Tesis sobre el tema "Nemanja"

This PhD thesis investigates how the successors to the first ruler of an amalgamation of Serb lands, the Raškan Serb Veliki Župan, Stefan Nemanja, sought to create legitimacy for what otherwise may have been the passing successes of one local chieftain. The question is approached through the Lives of Nemanja written by his sons, Prvovenčani and Sava, whose tasks were to stabilise the immediate succession and consolidate the longer lasting power of the dynasty. Through a close reading of the two Lives, the thesis identifies and compares the motifs used by the authors to portray Nemanja as a saintly ruler divinely inspired by God to 'lead and unite' his people. Without an existing Serbian literary tradition, the thesis investigates how the authors found inspiration, looking first at the European-wide phenomenon of holy rulers and their associated texts, before considering the general literary environment surrounding the Raškan Serbs, to place the writing of Nemanja's Lives into context. The motifs highlighted in the Lives are compared with those in a selected group of texts, potentially available to the authors, to identify possible models which each other may have copied, adapted or transformed. The secondary objectives of the two authors, ruler and monk, will also be touched on bearing in mind the secular and sacred image of Nemanja being portrayed.

LLe but de ce travail est de présenter, à la lumière de l'hagio-biographie dynastique, la continuité (depuis la fin du XIIe jusqu'au milieu du XVe siècle) du système de l'idéologie politique de l'état médiéval serbe. Dans la continuité des textes qui suivent les grandes étapes du moyen âge en Serbie, se dessine l'histoire d'une pensée politique élaborée pour exprimer le bien-fondé et justifier la souveraineté de l'état nelanide au sein d'une hiérarchie de valeurs propre à la chrétienté byzantine. Ainsi l'idéologie des hagiographies royales devient-elle non seulement le miroir des idées reflétant les structures mentales, mais également un critère de légitimité sacrée et facteur actif d'une orientation politique. Fondateur de la dynastie nemanide (1166-1371), le grand joupan Stefan Nelanja, canonise saint Siméon le Myroblyte, devient la référence fondamentale du charisme souverain des rois de la "sainte lignée" et se révèle être un critère de légitimité dynastique pour tout souverain de Serbie. Pour aboutir à une synthèse historique de l'idéologie politique, dans le cadre du thème qui est le nôtre, nous avons soumis à une analyse chronologique tous les textes fondamentaux de l'hagiographie dynastique d'après les éditions et les études disponibles, en y apportant comme contribution particulière l’édition critique (avec traduction française et commentaires) de la dernière Vita encore inédite de saint Siméon Nemanja. Les textes liturgiques et hymnographiques, ainsi que les préambules des chartes royales, ont été utilisés d'une manière sélective, généralement dans les notes, pour compléter et collationner les notions contenues dans les courants d'idées dominants. Afin de situer le phénomène de la littérature dynastique dans son contexte historique, un résumé de l'histoire médiévale serbe constitue le premier volet de ce travail. Pour situer l'idéologie des hagio-biographies royales dans le contexte de la littérature et de l'historiographie officielles, ecclésiastique et profane, un aperçu chronologique de cette hagio-biographie dynastique est propose dans le deuxième volet de cette étude
The aim of this work is to present, in the light of the dynamic hagio-biography, the continuation (from the end of the 12th to the middle of the 15th century), of the system of political ideology of the medieval Serbian state. In the continuation of the texts which follow the great steps of the Serbian middle age, the history of elaborate political throught is drawn to express the merits and justify the sovereignty of the Nemanjan state in the midst of a hierarchy of values proper to byzantine christianity. Thus the ideology of royal hagiographies becomes not only the mirror of ideas reflecting mental structures, but also a criterion of sacred legitimacy and an active factor of a political orientation. Founder of the Nelanjan dynasty (1166-1371) Stefan Nemanja, canonised as saint Simeon the Myroblyte, became the basic reference of sovereign charisme of the kings of "holy descent" and