Artículos de revistas: "Neglected tropical diseases, migrants, global health"

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Agudelo Higuita, Nelson Iván, Carlos Franco-Paredes, Andrés F. Henao-Martínez, Norman L. Beatty, Jennifer Manne-Goehler y Colin J. Forsyth. "Chagas Disease and Domestic Medical Screening Guidance for Newly Arrived Individuals Under a Humanitarian-Based Immigration Status: A Call for Action". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 107, n.º 5 (14 de noviembre de 2022): 960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.22-0309.

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ABSTRACT. Chagas disease is considered one of the most important neglected tropical diseases in the Western Hemisphere, given its morbidity, mortality, and societal and economic burden. The United States has the fifth highest global burden of Chagas disease. Every year, thousands of migrant people from Latin America and throughout the globe travel to the U.S.– Mexico border searching for asylum. The U.S. CDC’s Guidance for the U.S. Domestic Medical Examination for Newly Arriving Refugees provides recommendations to safeguard the health of individuals who enter the United States with a humanitarian-based immigration status as defined by the CDC’s guidance under Key Considerations and Best Practices. We encourage the inclusion of Trypanosoma cruzi infection screening recommendations in this guidance as an important step toward understanding the risk and burden of Chagas disease in this vulnerable population, strengthening their access to care and contributing to the 2030 objectives of the WHO’s neglected tropical diseases road map.

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Vanderslott, Samantha. "Neglected Tropical Diseases". Nature and Culture 15, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2020): 78–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2020.150105.

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Neglected tropical diseases show how a disease group can be formed to compete in the global health policy marketplace. The naming and branding of a new disease category is used to organize activities, direct attention and resources, and rationalize the governance of diseases. The politics of classification involves processes of negotiation and conceptual development by key actors. Here, discussions about central characteristics, naming, and inclusion and exclusion criteria are rarely settled. Contradictions are present in the “tropical” and “neglected” characterizations, as well as choices of universalist rather than particularist approaches. Interacting with these considerations is a continued progression in means of dealing with disease from health actors and changing attributes of diseases in populations.

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Hotez, Peter J. "Global urbanization and the neglected tropical diseases". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11, n.º 2 (23 de febrero de 2017): e0005308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005308.

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Hotez, Peter J. "Ten Global “Hotspots” for the Neglected Tropical Diseases". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, n.º 5 (29 de mayo de 2014): e2496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002496.

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Mackey, Tim K. y Bryan A. Liang. "Global health policy coordination to address neglected tropical diseases". Tropical Medicine & International Health 17, n.º 9 (29 de julio de 2012): 1053–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03049.x.

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Hotez, Peter J. "Global Christianity and the Control of Its Neglected Tropical Diseases". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, n.º 11 (20 de noviembre de 2014): e3135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003135.

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Bharadwaj, Mitasha, Michel Bengtson, Mirte Golverdingen, Loulotte Waling y Cees Dekker. "Diagnosing point-of-care diagnostics for neglected tropical diseases". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, n.º 6 (17 de junio de 2021): e0009405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009405.

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Inadequate and nonintegrated diagnostics are the Achilles’ heel of global efforts to monitor, control, and eradicate neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). While treatment is often available, NTDs are endemic among marginalized populations, due to the unavailability or inadequacy of diagnostic tests that cause empirical misdiagnoses. The need of the hour is early diagnosis at the point-of-care (PoC) of NTD patients. Here, we review the status quo of PoC diagnostic tests and practices for all of the 24 NTDs identified in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) 2021–2030 roadmap, based on their different diagnostic requirements. We discuss the capabilities and shortcomings of current diagnostic tests, identify diagnostic needs, and formulate prerequisites of relevant PoC tests. Next to technical requirements, we stress the importance of availability and awareness programs for establishing PoC tests that fit endemic resource-limited settings. Better understanding of NTD diagnostics will pave the path for setting realistic goals for healthcare in areas with minimal resources, thereby alleviating the global healthcare burden.

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Costa, Maria Beatriz Silva y Camila Martins de Oliveira. "Endophytic Fungi in the Fight Against Neglected Tropical Diseases". Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 20, n.º 16 (10 de noviembre de 2020): 1683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557520666200624193300.

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Neglected tropical diseases are a serious global public health problem and they are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity, especially in underdeveloped countries. These diseases have several implications for health and they are considered a priority in global eradication programs for disease control. The aim of this mini-review is to report recent studies on the fight against neglected diseases, namely dengue fever, chikungunya, zika, malaria protozoa, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis helminths, filariasis, and tuberculosis bacteria using extracts and isolated substances of endophytic fungi based on their bioactivity profiles in relation to these diseases.

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Bronstein, A. M., Yu V. Lobzin, S. S. Kozlov y A. B. Birg. "From primitive jungle medicine to tropical medicine: history of progress and current challenges in the tropical disease control". Journal Infectology 14, n.º 2 (12 de julio de 2022): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2022-14-2-5-13.

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Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have long been overlooked in the global health agenda. The article is intended to generate information in consideration of the history of colonization of tropical countries with a special focus on tropical diseases especially common in the army during colonial wars and throughout the colonial era. Extreme poverty and warm tropical climates are the two most potent forces promoting the spread of neglected tropical diseases. European colonial doctors made valuable contribution towards understanding them and discovery these diseases. Large outbreaks of infectious and tropical diseases occurred in the Army throughout the colonial era, strongly influenced the formation of the Army Medical Services including provision for teaching and research. Subsequent improvements in prevention, diagnosis and treatment reduced the mortality from tropical diseases. Now in an era of “globalized” environment of interdependent trade, travel, migration, and international economic markets, many factors play an important role in the rise, emergence, and reemergence of tropical infectious disease, which necessitates a coordinated, global response. Many of the emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are also “neglected,” meaning they impact the world’s poorest and lack adequate funding and innovation for prevention and treatment, with some not adequately identified or studied. Although progress has been made in the management of neglected disease, there remains much work to be done. During the coming decade the global response will be able to further build on today’s successes, align with the new global health and development frameworks.

