential Use of Spinal Cord Stimulation to Control Chronic Pain". Pain Physician 3;17, n.º 3;5 (14 de mayo de 2014): 234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2014/17/234.

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Background: Spinal cord stimulation is an intervention that has become increasingly popular due to the growing body of literature showing its effectiveness in treating pain and the reversible nature of the treatment with implant removal. It is currently approved by the FDA for chronic pain of the trunk and limbs, intractable low back pain, leg pain, and pain from failed back surgery syndrome. In Europe, it has additional approval for refractory angina pectoris and peripheral limb ischemia. Objective: This narrative review presents the current evidence supporting the use of spinal cord stimulation for the approved indications and also discusses some emerging neuromodulation technologies that may potentially address pain conditions that traditional spinal cord stimulation has difficulty addressing. Study Design: Narrative review. Results: Spinal cord stimulation has been reported to be superior to conservative medical management and reoperation when dealing with pain from failed back surgery syndrome. It has also demonstrated clinical benefit in complex regional pain syndrome, critical limb ischemia, and refractory angina pectoris. Furthermore, several cost analysis studies have demonstrated that spinal cord stimulation is cost effective for these approved conditions. Despite the lack of a comprehensive mechanism, the technology and the complexity in which spinal cord stimulation is being utilized is growing. Newer devices are targeting axial low back pain and foot pain, areas that have been reported to be more difficult to treat with traditional spinal cord stimulation. Percutaneous hybrid paddle leads, peripheral nerve field stimulation, nerve root stimulation, dorsal root ganglion, and high frequency stimulation are actively being refined to address axial low back pain and foot pain. High frequency stimulation is unique in that it provides paresthesia free analgesia by stimulating beyond the physiologic frequency range. The preliminary results have been mixed and a large randomized control trial is underway to evaluate the future of this technology. Other emerging technologies, including dorsal root ganglion stimulation and hybrid leads, also show some promising preliminary results in non-randomized observational trials. Limitation: This review is a primer and not an exhaustive review for the current evidence supporting the use of spinal cord stimulation and precursory discussion of emerging neuromodulation technologies. This review does not address peripheral nerve stimulation and focuses mainly on spinal cord stimulation and touches on peripheral nerve field stimulation. Conclusions: Spinal cord stimulation has demonstrated clinical efficacy in randomized control trials for the approved indications. In addition, several open label observational studies on peripheral nerve field stimulation, hybrid leads, dorsal root ganglion stimulation, and high frequency stimulation show some promising results. However, large randomized control trials demonstrating clear clinical benefit are needed to gain evidence based support for their use. Key words: Spinal cord stimulation, chronic pain; low back pain, high frequency stimulation, peripheral nerve field stimulation, dorsal root ganglion stimulation, failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, critical limb ischemia, refractory angina pectoris

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"Emerging technologies. Neurostimulation and neuromodulation". Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra 43, n.º 3 (22 de diciembre de 2020): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.23938/assn.0923.

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Javid, Ardavan, Sheikh Ilham y Mehdi Kiani. "A Review of Ultrasound Neuromodulation Technologies". IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 2023, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2023.3299750.

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