is revealed as a criterion of dynastic for all socereigns of Serbia. For attaining a historic synthesis of the political ideology, in the framework of the theme that is ours, we have submitted to a chronological analysis all the basic texts of dynastic hagiography according to the editions and studies available, by adding to them as a special contribution the cristim edition (with French translation and comments) of the latest still unedited vita of saint Simeon-Nemanja. The liturgical and hymnographic texts, as well as the preludes of royal charters, have been used in a selective manner, generally in the notes, to complete and compare the notions contained in the dominating currents of throught. In order to situate the phenomen of dynastic literature in its historical context, a summary of Serbian medieval history constituted the first part of this work. For situating the ideology of royal hagio-biographies in the context of literature and official, church and profane historiography, a chronological glimpse of this dynastic hagio-biography is proposed in the second part of this study

This thesis seeks to understand and analyse HIV and AIDS and rural livelihoods in Zimbabwe with particular reference to an isolated and marginalised informal settlement called Chivanhu in Masvingo Province. The focus is specifically on questions around HIV susceptibility, AIDS vulnerability and household resilience. In this regard, it is important to recognise that HIV and AIDS cannot be lumped together as one medical or social condition. Rather, there is a progression from HIV infection to AIDS-related chronic illnesses to possible death, and livelihood strategies often alter along this HIV and AIDS time-line. Zimbabwe for over a decade now has gone through a series of economic and political crises which have impacted detrimentally on both urban and rural livelihoods, even for those households which are not directly affected by the HIV and AIDS pandemic. With the economy in free-fall, households have had to pursue a range of livelihood strategies in order to sustain themselves. These socio-economic conditions have in many ways facilitated susceptibility to HIV infection and vulnerability to AIDS. Many studies have examined this in relation to wellentrenched and stable communities in rural Zimbabwe. But the livelihood dynamics for such communities are significantly different to more unstable and informal settlements like Chivanhu, as thesis seeks to show. At the same time, the thesis offers a longitudinal study which is able to map the changes to the livelihoods of infected and affected households in Chivanhu. Though recognising the debilitating effects of the pandemic on these households, it also raises questions about the possible resilience of certain households despite great adversity. In doing so, it goes beyond the individual and household levels of analysis to consider the role of clusters (or groups of households) in responding to the impacts of HIV and AIDS. In this regard, particular emphasis is placed on gender and orphanhood. In the end, the thesis offers a nuanced analysis of the everyday complexities and challenges for affected households in a marginalised and informal rural community in Zimbabwe and thereby makes a contribution to re-theorising HIV and AIDS and rural livelihoods more broadly.

Thesis (PhD(Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The genus Helicotylenchus Steiner of the family Holplolaimidae is reviewed. The different morphometric and morphological characters used in species description are discussed. Thirty-five species occurring in South Africa, French Guiana and the French Caribbean Islands are redescribed, based on type and other material. A new species, viz. H. marethae n.sp. is described from South Africa. Apart from line drawings SEM micrographs are included for most species.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie monograaf van die genus Helicotylenchus van die familie Hoplolaimidae, word die verskillende morfologiese en morfometriese eienskappe gebruik in spesie beskrywings, bespreek. Vyf-en-dertig van die spesies wat in Suid- Afrika, Frans Guiana en die Franse Karibiese Eilande voorkom word op grond van tipe of ander materiaal herbeskryf. 'n Nuwe spesie H. marethae afkomstig vanaf Suid- Afrika word beskryf. Behalwe vir lyntekeninge word SEM mikrograwe van meeste van die spesies ook gegee.