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Kuper, Hannah. "Neglected tropical diseases and disability—what is the link?" Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 113, n.º 12 (20 de marzo de 2019): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz001.

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AbstractNeglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of infectious conditions that vary in their epidemiology, impact and control. They are among the most common conditions globally, affecting approximately one billion people. Many NTDs have long-term consequences, such as visual and physical impairments. As a result, people with NTDs may have difficulties in carrying out activities or participating in society—in other words, NTDs can cause disabilities. Additionally, NTDs are often strongly linked to stigma and can have mental health consequences. It is therefore important to incorporate rehabilitation within NTD programmes. Rehabilitation can be conceptualized narrowly in terms of the provision of clinical services (e.g. physiotherapy and assistive devices) or, more broadly, including efforts to improve employment, overcome stigma and enhance social participation of people with disabilities. Approximately 15% of the global population has a disability, and this large group must be considered when designing NTD programmes. Improving the inclusion of people with disabilities may require adaptations to NTD programmes, such as making them physically accessible or training staff about disability awareness. Without incorporating disability within NTD programmes, the quality of life of people with NTDs will suffer and global targets for elimination and management of NTDs will not be met.

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Arifin, Mohd Afiq, Chua Su Peng, Ummi Mirza Baharudin, Mohd Hafiz Baharudin, Muhammad Aklil Abd Rahim, Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim, Azman Atil et al. "A Systematic Review of Tropical Disease Prevalence among Migrants". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, F (4 de octubre de 2022): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.10211.

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BACKGROUND: Few studies have assessed the burden of tropical diseases among migrants into non-endemic countries. AIM: This study aimed to systematically review the existing data of the prevalence of tropical diseases globally, including neglected tropical diseases globally. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors conducted a systematic review reporting prevalence (including seroprevalence) of tropical diseases following the PRISMA guidelines and based on the database from PUBMED, WoS, and PROQUEST. All the identified records were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected articles’ quality was appraised using the mixed methods appraisal tool to ensure its quality. RESULTS: Overall, 19 studies conducted in 13 countries published between the year 2017–2020 were included in the study. Based on the thematic analysis, two themes (type of organism) and 11 sub-themes (disease) were used. The prevalence of tropical diseases among migrants ranged from 0.2 to 31% for malaria; 3–20% for Chagas Disease; 3.2–3.5% for Giardiasis; 31.7–57.4% for Toxoplasmosis; 0.1–51%, for Schistosomiasis; 0.1–15.8%, for Strongyloidiasis; 0.3–3.8% for Trichuriasis; 0.2–0.9% for Ascariasis; 6.4–9.7% for Toxocariasis; 0.3% for Loiasis; and 0.5% for Filariasis. All migrants warrant thorough screening and testing, based on the country of origin of their last visit. Routine screening and follow-up may reduce the re-emergence of tropical disease in non-endemic countries. CONCLUSION: Multiple approaches in managing social and health issues among migrants are vital to secure healthy labor forces for the country’s economy and development. Public health sectors should implement strategic promotive, preventive, and curative programs targeted to this group.

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Gyorkos, Theresa, Ruben Nicholls, Antonio Montresor, Ana Luciañez, Martin Casapia, Kariane St-Denis, Brittany Blouin y Serene Joseph. "Eliminating morbidity caused by neglected tropical diseases by 2030". Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 47 (10 de marzo de 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2023.16.

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The objective of this manuscript is to provide selective examples of the work of the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Parasite Epidemiology and Control which contribute to the WHO goal of eliminating neglected tropical diseases by 2030. This PAHO/WHO CC specifically aligns its activities with the Sustainable Development Goals and with the goals outlined in the WHO Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021-2030. Its role is to contribute to advancing global action on NTDs, primarily through policy development and knowledge translation. Three important projects have recently been completed: 1. Finalizing the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for the NTD Road Map (published May 2021; this PAHO/WHO CC was a member of the working group); 2. Developing new guidelines for the preventive chemotherapy of Taenia solium taeniasis (published September 2021; this PAHO/WHO CC was co-Chair; and 3. Formulating a policy brief on deworming for adolescent girls and women of reproductive age (published January 2022; this PAHO/WHO CC is co-lead). These projects are the result of the integration of expertise and experience from multiple partners, including from PAHO and WHO (where both organizations provided key leadership), this PAHO/WHO CC, government ministries, civil society organizations and universities, among others. In conclusion, this PAHO/WHO CC contributes timely guidance to country-led evidence-informed public health policy, to cost-effective program implementation and to the identification of priority research topics – all focused, ultimately, on eliminating NTD-attributable morbidity by 2030.

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Webel, Mari Kathryn. "Parasites and priorities: the early evolution of ‘neglected disease’ initiatives and the history of a global health agenda". Medical Humanities 48, n.º 2 (junio de 2022): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2021-012251.