Em ensaios de casa-de-vegetação, primeiramente foi avaliada a reprodução de Pratylenchus brachyurus em oito cultivares de algodoeiro, que foram: IAPAR 71-Paraná 3; IAC 20; CS 50; CNPA 717; IAC 87; CNPA-Precoce 2; IAC 21 e IAC 22.Posteriormente foram selecionadas duas cultivares para estudar a patogenicidade do nematóide, inoculando-se diferentes níveis de população inicial; 0 (testemunha); 333; 1000; 3000; 9000 e 27000 nematóides/planta. As avaliações foram com base nos números de nematóides extraídos do sistema radicular e do solo e nos fatores de reprodução. Nos estudos de patogenicidade foram coletados também os seguintes dados de crescimento das plantas; altura de planta, massa fresca de sistema radicular e massa seca de parte aérea. Entre as oito cultivares em que se avaliou a reprodução, foi possível identificar IAPAR 71-Paraná 3 e IAC 20 como as melhores hospedeiras do nematóide, nas quais a população final do nematóide foi significativamente maior que em IAC 22. Para os estudos de patogenicidade foram selecionadas as cultivares IAC 20 e IAC 22, que, entre as mais utilizadas comercialmente, permitiram a maior e a menor reprodução do nematóide, respectivamente. Ambas as cultivares tiveram o crescimento prejudicado pelo nematóide e as reduções de crescimento das plantas inoculadas em relação à testemunha foram mais acentuadas nos níveis mais altos de inóculo. A regressão linear foi significativa para massa fresca de sistema radicular da cultivar IAC 20 e para massa seca de parte aérea, de ambas as cultivares
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The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic has had massive detrimental impacts on rural communities across Africa including in Zimbabwe. In response to the HIV and AIDS epidemic, the government of Zimbabwe has developed and adopted comprehensive programmes to address HIV and AIDS prevention, care and support. One of the critical components of these programmes relates specifically to treatment of the HIV infected given that HIV and AIDS is increasingly seen as a manageable threatening disease. However the success and effectiveness of the treatment regimen (involving antiretroviral drugs or ARVs) is dependent heavily on complete adherence to the rigid and complex regimens. It is against this background that this thesis studies a particular rural community in Zimbabwe called Chivanhu (in Masvingo Province) in terms of the relationship between rural livelihoods and HIV and AIDS (particularly HIV treatment and treatment adherence). Unlike other rural communities (notably in communal areas), Chivanhu is an informal and unstable community with a turbulent history. Most rural studies of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe and elsewhere in the region have focused on well-established and stable communities in which agricultural production is still of some significance. In such communities, the impact of HIV and AIDS on livelihoods is severe but, in more informal settlements, the vulnerability of households to the epidemic (and challenges pertaining to treatment adherence) is even more pronounced. Using a rural livelihoods framework, this thesis seeks to identify, understand and analyse the conditions which shape levels of adherence to HIV and AIDS in the informalsettlement of Chivanhu in Zimbabwe.

Com o objetivo de identificar espécies de plantas que possam ser utilizadas em estratégias de controle de nematóides, seja em esquemas de rotação de culturas ou, isoladamente, como planta antagonista, foram avaliadas as reações de oito espécies de plantas medicinais em relação a Meloidogyne incógnita raça 2, Meloidogyne javanica e Pratylenchus brachyurus. O estudo constou de três ensaios, um para cada espécie de nematóide, cada qual compreendendo nove tratamentos, ou seja, as oito espécies de plantas medicinais mais a testemunha ou padrão suscetível. As parcelas foram representadas por um vaso contendo uma planta, com cinco repetições. Cada planta foi inoculada com uma média de 5000 ovos para as espécies de Meloidogyne e 600 espécimes para Pratylenchus brachyurus. As reações das plantas foram avaliadas após aproximadamente 60 dias da inoculação, de acordo com o índice de massas de ovos e fator de reprodução no caso dos nematóides das galhas e fator de reprodução no caso de Pratylenchus. As espécies Achillea millefolium (mil-folhas), Bryophyllum calycinum (folha-da-fortuna) e Arctium lappa (bardana) foram consideradas resistentes às 3 espécies de nematóides estudadas apresentando-se, portanto, como instrumento útil ao controle destes parasitos, prestando-se à ocupação de áreas infestadas por esses nematóides.