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This article explores the development and evolution of ‘neglected tropical diseases’ (NTDs) as an operative and imaginative category in global public health, focusing on the early intellectual and institutional development of the category in the 1970s. It examines early work around ‘neglected’ diseases in the Rockefeller Foundation’s Health Sciences Division, specifically the Foundation’s ‘Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind’ initiative that ran between 1978 and 1988, as well as intersections with the WHO’s parallel Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases and efforts by the US-based Edna McConnell Clark and MacArthur Foundations. A key concern of advocates who influenced initial programmes focused around ‘neglect’ was a lack of sophistication in medical parasitological research globally. Central to the NTDs’ capacity to animate diverse energies were claims about parasitic diseases and their place in new biotechnological approaches to medicine. This article explores how the emphasis on ‘neglected’, ‘tropical’ or even ‘endemic’ diseases encoded specific concerns and desires of parasitologists in the early 1970s. Despite the desire to prioritise the needs of ‘endemic’ countries and the recognition of a widening cohort of experts from both high-income and low-income nations, NTD advocates often recapitulated historic power dynamics privileging research institutions in the USA and Europe. Historicising and contextualising ‘neglect’ illuminates the contingent and changing politics of global health in a formative period in the late twentieth century.

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Johnston, Kelly L., Louise Ford y Mark J. Taylor. "Overcoming the Challenges of Drug Discovery for Neglected Tropical Diseases". Journal of Biomolecular Screening 19, n.º 3 (15 de noviembre de 2013): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057113511270.

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Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of 17 diseases that typically affect poor people in tropical countries. Each has been neglected for decades in terms of funding, research, and policy, but the recent grouping of them into one unit, which can be targeted using integrated control measures, together with increased advocacy has helped to place them on the global health agenda. The World Health Organization has set ambitious goals to control or eliminate 10 NTDs by 2020 and launched a roadmap in January 2012 to guide this global plan. The result of the launch meeting, which brought together representatives from the pharmaceutical industry, donors, and politicians, was the London Declaration: a series of commitments to provide more drugs, research, and funds to achieve the 2020 goals. Drug discovery and development for these diseases are extremely challenging, and this article highlights these challenges in the context of the London Declaration, before focusing on an example of a drug discovery and development program for the NTDs onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (the anti- Wolbachia consortium, A·WOL).

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Varanda, Jorge y Josenando Théophile. "Putting Anthropology into Global Health". Anthropology in Action 26, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2019): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/aia.2019.260104.

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This analysis of over a century of public health campaigns against human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) in Angola aims to unravel the role of (utopian) dreams in global health. Attention to the emergence and use of concepts such as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and ideas about elimination or eradication highlights how these concepts and utopian dreams are instrumental for the advancement of particular agendas in an ever-shifting field of global health. The article shows how specific representations of the elimination and eradication of diseases, framed over a century ago, continue to push Western views and politics of care onto others. This analysis generates insight into how global health and its politics of power functioned in Angola during colonialism and post-independence.

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Cramer, Estee Y. y Andrew A. Lover. "Forgotten People, Forgotten Diseases: The Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on Global Health and Development". Emerging Infectious Diseases 28, n.º 10 (octubre de 2022): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2810.220740.

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Ben Beard, C. "Forgotten People, Forgotten Diseases: The Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on Global Health and Development". Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, n.º 3 (marzo de 2009): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081597.

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Garcia, Lynne S. "Forgotten People, Forgotten Diseases: The Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on Global Health and Development". Microbe Magazine 4, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 2009): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.4.345.1.

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Leggat, Peter A. "Forgotten People, Forgotten Diseases: The Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on Global Health and Development". JAMA 301, n.º 9 (4 de marzo de 2009): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.229.

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Walker, Martin, Jonathan I. D. Hamley, Philip Milton, Frédéric Monnot, Sally Kinrade, Sabine Specht, Bélen Pedrique y Maria-Gloria Basáñez. "Supporting Drug Development for Neglected Tropical Diseases Using Mathematical Modeling". Clinical Infectious Diseases 73, n.º 6 (23 de abril de 2021): e1391-e1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab350.

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Abstract Drug-based interventions are at the heart of global efforts to reach elimination as a public health problem (trachoma, soil-transmitted helminthiases, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis) or elimination of transmission (onchocerciasis) for 5 of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases tackled via the World Health Organization preventive chemotherapy strategy. While for some of these diseases there is optimism that currently available drugs will be sufficient to achieve the proposed elimination goals, for others—particularly onchocerciasis—there is a growing consensus that novel therapeutic options will be needed. Since in this area no high return of investment is possible, minimizing wasted money and resources is essential. Here, we use illustrative results to show how mathematical modeling can guide the drug development pathway, yielding resource-saving and efficiency payoffs, from the refinement of target product profiles and intended context of use to the design of clinical trials.

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Vuitika, Larissa, Wasim A. Prates-Syed, Jaqueline Dinis Queiros Silva, Karin P. Crema, Nelson Côrtes, Aline Lira, Julia Beatriz Menuci Lima et al. "Vaccines against Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases: An Overview". Vaccines 10, n.º 9 (25 de agosto de 2022): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091385.

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Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of diseases that are highly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, and closely associated with poverty and marginalized populations. Infectious diseases affect over 1.6 billion people annually, and vaccines are the best prophylactic tool against them. Along with NTDs, emerging and reemerging infectious diseases also threaten global public health, as they can unpredictably result in pandemics. The recent advances in vaccinology allowed the development and licensing of new vaccine platforms that can target and prevent these diseases. In this work, we discuss the advances in vaccinology and some of the difficulties found in the vaccine development pipeline for selected NTDs and emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, including HIV, Dengue, Ebola, Chagas disease, malaria, leishmaniasis, zika, and chikungunya.

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Aya Pastrana, Nathaly, David Beran, Claire Somerville, Olivia Heller, Jorge C. Correia y L. Suzanne Suggs. "The process of building the priority of neglected tropical diseases: A global policy analysis". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, n.º 8 (12 de agosto de 2020): e0008498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008498.

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Fürst, Thomas, Paola Salari, Laura Monzón Llamas, Peter Steinmann, Christopher Fitzpatrick y Fabrizio Tediosi. "Global health policy and neglected tropical diseases: Then, now, and in the years to come". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11, n.º 9 (14 de septiembre de 2017): e0005759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005759.

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Molyneux, David H., Anarfi Asamoa-Bah, Alan Fenwick, Lorenzo Savioli y Peter Hotez. "The history of the neglected tropical disease movement". Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 115, n.º 2 (28 de enero de 2021): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trab015.

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Abstract The history of the neglected tropical disease movement is seen through the lens of authors who worked during the last 4 decades in different roles and in different settings, from Western-based laboratories to clinical roles in endemic countries and in critical policy roles in the World Health Organization (WHO). The authors seek to identify key players from the introduction of the word ‘neglected’ by the late Kenneth Warren in his Rockefeller Foundation–supported Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind movement through to the more recent developments after the London Declaration of 2012. The role of the various actors—endemic countries, major pharmaceutical companies, the WHO, non-government development organizations, bilateral donors and academia—are discussed. The critical events and decisions are highlighted that were essential enabling factors in creating a viable and successful movement and with a resultant massive global public health and antipoverty impact. The importance of advocacy is emphasized in creating the momentum to establish a globally recognized public health ‘brand’ as a target in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

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Hotez, Peter J., Miriam Alvarado, María-Gloria Basáñez, Ian Bolliger, Rupert Bourne, Michel Boussinesq, Simon J. Brooker et al. "The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010: Interpretation and Implications for the Neglected Tropical Diseases". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, n.º 7 (24 de julio de 2014): e2865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865.

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Zaman, Shahaduz, Papreen Nahar, Hayley MacGregor, Tom Barker, Jeannette Bayisenge, Clare Callow, James Fairhead et al. "Severely stigmatised skin neglected tropical diseases: a protocol for social science engagement". Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 114, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2020): 1013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traa141.

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Abstract More than one billion people are affected by neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and many of these diseases are preventable. While the grouping of these conditions as NTDs has generated vast mapping, mass drug administration and surveillance programmes, there is growing evidence of gaps and weaknesses in purely biomedical approaches, and the need for responses that also recognise the social determinants of health. In order to unpack the social and political determinants of NTDs, it is important to view the problem from a social science perspective. Given this background, the Social Sciences for Severe Stigmatizing Skin Diseases (5S) Foundation has recently been established by the Centre for Global Health Research at Brighton and Sussex Medical School. The broad aim of the 5S Foundation is to incorporate social science perspectives in understanding and addressing the problems around three NTDs, namely, podoconiosis, mycetoma and scabies. This protocol paper sets out the aims and approaches of the 5S Foundation while activities such as research, public engagement, training and capacity building get underway.

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UTZINGER, J., G. RASO, S. BROOKER, D. DE SAVIGNY, M. TANNER, N. ØRNBJERG, B. H. SINGER y E. K. N'GORAN. "Schistosomiasis and neglected tropical diseases: towards integrated and sustainable control and a word of caution". Parasitology 136, n.º 13 (noviembre de 2009): 1859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991600.

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SUMMARYIn May 2001, the World Health Assembly (WHA) passed a resolution which urged member states to attain, by 2010, a minimum target of regularly administering anthelminthic drugs to at least 75% and up to 100% of all school-aged children at risk of morbidity. The refined global strategy for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis was issued in the following year and large-scale administration of anthelminthic drugs endorsed as the central feature. This strategy has subsequently been termed ‘preventive chemotherapy’. Clearly, the 2001 WHA resolution led the way for concurrently controlling multiple neglected tropical diseases. In this paper, we recall the schistosomiasis situation in Africa in mid-2003. Adhering to strategic guidelines issued by the World Health Organization, we estimate the projected annual treatment needs with praziquantel among the school-aged population and critically discuss these estimates. The important role of geospatial tools for disease risk mapping, surveillance and predictions for resource allocation is emphasised. We clarify that schistosomiasis is only one of many neglected tropical diseases and that considerable uncertainties remain regarding global burden estimates. We examine new control initiatives targeting schistosomiasis and other tropical diseases that are often neglected. The prospect and challenges of integrated control are discussed and the need for combining biomedical, educational and engineering strategies and geospatial tools for sustainable disease control are highlighted. We conclude that, for achieving integrated and sustainable control of neglected tropical diseases, a set of interventions must be tailored to a given endemic setting and fine-tuned over time in response to the changing nature and impact of control. Consequently, besides the environment, the prevailing demographic, health and social systems contexts need to be considered.

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Stern, E. J. "Forgotten People, Forgotten Diseases: The Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on Global Health and Development. 2d ed." Clinical Infectious Diseases 57, n.º 12 (24 de septiembre de 2013): 1793–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit631.

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Wang, Alice, Adam MacNeil y Susan Maloney. "Comparison and lessons learned from neglected tropical diseases and tuberculosis". PLOS Global Public Health 1, n.º 10 (13 de octubre de 2021): e0000027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000027.