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Os danos causados por Pratylenchus brachyurus e P. zeae às variedades de cana-de-açúcar SP70-1143 e SP71-1406 foram avaliados em dois ensaios em vasos de 150 litros. Cada ensaio constou da inoculação de 0, 200, 400 ou 800 nematóides por litro de solo de uma ou outra espécie de Pratylenchus. As populações de nematóides nas raízes e parâmetros de crescimento e produção foram avaliados ao longo do ciclo e por ocasião do corte, aos 17 meses. P. braghyurus se multiplicou nas raízes das duas variedades sem causar prejuízos a nenhuma delas, que foram consideradas tolerantes ao nematóide. Na variedade SP70-1143, P. zeae só se multiplicou nas plantas inoculadas com 200 nematóides por litro de solo, porém não causou reduções nos pesos frescos dos colmos e total da parte aérea, em relação às demais. SP71-1143 foi tida como resistente a P. zeae. Na variedade SP71-1406, as maiores populações de P. zeae foram registradas nas plantas que receberam 400 ou 800 nematóides por litro de solo. Estas plantas também mostraram reduções significativas nos pesos frescos dos colmos e total da parte aérea, em relação as demais. SP71-1406 foi considerada susceptível a P. zeae
Damage to two sugarcane varieties resulting from infestation by Pratylenchus brachyurus and P. zeae were evalueted in two experiments. Each experiment consisted of inoculation with 0, 200, 400 or 800 nematodes/l soil from one or another Pratylenchus species on the varieties SP70-1143 and SP71-1406, the most cultivated in São Paulo State, nowadays. Single buds from both varieties were grown in 150 l pots, containing sterilized sandy soil and were inoculated 30 days after planting. Nematode population in roots and parameters were evalueted along the plant growth cicle and at the harvest, 17 months after planting. P. brachyurus reproduction was observed at the roots of two varieties, but no growth reduction was caused by the parasities. Both varieties were considered tolerant to P. brachyurus. On SP70-1143, P. zeae reproduction ocurred only at initial population of 200 nematodes/l soil. At the harvest, these plants only showed significant decreases in fresh weight of top cane plus leaves and dry weight of roots when compared with the plants without nematodes. SP-1143 was classified as resistant to P. zeae. As far as SP71-1406 is concerned, the higher P. zeae populations were observed in the pots inoculated with 400 or 800 nematodes/l soil. In these cases, significant reduction on fresh weight of shoots and fresh weight of aerial parts observed. SP71-1406 was considered susceptible to P. zeae

Les présents travaux ont pour premier objectif de caractériser quatre isolats de Pratylenchus morphologiquement proches de P. Coffeae, prélevés sur caféiers et sur quatre sites géographiques différents du Guatemala. Le mode de reproduction amphimictique obligatoire de ces isolats est confirmé. L'observation d'isolements sur le plan reproductif suggère l'appartenance de ces isolats à plusieurs espèces. Les outils de caractérisation utilisés montrent deux niveaux de diversité. L'observation détaillée au microscope électronique à balayage a permis de séparer les isolats en deux groupes. Pour trois de ces isolats, qui ont peu être étudiés par la suite, cette dichotomie morphologique coi͏̈ncide avec les différences de capacit reproductive sur rondelles de carottes in vitro en fonction de la empérature avec un optimum thermique situé entre 27 et 30ʿC ou entre 24 et 27ʿC. L'analyse multivariée d'un ensemble de descripteurs morphométriques a permis de différencier les trois isolats étudiés. Sur le plan biologique, chacun de ces trois isolats se différencie également l'un de l'autre par sa capacité reproductive sur cet hôte. La quantité de dommages observée sur la plante est pour chacun des isolats directement liée à sa capacité parasitaire. L'aptitude à produire des dégâts sur le système radiculaire apparaît identique pour les trois isolats. Cette étude suggère que le complexe parasitaire polyspécifique de Pratylenchus spp. Sur Coffea spp. Au Guatemala présente une importante diversité qui doit être étudiée au niveau méso-américain dans les différentes régions productrices de café.

Les virus sont au centre de problème de santé publique. En raison de l'apparition de nouveaux virus et pour certains de leur résistance aux traitements existants il est toujours d’actualité de développement de nouveaux agents antiviraux. En général, la stratégie de lutte contre les infections virales est basée sur la vaccination ou sur l'activité des petites molécules, interférant avec un ou plusieurs processus biologiques participant au cycle de vie du virus. Dans ce contexte, nous avons conçu et synthétisé des petites bibliothèques de molécules visant des propriétés anti-filovirus. Dans ce projet de recherche, nous avons mis l'accent sur le développement de composés ciblant la protéine Niemann-Pick C1, les protéases cathepsine et le processus de réplication. Lors du développement des inhibiteurs de Neimann-Pick C1 plus de 70 composés ont été synthétisés, portant le squelette pipérazine. Afin d'obtenir des inhibiteurs de cystéine cathepsines pouvant être impliqués dans la réplication du virus Ebola, nous avons synthétisé une petite bibliothèque de composés porteurs de groupement 1,3,5-triazine et possédant des activité de l’ordre du nanomolaire sur les cathepsines B, K, L et S. Enfin, pour inhiber la réplication du virus en ciblant SAH hydrolase, nous avons proposé une série de C-nucléosides carbocyclic ayant motif de 4-aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine
The viruses cause the problem of public health. Due to the appearance of new viruses and their resistance to existing treatments there is still relevant to develop new antivirals. Generally, the strategy to combat viral infections is based on vaccination or on the activity of small molecules, interfering with one or more biological processes participating in virus life cycle. In this context, we took an effort to design and synthesize the library of small molecules possessing anti-filovirus properties. In this research project, we were focused on the developing of compounds targeting Niemann-Pick C1 protein, cathepsin proteases and replication process. In our effort into the development of the inhibitors of Neimann-Pick C1 we prepared the series of about 70 compounds, having in common the piperazine moiety. Diverse 1,4-N,N - substituents of piperazine, differencing in a size and shape were studied. In order to obtain efficient cysteine cathepsins inhibitors, we synthesized the small library of compounds bearing 1,3,5-triazine moiety. Finally, to inhibit the virus replication by targeting SAH hydrolase, we proposed the series of carbocyclic C-nucleosides having motif of 4-aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine

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Os Produtos Naturais desempenham um papel dominante na descoberta e desenvolvimento de novos fármacos para o tratamento de diversas doenças. Com isso, a busca por novas fontes de substâncias bioativas tem se intensificado, com destaque para estudos realizados com organismos e micro-organismos marinhos. As algas vermelhas marinhas (Rhodophyta) são as principais produtoras de metabólitos secundários biologicamente ativos dentre as algas e produzem principalmente substâncias halogenadas. Dentre os micro-organismos, podemos destacar os fungos endofíticos de algas marinhas, pois apresentam alta diversidade de espécies e diversidade estrutural dos metabólitos secundários, os quais têm mostrado potencial antitumoral, antimicrobiano e antifúngico. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo explorar o potencial das algas vermelhas Asparagopsis taxiformis (estágio Falkenbergia) e Pyropia spiralis, bem como de seus fungos endofíticos, como fontes de substâncias bioativas. O estudo de A. taxiformis e de P. spiralis levou à identificação de dezesseis substâncias por CG-EM, como os ácidos eicosapentaenóico e araquidônico, além de nucleosídeos, como a uridina e a timidina, obtidos de A. taxiformis, e a uridina e a inosina, obtidas de P. spiralis. Os extratos brutos e frações das algas estudadas foram avaliados frente ao fungo fitopatogênico Cladosporium sphaerospermum, frente à enzima acetilcolinesterase e frente a linhagens tumorais de carcinoma de ovário (OVCAR-8), adenocarcinoma de cólon humano (HCT-116) e glioblastoma - humano (SF-295), sendo que os mesmos não apresentaram atividades antifúngica e anticolinesterásica significativas e apenas as frações hexânicas e butanólicas de ambas as algas apresentaram atividade citotóxica moderada frente à linhagem SF-295. Em relação ao estudo dos micro-organismos associados às algas, foi possível isolar sete linhagens de fungos endofíticos da alga A. taxiformis e três linhagens de P. spiralis, que foram cultivadas em meio de batata e dextrose (MBD) preparado com água do mar ou água ultra pura. Após o período de incubação, foram obtidos os extratos brutos em acetato de etila, que foram avaliados quanto ao perfil químico por CLAE e RMN, e perfil biológico por meio dos bioensaios in vitro. Após a prospecção inicial, Nemania bipapillata (AT-05), Sarocladium strictum (PS-01), Annulohypoxylon stygium (AT-03) e Hypoxylon sp. (AT-06) foram selecionados para investigação. O estudo de N. bipapillata, cultivado em água do mar e MBD, levou ao isolamento da dicetopiperazina ciclo(Pro-Tir), tirosol e das isocumarinas, (3R)-5-hidroximetil-meleína e (3R)-5-carbóxi-meleína. Ao cultivar essa linhagem fúngica em água ultra pura e MDB, foram isolados dois norsesquiterpenos e três sesquiterpenos do tipo botriano inéditos na literatura e um conhecido, 4β-acetoxi-9β,10β,15α-triidroxiprobotridial. A análise do extrato bruto de S. strictum, cultivado em água ultra pura e MDB, levou à identificação em mistura de duas dicetopiperazinas e ao isolamento da isoflavona daidzeína e de seis ftalatos naturais, dos quais dois ainda não foram descritos na literatura e nem sintetizados. A. stygium e Hypoxylon sp. foram cultivados em água do mar e MDB, sendo que A. stygium forneceu o pirogalol, que apresentou atividade contra Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina, além do tirosol e (˗)-(3R,4R)-3,4,5-triidróxi-tetralona, enquanto Hypoxylon sp. forneceu (3R)-scytalona, (3R,4R)-4-hidróxi-scytalona e daidzeína. Portanto, esses resultados ressaltam a importância da investigação dos organismos marinhos, bem como de seus micro-organismos associados, e contribuem para o conhecimento da quimiodiversidade de organismos de origem marinha da costa brasileira, ainda sub-explorada do ponto de vista químico.