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Currently, tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent and accounts for over one-third of all HIV-related deaths. However, research and programmatic funding have lagged far behind investments for many other diseases. For about a century, the current Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine has been the only effective vaccine and is only effective in preventing severe disease in children; the first new therapeutic drug for TB in over 40 years was brought to market a few years ago; and until 10 years ago, diagnosis of TB depended on a century-old testing technique. This paper relates TB to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and highlights shared characteristics. The aim is to elevate awareness of TB within the framework of NTDs and gain insights from successes in addressing NTDs and how these lessons can be applied to help global health programs change the trajectory of the TB epidemic. A literature review was conducted to compare TB to NTDs and highlight lessons learned from NTD control that can be applied to the TB epidemic. Common features of NTDs include underlying burden of disease, influence and effect on poverty and development, and neglect through political will and funding. There are overarching principles for the design and implementation of NTD control programs that could be applied to ending TB.

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El Safadi, Dima, Sabah Merhabi, Rayane Rafei, Hassan Mallat, Monzer Hamze y Alvaro Acosta-Serrano. "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in north Lebanon: re-emergence of an important neglected tropical disease". Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 113, n.º 8 (21 de mayo de 2019): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz030.

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Abstract Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most prevalent neglected tropical disease among externally displaced people in the Middle East. In recent years, the Lebanese population has increased >30%, mainly due to a mass influx of Syrian migrants, thousands of them carrying CL, among other infectious diseases. Here we revisit the current CL prevalence among refugees in northern Lebanon. Methods This cohort study was conducted at the Al Bashaer Medical Center in north Lebanon between January and June 2017. A total of 48 randomly selected suspected CL patients were clinically diagnosed by dermatologists and samples were obtained for microscopic examination and molecular identification by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. The treatment response to antimonials was assessed each week and was followed for up 6 months. Results Leishmania tropica was the predominant species (91.7%) followed by Leishmania major (8.3%). Confirmed cases were treated with one to two courses of antimonials and healing was usually achieved after receiving a second course of treatment. Importantly, we show evidence of possible local CL transmission by indigenous sandflies in three separate patients who had no history of recent travel to Syria. Conclusions This highlights the urgent necessity to implement preventive disease strategies to avoid further dispersion of L. tropica CL in north Lebanon.

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Akinsolu, Folahanmi T., Priscilla O. Nemieboka, Diana W. Njuguna, Makafui N. Ahadji, Dora Dezso y Orsolya Varga. "Emerging Resistance of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Scoping Review of the Literature". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 11 (31 de mayo de 2019): 1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111925.

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Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat with the potential to cause millions of deaths. There has been a tremendous increase in the use of antimicrobials, stemming from preventive chemotherapy elimination and control programs addressing neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). This study aims to identify the frequency of drug resistance for 11 major NTDs and 20 treatment drugs within a specific period by systematically analyzing the study design, socio-demographic factors, resistance, and countries of relevant studies. Methods: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we performed systematic reviews of the major 11 NTDs to identify publications on drug resistance between 2000 and 2016. A quality assessment tool adapted for evaluating observational and experimental studies was applied to assess the quality of eligible studies. Results: One of the major findings is that six NTDs have information on drug resistance, namely human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminths, and trachoma. Many studies recorded resistance due to diagnostic tests, and few studies indicated clinical resistance. Although most studies were performed in Africa where there is the occurrence of several NTDs, there was no link between disease burden and locations of study. Conclusions: Based on this study we deduce that monitoring and surveillance systems need to be strengthened to enable the early detection of AMR and the mitigation of its global spread.

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32

King, Charles H. y Anne-Marie Bertino. "Asymmetries of Poverty: Why Global Burden of Disease Valuations Underestimate the Burden of Neglected Tropical Diseases". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2, n.º 3 (26 de marzo de 2008): e209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000209.

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Hotez, Peter J., David H. Molyneux, Alan Fenwick, Lorenzo Savioli y Tsutomu Takeuchi. "A Global Fund to Fight Neglected Tropical Diseases: Is the G8 Hokkaido Toyako 2008 Summit Ready?" PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2, n.º 3 (26 de marzo de 2008): e220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000220.

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34

Dhar, Ruby, Arun Kumar y Subhradip Karmakar. "Neglected tropical disease: Why we need to prioritize them more". Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 13, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v13i10.47519.

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Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are those that are commonly found in several low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and where people do not have access to hygiene, clean water, or safe ways to dispose of human waste. NTDs comprise a diverse group of diseases that is highly prevalent in tropical countries and is caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria viruses, parasites, and fungi. Although there are debates on what is included under NTD, few that are listed are ascariasis, Buruli ulcer, Chagas disease, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, human African trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis (LF), onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, trachoma, and trichuriasis, though this list. keeps on changing. They are called “neglected,” because they are hardly represented in the global health agenda of the developed countries and are often associated with stigma, blind faith, and social exclusion. The epidemiology of NTDs is quite complex and often related to environmental conditions. Many of them are vector-borne, have a zoonotic origin with well characterized animal reservoirs, and are associated with complex life cycles. All these factors make their public health control challenging. With a population of over 1.3 billion, India accounts for nearly one-half of the world’s prevalent cases of visceral leishmaniasis and one-half of the global incident cases of dengue, one-third, or more of the prevalent cases of leprosy, LF, cysticercosis, and visual impairment due to trachoma. India also accounts for 25% world’s burden of ascariasis and hookworm cases. Unfortunately in India, we don’t have a uniform distribution of neglected diseases. It was found to be very much dependent on the geographical locations as well as biased on the socialeconomic status, with more prevelant amongst the lower income groups. NTDs are not just any regular disease but were reported to cause permanent disabilities, impacting mental health and thereby posing a serious threat to livelihood and standard of living. Challenges in studying NTDThe primary challenge is adequate research funding and efforts. Affecting emerging economies, NTD severely suffers from the limelight that other lifestyle diseases such as cardiovascular, diabetes, and oncology enjoys. There was not much research output from the Western world too as NTD mostly affects the poorer nations. NTD related technologies are not considered profitable. This trend is slowly changing with larger participation from the government to aid in NTD research. We hope that future days will show more effort and awareness toward a better solution.