Natural Products have a major role in the discovery and development of new drugs used for diseases treatments. Thus, the search for new sources of bioactive compounds has been intensified and studies have increasingly focused on marine organisms and microorganisms. Marine red algae (Rhodophyta) are the major producers of biologically active secondary metabolites among algae, and biosynthesize mainly halogenated compounds. Among microorganisms, we highlight endophytic fungi from marine algae, as they present marked species diversity as well as structural diversity of secondary metabolites. Such metabolites have shown interesting potential as antitumor, antimicrobial and antifungal agents. Therefore, this project aimed to explore the potential of red algae Asparagopsis taxiformis (Falkenbergia stage) and Pyropia spiralis and their endophytic fungi, as novel sources of bioactive compounds. The study of A. taxiformis and P. spiralis led to identification of sixteen compounds by GC-MS, as eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids, in addition to nucleosides uridine and thymidine, obtained from A. taxiformis, and uridine and inosine, obtained from P. spiralis. The crude extracts and fractions from the studied algae were evaluated against phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum, against acetylcholinesterase enzyme and against tumor cell lines of ovarian carcinoma (OVCAR-8), human colon adenocarcinoma (HCT-116) and human glioblastoma (SF-295). No significant antifungal or acetylcholinesterase activities were observed, whereas the hexane and butanol fractions from both algae showed moderate cytotoxicity against SF-295 cell line. As for the study on the microorganisms associated to algae, seven endophytic fungi strains were isolated from A. taxiformis and three strains from P. spiralis, which were cultivated in potato dextrose broth (PDB) prepared with either sea water or ultra pure water. After incubation, the ethyl acetate crude extracts were obtained and evaluated for their chemical and biological profiles, by HPLC, NMR and in vitro bioassays, respectively. After the preliminary prospection, Nemania bipapillata (AT-05), Sarocladium strictum (PS-01), Annulohypoxylon stygium (AT-03) and Hypoxylon sp. (AT-06) were selected for further investigation. The study of N. bipapillata, cultivated in sea water and PDB, led to isolation of diketopiperazine cyclo(Pro-Tyr), tyrosol and isocoumarins, (3R)-5-hydroxymethylmellein and (3R)-5-carboxymellein. Cultivation of this fungal strain in ultra pure water and PDB afforded two botryane-type norsesquiterpenes and three sesquiterpenes, unprecedent compounds in the literature and one known, 4β-acetoxy-9β,10β,15α-trihydroxyprobotrydial. Analysis of the crude extract from S. strictum, cultivated in ultra pure water and PDB, afforded a mixture of two diketopiperazines, in addition to isoflavone daidzein and six natural phthalates, including two novel ones which had been neither described in the literature nor synthesized. A. stygium and Hypoxylon sp. were cultivated in sea water and PDB, and A. stygium afforded pyrogallol, which was active against Escherichia coli and methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), in addition to tyrosol and (˗)-(3R,4R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-1-tetralone. Hypoxylon sp. afforded (3R)-scytalone, (3R,4R)-4-hydroxy-scytalone and daidzein. Such results highlight the importance of research on marine organisms and their associated microorganisms, and contribute to the knowledge of chemodiversity of marine organisms from the still chemically underexplored Brazilian coast.

Savezna Republika Nemačka predstavlja optimalan primer za proučavanje turističke rekreacije u kojima se sve razvojne faze mogu posmatrati sa aspekta pozitivnih i negativnih faktora koji to uslovljavaju. Visoko razvijena država, visok životni standard i izgrađena svest o značaju rekreacije uz maksimalnu zaštitu prirodne sredine su i glavni motiv za izradu ove doktorske teze. Nemačka predstavlja i zemlju emitivnog i imitivnih turističkih kretanja. Doktorska disertacija predstavljena je kroz šest tematskih poglavlja da bi se metodom komparacije i sinteze došlo do navedenih zaključaka. Tematska poglavlja imala su za cilj da prikažu i analiziraju sve validne prirodne i antropogene elemente koji sačinjavaju osnov proučavanja turističke rekreacije. Turističko-geografski prikaz Srbije i Crne Gore dat je u najkraćim crtama i služio je samo kao osnov identifikovanja mogućnosti nemačkih iskustava mogu realno biti primenjeni. Na osnovu šest komplementarnih delova metodom sinteze i komparacije izvedeni su navedeni zaključci.
Federal Republic of Germany is an optimal example for study of tourist recreation because its all developing phases can be observed from the aspect of positive and negative factors, influencing the above stated phases. This highly developed country with high level of living standard and awateness concerning significance of recreation with maximum protection of the environment are main motive for preparation of this doctor's thesis. German is a country of emitive and imitive tourist mevements. The doctor's thesis has been presented through six thematic chapters, reaching the conclusion by methods of comparations and syntesis. Thematic chapters were aiming at showing and analyzing of all valid natural and anthropoid lements which are a base for study of tourist recreation. Tourist-geographical survey of Serbia and Montenegro has been give briefly and saved only as a base for kind of identification with German expiriences that can be really implemented. According to the all six complementary parts, the conclusions have been reached by method of syntesis and comparations.

碩士
國立中山大學
海洋生物科技暨資源學系研究所
102
Marine organisms are regarded as an immense resource of diverse natural products for drug discovery and development, such as trabectedin from tunicate, marinisporolide A1 form Marinispora sp. and so on. In our lab, we got symbiotic marine bacteria C-01 from Cerviconia sp, C-03 and C-07 from Palythoa sp., and C-05 from Npphates sp., respectively, in Wan-Li Tong, Pingtung County. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, they all were identified as Microbulbifer variabilis We compared with four Microbulbifer strains by HPLC-PDA-MS fractionations and the mass spectral molecular networking to explore relationship of secondary metabolites. We further explored the bioactive components from the C-03 by chromatographic methods. Till now, one new diketopiperazine 8, as well as ten 1~7, and 9~11, six nucleotides 12~17, one pyridine 18 one pyrrolidine 19, one benzoic acid 20 and, one phenazine 21, have been isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of M. variabilis C-03. We also explored marine fungus with Nemania maritima, belonging to genus Nemania. This fungus was isolated from the mangrove dead wood. We cultured N. maritima with PDA agar, and extracted the fungus with ethyl acetate. The extracts were subjected to traditional silica column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography to give four compounds, including adenosine (22) barceloneic acid A (23), barceloneic acid B (24) and ergosterol peroxide (25). All the chemical structures were characterized by spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, NMR, and ESI-MS). We test three kind of bioactive test about anti-bacterial, anti-virus (hepatitis C virus and dengue virus). Compound 21 showed significant anti-microbial activity against to Staphyloccocus aureus and Bacillus cereus with the same minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 8 μg/mL. In addition, the antiviral test revealed that against hepatitis C virus with SI (CC50/EC50) value of 21 was 4.06. The SI values of 5, 6, 10, 12 and 13 against dengue virus were 5.89、7.41、8.92、13.33, and 8.19, respectively. In addition, the compounds of 24 and 25 did not find the relevant reports in past literature about anti-virus activity. Anti-bacterial and anti-virus (hepatitis C virus) have not significant inhibitory effect, but we find compound of 24 and 25 exerted inhibitory effect against dengue virus’s with SI (CC50/EC50) values of 4.67 and 9.52, respectively.