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Cohn, Daniel A., Maureen P. Kelly, Kalpana Bhandari, Kathryn L. Zoerhoff, Wilfrid E. Batcho, François Drabo, Nebiyu Negussu et al. "Gender equity in mass drug administration for neglected tropical diseases: data from 16 countries". International Health 11, n.º 5 (8 de marzo de 2019): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz012.

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Abstract Background Gender equity in global health is a target of the Sustainable Development Goals and a requirement of just societies. Substantial progress has been made towards control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) via mass drug administration (MDA). However, little is known about whether MDA coverage is equitable. This study assesses the availability of gender-disaggregated data and whether systematic gender differences in MDA coverage exist. Methods Coverage data were analyzed for 4784 district-years in 16 countries from 2012 through 2016. The percentage of districts reporting gender-disaggregated data was calculated and male–female coverage compared. Results Reporting of gender-disaggregated coverage data improved from 32% of districts in 2012 to 90% in 2016. In 2016, median female coverage was 85.5% compared with 79.3% for males. Female coverage was higher than male coverage for all diseases. However, within-country differences exist, with 64 (3.3%) districts reporting male coverage >10 percentage points higher than female coverage. Conclusions Reporting of gender-disaggregated data is feasible. And NTD programs consistently achieve at least equal levels of coverage for women. Understanding gendered barriers to MDA for men and women remains a priority.

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Turner, Hugo C., Wilma A. Stolk, Anthony W. Solomon, Jonathan D. King, Antonio Montresor, David H. Molyneux y Jaspreet Toor. "Are current preventive chemotherapy strategies for controlling and eliminating neglected tropical diseases cost-effective?" BMJ Global Health 6, n.º 8 (agosto de 2021): e005456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005456.

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Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in many low-income and middle-income countries. Several NTDs, namely lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) and trachoma, are predominantly controlled by preventive chemotherapy (or mass drug administration), following recommendations set by the WHO. Over one billion people are now treated for NTDs with this strategy per year. However, further investment and increased domestic healthcare spending are urgently needed to continue these programmes. Consequently, it is vital that the cost-effectiveness of preventive chemotherapy is understood. We analyse the current estimates on the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) of the preventive chemotherapy strategies predominantly used for these diseases and identify key evidence gaps that require further research. Overall, the reported estimates show that preventive chemotherapy is generally cost-effective, supporting WHO recommendations. More specifically, the cost per DALY averted estimates relating to community-wide preventive chemotherapy for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis were particularly favourable when compared with other public health interventions. Cost per DALY averted estimates of school-based preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis and STH were also generally favourable but more variable. Notably, the broader socioeconomic benefits are likely not being fully captured by the DALYs averted metric. No estimates of cost per DALY averted relating to community-wide mass antibiotic treatment for trachoma were found, highlighting the need for further research. These findings are important for informing global health policy and support the need for continuing NTD control and elimination efforts.

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Brooker, Simon, Peter J. Hotez y Donald A. P. Bundy. "The Global Atlas of Helminth Infection: Mapping the Way Forward in Neglected Tropical Disease Control". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 4, n.º 7 (27 de julio de 2010): e779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000779.

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Sinha, Michael S., Nina Jain, Thomas Hwang y Aaron S. Kesselheim. "Expansion of the Priority Review Voucher Program Under the 21st Century Cures Act: Implications for Innovation and Public Health". American Journal of Law & Medicine 44, n.º 2-3 (mayo de 2018): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858818789430.

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The U.S. federal government awards a priority review voucher (“PRV”) to a pharmaceutical manufacturer after the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approves a product for one of a list of voucher-eligible indications. The voucher, which can be transferred or sold, allows the company to accelerate the review timeline of another product for any indication. The PRV program was proposed in 2006 as an incentive for research and development for neglected diseases, such as dengue and leishmaniasis.Neglected tropical diseases (“NTDs”) predominantly affect the world’s poorest populations and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite their global public health importance, neglected diseases were estimated to account for less than 1% of pharmaceutical research and development expenditures. The voucher program was intended to address this gap between investment and disease burden: “[t]he major obstacle to stimulating the R&D of new medicines for neglected diseases is lowincome nations' inability to pay for such medicines.” The voucher would provide an additional financial incentive to fund clinical development of these products without requiring additional appropriations from Congress.

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Bradley, Mark, Rachel Taylor, Julie Jacobson, Morgane Guex, Adrian Hopkins, Julie Jensen, Lynn Leonard et al. "Corrigendum to: Medicine donation programmes supporting the global drive to end the burden of neglected tropical diseases". Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 115, n.º 5 (16 de marzo de 2021): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trab046.

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Fontecha, Gustavo, Ana Sánchez y Bryan Ortiz. "Publication Trends in Neglected Tropical Diseases of Latin America and the Caribbean: A Bibliometric Analysis". Pathogens 10, n.º 3 (17 de marzo de 2021): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030356.

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(1) Background: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have been overlooked on the global health agenda and in the priorities of national systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In 2012, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were created to ensure healthy lives and promoting well-being for all. This roadmap set out to accelerate work to overcome the global impact of NTDs. Almost a decade has passed since NTDs were re-launched as a global priority. Investment in research and development, as well as the production of scientific literature on NTDs, is expected to have increased significantly. (2) Methods: A bibliometric analysis of the scientific production of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) was carried out in relation to 19 endemic NTDs. These data were compared with the scientific production in malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. The database available from Thomson Reuters Web of Science (WoS) was used. In addition, the average annual growth percentage was calculated for each disease. (3) Results: In the last decade, the NTDs with the highest number of publications in the world were dengue and leishmaniasis. The United States was the most prolific country in the world in 15 out of 19 NTDs analyzed. In the LAC region, Brazil was the largest contributor for 16 of the 19 NTDs analyzed. Arboviral diseases showed the highest average annual growth. The number of publications for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS was considerably higher than for NTDs. The contribution of most LAC countries, especially those considered to be LMICs, is inadequate and does not reflect the relevance of NTDs for the public health of the population. (4) Conclusions: This is the first bibliometric analysis to assess the trend of scientific documents on endemic NTDs in LAC. Our results could be used by decision makers both to strengthen investment policies in research and development in NTDs.

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Villacorta Linaza, Rocio, Timothy Garner y Chantelle Genovezos. "Building supply chain capacity for neglected tropical diseases: experience from the Ascend West and Central Africa programme". Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 115, n.º 8 (15 de mayo de 2021): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trab068.

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Abstract The Ascend West and Central Africa programme, funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) is supporting integrated preventative chemotherapy for up to five neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), including intestinal worms, lymphatic filariasis, river blindness, trachoma and schistosomiasis. The programme is implemented across 13 countries by a consortium of four leading international development partners: Sightsavers, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Schistosomiasis Control Initiative Foundation and Mott Macdonald. This paper presents messages learnt from country assessments that took place prior to the global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These messages remain relevant post-COVID-19, with greater priority being given to the challenges for national NTD programmes in continuing to deliver mass drug administration (MDA) during the pandemic. Stakeholder coordination from the earliest stages of the pandemic has occurred at two levels: in the first mile with global partners of the NTD Supply Chain Forum and in the last mile with implementing partners in each country. This has been instrumental to manage delayed MDA, including the impact delays have on the shipment of NTD donated drugs and the distribution of stock held in country. The Ascend West and Central Africa programme is supporting countries with the resumption of MDA through a risk assessment and mitigation action (RAMA) process.

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Nii-Trebi, Nicholas Israel. "Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases: Insights, Advances, and Challenges". BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5245021.

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Infectious diseases are a significant burden on public health and economic stability of societies all over the world. They have for centuries been among the leading causes of death and disability and presented growing challenges to health security and human progress. The threat posed by infectious diseases is further deepened by the continued emergence of new, unrecognized, and old infectious disease epidemics of global impact. Over the past three and half decades at least 30 new infectious agents affecting humans have emerged, most of which are zoonotic and their origins have been shown to correlate significantly with socioeconomic, environmental, and ecological factors. As these factors continue to increase, putting people in increased contact with the disease causing pathogens, there is concern that infectious diseases may continue to present a formidable challenge. Constant awareness and pursuance of effective strategies for controlling infectious diseases and disease emergence thus remain crucial. This review presents current updates on emerging and neglected infectious diseases and highlights the scope, dynamics, and advances in infectious disease management with particular focus on WHO top priority emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and neglected tropical infectious diseases.

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Toledo, Chelsea E., Julie Jacobson, Emily C. Wainwright, Eric A. Ottesen y Patrick J. Lammie. "RRR for NNN—a rapid research response for the Neglected Tropical Disease NGDO Network: a novel framework to challenges faced by the global programs targeting neglected tropical diseases: Box 1." International Health 8, suppl 1 (marzo de 2016): i12—i14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihv072.

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44

Noblick, Julie, Richard Skolnik y Peter J. Hotez. "Linking Global HIV/AIDS Treatments with National Programs for the Control and Elimination of the Neglected Tropical Diseases". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5, n.º 7 (26 de julio de 2011): e1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001022.

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Cavalli, Anna, Sory I. Bamba, Mamadou N. Traore, Marleen Boelaert, Youssouf Coulibaly, Katja Polman, Marjan Pirard y Monique Van Dormael. "Interactions between Global Health Initiatives and Country Health Systems: The Case of a Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Program in Mali". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 4, n.º 8 (17 de agosto de 2010): e798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000798.

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Vande Velde, Fiona, Hans J. Overgaard y Sheri Bastien. "Nudge strategies for behavior-based prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases: A scoping review and ethical assessment". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2021): e0009239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009239.

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Background Nudging, a strategy that uses subtle stimuli to direct people’s behavior, has recently been included as an effective and low-cost behavior change strategy in low- and middle- income countries (LMIC), targeting behavior-based prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The present scoping review aims to provide a timely overview of how nudge interventions have been applied within this field. In addition, the review proposes a framework for the ethical consideration of nudges for NTD prevention and control, or more broadly global health promotion. Methods A comprehensive search was performed in several databases: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Embase (Ovid), Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL, ERIC and Econ.Lit (EBSCO), as well as registered trials and reviews in CENTRAL and PROSPERO to identify ongoing or unpublished studies. Additionally, studies were included through a handpicked search on websites of governmental nudge units and global health or development organizations. Results This scoping review identified 33 relevant studies, with only two studies targeting NTDs in particular, resulting in a total of 67 nudge strategies. Most nudges targeted handwashing behavior and were focused on general health practices rather than targeting a specific disease. The most common nudge strategies were those targeting decision assistance, such as facilitating commitment and reminder actions. The majority of nudges were of moderate to high ethical standards, with the highest standards being those that had the most immediate and significant health benefits, and those implemented by agents in a trust relationship with the target audience. Conclusion Three key recommendations should inform research investigating nudge strategies in global health promotion in general. Firstly, future efforts should investigate the different opportunities that nudges present for targeting NTDs in particular, rather than relying solely on integrated health promotion approaches. Secondly, to apply robust study designs including rigorous process and impact evaluation which allow for a better understanding of ‘what works’ and ‘how it works’. Finally, to consider the ethical implications of implementing nudge strategies, specifically in LMIC.