The problematics of contamination of outdoor play grounds is very relevant at present, but a topic which is often forgotten, because not many people actually realise the risks of transfer of infections by the contamination of soil. In my work I specialised in the description of the life cycle of geohelminths, the appearance of infections caused by geohelminths in people and how to prevent this. I applied myself especially to the parasites, which I found in the collected samples during my research, especially Toxocara canis, T. cati, Ascaris spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Toxascaris spp. The research took place between October 2009 and April 2010, on selected locations, where I took samples for laboratory analysis. I carried out the analysis in the laboratory of Parasitologic Institute of the Academy of Science of the Czech Republic. The aim of this work was to map the level of parasite contamination on the outdoor play grounds. I divided the outdoor grounds into areas which are being kept by kinder-gardens (nursery schools) and areas that have no oficial keeper. From this evolves the following hypothesis: the play grounds that are opened to the general public without restrictions and have no official keeper are contaminated by parasites. The research has confirmed my hypothesis.

The social and environmental impacts of large-scale industrial development have had direct and extensive impacts on the Cree communities of eastern James Bay, northern Quebec. The signing of the 'New Relationship Agreement' between the Quebec Crees and Quebec Government (2002) formalized measures for local participation in overseeing the management of natural resources and development projects in the region. This initiative purports to provide Crees with a voice in decisions relating to projects that affect their lives and the lands they occupy. In return, the New Agreement paved the way for the development of the EM-1-A & Rupert Diversion Project and ensured the support of the regional Cree leadership. This study presents the perspectives of the local Cree community of Nemaska on the potential impacts of the EM-1-A & Rupert Diversion Project and examines various political strategies that they have drawn upon to defend their land against the proposed hydroelectric expansion. My findings show that despite formidable obstacles, Nemaska Crees have demonstrated a remarkable capacity to engage a range of political strategies in an effort to voice their opposition to the EM-1-A/Rupert diversion project. Although construction of the river diversion project is now underway, and 'the battle to save the Rupert River' has been lost, this thesis affirms the role and significance of individuals and organizations operating at the local level in articulating and framing the implications of the ecological crises imposed by large-scale industrial development on the 'local'

Rozprawa doktorska została poświęcona zagadnieniom społeczności rybacko - łowiecko – zbierackich, wytwarzających naczynia ceramiczne, określanych mianem „paraneolitycznych”. Jej celem jest prezentacja oraz kompleksowa analiza źródeł archeologicznych, będących materialnymi pozostałościami po wspomnianych społecznościach, które zasiedlały dorzecze Bugu i Narwi w neolicie oraz wczesnej epoce brązu, w okresie pomiędzy około 5000 BC a 1950/1800 BC. Stanowią one punkt wyjścia dla wieloaspektowych rozważań nad szerszym kontekstem funkcjonowania grup łowców – zbieraczy, m.in. ich wewnętrznej struktury, przyjętych strategii osadniczych i gospodarczych, wpływów, jakie wywierały na egzystujące w tym samym czasie ugrupowania wczesnoagrarne oraz przeobrażeń, jakim same ulegały na drodze kontaktów międzykulturowych. Praca zawiera próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie o genezę tych społeczności, kierunki ich rozwoju oraz dezintegracji, związanej z powolnym rozpadem dotychczasowego systemu kulturowego, jak też ich „wtapianiem” się w zupełnie nową rzeczywistość wczesnej epoki brązu. Analiza materiałów źródłowych pozwoliła na wyróżnienie w dorzeczu Bugu i Narwi trzech kultur archeologicznych: kultury Narva, kultury prypecko – niemeńskiej oraz kultury niemeńskiej. Najlepiej udokumentowana, a co za tym idzie rozpoznana, została ostatnia z wymienionych, datowana w omawianym rejonie na okres od około 3650/3600 BC do około 1950/1900 BC. Tym samym stanowi ona główny przedmiot analizy.