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Warusavithana, Supriya, Hoda Atta, Mona Osman y Yvan Hutin. "Review of the neglected tropical diseases programme implementation during 2012–2019 in the WHO-Eastern Mediterranean Region". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, n.º 9 (29 de septiembre de 2022): e0010665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010665.

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Introduction The 2012–2020 WHO NTD roadmap set targets for control, elimination, and eradication of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). It recommends 5 strategies, out of which preventive chemotherapy (PC) and intensified disease management were key to achieve targets. WHO estimated that globally, between 2012 and 2019, the number of persons affected by NTDs decreased from nearly 2.1 to 1.7 billion people. We analysed the situation of NTDs in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) in 2020 to assess the progress with the 2012–2020 roadmap and to identify gaps. Methods We reviewed data repositories of national data sources for 2012 to 2019 including the Global Indicator Data Platform for Sustainable Development Goals, the Global Health Observatory data repository, the WHO PC databank, and the EMR data repository. We allocated countries a Red-Amber-Green (RAG) rating based on standardized criteria, on progress and current situation of each of 11 priority NTDs. Results All 22 countries in EMR were affected by 1 or more autochthonous or imported NTDs. In 2019, WHO estimated that in EMR, 78 million people required interventions for NTDs, a 38% decline compared with 2012. Twelve of 22 countries needed priority public health action (i.e., red) for 1 or more NTD. Of these, Sudan needed priority public health action for 6 NTDs and Yemen for 5. Eleven countries also needed priority public health action for cutaneous leishmaniasis, and 5 countries for rabies and trachoma. Visceral leishmaniasis is on the increase in Afghanistan, Libya, Syria, and Yemen. Conclusion Since the first roadmap of NTDs in 2012, the EMR has made a substantial progress. Nevertheless, many challenges remain in the prevention and control of NTDs. EMR needs a regional approach to control NTDs in countries most affected and a coordinated strategy to stop the continuing increase of cutaneous leishmaniasis and a possible resurgence of visceral leishmaniasis.

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Lamberton, Poppy. "Wicked-Schisto: The wicked public health problem of Schistosomiasis and the interdisciplinary research helping to control it". Open Access Government 37, n.º 1 (9 de enero de 2023): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-037-10604.

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Wicked-Schisto: The wicked public health problem of Schistosomiasis and the interdisciplinary research helping to control it Over 240 million people have schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease (NTD), caused by parasitic worms called Schistosoma. Over 90% of infected people live in sub-Saharan Africa. Most have long-term subtle morbidities such as abdominal pain, fatigue and diahorrea. Symptoms often overlap with other diseases found in the same areas, including malaria and intestinal worms. This results in complex, hard-to-monitor illnesses, making it difficult to know when a drug treatment or other intervention is successfully improving population health. The disease also reduces physical and cognitive development, school and work attendance and productivity, exacerbating the poverty cycle. Chronic infections cause severe organ damage, cancer and ~200,000 deaths a year. Despite 1 in 33 people in the world being infected and these devastating effects, control efforts lag behind diseases such as malaria, HIV and TB. Here Poppy Lamberton, Professor of Global Health at the University of Glasgow, explores how she is leading an interdisciplinary team aiming to identify cost-effective, sustainable interventions for schistosomiasis, a devastating neglected tropical disease.

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Buonfrate, Dora, Rosalia Marrone, Ronaldo Silva, Concetta Mirisola, Andrea Ragusa, Manuela Mistretta, Francesca Perandin y Zeno Bisoffi. "Prevalence of Strongyloidiasis in a Cohort of Migrants in Italy and Accuracy of a Novel ELISA Assay for S. stercoralis Infection, a Cross-Sectional Study". Microorganisms 9, n.º 2 (15 de febrero de 2021): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020401.

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Strongyloides stercoralis infection is a life-threatening neglected tropical disease. Diagnostic issues have caused an underestimation of its global burden. The choice of appropriate diagnostic tests for the screening of populations at risk of the infection, such as migrants from endemic countries, is of paramount importance. From November 2017 to July 2018, all migrants presenting to the National Institute for Health Migration and Poverty (INMP) in Rome, Italy were offered screening tests for S. stercoralis infection. The study objective was to estimate the prevalence of strongyloidiasis in the study population and the accuracy of a novel ELISA assay. The following tests were carried out at the IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria hospital in Negrar, Verona: stool microscopy, real-time PCR for S. stercoralis, in-house immunofluorescence test (IFAT), a commercial ELISA assay (Bordier ELISA), and a novel ELISA assay (Euroimmun ELISA). A latent class analysis (LCA) model set up with test results, clinical variables, and eosinophilia indicated a prevalence around 7.5%, in line with previous findings. The sensitivity and the specificity of Euroimmun ELISA were 90.6% (95% CI 80.5–100) and 87.7% (95CI 84.5–91.0); these results indicate that the novel ELISA assay would be suitable for screening of migrants from endemic countries.

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Boisson, Sophie, Dirk Engels, Bruce A. Gordon, Kate O. Medlicott, Maria P. Neira, Antonio Montresor, Anthony W. Solomon y Yael Velleman. "Water, sanitation and hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on neglected tropical diseases: a new Global Strategy 2015–20". International Health 8, suppl 1 (marzo de 2016): i19—i21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihv073.

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